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Due to the limitations of traditional ice force measurement methods in terms of stability and reliability, and the high sensitivity and anti-interference capabilities of fiber optic sensing technology was given, a fiber optic ice force sensor was developed. The effectiveness of this sensor was evaluated in the context of its application in marine structures. Based on the fundamental principles of fiber optic sensing technology and the design requirements of the ice force sensor, the research, design, and installation processes of the sensor were described in detail, including the design calculations of the elastic element, the selection and arrangement of the fiber optic sensors, and the construction of the data acquisition system to ensure that the precision requirements for ice force measurement were met. A winter field measurement of ice force was conducted at an observation station in the northern Bohai Sea. Field ice force data were successfully collected and analyzed, and the actual monitoring performance of the sensor was evaluated. The experimental results indicate that the system exhibits good stability and reliability in practical applications. The developed fiber optic ice force sensor provides a new reliable technical means for ice force measurement in marine engineering and lays a foundation for further research in structural health monitoring.

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因传统的冰力测量方法存在稳定性和可靠性的局限,而光纤传感技术具有高灵敏度和抗干扰能力,研发了一种基于光纤传感技术的冰力传感器,并评估其在海洋结构现场应用中的有效性。基于光纤传感技术的基本原理和冰力传感器的设计要求,详细描述了传感器的研究、设计与安装过程,包括弹性元件的设计计算、光纤传感器的选择与布置、以及数据采集系统的构建,以确保满足冰力测量的精度要求,并在渤海北部海域的观测站进行一个冬季现场冰力测量。成功收集并分析现场冰力数据,评估了传感器的实际监测效果。实验结果表明:该系统在实际应用中表现出良好的稳定性和可靠性,所研发的光纤冰力传感器为海洋工程现场的冰力测量提供了新的可靠技术手段,为进一步的结构健康监测研究奠定了基础。

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李伟(1988—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上油气平台及新能源结构设计。E-mail:

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李伟(1988—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上油气平台及新能源结构设计。E-mail:

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Design of an improved fiber optic pressure sensor[J]. Industry and Mining Automation, 2023, 49(12): 12-17., articleTitle=Design of an improved fiber optic pressure sensor, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1261377089077371414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, awardId=52071055, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52071055), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1261377089287086617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, awardId=KJZH-2023-2402, language=CN, fundingSource=中国海洋石油有限公司科技项目(KJZH-2023-2402), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261377036006842447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261377036023619665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, companyId=1261377036006842447, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Engineering Research and Design Institute, Research Institute of China National Offshore Oil Corporation, Beijing 100010, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261377036073951315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, companyId=1261377036006842447, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中海油研究总院有限责任公司工程研究设计院, 北京 100010)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261377037260939357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261377037269327966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, companyId=1261377037260939357, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261377037298688095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, companyId=1261377037260939357, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 大连理工大学化工海洋与生命学院, 盘锦 124000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261377071343853867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Forms of interaction between ice and vertical structures[10], figureFileSmall=bozbPNM0il7IkcpgHBMQhw==, figureFileBig=zMMmjEghGTy2ERFJ9ojFgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377071801033007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=CN, label=图1, caption=冰与直立结构作用形式[10], figureFileSmall=bozbPNM0il7IkcpgHBMQhw==, figureFileBig=zMMmjEghGTy2ERFJ9ojFgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377072073662774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Physical model of ice force sensor, figureFileSmall=yaome48i7cEwISJFpisnKA==, figureFileBig=68mLD+XhASiC86C9jw4VmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377072325321022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=CN, label=图2, caption=冰力传感器的物理模型

F为冰力,即海冰作用于传感器的力;K为弹性元件的刚度;C为弹性元件的阻尼系数

, figureFileSmall=yaome48i7cEwISJFpisnKA==, figureFileBig=68mLD+XhASiC86C9jw4VmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377074107900229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Simply supported beam with force diagram, figureFileSmall=uyqZ2Bst67T+C20e+bTh7w==, figureFileBig=I85s6XdzyMpa0b8ptRf1mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377074426667335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=CN, label=图3, caption=两端固支梁及受力图, figureFileSmall=uyqZ2Bst67T+C20e+bTh7w==, figureFileBig=I85s6XdzyMpa0b8ptRf1mQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377074728657230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Elastic element design schematic, figureFileSmall=EWsjFfe1QegkK05XqH/TWA==, figureFileBig=KzhVb/FkRAf6Pnn4KLnu0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377074967732563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=CN, label=图4, caption=弹性元件设计示意图

