Article(id=1261262692988347037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405391, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=1744387200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778638059135, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778638059135, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778638059135, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778638059135, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8463, endPage=8473, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261262695668507316, articleId=1261262692988347037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Soaking Time and Flowback System Optimization of Shale Oil Wells in Cangdong Sag, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Addressing the lack of clarity regarding spontaneous imbibition displacement mechanisms and production management strategies for shale oil in the Cangdong Sag, a model was established that considered the “synergy of imbibition, flowback, and productivity”. The model was designed to dynamically reflect the mutual constraints and synergies between spontaneous imbibition displacement and engineering parameters such as flowback rates and soaking durations. Through comprehensive numerical simulations integrating geology and engineering across the entire lifecycle, the spontaneous imbibition displacement patterns and optimal flowback regimes for the C1 and C3 sweet spots in the Kong-2 Member, which served as the main development interval in the Cangdong Sag, were elucidated. The results indicate that spontaneous imbibition displacement continues to occur during the flowback process. The optimal soaking durations for the C1 and C3 sweet spots are determined to be between 37 and 42 days, with a reasonable flowback rate ranging from 20 to 40 tons per day. The research findings provide a theoretical foundation for studies on spontaneous imbibition mechanisms and reasonable production management strategies for deep shale oil and gas reservoirs.

, correspAuthors=Dong-xu TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dong WANG, Dong-xu TIAN, Qing TANG, Hong-lin ZHENG, Rui CHEN, Jian ZHU, Miao-di WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261262718581990316, articleId=1261262692988347037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=沧东凹陷页岩油闷井返排制度优化, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对沧东凹陷页岩油渗吸置换规律与排采制度不明确问题,考虑“渗吸-返排-产能协同化”,建立的模型能够动态地反映渗吸置换作用与返排速度、闷井时间等工程参数相互制约和协同。通过进行全生命周期地质工程一体化数值模拟,明确了沧东凹陷孔二段主力开发层系C1、C3两个甜点层的渗吸置换规律与最佳返排制度。结果表明:返排过程仍然存在渗吸置换作用;C1、C3甜点的合理闷井时间为37~42 d,合理返排速度20~40 t/d。研究成果为深层页岩油气的渗吸机理研究与合理排采制度研究提供理论基础。

, correspAuthors=田东旭, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 田东旭(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士。研究方向:油气储层改造。E-mail:
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王栋(1988—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

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王栋(1988—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

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王栋(1988—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

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Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(29): 12494-12503., articleTitle=Spontaneous static imbibition experiment of tight reservoir and its influencing factors, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1261262753919000870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, awardId=2022YFF0801204, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0801204), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1261262754111938860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, awardId=2023ZZ15, language=CN, fundingSource=中国石油天然气股份有限公司重大科技专项(2023ZZ15), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1261262720674948029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261262720733668286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, companyId=1261262720674948029, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company, Tianjin 300280, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261262721014686655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, companyId=1261262720674948029, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国石油大港油田分公司, 天津 300280)]), AuthorCompany(id=1261262721815798720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261262721857741764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, companyId=1261262721815798720, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 101137, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1261262721916462021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, companyId=1261262721815798720, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院, 北京 101137)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1261262739729670275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowback model of stunted wells in oil-water two-phase shale oil fracturing horizontal wells, figureFileSmall=Mtyp0tarCgDjNdSeM/EBHw==, figureFileBig=geevdPddeSKq4Ib/L7tpYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262739956162695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=CN, label=图1, caption=油水两相页岩油压裂水平井闷井返排模型

HF为人工裂缝;NF为次生天然裂缝

, figureFileSmall=Mtyp0tarCgDjNdSeM/EBHw==, figureFileBig=geevdPddeSKq4Ib/L7tpYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262740383981710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Well location diagram, figureFileSmall=mm47eP3mi14+0V2Z6ZkBgg==, figureFileBig=j9QXjHJp42KvrDSShjTU+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262741034098834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=CN, label=图2, caption=井位图

