Article(id=1261262690933158226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405321, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720972800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-15, revisedDate=1744387200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778638058646, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778638058646, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778638058646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778638058646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8392, endPage=8403, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261262692581519706, articleId=1261262690933158226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Rock Heterogeneity Combination Model and Shale Reservoir Characteristics of Da’anzhai Section of Ziliujing Formation in Central Sichuan Basin, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The continental shale oil in the Da’anzhai section of the Ziliujing Formation in the Sichuan Basin has great exploration and development prospects. The sedimentary facies are diverse, the lithology is complex, and the vertical changes are fast. The understanding of the lithological differentiation combination mode and reservoir characteristics is unclear, which restricts the optimal selection of favorable shale oil reservoirs in the Da’anzhai section. Based on observations, thin section analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), vitrinite reflectance Ro testing, total organic carbon (TOC) content testing, physical property testing, rock pyrolysis, fluorescence analysis, and other experiments of four actual drilling cores in the central Sichuan Basin. By comprehensively analyzing mineral composition characteristics, as well as considering the content, occurrence, thickness of the shell layer, and its superimposed relationship with shale, seven lithological combination models for the Da’anzhai member in the central Sichuan basin were established (pure shale type, shale interbedded with floating shell limestone type, shale interbedded with millimeter scale shell limestone type, shale interbedded with centimeter scale shell limestone type, shale interbedded with centimeter scale shell limestone type, shale interbedded with shell limestone type, and pure shell limestone type). By integrating reservoir characteristic parameters such as TOC content, physical properties, oil content, and brittleness index, the reservoir characteristics of different lithological combinations were clarified. Based on the exploration and development practices of the Da’anzhai section and reservoir characteristics, a classification evaluation standard for reservoirs was established. It is believed that the lithological combination of shale interbedded with millimeter scale shell limestone and shale interbedded with centimeter scale shell limestone is the key layer for exploration and development, which has most favorable source reservoir combination, best physical properties, the highest oil saturation index(OSI) index, strong mobility, and good brittleness. The thick dark shale interval has the highest TOC content, good physical and oil properties, which is a potential interval for further exploration.

, correspAuthors=Jiang HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-qing ZHU, Qiu-zi WU, Yi-jiang LENG, Ying-zi YIN, Yi-fan HE, Yi-ming YANG, Yi-chi ZHANG, Jiang HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261262701905457574, articleId=1261262690933158226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=川中地区自流井组大安寨段岩性异化组合模式及页岩储层特征, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

四川盆地自流井组大安寨段陆相页岩油具有较大勘探开发前景,沉积相多样,岩性复杂且纵向变化快,岩性差异化组合模式及储层特征认识不清,制约了大安寨段页岩油储层有利层段的优选。基于川中地区4口实钻井岩心观察、薄片分析和X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、镜质体反射率Ro测试、总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)含量测试、物性测试、岩石热解、荧光分析等实验,依据矿物组成特征和介壳含量、产状、介壳层厚度及与页岩的叠置关系,建立川中地区大安寨段7种岩性组合模式(纯页岩型、页岩夹漂浮状介壳灰岩型、页岩夹毫米级介壳灰岩型、页岩夹厘米级介壳灰岩型、页岩夹分米级介壳灰岩型、页岩与介壳灰岩互层型、纯介壳灰岩型)。综合TOC、物性、含油性、脆性指数等储层特征参数,明确不同岩性组合的储层特征。结合大安寨段的勘探开发实践和储层特征,建立储层的分级评价标准,认为页岩夹毫米级介壳灰岩型和页岩夹厘米级介壳灰岩型岩性组合为最有利的源储组合,物性最好,含油饱和度指数(oil saturation index,OSI)最高,可动性强,脆性好等特征,是勘探开发的重点层段。厚层暗色页岩层段具有最高的TOC含量、较好的物性和含油性,是下步勘探的潜力层段。

, correspAuthors=何江, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 何江(1981—),男,汉族,四川达州人,博士,教授。研究方向:储层与开发地质学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=dVB4/q+elpNctNLnnJY60g==, magXml=Q9SBYb8tcurMKb3EPURriw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FaownkwbJshbjBVv5H83uA==, pdfFileSize=31910322, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=RptoXqnpA/fb/tdmLouI4A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EiIPfRh/4Nz1Al+FUAEKyA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱逸青(1987—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:页岩气地质。E-mail:

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朱逸青(1987—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:页岩气地质。E-mail:

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朱逸青(1987—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:页岩气地质。E-mail:

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Denver: Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE), 2008: DOI: 10.2118/115258-MS., articleTitle=A practical use of shale petrophysics for stimulation design optimization: all shale plays are not clones of the Barnett Shale, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261262771103084642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262690933158226, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=1115, pageEnd=1126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=63, authorNames=祝海华, 陈琳, 曹正林, journalName=石油与天然气地质, refType=null, unstructuredReference=祝海华, 陈琳, 曹正林, . 川中地区侏罗系自流井组大安寨段黑色页岩孔隙微观特征及主控因素[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2022, 43(5): 1115-1126., articleTitle=川中地区侏罗系自流井组大安寨段黑色页岩孔隙微观特征及主控因素, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261262771325382756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262690933158226, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=1115, pageEnd=1126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=64, authorNames=Zhu Haihua, Chen Lin, Cao Zhenglin, journalName=Oil & Gas Geology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu Haihua, Chen Lin, Cao Zhenglin, et al. Microscopic pore characteristics and controlling factors of black shale in the Da’anzhai member of Jurassic Ziliujing Formation, central Sichuan Basin[J]. 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Statistics of shale reservoir parameters in different lithological combinations in the Da’anzhai section of central Sichuan Basin