R为圆孔半径;M6表示公称直径为6 mm的普通螺纹;threaded hole为螺纹孔

, figureFileSmall=EWsjFfe1QegkK05XqH/TWA==, figureFileBig=KzhVb/FkRAf6Pnn4KLnu0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377075135504727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Overall structure diagram of ice force sensor, figureFileSmall=mvP39Md8sZjMx0yxF6hzQA==, figureFileBig=c4V6NVrz/isY6/sJ/JXtEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377075349414233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=CN, label=图5, caption=冰力传感器整体结构图, figureFileSmall=mvP39Md8sZjMx0yxF6hzQA==, figureFileBig=c4V6NVrz/isY6/sJ/JXtEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377075483631968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Finite element model x-direction displacement cloud diagram, figureFileSmall=qtVXLFy62rMBDi9KAU0E1Q==, figureFileBig=TSLtqUe9ayT3d2aBU5VxIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377075835953507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=CN, label=图6, caption=有限元模型x方向位移云图, figureFileSmall=qtVXLFy62rMBDi9KAU0E1Q==, figureFileBig=TSLtqUe9ayT3d2aBU5VxIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377076242801001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variation of non-uniform load under different conditions, figureFileSmall=xdFAzOGBBafrmERKRt1Usg==, figureFileBig=P9UusSDdWJVdmEQUmjJlNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377076624482671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同条件下非均匀载荷变化

图7(a)1~5表示将受力面沿x方向等分为5个区域,x正方向依次标记为1、2、3、4、5;图7(b)1~5表示将受力面沿y方向等分为5个区域,y正方向依次标记为1、2、3、4、5

, figureFileSmall=xdFAzOGBBafrmERKRt1Usg==, figureFileBig=P9UusSDdWJVdmEQUmjJlNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377077052301688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Structure diagram after installation completion, figureFileSmall=qBxXGKGQq2rNMkYxWlFGxQ==, figureFileBig=o7AwHXdoa44GD2NsFY1DoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377078662914428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=CN, label=图8, caption=安装完成后的结构图, figureFileSmall=qBxXGKGQq2rNMkYxWlFGxQ==, figureFileBig=o7AwHXdoa44GD2NsFY1DoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377078952321409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Calibration results of the ice force sensor, figureFileSmall=jw8PLqzX8+apqDtexG9N7A==, figureFileBig=EfOMywHrW+navJGF7v6vuw==, tableContent=null), 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label=Fig.11, caption=Indoor test device, figureFileSmall=WZoJnfc0ngxEbrgYlOCkOQ==, figureFileBig=cwIJmg86/jpUhXbXHtYwAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377080122532256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=CN, label=图11, caption=室内试验装置, figureFileSmall=WZoJnfc0ngxEbrgYlOCkOQ==, figureFileBig=cwIJmg86/jpUhXbXHtYwAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377080328053160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Sensor-recorded ice force time history curve, figureFileSmall=NEaLf3XcQ8CoHMAHWjmusg==, figureFileBig=kYK/2DMNk5Dtd6RwtitnLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261377080541962671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267655189738090, language=CN, label=图12, caption=传感器记录冰力时程曲线, figureFileSmall=NEaLf3XcQ8CoHMAHWjmusg==, figureFileBig=kYK/2DMNk5Dtd6RwtitnLQ==, tableContent=null), 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Relative displacement variation under different conditions

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方向 位移相对变化量/mm
组1 组2 组3 组4
x 2.22×10-8 2.24×10-8 2.30×10-8 2.35×10-8
y 2.42×10-8 2.41×10-8 2.39×10-8 2.38×10-8
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不同条件下位移相对变化量

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方向 位移相对变化量/mm
组1 组2 组3 组4
x 2.22×10-8 2.24×10-8 2.30×10-8 2.35×10-8
y 2.42×10-8 2.41×10-8 2.39×10-8 2.38×10-8
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Sensor performance parameters

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单个单元
量程范围/
kN
整体装置
量程范围/
kN
分辨
率/N
波长范
围/nm
精度
(F.S.)/%
安装方式
50 200 50 1 510~1 590 0.2 螺栓固定
或焊接
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传感器性能参数