X-1、X-3为水平井编号

, figureFileSmall=mm47eP3mi14+0V2Z6ZkBgg==, figureFileBig=j9QXjHJp42KvrDSShjTU+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262741243814040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Numerical model of core scale, figureFileSmall=xgfBtVOI4U+2wpPOK+4Gew==, figureFileBig=Hx24KnXA67iaFrlSPBeo5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262741491277981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=CN, label=图3, caption=岩心尺度数值模型, figureFileSmall=xgfBtVOI4U+2wpPOK+4Gew==, figureFileBig=Hx24KnXA67iaFrlSPBeo5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262741772296355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fitting of imbibition recovery in C1, C3 layer, figureFileSmall=FEcdSgOiqRNmPMJLLqmptA==, figureFileBig=s3bMX8oRmDhkeWi0eqer0A==, tableContent=null), 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caption=Pressure field diagram of different stuffy wells, figureFileSmall=FLJlo0BxTJ0Joki6DI5KgQ==, figureFileBig=I0MbOuizXmsKnipaZcHENg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262744444068025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同闷井时间压力场图, figureFileSmall=FLJlo0BxTJ0Joki6DI5KgQ==, figureFileBig=I0MbOuizXmsKnipaZcHENg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262744767029436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variation law of matrix pore pressure in C1 and C3 layers with stuffing time, figureFileSmall=Jir+WzMGlCM2gxRkk48pOg==, figureFileBig=fgUYAu/z3TjVPOvbD0k9Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262745249374400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=CN, label=图7, caption=C1、C3层基质孔压随闷井时间变化规律, figureFileSmall=Jir+WzMGlCM2gxRkk48pOg==, figureFileBig=fgUYAu/z3TjVPOvbD0k9Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262745576530115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variation law of Swand So in fractures with the time of stuffing, figureFileSmall=1eI8n+4NPZVTgQDE2qZUqQ==, figureFileBig=5StJiyV9FLmi4XQ7wlgbIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262745878520007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=CN, label=图8, caption=裂缝内SwSo随闷井时间变化规律, figureFileSmall=1eI8n+4NPZVTgQDE2qZUqQ==, figureFileBig=5StJiyV9FLmi4XQ7wlgbIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1261262746209870028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Variation law of the distance between the leading edges of C1 and C3 imbibition and the main fracture, figureFileSmall=cCHhNOixIKDci4k/oWcN1A==, 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Fluid PVT input parameters for the numerical model of flowback in stuffy wells

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 参数 数值区间
横向网格尺寸/m 10
生产网格 纵向网格尺寸/m 10
垂向网格尺寸/m 10
地层压力/MPa 51.8~53.0
地层温度/ 110~142
流体PVT 原油压缩系数/MPa-1 12.4×10-4
原油密度/(g·cm-3) 0.887 4~0.926 3
原油黏度(80 ℃)/(mPa·s) 23~60
), ArticleFig(id=1261262753273078041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

闷井返排数值模型流体PVT输入参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 参数 数值区间
横向网格尺寸/m 10
生产网格 纵向网格尺寸/m 10
垂向网格尺寸/m 10
地层压力/MPa 51.8~53.0
地层温度/ 110~142
流体PVT 原油压缩系数/MPa-1 12.4×10-4
原油密度/(g·cm-3) 0.887 4~0.926 3
原油黏度(80 ℃)/(mPa·s) 23~60
), ArticleFig(id=1261262753382129948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Geoengineering input parameters of the numerical model of flowback of stuffy wells

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 参数 设置
地质参数 孔隙度ϕ/% 1.2~1.4
渗透率K/mD 0.037~0.054
压裂段数Ns 35~40
单段簇数Nc 4~6
工程参数 簇间距Sc/m 8~12
布井模式 立体交错
布缝模式 交错布缝
水平井参数 水平井段长L/m 1 853~1 910
水平井间距Sh/m 500
裂缝半长Lf/m 76~89
裂缝缝高Hf/m 25
裂缝参数 裂缝导流能力FCD/(m2·m) 5.92×10-14~
8.09×10-14
次级裂缝密度ρsf/(条·m-2) 0.66~0.98
次级裂缝导流能力fCD/(m2·m) 1.97×10-14
), ArticleFig(id=1261262753537319199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262692988347037, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

