Article(id=1261262689800696140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404379, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=1744300800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778638058375, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778638058375, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778638058375, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778638058375, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8317, endPage=8330, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261262690568253776, articleId=1261262689800696140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Review of Ventilation Design Specifications and Operation Optimization Methods for Offshore Platforms, columnId=1172852380145168655, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The optimization and operational control of ventilation systems on the offshore platforms is of great significance for improving cabin environmental quality and ensuring occupant health. In response to the current lack of a comprehensive design standard system for offshore platform ventilation, domestic and international specifications for shipboard and land-based ventilation systems were systematically classified and summarized to establish a dedicated design standard framework tailored to offshore platforms. Ventilation rate models, indoor dynamic models, air quality models, and energy consumption models were analyzed. Furthermore, an overview of ventilation optimization methods was provided for three critical areas: living areas, equipment areas, and storage areas. Current challenges and technical difficulties in system design and operation were analyzed, and feasible future development strategies for ventilation system design and optimization were proposed. The research results provide scientific basis and technical guidance for the design, operation, and energy-saving measures of offshore platform ventilation systems.

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海洋平台通风系统的优化控制运行对于提高舱室环境质量、保障室内人员健康具有重要意义。针对当前海洋平台通风系统缺乏完善设计规范体系等问题,依托船舶与陆上通风系统的中外规范标准对适用于海洋平台通风系统的设计标准进行系统的分类归纳,建立了海洋平台通风系统的专用设计标准体系。分析了舱室环境通风量模型、室内动力学模型、室内空气质量模型与能耗模型,并对海洋平台生活区域、设备区域和贮藏区域三大主要区域的通风运行优化方法进行综述。对目前存在的问题及难点进行分析,并提供可行的未来通风系统运行设计的发展思路。研究成果为海洋平台通风系统的设计、运行与节能措施提供科学依据和技术指导。

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崔璨(1993—),女,汉族,山东青岛人,博士,副教授。研究方向:海洋平台通风系统建模、设计。E-mail:

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崔璨(1993—),女,汉族,山东青岛人,博士,副教授。研究方向:海洋平台通风系统建模、设计。E-mail:

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崔璨(1993—),女,汉族,山东青岛人,博士,副教授。研究方向:海洋平台通风系统建模、设计。E-mail:

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Beijing: China Standards Press, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744810088644962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=45, authorNames=国家质量监督检验检疫总局, journalName=标准房间空调器制冷量校准规范: JJF 1599—2016, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家质量监督检验检疫总局. 标准房间空调器制冷量校准规范: JJF 1599—2016[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744810168336740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=46, authorNames=General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China, journalName=Specification for calibration of refrigeration capacity of standard room air conditioner: JJF 1599—2016, refType=null, unstructuredReference=General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China. Specification for calibration of refrigeration capacity of standard room air conditioner: JJF 1599—2016[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744810306748774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=47, authorNames=上海市市场监督管理局, journalName=上海, refType=null, unstructuredReference=上海市市场监督管理局. 通风机及其系统节能改造技术规范: DB31/T 522—2011[S]. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744810407412070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, journalName=Shanghai, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation. Technical specification for energy-saving renovation of ventilator and its system: DB31/T 522—2011[S]. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744810541629800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=49, authorNames=国家市场监督管理总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会, journalName=新风空调设备通用技术条件: GB/T 37212—2018, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家市场监督管理总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 新风空调设备通用技术条件: GB/T 37212—2018[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744810629710186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=50, authorNames=State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration, journalName=General technical conditions for fresh air conditioning equipment: GB/T 37212—2018, refType=null, unstructuredReference=State Administration for Market Regulation, China National Standardization Administration. General technical conditions for fresh air conditioning equipment: GB/T 37212—2018[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744810717790572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=51, authorNames=中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会, journalName=中央空调水系统节能控制装置技术规范: GB/T 26759—2011, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 中央空调水系统节能控制装置技术规范: GB/T 26759—2011[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744810826842478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=52, authorNames=General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspectionand Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, China National Standardization Administration, journalName=Technical specification for energy saving control device of central air conditioning water system: GB/T 26759—2011, refType=null, unstructuredReference=General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspectionand Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, China National Standardization Administration. Technical specification for energy saving control device of central air conditioning water system: GB/T 26759—2011[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744810994614640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=53, authorNames=上海市市场监督管理局, journalName=上海, refType=null, unstructuredReference=上海市市场监督管理局. 集中式空调(中央空调)系统节能运行和管理技术要求: DB31/T 255—2020[S]. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744811179164018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation, journalName=Shanghai, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shanghai Municipal Administration for Market Regulation. Technical requirements for energy-saving operation and management of centralized air conditioning systems: DB31/T 255—2020[S]. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744811334353268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=55, authorNames=International Organization for Standardization, journalName=Geneva, refType=null, unstructuredReference=International Organization for Standardization. Ships and marine technology air-conditioning and ventilation of accommodation spaces and other enclosed compartments on board ships design conditions and basis of calculations: ISO/FDIS 7547: 2022 EN[S]. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744812999491958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=56, authorNames=中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会, journalName=精密空调机组性能测试方法: GB/T 25858—2010, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 精密空调机组性能测试方法: GB/T 25858—2010[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744813129515384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=57, authorNames=General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, China National Standardization Administration, journalName=Performance test method for precision air conditioning units: GB/T 25858—2010, refType=null, unstructuredReference=General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, China National Standardization Administration. Performance test method for precision air conditioning units: GB/T 25858—2010[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744813402145146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=58, authorNames=国家疾病预防控制局, journalName=公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生学评价规范: WS/T 10004—2023, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家疾病预防控制局. 公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生学评价规范: WS/T 10004—2023[S]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744813611860348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=59, authorNames=National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, journalName=Standard for Hygienic Evaluation of centralized air conditioning and ventilation systems in public places: WS/T 10004—2023, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention. 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Beijing: People’s Health Publishing House, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744813821575550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=60, authorNames=中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, journalName=蓄冷空调系统的测试和评价方法: GB/T 19412—2003, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局. 蓄冷空调系统的测试和评价方法: GB/T 19412—2003[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2003., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744813934821760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=61, authorNames=General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, journalName=Test and evaluation methods for storage air conditioning systems: GB/T 19412—2003, refType=null, unstructuredReference=General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China. Test and evaluation methods for storage air conditioning systems: GB/T 19412—2003[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2003., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744814022902146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=62, authorNames=国家市场监督管理总局, journalName=通风机能源效率计量检测规则: JJF 1261.25—2018, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家市场监督管理总局. 