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单个单元
量程范围/
kN
整体装置
量程范围/
kN
分辨
率/N
波长范
围/nm
精度
(F.S.)/%
安装方式
50 200 50 1 510~1 590 0.2 螺栓固定
或焊接
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Ice force amplitude statistics under different ice velocities

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幅值点 1 mm/s冰速 5 mm/s冰速 10 mm/s冰速 15 mm/s冰速
冰力幅值/kN 误差/% 冰力幅值/kN 误差/% 冰力幅值/kN 误差/% 冰力幅值/kN 误差/%
传感器 作动器 传感器 作动器 传感器 作动器 传感器 作动器
1 2.247 2.525 11.03 2.497 2.771 9.89 1.320 1.255 5.18 2.577 2.907 11.36
2 2.304 2.605 11.56 2.534 2.637 3.91 1.507 1.649 8.61 2.068 2.118 2.36
3 2.427 2.658 8.70 2.863 3.102 7.70 1.879 2.032 7.53 2.257 2.573 12.28
4 2.454 2.686 8.64 2.604 2.817 7.56 2.243 2.098 6.91 2.027 1.934 4.81
5 3.795 3.822 0.71 3.940 3.914 0.66 0.972 1.152 15.63 2.168 2.101 3.24
6 2.384 2.688 11.31 4.656 4.484 3.84 1.379 1.504 8.31 1.481 1.464 1.16
7 2.681 3.071 12.73 2.575 2.683 3.65 1.543 1.693 8.86 1.697 1.823 6.86
8 2.259 2.562 11.83 4.156 4.185 0.69 1.879 2.032 7.53 2.283 2.515 9.22
9 2.384 2.695 11.54 3.352 3.233 3.68 1.729 2.041 15.29 2.296 2.347 2.17
10 4.271 4.471 4.47 2.820 2.975 5.21 1.450 1.488 2.55 1.600 1.677 4.59
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不同冰速下冰力幅值统计

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幅值点 1 mm/s冰速 5 mm/s冰速 10 mm/s冰速 15 mm/s冰速
冰力幅值/kN 误差/% 冰力幅值/kN 误差/% 冰力幅值/kN 误差/% 冰力幅值/kN 误差/%
传感器 作动器 传感器 作动器 传感器 作动器 传感器 作动器
1 2.247 2.525 11.03 2.497 2.771 9.89 1.320 1.255 5.18 2.577 2.907 11.36
2 2.304 2.605 11.56 2.534 2.637 3.91 1.507 1.649 8.61 2.068 2.118 2.36
3 2.427 2.658 8.70 2.863 3.102 7.70 1.879 2.032 7.53 2.257 2.573 12.28
4 2.454 2.686 8.64 2.604 2.817 7.56 2.243 2.098 6.91 2.027 1.934 4.81
5 3.795 3.822 0.71 3.940 3.914 0.66 0.972 1.152 15.63 2.168 2.101 3.24
6 2.384 2.688 11.31 4.656 4.484 3.84 1.379 1.504 8.31 1.481 1.464 1.16
7 2.681 3.071 12.73 2.575 2.683 3.65 1.543 1.693 8.86 1.697 1.823 6.86
8 2.259 2.562 11.83 4.156 4.185 0.69 1.879 2.032 7.53 2.283 2.515 9.22
9 2.384 2.695 11.54 3.352 3.233 3.68 1.729 2.041 15.29 2.296 2.347 2.17
10 4.271 4.471 4.47 2.820 2.975 5.21 1.450 1.488 2.55 1.600 1.677 4.59
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基于光纤传感技术的海洋结构冰力传感器研发及应用
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李伟 1 , 呼文佳 1 , 张伟明 1 , 贾帅 2 , 王欣 2 , 张大勇 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(20): 8571-8582
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(20): 8571-8582
基于光纤传感技术的海洋结构冰力传感器研发及应用
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李伟1 , 呼文佳1, 张伟明1, 贾帅2, 王欣2, 张大勇2
作者信息
  • 1 中海油研究总院有限责任公司工程研究设计院, 北京 100010
  • 2 大连理工大学化工海洋与生命学院, 盘锦 124000
  • 李伟(1988—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上油气平台及新能源结构设计。E-mail:

Development and Application of Ice Force Sensors for Marine Structures Based on Fiber Optic Sensing Technology
Wei LI1 , Wen-jia HU1, Wei-ming ZHANG1, Shuai JIA2, Xin WANG2, Da-yong ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Engineering Research and Design Institute, Research Institute of China National Offshore Oil Corporation, Beijing 100010, China
  • 2 School of Chemical Engineering, Ocean and Life Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406945
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因传统的冰力测量方法存在稳定性和可靠性的局限,而光纤传感技术具有高灵敏度和抗干扰能力,研发了一种基于光纤传感技术的冰力传感器,并评估其在海洋结构现场应用中的有效性。基于光纤传感技术的基本原理和冰力传感器的设计要求,详细描述了传感器的研究、设计与安装过程,包括弹性元件的设计计算、光纤传感器的选择与布置、以及数据采集系统的构建,以确保满足冰力测量的精度要求,并在渤海北部海域的观测站进行一个冬季现场冰力测量。成功收集并分析现场冰力数据,评估了传感器的实际监测效果。实验结果表明:该系统在实际应用中表现出良好的稳定性和可靠性,所研发的光纤冰力传感器为海洋工程现场的冰力测量提供了新的可靠技术手段,为进一步的结构健康监测研究奠定了基础。

光纤传感技术  /  冰力传感器  /  现场冰力测量  /  极值静冰力

Due to the limitations of traditional ice force measurement methods in terms of stability and reliability, and the high sensitivity and anti-interference capabilities of fiber optic sensing technology was given, a fiber optic ice force sensor was developed. The effectiveness of this sensor was evaluated in the context of its application in marine structures. Based on the fundamental principles of fiber optic sensing technology and the design requirements of the ice force sensor, the research, design, and installation processes of the sensor were described in detail, including the design calculations of the elastic element, the selection and arrangement of the fiber optic sensors, and the construction of the data acquisition system to ensure that the precision requirements for ice force measurement were met. A winter field measurement of ice force was conducted at an observation station in the northern Bohai Sea. Field ice force data were successfully collected and analyzed, and the actual monitoring performance of the sensor was evaluated. The experimental results indicate that the system exhibits good stability and reliability in practical applications. The developed fiber optic ice force sensor provides a new reliable technical means for ice force measurement in marine engineering and lays a foundation for further research in structural health monitoring.