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岩性组合 泥地
比/%
成熟
度/%
TOC/% 孔隙度/% 渗透率/mD OSI/% 脆性指
数/%
范围 平均值 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 范围 平均值
纯页岩型(A型) >90 1.28 0.77~4.48 2.36 1.78~7.61 5.23 0.001 2~0.008 6 0.003 7 22.22~122.07 73.65 34.83
页岩夹漂浮状介壳
灰岩型(B型)
70~90 1.20 0.63~4.11 1.97 2.14~8.51 6.22 0.001 0~0.007 8 0.005 4 20.00~114.63 80.27 36.32
页岩夹毫米级介壳
灰岩型(C型)
50~70 1.42 0.60~3.97 1.78 2.40~11.29 6.71 0.003 3~0.010 5 0.007 5 26.24~228.45 112.69 42.68
页岩夹厘米级介壳
灰岩型(D型)
40~60 1.24 0.80~2.75 1.79 1.86~9.01 5.57 0.003 5~0.042 4 0.011 2 19.35~299.90 146.02 45.71
页岩夹分米级介壳
灰岩型(E型)
20~40 1.51 0.55~2.88 1.61 1.62~9.45 4.76 0.000 1~0.007 2 0.003 4 24.71~117.02 86.31 46.52
页岩与介壳灰岩
互层型(F型)
10~30 1.04 0.31~2.88 1.19 1.68~6.36 3.45 0~0.018 6 0.002 5 26.96~97.90 61.29 52.75
纯介壳灰岩型
(G型)
<10 1.15 0.13~1.21 0.51 0.34~2.47 1.48 0~0.005 3 0.001 4 16.24~87.26 37.14 80.53
), ArticleFig(id=1261262749204624242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262690933158226, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

川中地区大安寨段不同岩性组合中页岩储层参数统计

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岩性组合 泥地
比/%
成熟
度/%
TOC/% 孔隙度/% 渗透率/mD OSI/% 脆性指
数/%
范围 平均值 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 范围 平均值
纯页岩型(A型) >90 1.28 0.77~4.48 2.36 1.78~7.61 5.23 0.001 2~0.008 6 0.003 7 22.22~122.07 73.65 34.83
页岩夹漂浮状介壳
灰岩型(B型)
70~90 1.20 0.63~4.11 1.97 2.14~8.51 6.22 0.001 0~0.007 8 0.005 4 20.00~114.63 80.27 36.32
页岩夹毫米级介壳
灰岩型(C型)
50~70 1.42 0.60~3.97 1.78 2.40~11.29 6.71 0.003 3~0.010 5 0.007 5 26.24~228.45 112.69 42.68
页岩夹厘米级介壳
灰岩型(D型)
40~60 1.24 0.80~2.75 1.79 1.86~9.01 5.57 0.003 5~0.042 4 0.011 2 19.35~299.90 146.02 45.71
页岩夹分米级介壳
灰岩型(E型)
20~40 1.51 0.55~2.88 1.61 1.62~9.45 4.76 0.000 1~0.007 2 0.003 4 24.71~117.02 86.31 46.52
页岩与介壳灰岩
互层型(F型)
10~30 1.04 0.31~2.88 1.19 1.68~6.36 3.45 0~0.018 6 0.002 5 26.96~97.90 61.29 52.75
纯介壳灰岩型
(G型)
<10 1.15 0.13~1.21 0.51 0.34~2.47 1.48 0~0.005 3 0.001 4 16.24~87.26 37.14 80.53
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Classification and evaluation criteria for interbedded shale in Da’anzhai section

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参数类型 项目 评分等级
Ⅰ类 Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类
烃源岩评价 TOC/% >1.2 1.0~1.2 0.7~1.0
Ro/% 0.7~1.0 1.0~1.2 1.2~1.6
孔隙度/% >5 3~5 1~3
储集层评价 压力系数 >1.2 0.8~1.2 0.6~0.8
互层状厚度/m >10 5~10 0~5
含油性 S1/(mg·g-1) >1.2 0.8~1.2 0.4~0.8
可压性 脆性指数/% >40
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大安寨段夹层互层型页岩分类评价标准