通风机能源效率计量检测规则: JJF 1261.25—2018[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744814123565444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=63, authorNames=State Administration for Market Regulation, journalName=Rules for measurement and testing of energy efficiency of fan: JJF 1261.25—2018, refType=null, unstructuredReference=State Administration for Market Regulation. Rules for measurement and testing of energy efficiency of fan: JJF 1261.25—2018[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744814257783173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=64, authorNames=国家技术监督局, journalName=船舶起居处所空气调节与通风设计参数和计算方法: GB/T 13409—1992, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家技术监督局. 船舶起居处所空气调节与通风设计参数和计算方法: GB/T 13409—1992[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1992., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744814366835078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=65, authorNames=National Bureau of Technical Supervision, journalName=Design parameters and cal culation methods for air conditioning and ventilation of ship’s living quarters: GB/T 13409—1992, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Bureau of Technical Supervision. Design parameters and cal culation methods for air conditioning and ventilation of ship’s living quarters: GB/T 13409—1992[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 1992., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744814517830023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=66, authorNames=中国船舶工业总公司, journalName=船舶机舱集控室的空气调节与通风设计条件和计算基准: CB/T 3773—1996, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国船舶工业总公司. 船舶机舱集控室的空气调节与通风设计条件和计算基准: CB/T 3773—1996[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1996., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744814584938888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=67, authorNames=China State Shipbuilding Corporation, journalName=Design conditions and calculation criteria for air conditioning and ventilation in Marine engine room control rooms: CB/T 3773—1996, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China State Shipbuilding Corporation. 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Beijing: China Standards Press, 1996., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744814660436361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=68, authorNames=中国船舶工业总公司, journalName=船舶驾驶室的空气调节与通风设计条件和计算基准: CB/T 3774—1996, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国船舶工业总公司. 船舶驾驶室的空气调节与通风设计条件和计算基准: CB/T 3774—1996[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1996., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744814727545226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=69, authorNames=China State Shipbuilding Corporation, journalName=Design conditions and calculation criteria for air conditioning and ventilation in ship cabs: CB/T 3774—1996, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China State Shipbuilding Corporation. Design conditions and calculation criteria for air conditioning and ventilation in ship cabs: CB/T 3774—1996[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 1996., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744814824014219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=70, authorNames=中国船舶工业总公司, journalName=柴油机船舶机舱通风设计条件和计算基准: CB/T 3772—1996, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国船舶工业总公司. 柴油机船舶机舱通风设计条件和计算基准: CB/T 3772—1996[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1996., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744814882734476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=71, authorNames=China State Shipbuilding Corporation, journalName=Design conditions and calculation criteria for ventilation in engine rooms of diesel ships: CB/T 3772—1996, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China State Shipbuilding Corporation. Design conditions and calculation criteria for ventilation in engine rooms of diesel ships: CB/T 3772—1996[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 1996., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744815054700941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=72, authorNames=International Organization for Standardization, journalName=Geneva, refType=null, unstructuredReference=International Organization for Standardization. Shipbuilding Ventilation and air-treatment of galleys and pantries with cooking appliances: ISO 9943: 2009[S]. 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Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 1998., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744815490908560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=75, authorNames=International Association of Classification Societies, journalName=London, refType=null, unstructuredReference=International Association of Classification Societies. Ventilation of machinery spaces: UI GF10[S]. London: International Association of Classification Societies, 2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1261744815591571857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=76, authorNames=International Association of Classification Societies, journalName=London, refType=null, unstructuredReference=International Association of Classification Societies. Ventilation of double piping and gas valve unit spaces in gas safe engine-rooms: UI GF11[S]. 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Key design indicators of the ventilation system of the offshore platform[20-25,27-30,33,36-39,45-46]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准号 通风设计标准 舒适度标准 安全性标准
GB/T 18883—2002[20] 空气质量
GB/T 18204.5—2013[21] 通风量、风速、空气质量 噪声值、室内温湿度 清洁消毒、材料
T/CBMCA 024—2021[22] 空气质量 清洁消毒
DB 32/T3761.19—2020[23] 空气质量 清洁消毒、落实防疫
GB/T 25016—2010[24] 风速 噪声值、室内温湿度 电气保护、材料
GB/T 35077—2018[25] 风速、空气质量 电气防护、清洁消毒
DB31/T 522—2011[27] 节能率 噪声值 电气保护
GB/T 37212—2018[28] 通风量、风速 噪声值 电气保护、设置消毒装置
GB/T 26759—2011[29] 节能装置、节能率 噪声值、室内温湿度 电气保护
DB 31/T 255—2020[30] 节能装置、节能率 噪声值、室内温湿度 电气保护
WS/T 10004—2023[33] 清洁消毒
GB/T 13409—1992[36] 通风量、换气次数
CB/T 3773—1996[37] 通风量
CB/T 3774—1996[38] 通风量
CB/T 3772—1996[39] 通风量
UI SC89[45] 换气次数 防火
UR Z17[46] 换气次数、通风量 电气保护
), ArticleFig(id=1261744797845471490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海洋平台通风系统的关键设计指标[20-25,27-30,33,36-39,45-46]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准号 通风设计标准 舒适度标准 安全性标准
GB/T 18883—2002[20] 空气质量
GB/T 18204.5—2013[21] 通风量、风速、空气质量 噪声值、室内温湿度 清洁消毒、材料
T/CBMCA 024—2021[22] 空气质量 清洁消毒
DB 32/T3761.19—2020[23] 空气质量 清洁消毒、落实防疫
GB/T 25016—2010[24] 风速 噪声值、室内温湿度 电气保护、材料
GB/T 35077—2018[25] 风速、空气质量 电气防护、清洁消毒
DB31/T 522—2011[27] 节能率 噪声值 电气保护
GB/T 37212—2018[28] 通风量、风速 噪声值 电气保护、设置消毒装置
GB/T 26759—2011[29] 节能装置、节能率 噪声值、室内温湿度 电气保护
DB 31/T 255—2020[30] 节能装置、节能率 噪声值、室内温湿度 电气保护
WS/T 10004—2023[33] 清洁消毒
GB/T 13409—1992[36] 通风量、换气次数
CB/T 3773—1996[37] 通风量
CB/T 3774—1996[38] 通风量
CB/T 3772—1996[39] 通风量
UI SC89[45] 换气次数 防火
UR Z17[46] 换气次数、通风量 电气保护
), ArticleFig(id=1261744799594496260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Methods for optimizing energy consumption in ventilation systems[59-62,64-67]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 具体措施 具体应用(实验)场景 节能效果
1 增设室外空气预处理和二次回风系统[59] “实践教学船”中央空调 无加热器制冷量减少25%,节能约30%
2 采用转轮式全热交换器[60] 仿真计算 夏季工况回收56%全热量,冬季工况回收65%全热量
3 增加能量回收模块[61] 邮轮典型舱室
5 提出“变静压-总风量”系统风量控制方法[62] 船上甲板空调系统 总能耗降低约43%
6 提出“最小新风量+过渡季全新风”新风量控制方法[62] 船上甲板空调系统 总能耗降低约11%
4 采用基于遗传算法的模糊逻辑控制器[64] CNRS-ETPE和ACT试验场空调系统 夏季工况,ACT试验场节能约12.5%,CNRS-ETPE试验场节能约30%
7 第二代非支配排序遗传算法[65] 船舶或海洋平台 在某些条件下,系统的能耗相比未优化前降低了34.64%
8 利用人工神经网络模型预测系统能耗并提出改进粒子群算法[66] 模拟舱室仿真环境 总能耗降低了约12.0%
9 自适应加权粒子群优化算法[67] 动力船舶 能源效率为58.63%
), ArticleFig(id=1261744799711936774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262689800696140, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

