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The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system, with its advantages of flexible deployment and line-of-sight propagation, has become an essential tool for assisting mobile communications in handling high-density data processing and emergency communications. However, the computational processing capabilities and endurance issues of UAVs under complex environments remain significant technological bottlenecks. The development of mobile edge computing (MEC) technology provides an effective solution to address UAVs’ computational and energy consumption challenges. A distributed task offloading strategy based on a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm was proposed for MEC-assisted UAV systems. The task offloading and resource allocation process of UAVs was modelled as a Markov game process (MGP) involving multiple MEC nodes. To solve the MGP problem, a distributed reinforcement learning algorithm for multi-agent collaboration was proposed. The algorithm enabled agents to find the optimal strategies through online collaborative learning based on local observation information. In comparative experiments, the convergence and system performance of the proposed scheme were evaluated. The results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the comparison schemes in terms of convergence speed, energy consumption, and unloading rate.
, correspAuthors=Peng LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ruo-xue ZHAI, Peng LIN, Fang CHENG, Yang JI, Zhi-zhong ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261267657962173069, articleId=1261267654573175399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=MEC辅助的无人机系统中基于多智能体强化学习的分布式任务卸载策略, columnId=1156908031230435950, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电子技术、通信技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV)系统具有部署灵活、视距传播等优势,成为辅助移动通信应对高密集数据处理、应急通信等业务的重要工具。然而,复杂环境下UAV的计算处理能力及续航问题是其长期面临的技术瓶颈。移动边缘计算(mobile edge computing, MEC)技术的发展为解决UAV计算与能耗问题提供了有效方法。针对MEC辅助的UAV系统,提出一种基于多智能体强化学习算法的分布式任务卸载策略。将UAV的任务卸载和资源分配过程建模为多个MEC节点马尔可夫博弈过程(Markov game process, MGP)。为了解决MGP问题,提出一种面向多智能体协作的分布式强化学习算法。该算法能够使智能体基于局部观测信息,通过在线协作学习方式寻找最优策略。在对比实验中,评估了所提方案的收敛性和系统性能。结果显示该方案在收敛速度、能耗和卸载率方面均优于对比方案。
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翟若雪(1996—),女,汉族,安徽亳州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人机边缘计算和智能优化算法。E-mail:1986573175@qq.com。
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翟若雪(1996—),女,汉族,安徽亳州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:无人机边缘计算和智能优化算法。E-mail:1986573175@qq.com。
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MEC-supported UAV system, figureFileSmall=4AoZRcpKtf1S9rK7E2yYUA==, figureFileBig=nwVKwEUoJqiKukW+zpgE1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267674001191689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
MEC辅助的无人机系统, figureFileSmall=4AoZRcpKtf1S9rK7E2yYUA==, figureFileBig=nwVKwEUoJqiKukW+zpgE1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267674684863247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Structure diagram of distributed offloading decision algorithm based on MADDPG, figureFileSmall=gMBSa1P7rt3qbqez3nysag==, figureFileBig=yCzGrSwbjTXKUTu/MgJ9ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267675074933522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
基于MADDPG的分布式卸载决策算法结构 oi(t)、ai(t)、ri(t)和o'i(t)分别为在t时隙智能体i的观测状态、动作、奖励和下一个观测状态;${s}_{m}^{j}$为第j个全局信息样本中所有节点智能体的状态信息;${a}_{m}^{j}$为在第j个样本中MEC节点m在观察状态${o}_{m}^{j}$下执行的动作;${r}_{m}^{j}$为MEC节点m在第j个样本中,执行${a}_{m}^{j}$后获得的即时奖励;${s}_{m}^{j\text{'}}$为在第j个样本中,所有MEC节点智能体执行动作后转移到的下一个状态;μ'm(${o}_{m}^{j\text{'}}$|θ'm)为Actor执行的目标策略网络;${Q}_{m}^{\mu \text{'}{\mathrm{ }}_{m}}$(${s}_{m}^{j\text{'}}$,${a}_{m}^{j\text{'}}$|ω'm)为Critic执行的目标价值网络;ωm为价值网络参数;ω'm为第m个智能体的目标价值网络参数;U{${s}_{m}^{j}$,${a}_{m}^{j}$,${r}_{m}^{j}$,${o}_{m}^{j}$}为随机抽取U个随机样本{${s}_{m}^{j}$,${a}_{m}^{j}$,${r}_{m}^{j}$,${o}_{m}^{j}$}