闷井返排数值模型地质工程输入参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 参数 设置
地质参数 孔隙度ϕ/% 1.2~1.4
渗透率K/mD 0.037~0.054
压裂段数Ns 35~40
单段簇数Nc 4~6
工程参数 簇间距Sc/m 8~12
布井模式 立体交错
布缝模式 交错布缝
水平井参数 水平井段长L/m 1 853~1 910
水平井间距Sh/m 500
裂缝半长Lf/m 76~89
裂缝缝高Hf/m 25
裂缝参数 裂缝导流能力FCD/(m2·m) 5.92×10-14~
8.09×10-14
次级裂缝密度ρsf/(条·m-2) 0.66~0.98
次级裂缝导流能力fCD/(m2·m) 1.97×10-14
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沧东凹陷页岩油闷井返排制度优化
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王栋 1 , 田东旭 2, * , 唐庆 1 , 郑宏林 2 , 陈锐 1 , 祝健 2 , 王淼迪 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(20): 8463-8473
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(20): 8463-8473
沧东凹陷页岩油闷井返排制度优化
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王栋1 , 田东旭2, * , 唐庆1, 郑宏林2, 陈锐1, 祝健2, 王淼迪1
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大港油田分公司, 天津 300280
  • 2 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院, 北京 101137
  • 王栋(1988—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 田东旭(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士。研究方向:油气储层改造。E-mail:
Soaking Time and Flowback System Optimization of Shale Oil Wells in Cangdong Sag
Dong WANG1 , Dong-xu TIAN2, * , Qing TANG1, Hong-lin ZHENG2, Rui CHEN1, Jian ZHU2, Miao-di WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Company, Tianjin 300280, China
  • 2 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 101137, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405391
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针对沧东凹陷页岩油渗吸置换规律与排采制度不明确问题,考虑“渗吸-返排-产能协同化”,建立的模型能够动态地反映渗吸置换作用与返排速度、闷井时间等工程参数相互制约和协同。通过进行全生命周期地质工程一体化数值模拟,明确了沧东凹陷孔二段主力开发层系C1、C3两个甜点层的渗吸置换规律与最佳返排制度。结果表明:返排过程仍然存在渗吸置换作用;C1、C3甜点的合理闷井时间为37~42 d,合理返排速度20~40 t/d。研究成果为深层页岩油气的渗吸机理研究与合理排采制度研究提供理论基础。

沧东凹陷  /  页岩油  /  地质工程一体化  /  压裂  /  返排制度

Addressing the lack of clarity regarding spontaneous imbibition displacement mechanisms and production management strategies for shale oil in the Cangdong Sag, a model was established that considered the “synergy of imbibition, flowback, and productivity”. The model was designed to dynamically reflect the mutual constraints and synergies between spontaneous imbibition displacement and engineering parameters such as flowback rates and soaking durations. Through comprehensive numerical simulations integrating geology and engineering across the entire lifecycle, the spontaneous imbibition displacement patterns and optimal flowback regimes for the C1 and C3 sweet spots in the Kong-2 Member, which served as the main development interval in the Cangdong Sag, were elucidated. The results indicate that spontaneous imbibition displacement continues to occur during the flowback process. The optimal soaking durations for the C1 and C3 sweet spots are determined to be between 37 and 42 days, with a reasonable flowback rate ranging from 20 to 40 tons per day. The research findings provide a theoretical foundation for studies on spontaneous imbibition mechanisms and reasonable production management strategies for deep shale oil and gas reservoirs.