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参数类型 项目 评分等级
Ⅰ类 Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类
烃源岩评价 TOC/% >1.2 1.0~1.2 0.7~1.0
Ro/% 0.7~1.0 1.0~1.2 1.2~1.6
孔隙度/% >5 3~5 1~3
储集层评价 压力系数 >1.2 0.8~1.2 0.6~0.8
互层状厚度/m >10 5~10 0~5
含油性 S1/(mg·g-1) >1.2 0.8~1.2 0.4~0.8
可压性 脆性指数/% >40
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川中地区自流井组大安寨段岩性异化组合模式及页岩储层特征
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朱逸青 1, 2 , 伍秋姿 1, 2 , 冷钇江 3 , 殷樱子 1, 2 , 何一凡 1, 2 , 杨一茗 1, 2 , 张亦弛 1, 2 , 何江 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(20): 8392-8403
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(20): 8392-8403
川中地区自流井组大安寨段岩性异化组合模式及页岩储层特征
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朱逸青1, 2 , 伍秋姿1, 2, 冷钇江3, 殷樱子1, 2, 何一凡1, 2, 杨一茗1, 2, 张亦弛1, 2, 何江3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油西南油气田公司, 成都 610051
  • 2 页岩气评价与开采四川省重点实验室, 成都 610051
  • 3 西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院, 成都 610500
  • 朱逸青(1987—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:页岩气地质。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 何江(1981—),男,汉族,四川达州人,博士,教授。研究方向:储层与开发地质学。E-mail:
Rock Heterogeneity Combination Model and Shale Reservoir Characteristics of Da’anzhai Section of Ziliujing Formation in Central Sichuan Basin
Yi-qing ZHU1, 2 , Qiu-zi WU1, 2, Yi-jiang LENG3, Ying-zi YIN1, 2, Yi-fan HE1, 2, Yi-ming YANG1, 2, Yi-chi ZHANG1, 2, Jiang HE3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, PetroChina, Chengdu 610501, China
  • 2 Shale Gas Evaluation and Exploitation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610051, China
  • 3 School of Earth Science and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405321
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四川盆地自流井组大安寨段陆相页岩油具有较大勘探开发前景,沉积相多样,岩性复杂且纵向变化快,岩性差异化组合模式及储层特征认识不清,制约了大安寨段页岩油储层有利层段的优选。基于川中地区4口实钻井岩心观察、薄片分析和X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、镜质体反射率Ro测试、总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)含量测试、物性测试、岩石热解、荧光分析等实验,依据矿物组成特征和介壳含量、产状、介壳层厚度及与页岩的叠置关系,建立川中地区大安寨段7种岩性组合模式(纯页岩型、页岩夹漂浮状介壳灰岩型、页岩夹毫米级介壳灰岩型、页岩夹厘米级介壳灰岩型、页岩夹分米级介壳灰岩型、页岩与介壳灰岩互层型、纯介壳灰岩型)。综合TOC、物性、含油性、脆性指数等储层特征参数,明确不同岩性组合的储层特征。结合大安寨段的勘探开发实践和储层特征,建立储层的分级评价标准,认为页岩夹毫米级介壳灰岩型和页岩夹厘米级介壳灰岩型岩性组合为最有利的源储组合,物性最好,含油饱和度指数(oil saturation index,OSI)最高,可动性强,脆性好等特征,是勘探开发的重点层段。厚层暗色页岩层段具有最高的TOC含量、较好的物性和含油性,是下步勘探的潜力层段。

岩性组合  /  储层特征  /  储层分级标准  /  页岩油  /  大安寨段

The continental shale oil in the Da’anzhai section of the Ziliujing Formation in the Sichuan Basin has great exploration and development prospects. The sedimentary facies are diverse, the lithology is complex, and the vertical changes are fast. The understanding of the lithological differentiation combination mode and reservoir characteristics is unclear, which restricts the optimal selection of favorable shale oil reservoirs in the Da’anzhai section. Based on observations, thin section analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), vitrinite reflectance Ro testing, total organic carbon (TOC) content testing, physical property testing, rock pyrolysis, fluorescence analysis, and other experiments of four actual drilling cores in the central Sichuan Basin. By comprehensively analyzing mineral composition characteristics, as well as considering the content, occurrence, thickness of the shell layer, and its superimposed relationship with shale, seven lithological combination models for the Da’anzhai member in the central Sichuan basin were established (pure shale type, shale interbedded with floating shell limestone type, shale interbedded with millimeter scale shell limestone type, shale interbedded with centimeter scale shell limestone type, shale interbedded with centimeter scale shell limestone type, shale interbedded with shell limestone type, and pure shell limestone type). By integrating reservoir characteristic parameters such as TOC content, physical properties, oil content, and brittleness index, the reservoir characteristics of different lithological combinations were clarified. Based on the exploration and development practices of the Da’anzhai section and reservoir characteristics, a classification evaluation standard for reservoirs was established. It is believed that the lithological combination of shale interbedded with millimeter scale shell limestone and shale interbedded with centimeter scale shell limestone is the key layer for exploration and development, which has most favorable source reservoir combination, best physical properties, the highest oil saturation index(OSI) index, strong mobility, and good brittleness. The thick dark shale interval has the highest TOC content, good physical and oil properties, which is a potential interval for further exploration.