fiber optic sensing technology  /  ice force sensor  /  on-site ice force monitoring  /  extreme static ice forces
李伟, 呼文佳, 张伟明, 贾帅, 王欣, 张大勇. 基于光纤传感技术的海洋结构冰力传感器研发及应用. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8571 -8582 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406945
Wei LI, Wen-jia HU, Wei-ming ZHANG, Shuai JIA, Xin WANG, Da-yong ZHANG. Development and Application of Ice Force Sensors for Marine Structures Based on Fiber Optic Sensing Technology[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8571 -8582 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406945
数值模拟与试验室试验可以揭示冰破碎过程及冰荷载变化的规律[1-3]。但由于理论模型存在诸多理论假设,模型试验与真实结构存在尺度效应问题,两者均难以准确模拟真实海冰,因此理论分析和试验室试验结果均具有一定的局限性[4],现场冰力实测是获得冰荷载最直接方式,也是冰力研究的重要手段[5]。对海洋结构上的冰荷载测量研究[6],主要有直接法和间接法两种:直接法是在冰与结构之间安置测力装置,如各种压力盒、测力计等;间接法是通过结构响应对冰荷载进行反演[7]。而在原型结构上进行的现场冰力测量是最具有说服力的数据[8]
传统的冰力测量方法通常依赖于应变片等接触式传感器[9],但这些方法在恶劣海洋环境中的稳定性和可靠性存在局限[10]。如接触式传感器可能受到环境影响而导致不稳定或损坏;如2004—2005冬季锦州9-3MDP平台压力盒部分数据通道缺失,未能测到完整冰力数据[11];安装接触式传感器需要在结构物表面或冰面上进行固定,这在海洋环境中可能面临困难,且传感器需要密封处理,长期在海冰环境中存活周期较短[12],而谐振式压力传感器在极端温度下表现出的温度漂移特性需要通过优化结构和材料加以补偿。李光贤等[13]研究表明,当使用Si-SiO2复合谐振梁才可以有效降低谐振器的灵敏度温度漂移。近年来,光纤传感技术因其高灵敏度、抗电磁干扰能力强、适应性广等优点,在结构健康监测领域应用广泛[14],涵盖裂缝监测[15]、力学加载测试[16]、位移测量以及疲劳试验等方面的研究,光纤传感器能够高效、精准地捕捉结构受力及变形规律,并与有限元计算结果高度吻合[17]。在冰力测量中,光纤传感器被安装在结构物表面,实时监测结构在冰载荷作用下的微小变形,从而评估冰力的大小和分布,因其高灵敏度和抗干扰能力,在恶劣环境中的表现优异,特别是对于复杂温度变化下的传感器性能优化问题,已有研究表明,柔性基体的热膨胀是影响光纤传感器应变传递率的重要因素。这一研究对于海洋结构在低温环境中的冰力测量具有重要的参考意义[18]
鉴于此,基于冰力传感器的设计要求,详细阐述冰力传感器的研究、设计与安装过程,包括弹性元件的设计计算、光纤传感器的选择和布置,以及数据采集系统的构建。通过试验室标定试验,验证传感器的性能和精度。在渤海北部海域观测站进行一个冬季现场冰力测量,收集冰力数据并进行分析,评估传感器的实际监测效果,初步验证了该冰力测量系统可靠性。
为了设计分布式冰力传感器并充分发挥传感器的优势,有必要了解海冰与直立海洋结构相互作用的破坏形式。其常见破坏形式包括劈裂破坏、屈曲破坏、弯曲破坏等[19],劈裂破碎发生的机理是当冰与桩腿结构表面发生挤压时,冰板内径向裂纹受到拉力作用,裂纹迅速扩展,直到贯穿整个冰板;弯曲破碎是前端不规则的冰与结构接触,局部形成挤压破碎,挤压破碎逐渐扩展;屈曲破坏通常发生在冰厚较薄,冰结构不均匀的情况,如图1[10]所示。而直接冰力测量能够提供关键的实时数据,可以更好的了解海洋结构受到的冰荷载情况[20],其关键技术及难点主要在于冰力传感器的设计和现场安装[21-22]。所设计的分布式冰力传感器采用光纤传感技术,具有以下特点:①分布式传感器设计:采用光纤传感技术,具有高灵敏度和抗干扰能力,能够精确测量冰荷载;②现场安装:采用螺栓连接方式,简化了安装过程,并且损坏时易于更换,避免了焊接等复杂方式带来的困难。