Cangdong Sag  /  shale oil  /  integration of geology and engineering  /  fracturing  /  flowback system
王栋, 田东旭, 唐庆, 郑宏林, 陈锐, 祝健, 王淼迪. 沧东凹陷页岩油闷井返排制度优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8463 -8473 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405391
Dong WANG, Dong-xu TIAN, Qing TANG, Hong-lin ZHENG, Rui CHEN, Jian ZHU, Miao-di WANG. Soaking Time and Flowback System Optimization of Shale Oil Wells in Cangdong Sag[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8463 -8473 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405391
页岩油源储一体,微纳米孔隙发育,低孔低渗[1-3],通常以体积压裂为手段,以实现最大的储量动用[4-7]。渤海盆地位于中国东部,是一个新生代富油气超级盆地,蕴藏着丰富的油气资源[8],其页岩油资源尤为丰富[9-10]。沧东凹陷是渤海湾盆地中部的一个构造单元,位于于徐黑凸起和沧县隆起间,拥有1 800 km2的开发面积,是一个“小而肥”的富油构造[11],C1、C3甜点正处于开发“青壮年期”,科学严谨的闷井返排制度对于其增产改造效果的落地具有重要意义。
廖凯等[12]基于储层压后压裂液返排动态进行理论分析,反演压裂参数,优化排采制度。余杨康[13]通过用计算油嘴系数的方法选择油嘴切换时机,但该方法对数据的要求较高。Shaibu等[14]通过岩心实验模拟了最佳返排时机,并推导闷井返排数学模型,取得了良好的效果。苗国晶[15]通过对现场排采制度的统计分析,得出了适用于采油九厂的页岩油排采制度。韩慧芬等[16]通过实验的方法获得了返排过程中的储层损害机理,对返排参数优化具有一定的指导作用。郑继明[17]基于返排数据评价有效体积,评价压裂效果。薛敬豪[18]通过理论研究对油井自喷油嘴进行了探索,确定了两口井合理的生产油嘴和生产压差。Eltahan等[19]采用地质力学建模方法,研究了渗吸对关井潜力的影响,以提高最终采收率。翁定为等[20]研究得出页岩气闷井时间的影响因素,为优化闷井时间提供了新思路。蒋廷学等[21]基于流体力学方法,选择了压裂后合理的油嘴尺寸。目前针对页岩油储层的返排制度优化理论研究较少,现场施工基本采用经验方法[3,22-25],针对渗吸置换的研究局限于单段模拟与机理模型,未能充分考虑地质因素与现场实际情况,研究的结果与现场差异较大,无法指导现场生产。大部分学者认为产能最优为闷井渗吸置换平衡时间,但忽略了返排过程的渗吸置换[26]
鉴于此,结合沧东凹陷孔二段C1、C3甜点实际地质参数与压裂施工参数,建立地质工程一体化页岩油闷井返排数值模型,通过实验结果校正模型参数,考虑闷井与返排全过程的渗吸置换作用,定量描述区块的渗吸置换机理并优化返排制度。研究成果可指导现场生产,并为深层页岩油气的渗吸机理研究与合理排采制度研究提供理论基础。
根据储层地质情况与现场实际压裂施工情况,对所建模型进行如下假定。
(1)研究区块储层由页岩基质、人工压裂裂缝与次生天然裂缝组成,流体均可在其间流动。
(2)主裂缝为离散垂直裂缝,其双翼在水平井筒两端对称分布,缝高方向缝高等于储层厚度[27]
(3)次生天然裂缝与人工压裂裂缝正交。
(4)储层中流体微可压缩,流动状态为油水两相流。
(5)忽略流体渗流过程的热交换[28],假设其流动为等温渗流。
油水两相页岩油压裂水平井闷井返排模型示意图如图1所示。
(1)基质渗流微分方程。油藏内部基质系统未被压裂,由于其为页岩储层,考虑其前期渗流为低渗非达西渗流,启动压力梯度不可忽略[29],渗流方程如式(1)、式(2)所示。
油相:
$ \nabla\left[\rho_{\mathrm{o}} \frac{K_{\mathrm{m}} K_{\mathrm{ro}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{o}}}\left(\nabla P_{\mathrm{m}}-G_{\mathrm{o}}\right)\right]+\frac{\alpha \rho_{\mathrm{o}} K_{\mathrm{m}} K_{\mathrm{o}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{o}}}\left(P_{\mathrm{sf}}-P_{\mathrm{m}}\right)=\frac{\partial\left(\rho_{\mathrm{o}} s_{\mathrm{o}} \varphi\right)}{\partial t}$
水相:
$ \nabla\left[\rho_{\mathrm{w}} \frac{K_{\mathrm{m}} K_{\mathrm{rw}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{w}}}\left(\nabla P_{\mathrm{m}}-G_{\mathrm{w}}\right)\right]+\frac{\alpha \rho_{\mathrm{w}} K_{\mathrm{m}} K_{\mathrm{rw}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{w}}}\left(P_{\mathrm{sf}}-P_{\mathrm{m}}\right)=\frac{\partial\left(\rho_{\mathrm{w}} s_{\mathrm{w}} \varphi\right)}{\partial t}$