lithological combination  /  reservoir characteristic  /  reservoir classification standard  /  shale oil  /  Da’anzhai section
朱逸青, 伍秋姿, 冷钇江, 殷樱子, 何一凡, 杨一茗, 张亦弛, 何江. 川中地区自流井组大安寨段岩性异化组合模式及页岩储层特征. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8392 -8403 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405321
Yi-qing ZHU, Qiu-zi WU, Yi-jiang LENG, Ying-zi YIN, Yi-fan HE, Yi-ming YANG, Yi-chi ZHANG, Jiang HE. Rock Heterogeneity Combination Model and Shale Reservoir Characteristics of Da’anzhai Section of Ziliujing Formation in Central Sichuan Basin[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8392 -8403 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405321
自美国“页岩气革命”以来,非常规油气资源在世界能源格局中占据了越来越重要的地位,尤其是页岩油气[1-2]。中国页岩油气资源非常丰富,在四川盆地已实现了五峰组-龙马溪组海相页岩气的规模化开发,而陆相页岩油勘探开发仍处于起步阶段[3]。四川盆地侏罗系地层包含3套半深湖-深湖相沉积的暗色页岩,分别为凉高山组、大安寨段和东岳庙段页岩,以大安寨段页岩最为发育[4]。据统计,大安寨段页岩油资源量可达172亿t,秋林19井大安寨段页岩直井压裂获得日产原油7.2 m3/d、日产天然气2.3×103 m3的工业性气流[5],展示出大安寨段页岩油巨大的勘探开发前景。但大安寨段页岩岩性纵横向变化快,“甜点”层优选难度大,落实大安寨段页岩岩性组合式及储层特征,对加快四川盆地页岩油量产具有重要意义。
在陆相湖盆沉积的岩相和岩性组合纵向分布规律是储层评价及工程施工压裂的重要地质单元,其划分原则应重点考虑矿物组成、沉积构造及有机质的保存条件等指标。在非常油气勘探历程中,海相页岩气储层和陆相页岩油储层岩相划分方案由简至繁而精细化,从岩石组构逐渐演变至纹层结构+有机质含量+矿物组构的划分方案[6-10]。由于大安寨段沉积相为滨湖、浅湖、半深湖、深湖4种亚相,细分为生屑滩、重力流、滩间洼地、半深湖泥、风暴流、生物滩、砂质浅滩等10种微相,致使大安寨段岩性复杂多样,包含泥岩、介壳灰岩、砂岩、重力流灰岩和风暴灰岩等,以前三类岩性为主,呈相互叠置关系[11-14],导致这些岩相划分方案在大安寨段页岩油储层岩相研究中的适用程度差。针对大安寨段灰泥岩性及岩性组合频繁变化的特殊性,学者们对大安寨段岩相和岩性组合类型开展了大量研究,不同的学者对岩石组合划分类型不尽相同。目前,针对大安寨页岩储层岩相划分的方案大致可以分为两类,一类是以灰岩和碳酸盐的相互叠置关系划分岩性组合,认识大安寨段的沉积旋回,如以生物介壳发育特征,将岩石组合划分为块状介壳灰岩段、页岩与介壳层互层段、页岩夹介壳层段、纯页岩段,并分析了不同岩性组合的形成环境[5,15-16]。另一类是按灰岩与泥岩厚度-含量差异的组合方式进行岩相或岩性组合的划分,如依据井下岩心描述按介壳灰岩单层厚度划分出米级、分米级、厘米级和毫米级的泥岩-介壳灰岩的岩石组合类型,初步分析了不同岩石组合的物性及源储组合关系[12,17-18]。由此可见,现阶段的岩性组合均以介壳灰岩的特征、厚度、与页岩的接触关系进行划分,但没有从“页岩岩相为核心”的岩性组合划分方案,同时缺乏不同岩相组合下的页岩储层特征系统性分析,极大地限制了大安寨段页岩油“甜点”段和有利区的优选。
选取仁安1井、龙安1井、公119井、龙兴1井大安寨段井下岩心为研究对象,在精细岩心描述的基础上,开展岩石学及储层特征分析,统计页岩、介壳灰岩的产状和厚度,明确页岩主要发育层段与位置,重点分析页岩与介壳灰岩的相互叠置关系,划分大安寨段页岩岩相及差异化组合类型,认识不同岩相组合下页岩储层特征(物性、含油气性及脆性),聚焦优质岩性组合类型,锁定大安寨段页岩储层有利层段,以期为大安寨页岩油勘探开发提供强有力的理论与数据支撑。
四川盆地大体上呈菱形状,根据构造形态,将四川盆地共划分出6个构造单元,分别为川北低平构造区、川西低陡构造区、川西南低缓构造区、川东南高陡构造区、川南低陡构造区和川中低平构造区[19-20]。在此基础上,结合现阶段油气勘探开发成果,将四川盆地划分为4个油气聚集区:川东气区、川南气区(包括川东南和川西南)、川西气区和川中油气区。研究区为四川盆地中部的川中油气区,处于川中低平构造区和川北低平构造区南部,靠近龙泉山断裂和华蓥山断裂[21],如图1(a)所示。