冰力传感器的物理模型通常由底板、弹性元件和盖板组成,如图2所示。底板作为支撑物连接到平台的桩腿,弹性元件是传感器的核心部件,用于测量冰力引起的传感器响应。冰力直接作用于盖板上,盖板将冰力传递给弹性单元,如果盖板的刚性不足,会因为冰力作用产生弯曲降低测量精度。
冰力传感器的设计需考虑以下因素。
(1)传感器面积。为提高对局部冰力的准确度,传感器面积应尽可能小,以增加对微小冰力变化的敏感度。
(2)覆盖区域大小和位置选择。选择覆盖区域时需考虑整体和局部冰力的需求,覆盖主要受冰力影响的区域。
(3)传感器表面形状和特性一致性。为确保测量准确性,传感器表面形状和特性应与结构一致。
(4)弹性单元设计。弹性单元作为核心组成部分,需考虑冰力方向和侧向力影响,保证传感器稳定性和可靠性。
冰力传感器的弹性元件是关键组成部分,其主要功能是将冰力转换为可测量的信号,以实现冰力传感器的监测功能[23]。常见的弹性元件包括等强度梁、两端固支梁、矩形膜片、空心圆柱等。
等强度梁在集中力F作用在自由端时,距力的作用点任何距离的截面上的应力都相同,贴光纤位置不受影响,但考虑其外部冰力较大,若使用等强度梁设计时具有较大厚度,故采用两端固支梁来减小厚度,其受力原理如图3所示。
在集中力F作用下跨中应力及应变的计算公式分别为
ε=$\frac{3lF}{4Eb{h}^{2}}$
σ=$\frac{3Fl}{4b{h}^{2}}$
式中:E为材料弹性模量;F为海冰作用于两端固支梁的集中力,根据历年数据估算不同海域海冰力大小;l为梁长度;b为宽度;h为厚度;ε为光纤可测应变;σ为许用应力。
外力与结构应变为线性关系,可以使用测应变的方式测量外荷载,首先根据不同桩腿直径、考虑成本条件来确定合适的单个弹性元件尺寸长度l和宽度b,再根据式(1)和式(2)设计应变与外荷载之间关系来确定梁的合理厚度h
两端固支梁跨中最大挠度为
y=$\frac{{l}^{3}F}{192EJ}$
跨中最大挠度值加上梁本身厚度,得到弹性元件的整体高度。最低自振频率远大于结构固有频率。最低自振频率的表达式为
f0=$\frac{22.37}{2\mathrm{\pi }{l}^{2}}\sqrt{\frac{EJ}{A\rho }}$
式(4)中:ρ为材料密度;J为惯性矩;A为截面面积。
根据式(1)~式(4),设计的弹性元件尺寸如图4所示,采用两端固支梁的形式,结合光纤传感技术可以将冰力转换为可测量的信号,即光纤的应变,来实现对冰力的实时监测与测量。测量灵敏度可以根据实际冰力大小通过改变元件尺寸进行调整。
通过在弹性元件结构表面布设光纤传感器,监测结构在冰载荷作用下的微小变形,从而实现对冰力的实时监测与测量,整体结构各部分都可以根据实际冰力情况设计其尺寸大小,来适应不同情况。
由于光纤的实际可测量长度短于弹性元件长度,直接对整个弹性元件施加载荷会增加模型的复杂性,故考虑将外部冰力转化为集中力的形式作用于跨中,可以简化模型并减少计算的复杂性,便于冰力测量。根据冰力传感器设计原理,增加底板和盖板的设计,综合考虑,设计传感器如图5所示。
在设计的冰力传感器结构中,每个冰力传感器由4个测力单元组成,每个测力单元的上表面为迎冰面,迎冰面的长度为200 mm,宽度为120 mm,主要用于承受冰力作用。
这些测力单元将外部冰力转化为集中力,作用于两端固支梁(弹性元件),使其产生变形。通过光纤传感器测得固支梁的应变,可以获取表面冰力。4个测力单元通过底板进行连接固定,以确保传感器的稳定性和准确性。
冰力作用在冰力传感器的不同位置时,测量结果可能会有所不同,由于潮位变化,冰会在不同的高度和位置对结构产生作用,这使得冰荷载并非均匀地作用到传感器结构上。因此,非均匀载荷对结构的影响需要特别关注。
为了确保传感器设计的有效性,李光贤等[13]使用有限元仿真软件COMSOL对传感器进行仿真验证,结果证明了设计的可行性和优越性。采用有限元仿真对冰力传感器的结构和性能进行模拟,确保其在实际应用中的可靠[24]。使用有限元分析软件ANSYS APDL对测力单元进行静力分析,其中单元类型为Solid185,弹性模量为206 GPa,泊松比为0.3,底部施加固定约束。在分析过程中,考虑不同加载条件下的位移相对变化量,并进行比较,其中均布荷载与集中荷载两种情况下(载荷作用方向为z方向,竖直向下)x方向位移云图如图6所示。
分析结果显示,在均布载荷作用下,结构表面的位移分布相对均匀,位移变化较为渐进。在集中荷载作用下,局部区域出现较高的位移,表明出现了应力集中。相对于均布荷载,集中荷载可能导致局部结构变形和应力集中。实际冰力作用情况复杂,考虑潮位变化以及冰力作用位置的影响,模拟在x方向和y方向不同面积下的非均匀荷载变化。两种工况如图7所示。