式中:Go为油相重力,MPa;Gw为水相重力,MPa;$\varphi $为孔隙度,无因次;t为时间,s;so为含油饱和度,%;sw为含水饱和度,%;Krw为水相相对渗透率;Kro为油相相对渗透率;μo为油相黏度,mPa·s;μw为水相黏度,mPa·s;ρo为油相密度,kg/m3;ρw为水相密度,kg/m3;Km为基质渗透率,mD;Psf为启动压力梯度,MPa/m;Pm为基质压力,MPa;$ \nabla$为梯度算子;α为非达西渗流系数,无因次。
(2)天然裂缝渗流微分方程。微裂缝系统渗流符合达西定律,渗流方程如式(3)、式(4)所示。
油相:
$ \nabla\left[\rho_{\mathrm{o}} \frac{K_{\mathrm{m}} K_{\mathrm{ro}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{o}}} \nabla P_{\mathrm{sf}}\right]+\frac{\alpha \rho_{\mathrm{o}} K_{\mathrm{m}} K_{\mathrm{o}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{o}}}\left(P_{\mathrm{m}}-P_{\mathrm{sf}}\right)=\frac{\partial\left(\rho_{\mathrm{o}} s_{\mathrm{o}} \varphi\right)}{\partial t}$
水相:
$ \nabla\left[\rho_{\mathrm{w}} \frac{K_{\mathrm{m}} K_{\mathrm{rw}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{w}}} \nabla P_{\mathrm{sf}}\right]+\frac{\alpha \rho_{\mathrm{w}} K_{\mathrm{m}} K_{\mathrm{rw}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{w}}}\left(P_{\mathrm{m}}-P_{\mathrm{sf}}\right)=\frac{\partial\left(\rho_{\mathrm{w}} s_{\mathrm{w}} \varphi\right)}{\partial t}$
(3)水力裂缝渗流微分方程。油水在人工压裂裂缝中的流动视为线性流动,不考虑在渗流过程的径向节流损失,认为流体仅在缝长方向流动,其渗流微分方程为
$-\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left({\rho }_{\mathrm{o}}{v}_{\mathrm{o}}\right)-2\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{o}}{V}_{y,\mathrm{o}}}{W}=\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({\rho }_{\mathrm{o}}{S}_{\mathrm{o}}\varphi \right)$
式(5)中:x为位移,m;vo为油相窜流速度,m3/s;Vy,o为油相在裂缝中的渗流速度,m/s;W为水力裂缝宽度,m;So为裂缝内油相饱和度,无因次。
(1)毛管力方程。
${{p}^{\mathrm{F}}}_{\mathrm{c}}\left({{S}^{\mathrm{F}}}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}\right)={{p}^{\mathrm{F}}}_{\mathrm{o}}-{{p}^{\mathrm{F}}}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}$
${{p}^{\mathrm{m}}}_{\mathrm{c}}\left({{S}^{\mathrm{m}}}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}\right)={{p}^{\mathrm{m}}}_{\mathrm{o}}-{{p}^{\mathrm{m}}}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}$
式中:${p}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{F}}$为裂缝系统毛管压力,MPa;${p}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{m}}$为基质系统毛管压力,MPa;${S}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{F}}$为裂缝系统残余油饱和度,无因次;${S}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{m}}$为基质系统残余油饱和度,无因次;${p}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{F}}$为裂缝系统油相压力,MPa;${p}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{m}}$为基质系统油相压力,MPa;${p}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{F}}$为裂缝系统残余油状态下的毛管压力,MPa;${p}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{m}}$为基质系统残余油状态下的毛管压力,MPa。
(2)饱和度方程。
${{S}^{\mathrm{F}}}_{\mathrm{o}}+{{S}^{\mathrm{F}}}_{\mathrm{w}}=1$
${{S}^{\mathrm{f}}}_{\mathrm{o}}+{{S}^{\mathrm{f}}}_{\mathrm{w}}=1$