下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段沉积期为大规模的湖侵,湖盆分布面积广,达到1×105 km2,为典型的淡水坳陷湖盆,沉积物是以碎屑岩和灰岩为主的混合沉积产物[22]。大安寨段岩性主要为灰-黑色页岩和介壳灰岩,局部发育事件型的粉砂岩和风暴岩等。地层自下而上依次划分为大一亚段、大二亚段和大三亚段,其中大二亚段划分为大二1小层和大二2小层。大一亚段和大三亚段主要发育介壳滩,大二亚段主要发育半深湖-深湖页岩,如图1(b)所示,为页岩油勘探目的层段。
选取研究区内龙安1井、仁安1井、公119井、龙兴1井四口井大安寨段共计112个取芯样品开展了全岩X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)分析,结果显示石英含量介于2.5%~60.44%,平均值为32.95%;碳酸盐矿物以方解石为主,含量介于0~91.0%,平均值为17.28%;含少量白云石,含量介于0~25.0%,平均值为0.92%;长石含量较低,以斜长石为主,含量介于0~18.0%,平均值为4.62%;黏土矿物含量最高,介于1.96%~65.0%,平均值为40.2%(图2);文石含量介于0~41.2%,平均值为1.66%。另外含少量菱铁矿等其他矿物,含量极低。
参照海相页岩储层岩相划分的方案[23],采用矿物三端元法(长英质矿物、碳酸盐类矿物及黏土矿物)进行大安寨段页岩岩相划分。按矿物组分含量差异,将大安寨段页岩划分为四大类岩相,分别为页岩岩相(黏土矿物>50%)、混合质岩相(黏土矿物<50%、长英质矿物<50%、碳酸盐类矿物<50%)、粉砂质岩相(长英质矿物>50%)和生屑灰岩岩相(碳酸盐类矿物>50%)。由于研究区大安寨主要沉积于浅湖-半深湖相,近岸粉砂质岩相发育弱,主要发育页岩相、介壳质灰岩岩相和混合质岩相。
(1)页岩岩相。该类岩相黏土矿物含量大于50%,岩心尺度上颜色均匀,主要以灰黑色或黑色为主[图3(a)],有机质含量较高,不含或含少量介壳,岩心整体较为致密,页理发育程度弱,局部发育尺度不一的裂缝[图3(b)],部分视域可观察到有机质组分[图3(c)]。页岩岩相主要发育在大二亚段,沉积于半深湖-深湖的低能、还原沉积环境。
(2)混合质岩相。长英质矿物、碳酸盐矿物、黏土矿物含量均小于50%,宏观上表现为灰色-深灰色的块状粉砂质页岩、块状含介壳页岩或深灰-灰黑色的块状含粉砂页岩[图3(d)],生物化石组分主要为双壳类生物,介壳组分相对完整,岩石质地不纯[图3(e)]。混合质岩相在大一、大二、大三亚段均有发育。
(3)生屑灰岩岩相。介壳灰岩中碳酸盐矿物含量大于50%,岩心尺度上颜色均匀,主要以灰白色-浅灰色为主,局部可见灰黑色泥质零散分布[图3(f)],生物化石组分主要为双壳类生物,少见植物碎片与炭化的磷质生屑。对于浅水介壳灰岩,介壳组分保存良好且顺层排列,发育平行层理与轻微波状层理[图3(g)],但介壳灰岩也可出现于深水环境中。重力流成因的介壳灰岩中介壳组分破碎严重且杂乱排列,主要呈现为块状构造,且与上覆岩层和下伏岩层多为突变接触。该岩相岩性为介壳灰岩、黏土质介壳灰岩和粉砂质介壳灰岩,主要发育于大三亚段和大一亚段上部。
(4)粉砂质岩相。粉砂质岩相中长英质矿物含量大于50%,研究区大安寨段粉砂岩分布相对较少,由于受扇三角洲陆源碎屑影响,在研究区北部地区部分井位中可见薄层粉砂岩发育,岩石整体呈浅灰色,楔状交错层理、递变层理等沉积构造较为常见[图3(h)],镜下石英颗粒明显[图3(i)],为相对浅水的砂泥质沉积。
在实际岩心观察中,介壳产状在页岩中的分布形式存在着较大差异,对页岩储层品质存在影响[24-25]。因此,在岩相划分的基础上,按照介壳含量、产状、介壳层厚度及与页岩的叠置关系,总结出7类岩性组合模式,分别为纯页岩型(A型,基本不含介壳)、页岩夹漂浮状介壳灰岩型(B型,介壳呈不连续漂浮状,厚度极薄)、页岩夹毫米级介壳灰岩型(C型,介壳层连续,厚度小于1 cm)、页岩夹厘米级介壳灰岩型(D型,介壳层连续,厚度大于1 cm)、页岩夹分米级介壳灰岩型(E型,厚层页岩中夹大于10 cm的介壳层)、页岩与介壳灰岩互层型(F型,介壳层与页岩不等厚互层)、纯介壳灰岩型(G型)。其中,页岩岩相包含A型和B型两类岩性组合,混合质岩相包含C、D、E和F型四类岩性组合。岩相的岩性差异化组合类型及特征如图4所示。
(1)A纯页岩型。该岩性组合主要发育在大二亚段,页岩颜色一般为黑色-深黑色,有机质含量高,水平层理及页理发育,少见生物(屑)灰质成分,主要沉积于能量极低、还原性极强的半深湖-深湖沉积环境。
(2)B页岩夹漂浮状介壳灰岩型。岩心总体呈黑色,可见大而薄的介壳漂浮在其中,由底部向上有介壳发育逐渐减少的趋势,或为重力流的末端产物,主要发育于还原性较强的半深湖环境。该岩性组合在大一亚段顶部、大二亚段、大三亚段底部均有发育。
(3)C页岩夹毫米级介壳灰岩型:岩心总体呈现黑色,含生物页岩夹杂薄层状灰白的介壳灰岩,薄介壳层在纵向上发育不均一,介壳个体较小,破碎程度较弱,具有明显顺层排列特征,主要发育在半深湖-低能滩水体能量较低的还原性沉积环境。该岩性组合主要发育在大二亚段。
(4)D页岩夹厘米级介壳灰岩型。岩心总体呈现为黑色,含生物页岩夹杂灰白的介壳灰岩,介壳灰岩厚度数厘米不等,岩心中介壳颗粒轻微破碎,具有顺层排列特征。该类岩性组合与上覆及下覆页岩呈渐变接触关系,多分布于低能滩沉积环境,主要发育在大一亚段上部和大三亚段下部。