, figureFileSmall=gMBSa1P7rt3qbqez3nysag==, figureFileBig=yCzGrSwbjTXKUTu/MgJ9ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267676119315221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Average reward of agents under different algorithms, figureFileSmall=iiGwG3JE4lNHr898BYCteQ==, figureFileBig=Yf9HN8c9kh23tgXt59XbWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267676698129176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
不同算法下智能体的平均奖励, figureFileSmall=iiGwG3JE4lNHr898BYCteQ==, figureFileBig=Yf9HN8c9kh23tgXt59XbWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267676953981725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Energy consumption at different numbers of UAVs, figureFileSmall=OwFdtYXgzCxnGwz42X7rdA==, figureFileBig=31hmpxRBqc+IpsL7ilkwmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267677172085536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同无人机数量下的系统能量消耗, figureFileSmall=OwFdtYXgzCxnGwz42X7rdA==, figureFileBig=31hmpxRBqc+IpsL7ilkwmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267677448909604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
System energy consumption versus maximum resources allocated by MEC nodes, figureFileSmall=JcIIR87890y9Nznspzcd9Q==, figureFileBig=X0cbpmuRE/k5vnmXHVMClA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267677599904551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
系统能耗与MEC分配最大资源的关系, figureFileSmall=JcIIR87890y9Nznspzcd9Q==, figureFileBig=X0cbpmuRE/k5vnmXHVMClA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267677801231144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
UAV offloading rate for different numbers of UAVs, figureFileSmall=m08JqOooRg3RxWC8/9plxA==, figureFileBig=Xzf7IAeyfBZ+mh7c0AKgRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267677889311530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同无人机数量下UAV的卸载率, figureFileSmall=m08JqOooRg3RxWC8/9plxA==, figureFileBig=Xzf7IAeyfBZ+mh7c0AKgRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267678057083693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Percentage of resources allocated by MEC versus the number of MEC nodes, figureFileSmall=dDnRTH4ElAOLS4MDiGwkEQ==, figureFileBig=pC9X11T+KyMmgTpQfLsdlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267678329713456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
MEC分配的资源百分比与MEC节点数的关系, figureFileSmall=dDnRTH4ElAOLS4MDiGwkEQ==, figureFileBig=pC9X11T+KyMmgTpQfLsdlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261267678526845749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法1 基于MADDPG的系统总能耗最小化 |
1.初始化:网络参数θm、ωm、θ'm和ω'm; 2.设置最大迭代次数E和经验回放池大小; 3.for e = 1 → E do 4.获取所有代理的初始观察值,并设置初始奖励值r'=0; 5. for t = 1 → T do 6.对于智能体m,根据当前策略μm[om(t)|θm]选择动作am(t); 7.执行动作am(t),然后得到奖励rm(t)和新观测值o'm(t); 8.MEC节点间无线传输,将所有智能体全局信息储存{sm,am,rm,s'm}在经验回放池; 9.从经验回放池中随机选择一小批量样本{${s}_{m}^{j}$,${a}_{m}^{j}$,${r}_{m}^{j}$,${s}_{m}^{j\text{'}}$|j∈U}; 10.中心化训练阶段,根据式(18)计算损失函数L(ωm),Critic价值网络的参数更新公式为 $ \omega_{m}=\omega_{m}-\delta \nabla_{\omega_{m}} L\left(\omega_{m}\right)$; 11.根据式(20)计算Actor网络的策略梯度$ \nabla_{\theta_{m}} J_{m}\left(\theta_{m}\right)$,然后更新参数θm,可表示为 $ \theta_{m}=\theta_{m}-\alpha \nabla\left[-J_{m}\left(\theta_{m}\right)\right]$; 12.根据式(22)和式(23)更新目标Actor网络θ'm和目标Critic网络ω'm。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1261267678895944505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261267654573175399, language=CN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法1 基于MADDPG的系统总能耗最小化 |
1.初始化:网络参数θm、ωm、θ'm和ω'm; 2.设置最大迭代次数E和经验回放池大小; 3.for e = 1 → E do 4.获取所有代理的初始观察值,并设置初始奖励值r'=0; 5. for t = 1 → T do 6.对于智能体m,根据当前策略μm[om(t)|θm]选择动作am(t); 7.执行动作am(t),然后得到奖励rm(t)和新观测值o'm(t); 8.MEC节点间无线传输,将所有智能体全局信息储存{sm,am,rm,s'm}在经验回放池; 9.从经验回放池中随机选择一小批量样本{${s}_{m}^{j}$,${a}_{m}^{j}$,${r}_{m}^{j}$,${s}_{m}^{j\text{'}}$|j∈U}; 10.中心化训练阶段,根据式(18)计算损失函数L(ωm),Critic价值网络的参数更新公式为 $ \omega_{m}=\omega_{m}-\delta \nabla_{\omega_{m}} L\left(\omega_{m}\right)$; 11.根据式(20)计算Actor网络的策略梯度$ \nabla_{\theta_{m}} J_{m}\left(\theta_{m}\right)$,然后更新参数θm,可表示为 $ \theta_{m}=\theta_{m}-\alpha \nabla\left[-J_{m}\left(\theta_{m}\right)\right]$; 12.根据式(22)和式(23)更新目标Actor网络θ'm和目标Critic网络ω'm。 |
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