${{S}^{\mathrm{m}}}_{\mathrm{o}}+{{S}^{\mathrm{m}}}_{\mathrm{w}}=1$
式中:${S}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{F}}$为水力裂缝系统油相饱和度,无因次;${S}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{f}}$为天然裂缝系统油相饱和度,无因次;${S}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{m}}$为基质系统油相饱和度,无因次;${S}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{F}}$为水力裂缝系统水相饱和度,无因次;${S}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{f}}$为天然裂缝系统水相饱和度,无因次;${S}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{m}}$为基质系统水相饱和度,无因次。
(3)应力敏感方程[26]
${\varphi }^{\mathrm{F}}={{\varphi }^{\mathrm{F}}}_{0}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{{C}^{\mathrm{F}}}_{\mathrm{r}}({{p}^{\mathrm{F}}}_{\mathrm{o}}-{{p}^{\mathrm{F}}}_{0})}$
${\varphi }^{\mathrm{f}}={{\varphi }^{\mathrm{f}}}_{0}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{{C}^{\mathrm{f}}}_{\mathrm{r}}({{p}^{\mathrm{f}}}_{\mathrm{o}}-{p}_{0}^{f})}$
${\varphi }^{\mathrm{m}}=({{\varphi }^{\mathrm{m}}}_{0}-{\varphi }_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{w}}){\mathrm{e}}^{-{{C}^{\mathrm{m}}}_{\mathrm{r}}({{p}^{\mathrm{m}}}_{\mathrm{o}}-{{p}^{\mathrm{m}}}_{0})}$
式中:ϕF为水力裂缝孔隙度,无因次;ϕf为天然裂缝孔隙度,无因次;ϕm为基质孔隙度,无因次;上标 “F、f、m” 分别代表水力裂缝、天然裂缝、基质系统;${\varphi }_{0}^{\mathrm{F}}$为水力裂缝初始孔隙度,无因次;${\varphi }_{0}^{\mathrm{f}}$为天然裂缝初始孔隙度,无因次;${\varphi }_{0}^{\mathrm{m}}$为基质初始孔隙度,无因次;ϕsw为基质束缚水孔隙度,无因次;${C}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{F}}$为水力裂缝压缩系数,MPa-1;${C}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{f}}$为天然裂缝压缩系数,MPa-1;${C}_{\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{m}}$为基质系统压缩系数,MPa-1;${p}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{F}}$为水力裂缝当前有效应力,MPa;${p}_{0}^{\mathrm{F}}$为水力裂缝初始有效应力,MPa;${p}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{f}}$为天然裂缝当前有效应力,MPa;${p}_{0}^{\mathrm{f}}$为天然裂缝初始有效应力,MPa;${p}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{m}}$为基质系统当前有效应力,MPa;${p}_{0}^{\mathrm{m}}$为基质系统初始有效应力,MPa。
(4)压缩方程。
${\rho }_{\mathrm{w}}={\rho }_{\mathrm{w}0}{\mathrm{e}}^{{C}_{\mathrm{w}}({p}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}0}^{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}})}$
${\rho }_{\mathrm{o}}^{-1}={\rho }_{\mathrm{o}0}^{-1}[1+{C}_{\mathrm{o}}({p}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}}-{p}_{\mathrm{o}0}^{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}}\left)\right]$
式中:ρw0为当前水相密度,kg/m3;ρo0为当前油相密度,kg/m3;Cw为水相压缩系数;Co为油相压缩系数;${p}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}}$为水相在不同介质中的当前压力,MPa,上标F、f、m分别代表水力裂缝、天然裂缝、基质系统;${p}_{\mathrm{w}0}^{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}}$为水相在不同介质中的初始压力,MPa;${p}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}}$为油相在不同介质中的当前压力,MPa;${p}_{\mathrm{o}0}^{\mathrm{F},\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}}$为油相在不同介质中的初始压力,MPa。