(5)E页岩夹分米级介壳灰岩型。岩心颜色总体呈现黑色含生物页岩夹杂灰白的介壳灰岩,灰岩厚度0.1~0.5 m,岩心中介壳颗粒破碎程度强烈,无定向排列特征,具有典型的粒序特征。页岩中可见薄而大的介壳呈漂浮状分散沉积,或为重力流末端产物。该类岩性组合与上覆及下覆页岩呈突变接触关系,具有明显的重力流沉积特征,多分布于半深湖沉积环境中,主要发育在大二亚段,整体上厚度不大。
(6)F页岩与介壳灰岩互层型。岩心颜色总体呈现灰白色介壳灰岩与黑色含生物页岩不等厚互层,灰岩中介壳颗粒顺层紧密排列,破碎程度较弱,页岩中可见漂浮状介壳或介壳纹层。该种类型的岩性组合与上覆及下覆地层呈渐变接触关系,多分布于高能滩与低能滩过渡环境中,主要发育在大三亚段和大一亚段底部。
(7)G纯介壳灰岩型。岩心颜色总体呈现灰白色,见介壳颗粒顺层紧密排列,破碎程度较弱,偶见少量泥质充填在介壳颗粒,该种类型的岩性组合与上覆及下覆地层呈渐变接触关系,反应逐渐变化的高能水体环境,多分布于高能滩沉积微相中,主要发育在大三亚段和大一亚段底部。
四川盆地大安寨段陆相页岩油储层物质组成和油气赋存机制与中国页岩油藏存在着较大的地质差异,认识不同岩性组合中页岩储层特征,有利于“甜点”段的优选。在油气藏的评价指标中,有效储层厚度是关键指标[26]。由于大安寨段岩性变化较快,可将泥地比作为优势页岩储层的评价指标,使岩性组合与页岩储层联系起来。在F型和G型岩性组合中,泥地比小于30%(表1),不利于有机质和油气富集,故在“甜点”段优选的过程中不考虑这两种岩性组合。
有机质成熟度是衡量有机质向着油气转变过程的参数,随着成熟度增加,有机质逐渐热解或裂解成液态-气态烃类。在这个演化过程中,原油性质及孔隙结构会发生变化,使油的流动性也发生相应的变化[27],因此有机质成熟度在评价页岩油可动性方面亦具有重要指示意义。已有研究指出,大安寨段页岩储层有机质类型以II1-Ⅱ2型为主,来源主要为陆生高等植物角质、树脂、木质素等,镜下表现为无定形和镜质体[25]。因此,大安寨段的有机地化评估主要集中于有机质成熟度和有机质丰度。通过对研究区4口井井下岩性的成熟度分析发现,大安寨段页岩储层的有机质成熟度分布于0.8%~1.56%,主峰为1.2%~1.6%(表1),整体介于成熟阶段-高成熟阶段,该阶段有机质主要产生高成熟轻质油、凝析油、湿气。
由于非常规页岩油气储层致密,具有“生储一体”的特征,TOC越高,生烃潜力越大、产油产气量越多,故TOC与油气生成率呈正相关关系[28]。川中地区大安寨段页岩储层岩石热解参数S1(代表游离烃量)与TOC呈较好的正相关关系(图5),表明TOC是衡量页岩油储层品质的重要指标。通过研究区112块岩心TOC测试发现,大安寨段页岩储层TOC介于0.13%~4.48%,平均值为1.67%,其中TOC大于1%的样品占58.93%[图6(a)]。通过不同岩性组合中页岩储层TOC对比发现,A型和B型岩性组合中TOC最高,平均值分别为2.36%和1.97%;C型和D型岩性组合TOC较高,平均值为1.78%和1.79%;其他3种岩性组合TOC相对较低。
页岩储层中,储集空间多样,均有可能为油气提供储集场所。勘探实践表明,页岩储层孔隙度下限为2%。利用氦气孔隙双室法测量了研究区页岩储层孔隙度,结果显示:孔隙度主体分布0.34%~11.29%,平均值为4.93%,其中孔隙度大于2%的岩样占75.63%[图7(a)]。采用稳态法测量页岩的渗透率,研究区大安寨段页岩渗透率介于0.000 1~0.042 4 mD,峰值为0.001~0.01 mD,平均值为0.008 3 mD[图7(b)]。不同的岩性组合物性差异较大,A型、B型、C型和D型岩性组合页岩储层孔隙度较高,平均值分布为5.23%、6.22%、6.71%和5.57%。G型岩性组合孔隙度仅为1.48%。渗透率最高的岩性组合为C型和D型,平均值分别为0.007 5 mD和0.011 2 mD,G型渗透率最小,仅为0.001 4 mD[图7(c)]。
由于大安寨段页岩的成熟度主要集中于1.2%~1.6%,处于成熟阶段-高成熟阶段,并未达到大量生气阶段,有机质和沥青中的孔隙并不会大量发育。因此造成不同岩性组合孔隙度差异的主要原因可能与孔隙类型的发育程度相关。A型、B型、C型和D型岩性组合泥地比高,黏土孔隙大量发育,虽然孔径小,但累积孔隙体积高[4];E型、F型和G型岩性组合灰岩占比高,虽然孔隙大,但数量少、孤立,导致孔隙度和渗透率均低于其他岩性组合。
页岩油储层含油性的评价指标包含热解参数游离烃量(S1)、氯仿沥青“A”含量及OSI(S1/TOC×100)。此次研究主要通过岩石热解实验测试,获取页岩样品的热解参数S1,再结合TOC含量计算OSI。大安寨段储层S1值分布范围为0.04~7.28 mg/g,平均值为1.11 mg/g,其中大于1 mg/g的岩样占比为40%,大于2 mg/g岩样占16%(图8)。OSI介于16.24~299.90 mg/g,平均值为92.04 mg/g。通常认为,OSI>100 mg/g时,储层具商业的产油能力,70 mg/g<OSI<100 mg/g的储层为优质含油层,OSI<70 mg/g一般不具有可采性[29]。C型和D型岩性组合的OSI>100 mg/g,是最有利的含油层;E型和B型的OSI平均值分别为86.31 mg/g和80.27 mg/g(表1),是潜在的优质含油层。