为了更清晰地描述加载过程,将受力面划分为不同区域,并在这些区域内施加不同的载荷。假设冰在某一特定位置的荷载是其他位置的2倍,根据渤海平台历年所受冰力情况,施加总荷载为50 kN,以此模拟现场实际情况。通过对不同工况的静力分析,得到了传感器两固定点x方向相对位移变化量,具体如表1所示。共进行4组非均匀加载试验,其中组别1,x方向[图7(a)]表示:将受力面沿x方向分为5等分区域(x正方向依次为1、2、3、4、5),并在第1区域(图7中标记为1)施加载荷值为后4区域(图7中标记为2、3、4、5)的两倍荷载,两部分区域荷载总值为50 kN。组别2为前两部分区域(图7中标记为1、2)施加载荷值为后3区域(图7中标记为3、4、5)的两倍荷载,其他情况依此类推。
分析结果表明,不同加载条件下的最大相对误差为8.28%,考虑到实际工程中的不确定性和复杂性,这个误差范围是可以接受的,并且能够满足现场冰力测量的要求。
将设计好的冰力传感器进行加工,安装完成后的传感器如图8所示,由于安装了盖板和连接件,其整体灵敏度需要由试验机进行标定。
在标定试验过程中,通过施加已知大小的力,并记录传感器输出的波长变化信号,然后与已知的力进行计算及线性拟合,分析确定其精度。其波长变化量随外力加载曲线如图9所示。
图9中,每个标定点记录了光纤传感器波长变化(纵坐标y)与施加力(横坐标x)的对应关系。拟合曲线的斜率即为灵敏度系数k(外荷载与光纤波长变化量之间转换系数)
通过线性拟合系数R2检查拟合曲线与实际数据的吻合程度,其数值都接近0.999,表明传感器在设计范围内具有良好的线性度和重复性,为传感器的准确性和可靠性提供了有力的支持。实验对传感器进行标定, 传感器性能参数如表2所示。对传感器的重复性进行评估。在与标定1相同冰力负载条件下,进行3次测量。采用RSD即相对标准偏差评估测量结果的重复性和精密度,RSD越小,表明多次测量数据越集中,离散程度低,传感器在相同条件下测量结果稳定、重复性好。RSD通过标准偏差与平均值的比值来计算,计算公式如式(5)所示。3次测量的相对标准偏差RSD分别为1.1%、1.6%、1.7%,表明传感器具有良好的重复性。
RSD=$\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}({y}_{i}{-\stackrel{-}{y})}^{2}}{n-1}}}{\stackrel{-}{y}}$
式(5)中:yi为第i个测量值;$\stackrel{-}{y}$为所有测量值的平均值;n为测量的总次数。
研究表明,深海环境的复杂性极易导致传感器疲劳失效或稳定性降低[25],为了测量直立结构的冰力,采用分布式组装方法,具体如下。
(1)确定直立结构的直径,将圆箍安装于直立桩腿的上侧和下侧,采用4个半圆箍,每两个圆箍为一组,通过螺栓牢固地连接在直立桩腿的上侧和下侧。在单个半圆箍上焊接多个螺栓用来固定冰力传感器。
(2)为了覆盖一定角度范围,沿水平方向设置多个冰力传感器。每个冰力传感器的上端和下端通过上下两个螺栓固定在圆箍上,冰力传感器的安装如图8所示。每两个螺栓可以固定一个冰力传感器,具体如图10所示。
遵循这些步骤可以有效地实现对直立结构冰力的分布式测量。另外,采用螺栓联接方式,方便进行传感器的安装与更换。
在大连理工大学低温试验室进行冰加载试验,试验室制冷系统主要设备包括压缩机组、冷风机,均压送风顶棚对低温试验室进行降温,可精确控制制冷量、温降速度和室内风速,可使试验中的制冰温度在 0~-25 ℃范围。模型冰冻在冰槽中,冰槽底部安装了沿导轨滑动的滚轮,导轨用支架固定在地面上,确保冰的单向移动。冰撞击过程和试验装置如图11所示。
作动器的最大加载力为50 kN,控制速度范围为0.1~0.2 mm/s。模型冰的尺寸为1 m(长)×0.5 m(宽) × 0.03 m(高)。加工后的冰力传感器用螺栓固定在缩尺模型桩腿上。由于模型桩腿直径较小,为200 mm,在其表面安装3个力测量单元,以覆盖冰力作用范围。共设4组工况(冰速1、5、10、15 mm/s),每组工况重复3次试验,传感器及模型冰位置固定,未考虑非均匀加载的情况。
为验证传感器的准确性,设置4种不同模型冰的加载速度,分别为1、5、10、15 mm/s,对3个测力单元进行加载测试。传感器的采样频率设定为100 Hz。如图12所示,展现了单个传感器在1 mm/s和5 mm/s下采集的冰速时程曲线。
试验结果表明传感器有效记录并捕捉到了冰力冲击过程,说明该光纤传感器在冰力测量中的可用性。为了进一步验证冰力传感器的准确性,对执行器记录的载荷大小与3个力测量单元测得的整体冰力峰值进行统计分析。如图13表3所示,比较在4种不同条件下冰力峰值。