(1)初始条件 。闷井及返排模拟的初始时刻为压裂结束的时刻[30]
${p}_{\mathrm{w},i}(x,y,z,t)|{\mathrm{ }}_{t=0}={p}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i},i}, i=\mathrm{F},\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}$
${S}_{\mathrm{w},i}(x,y,z,t)|{\mathrm{ }}_{t=0}={S}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{i},i}, i=\mathrm{F},\mathrm{f},\mathrm{m}$
式中:pw,i为第i类介质的压力,MPa;pwi,i为第i类介质的初始压力,MPa;Sw,i为第i类介质的含水饱和度,%;Swi,i为第i类介质的初始含水饱和度,%;F、f、m分别为水力裂缝、天然裂缝、基质系统。
(2)边界条件。
以封闭条件作为储层外边界,即
$\frac{\partial P}{\partial n}|\Gamma =0$
闷井期间未见产选取定排量为边界条件,即
${q}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{W}}\left(\begin{array}{c}t\end{array}\right)=\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{w}}{k}^{\mathrm{t}}{k}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{w}}h}{{\mu }_{\mathrm{w}}}({{p}^{\mathrm{F}}}_{\mathrm{w}}-{p}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{f}})=0$
$0<t\le {t}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$
返排期间选取定井底流压为边界条件,即
${p}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{f}}\left(t\right)={p}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{f}}$
$t>{t}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$
式中:P为基质上覆岩层压力,MPa;n为储层外边界法线方向;Γ为储层的外边界;${q}_{\mathrm{w}}^{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{W}}$为井筒与水力裂缝之间的水相窜流量,m3/s;kt为总渗透率,mD;h为储层厚度,m;;pwf 为井底流压,MPa;tshutin为闷井时间,d;ρw为水的密度,kg/m3
将不同介质间的窜流量以及介质内部油水水两相运动方程式分别代入物质平衡方程式中,得到水力裂缝、次级裂缝、页岩基质内的油水两相的连续性方程,采用有限差分方法对闷井返排数学模型的非线性偏微分方程组进行差分离散,得到非线性差分方程组,结合辅助方程,边界条件和初始条件,再应用半隐式方法对非线性系数项进行线性化,可得线性方程组,利用Gauss-Seidel迭代法求解方程组,计算过程中,误差小于极小值(10-9)时,认为该计算过程达到收敛标准,进行下一步迭代计算。
主要研究C1、C3甜点的返排制度,通过建立地质模型,并选取目标层位两口水平井作为研究对象,进行理论分析与数值模拟。井位图如图2所示。
通过实际地质数据建立闷井返排数值模型,单个生产网格大小为10 m×10 m×10 m,以现场流体PVT数据以及现场施工数据为基础,使模型尽可能符合现场实际,其中数值区间的取值范围为不同甜点的取值,从左到右依次为C1、C3层参数。闷井返排数值模型流体PVT输入参数如表1所示。
闷井返排模型输入参数如表2所示,其中地质参数取值为闷井返排动态反演结果,工程参数与水平井参数为现场压裂施工参数的取值,裂缝参数为压裂施工参数反演结果,数值区间的取值范围为不同甜点的取值,从左到右依次为C1、C3层参数。
通过C1,C3层岩心渗吸实验得到渗吸采收率,建立岩心尺度三维数值模型,模型尺寸为:35×35×70,xyz的网格步长均为0.001 m,拟合渗吸实验岩心的渗吸采收率,校正毛管力,使其符合现场特征。岩心模型如图3所示,毛管力修正过程如图4所示。
基于上文建立的数值模型,将C1层与C3层的井进行实际生产制度验证,以确保模型的适用性,验证过程如图5所示。
基于闷井返排数学模型模拟C1、C3层压后关井期间压力动态分布特征如图6所示。模拟结果显示:随闷井时间增加,压裂液不断滤失,基质压力有所提高,以其中压裂段的一段为例进行展示。
C1层与C3层的基质压力变化过程如图7所示。闷井60 d后,C1层基质平均增压7.3 MPa;C3层基质增压7.1 MPa。C1、C3层闷井期间压裂液滤失入基质后抬高地层能量,压裂液增能效果明显;随闷井时间持续延长,增能效果减缓。
压后闷井期间滞留的压裂液与地层接触后,通过毛细管力对基质中原油进行渗吸置换[31-33]图8为裂缝系统饱和度变化过程。C1、C3层压裂完成后水力裂缝内压裂液开始向基质内滤失,随着闷井时间增加,主缝内含水饱和度降低,含油饱和度升高。地层中流体由于毛管力与渗透压的作用不断进行交换[34],在此过程中,裂缝系统的含油饱和度不断增加,基质系统的含水饱和度不断增加,闷井60 d后裂缝含油饱和度最高可达91%。