为进一步认识不同岩性组合页岩油的赋存位置,此次研究开展了荧光薄片分析。图9显示出不同岩性组合含油性特征差异较大。A型和B型岩性组合含油最低,主要以油质沥青为主,发光强度暗-中暗,发光系数平均值为2.75,镜下可见油迹主要分布在构造缝、微孔隙及溶蚀孔隙中,主要发黄绿、淡蓝绿色光[图9(a)图9(b)]。C型和D型岩性组合的含油性最好,发光强度暗-中亮,发光系数介于2.38~4.65,平均值为3.28,镜下可见油迹分布不均匀,主要分布于壳微孔或微缝、溶蚀孔、晶间孔及部分构造缝,主要发黄绿、蓝绿、淡蓝绿色光[图9(c)图9(d)]。F型和G型岩性组合含油性差异较大,部分样品不含油,发光强度暗-中暗,发光系数为3.76,油迹分布不均匀,主要分布于构造缝和介壳相关的微缝和孔隙内。
页岩储层在矿物组分含量与分布特征上具有较强的非均质性,颗粒粒径小,导致孔隙孔径细小,油气流动性较差,需要借助大型的水力压裂或其他增产手段才能实现页岩油气的产出[30]。脆性矿物的含量与特征直接影响压裂的效果,很大程度决定着压裂改造体积和人工缝网的复杂程度[31]。通常认为,页岩储层脆性越好,压裂改造形成的缝网越复杂,改造效果越好,越有利于页岩油气的动用[32-33]。目前,对页岩脆性指数的计算方法较多,主要分岩石力学实验计算方法、矿物组分计算方法和声波特性计算方法。采用Rickman等[34]提出的岩石弹性参数定义岩石脆性指数B,可表示为
$B=\left(\frac{{E}_{\mathrm{d}}-1}{14}+\frac{0.4-{V}_{\mathrm{d}}}{0.5}\right)\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
式(1)中:Ed为杨氏模量,10 GPa;Vd为泊松比,常数。
泊松比反映岩石在应力作用的初始破裂能力,杨氏模量反映裂隙保持其特征的能力。
利用测井资料对川中地区大安寨段各项力学参数进行计算表征,其中纵、横波速度与密度可计算动态杨氏模量与泊松比,计算公式为
${E}_{\mathrm{d}}=\frac{\rho {V}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}(3{V}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}-4{V}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2})}{{V}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}-{V}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}$
${V}_{\mathrm{d}}=\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}-2{V}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}{2({V}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}-{V}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2})}$
式中:VpVs分别为垂直层理传播的纵、横波速度;ρ为干燥条件下样品密度。
对于海相页岩气储层脆性指数研究较成熟,优质页岩层段脆性指数通常大于50%,II类储层脆性指数介于40%~50%。大安寨段页岩储层脆性矿物含量低,黏土矿物含量较高,整体上脆性指数相对较低。结合研究区页岩油储层的特殊性,将脆性指数大于40%定义为可开发的潜在层段。通过计算发现,A型和B型岩性组合黏土矿物含量高,脆性指数小于40%;其余的岩性组合脆性指数均大于40%,从开发的角度均是有利的岩性组合。
大安寨段岩性复杂多样,岩性组合变化快,多为页岩与灰岩的互层形式呈现。从大安寨段储层的渗透率分析发现,渗透率的平均值为0.008 3 mD[图7(b)],且岩石热解参数S1与TOC含量呈现出较好的相关性(图5),揭示了大安寨段页岩油向外的排烃效率比较低,呈现出典型的“自生自储”的特点。大安寨储层岩性复杂性决定了储集空间的多样性。其次,大安寨段储层黏土矿物含量高,发育大量的黏土微孔,影响油的可动性。相较于海相页岩储层具有更低的脆性指数。因此,评价大安寨段不同岩性组合页岩的勘探开发潜力需要从“源-储-动-脆”4个方面进行综合考虑。借鉴中国其他盆地页岩油储层评价标准,结合大安寨段的勘探开发实践和储层特征,建立储层的分级评价标准(表2)。依据建立的储层分级评价标准,发现C型和D型岩性组合具有适中的成熟度、较高的TOC含量、物性最佳、OSI指数大,脆性强的特点,为I类储层。A型、B型、E型岩性组合的储层特征次之,为II类储层。F型和G型岩性组合的储层特征最差,为III类储层。