观察不同冰速下传感器与作动器的数值(表3),可以看出,在大多数情况下相对误差均小于10%,部分误差在10%以上,相邻测量值之间的差异不显著,这表明设计的传感器具有测量准确性,多次实验结果误差相对稳定,说明传感器具有一定的稳定性和重复性。
为了验证测量系统在复杂海冰环境中的可靠性和准确性,在辽东湾北部海域监测站进行一个冬季现场冰力实测。
现场监测系统主要包括冰力传感器及数据采集系统、摄像头监测海冰情况以及顶部摄像头进行整体监测,具体如图14所示。安装冰力传感器的直立结构桩腿直径为400 mm,冰力传感器设计安装为5列,总共20个测力单元,现场采用螺栓连接的方式将其固定于桩腿上。
冰力传感器直接连接光纤解调仪进行数据实时采集,在室内布置远程监测系统用以远程实时监测结果。包括以下组件。
(1)供电系统。采用监测站顶部太阳能充电并连接蓄电池引入室内供电。
(2)远程监测系统。使用4G路由器和工控机,利用光纤解调仪进行连接采集传感器数据。
除了安装冰力传感器外,还采用摄像头对冰作用于桩腿的过程进行了监测与录像。这种综合的监测方法能够提供更加全面和直观的数据。
在设备安装完成后,为确保安装过程中未对传感器造成损坏,对冰力传感器单元进行逐个敲击测试,并记录20个传感器相关数据,如图15所示。
通过这种方法可以消除安装过程中产生的装配应力。如敲击测试前后稳定读数的差异表明安装存在残余应力,敲击可以稳定传感器读数,确保在监测过程中准确反映实际情况。
通过对监测站现场采集的冰力数据结合摄像头监测到海冰运动的情况开展分析,由于监测站位于岸边,正向冰力的作用相对较少,主要的冰力作用为由涨潮和落潮引起的海冰和结构侧向、垂向作用,现场监测海冰与结构作用主要有两种。
大块冰堆积下摄像头监测情况及两种典型冰力时程如图16所示。其中,落潮期间冰力变化如图16(c)所示,对应摄像头监测时间前后分别如图16(a)图16(b)所示。由摄像头监测情况可以看出,海流的变化导致大块冰发生运动,进而与传感器产生相互作用。相似地,涨潮期间的冰力会波动下降变化,如图16(d)所示。
碎冰堆积下摄像头监测情况及两种典型冰力时程如图17所示,其中涨潮期间冰力变化如图17(c)所示,对应摄像头监测时间前后分别如图17(a)图17(b)所示。随着碎冰堆积厚度的增加,结构物所受的冰力呈线性下降。在碎冰堆积条件下,光纤传感器能够准确监测结构表面的应变变化,验证了其高灵敏度和可靠性。相似地,落潮期间的冰力会稳定上升,如图17(d)所示。
除潮汐周期和外部碎冰作用外。可能引起冰力测量数据变化的因素还包括海流的速度和方向变化、风力的变化、水温和气温的波动等引起的对碎冰和结构相互作用。这些因素的变化导致冰力时程曲线出现更加复杂的波动特征。
设计并验证一种基于光纤传感技术的冰力传感器,通过室内加载试验和现场的测试,证明了传感器具有良好的准确性、灵敏度和可靠性。得出如下结论。
(1)试验室标定试验显示,传感器的线性系数R2接近0.999,与设计灵敏度高度吻合,表明传感器具备优异的灵敏度和线性度。非均匀载荷条件下模拟分析显示传感器的最大相对误差为8.28%,可满足实际工程监测需求。
(2)在室内加载试验中,传感器能够准确记录不同冰速下的冰力冲击过程。典型工况数据试验相对误差小于10%,验证了冰力测量的准确性和可靠性。
(3)基于所研制冰力传感器构建冰力监测系统,应用于辽东湾北部海域冬季现场冰力实测。监测系统采集了整个冬季海冰对于直立结构的冰力作用情况,证明其在复杂海冰环境中的适用性和长期稳定性。此外,该传感器具备快速安装、调整和拆卸的特点,在实际监测应用中具有潜在优势。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52071055)
  • 中国海洋石油有限公司科技项目(KJZH-2023-2402)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406945
  • 接收时间:2024-09-16
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-16
  • 修回日期:2025-04-25
基金
国家自然科学基金(52071055)
中国海洋石油有限公司科技项目(KJZH-2023-2402)
作者信息
    1 中海油研究总院有限责任公司工程研究设计院, 北京 100010
    2 大连理工大学化工海洋与生命学院, 盘锦 124000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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