页岩油储层在压裂后会进行压裂液渗吸置换,压裂液从裂缝系统进入基质,该过程可反映储层毛细管力的强弱,也可反映储层的润湿性[35]。压裂液渗吸前缘是指压裂液在毛细管力的作用下自发渗吸致储层最远的位置,反映了压裂液的压裂效果[36]
C1、C3层渗吸前缘距主裂缝距离变化规律模拟结果如图9所示。C1储层初始渗吸前缘约为2.2 m,随闷井时间延长,渗吸前缘增加至9.82 m,反映出C1层润湿性为水湿的特征。C3储层初始渗吸前缘约为3.6 m,随闷井时间延长,渗吸前缘推进至12.45 m,反映出C3层润湿性为强水湿的特征。
图10为C1、C3层压裂液渗吸换油量模拟结果。C1储层渗吸平衡时间约为37 d,人工压裂裂缝换油量高于天然次级裂缝,达到渗吸平衡时,主裂缝累计进油量为4 178.12 m3,天然次级裂缝累计进油量为355.2 m3。C3储层渗吸平衡时间为42 d,人工压裂裂缝换油量高于天然次级裂缝,达到渗吸平衡时,主裂缝累计进油量为5 606.2 m3,天然裂缝累计进油量为552.1 m3
模拟不同返排速度条件下缝内含油饱和度随闷井时间变化关系,模拟结果如图11所示。模拟结果显示:C1甜点以返排流量20 t/d返排时,渗吸前缘的位置不断向地层深部延伸,30 d渗吸前缘为1.55 m,返排流量为80 t/d时,30 d渗吸前缘为0.85 m,C3甜点以返排流量20 t/d返排时,渗吸前缘的位置不断向地层深部延伸,30 d渗吸前缘为4.05 m,返排流量为80 t/d时,30 d渗吸前缘为1.52 m,基质中仍有渗吸换油作用。20 t/d返排制度下泄油范围最大,小返排液量的使用有助于油水渗吸过程,加大了泄油区原油的动用程度。
根据油田现场需求与实际情况,返排阶段设置相同的井底流压,分别设置闷井时间0、10、30、40、45、60、100 d,比较其总产量。
闷井对提升短期产量有显著作用,但是闷井渗吸置换平衡时间并非产能最优时间,返排过程的渗吸置换也会影响产能。C1、C3层不同闷井时间条件下的初期产量模拟结果如图12所示。C1层短期产量在0~40 d时增速较大,在37 d时出现峰值,之后涨幅放缓,故闷井时间最优为37 d。C3层短期产量在42 d出现明显峰值,45 d之后趋于平稳,故闷井时间最优为42 d。
对闷井返排数值模型进行裂缝闭合模拟,以保持人工压裂裂缝有效保留体积最大为目的优化最佳返排速度。模拟结果如图13所示。相同返排时间下,返排速度越大,裂缝体积下降越大,压降梯度越大(图14)。返排初期裂缝闭合快,后来逐渐变慢。返排速度由20 t/d增至80 t/d时,返排30 dC1层裂缝体积下降22.5%;返排速度由20 t/d增至80 t/d时,返排30 dC3层裂缝体积下降19.6%。C1返排速度20~40 t/d时,裂缝闭合程度为15.5%~16.9%,压降梯度0.15~0.17,60 t/d时,闭合程度20.2%,压降梯度0.27,C3返排速度20~40 t/d时,裂缝闭合程度为7.3%~9.5%,压降梯度0.06~0.13,80 t/d时,闭合程度19.5%,压降梯度0.28。C1压降梯度整体低于C3,C1、C3层返排速度优化为20~40 t/d。
沧东凹陷官东地区C1、C3甜点页岩油已投产30口,其中优化闷井37~42 d的井5口,生产当天见油,含水降至95%时的返排率低于0.33%,实现见油时间较短、见油时返排率较低。见油时间较平均水平缩短15 d,见油返排率较平均降低3.5个百分点,取得了非常好的效果。
C1甜点GY5-1-3H井闷井37 d,GY5-1-5H井闷井28 d。该两井地层甜点相同,压裂规模和排采制度相似,360 d千米累计产油量GY5-1-3H较GY5-1-5H高1 048 t(图15);GY5-1-3H含水下降快,且稳定含水率较GY5-1-5H低2.97个百分点(图16),说明GY5-1-3H渗吸置换充分、闷井时间适宜。
C3甜点GY5-3-6H井闷井42 d,GY5-3-7H井闷井28 d。该两井地层甜点相同,压裂规模和排采制度相似,360 d千米累计产油量GY5-3-6H较GY5-3-7H高1 557 t(图17),稳定含水率GY5-3-6H较GY5-3-7H低8.74个百分点(图18),说明GY5-3-6H渗吸置换充分,闷井时间适宜。
(1)孔二段C1甜点与C3甜点压后闷井,基质增压与渗吸置换效果显著,闷井效果明显。C1层润湿性为水湿的特征,C3层润湿性为强水湿的特征,与生产特征符合。
(2)返排过程中仍然存在渗吸置换现象,大油嘴放喷嘴泄油区剩余油饱和度更高,小油嘴放喷储层原油动用半径更大。
(3)以闷井与返排全周期油水置换平衡为原则,推荐C1、C3甜点合理闷井时间37~42 d;以裂缝有效体积最大为原则,推荐返排速度20~40 t/d。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0801204)
  • 中国石油天然气股份有限公司重大科技专项(2023ZZ15)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405391
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
  • 修回日期:2025-04-12
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0801204)
中国石油天然气股份有限公司重大科技专项(2023ZZ15)
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    1 中国石油大港油田分公司, 天津 300280
    2 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院, 北京 101137

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* 田东旭(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士。研究方向:油气储层改造。E-mail:
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