目前,在实际的钻探井中,油气显示较高的层段都主要集中于页岩夹毫米-厘米级薄层灰岩互层组合。对于这类页岩夹毫米-厘米级薄层灰岩互层组合TOC含量相对较高,平均值为1.78%,具有较好的物质基础和较强的生烃潜力。由于存在介壳灰岩薄层的加入,为储层提供了大量的脆性矿物,在差异压实的作用下,薄层的灰岩与页岩接触的薄弱面易形成大量的成岩缝,为油气的运移提供了通道和储集空间。同时,有机质热演化过程中产生的有机酸也会通过层理面进行溶蚀,形成大量的溶蚀孔隙,尤其是介壳溶孔。这就增大了油气的储集空间,形成了相应的“物性甜点”,具有较高的孔隙度和渗透率[图7(c)]。通过荧光薄片观察发现,这两类岩性组合的油气主要集中分布于介壳溶孔和与介壳相关的微缝,邻近的页岩中呈分散状分布于基质孔隙[图9(c)图9(d)]。因此,页岩夹毫米-厘米级薄层灰岩互层组合为最有利源储组合,OSI最高,大于100 mg/g,可动性强;页岩与灰岩互层的形式叠置,具有较好的脆性,利于压裂开发,是现阶段大安寨页岩油开发的主力层段。
厚层暗色页岩包含纯页岩型和页岩夹漂浮状介壳灰岩型两类岩性组合,具有泥地比高的特点。厚层的页岩层段不仅可作为烃源岩为邻近灰岩提供物质基础,自身也可作为储层储集油气。即使页岩的储集空间偏小,甚至为纳米孔隙,但在页岩储层中也发育大量的黏土矿物晶间孔、有机孔、溶蚀孔及部分微裂缝[4,35]。但这类岩性组合具有最高的TOC含量,物质基础最好,物性中高,OSI指标大于70 mg/g,具有较好的含油气性。大安寨段页岩成熟度主要分布于1.2%~1.6%,有机孔隙发育程度较差,孔隙主要以孔径较小的黏土孔为主,导致其可动性相对较弱。同时,黏土含量高,脆性弱,对压裂开发具有较大的影响。因此,在该类岩性组合中,应更加关注石英、长石、方解石等脆性矿物的集中富集段。相信随着开发技术的不断提升,厚层暗色页岩也会成为潜在的第二套开发层段而备受关注。
(1)大安寨段储层矿物组成差异明显,整体上以黏土矿物为主,占40.2%,石英次之,占32.95%,碳酸盐矿物以方解石为主,占17.28%,其他矿物含量较低,小于10%。依据矿物组成的三端元法,将大安寨段储层划分为4类岩相,分别为页岩岩相(黏土矿物>50%)、混合质岩相(黏土矿物<50%、长英质矿物<50%、碳酸盐类矿物<50%)、粉砂质岩相(长英质矿物>50%)和生屑灰岩岩相(碳酸盐类矿物>50%),受沉积环境影响,粉砂质岩相发育程度不高。
(2)在岩相划分的基础上,按照页岩与介壳层厚度及其相互的叠置关系,总结出以页岩为核心的7类岩性组合模式,分别为纯页岩型(A型)、页岩夹漂浮状介壳灰岩型(B型)、页岩夹毫米级介壳灰岩型(C型)、页岩夹厘米级介壳灰岩型(D型)、页岩夹分米级介壳灰岩型(E型)、页岩与介壳灰岩互层型(F型)、纯介壳灰岩型(G型),充分体现出了不同岩性组合中页岩的厚度比例。其中,页岩岩相包含A型和B型两类岩性组合,混合质岩相包含C、D、E和F型四类岩性组合。
(3)页岩夹毫米级(C型)和厘米级(D型)介壳灰岩型岩性组合储层有机质成熟度适中(1.2%~1.6%)、TOC含量较高(1.78%)、物性(孔隙度>5.5%、渗透率>0.007 mD)和含油性最好(OSI大于100 mg/g)、脆性好(大于40%);纯页岩型(A型)和页岩夹漂浮状介壳灰岩型(B型)组合储层具有最高的TOC含量(>2%)、物性(孔隙度>5%、0.003 mD<渗透率<0.006 mD)和含油性较好(OSI>70 mg/g),但脆性较差(<40%)。
(4)借鉴中国其他盆地页岩油储层评价标准,结合大安寨段的勘探开发实践和储层特征,提出大安寨段页岩与灰岩互层的储层分级评价标准,认为页岩夹毫米-厘米级薄层灰岩互层组合为最有利源储组合,物性优越,OSI指标最高,大于100 mg/g,可动性强,页岩与灰岩的叠置使其脆性较好,是勘探开发的重点。厚层暗色页岩层段受黏土矿物含量高和孔隙细小的限制,页岩油可动性和脆性不佳,但物质基础和物性较好,是潜在有利的岩性组合。
  • 中国石油-西南石油大学创新联合体项目(2020CX020000)
  • 中国石油西南油气田-西南石油大学校企合作项目(2023-13094)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405321
  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
  • 修回日期:2025-04-12
基金
中国石油-西南石油大学创新联合体项目(2020CX020000)
中国石油西南油气田-西南石油大学校企合作项目(2023-13094)
作者信息
    1 中国石油西南油气田公司, 成都 610051
    2 页岩气评价与开采四川省重点实验室, 成都 610051
    3 西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院, 成都 610500

通讯作者:

* 何江(1981—),男,汉族,四川达州人,博士,教授。研究方向:储层与开发地质学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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