通风系统能耗优化方法[59-62,64-67]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 具体措施 具体应用(实验)场景 节能效果
1 增设室外空气预处理和二次回风系统[59] “实践教学船”中央空调 无加热器制冷量减少25%,节能约30%
2 采用转轮式全热交换器[60] 仿真计算 夏季工况回收56%全热量,冬季工况回收65%全热量
3 增加能量回收模块[61] 邮轮典型舱室
5 提出“变静压-总风量”系统风量控制方法[62] 船上甲板空调系统 总能耗降低约43%
6 提出“最小新风量+过渡季全新风”新风量控制方法[62] 船上甲板空调系统 总能耗降低约11%
4 采用基于遗传算法的模糊逻辑控制器[64] CNRS-ETPE和ACT试验场空调系统 夏季工况,ACT试验场节能约12.5%,CNRS-ETPE试验场节能约30%
7 第二代非支配排序遗传算法[65] 船舶或海洋平台 在某些条件下,系统的能耗相比未优化前降低了34.64%
8 利用人工神经网络模型预测系统能耗并提出改进粒子群算法[66] 模拟舱室仿真环境 总能耗降低了约12.0%
9 自适应加权粒子群优化算法[67] 动力船舶 能源效率为58.63%
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海洋平台通风设计规范及运行优化方法综述
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崔璨 , 薛佳慧
科学技术与工程 | 综述·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(20): 8317-8330
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(20): 8317-8330
海洋平台通风设计规范及运行优化方法综述
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崔璨 , 薛佳慧
作者信息
  • 中国海洋大学工程学院, 青岛 266000
  • 崔璨(1993—),女,汉族,山东青岛人,博士,副教授。研究方向:海洋平台通风系统建模、设计。E-mail:

Review of Ventilation Design Specifications and Operation Optimization Methods for Offshore Platforms
Can CUI , Jia-hui XUE
Affiliations
  • Engineering College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404379
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海洋平台通风系统的优化控制运行对于提高舱室环境质量、保障室内人员健康具有重要意义。针对当前海洋平台通风系统缺乏完善设计规范体系等问题,依托船舶与陆上通风系统的中外规范标准对适用于海洋平台通风系统的设计标准进行系统的分类归纳,建立了海洋平台通风系统的专用设计标准体系。分析了舱室环境通风量模型、室内动力学模型、室内空气质量模型与能耗模型,并对海洋平台生活区域、设备区域和贮藏区域三大主要区域的通风运行优化方法进行综述。对目前存在的问题及难点进行分析,并提供可行的未来通风系统运行设计的发展思路。研究成果为海洋平台通风系统的设计、运行与节能措施提供科学依据和技术指导。

海洋平台  /  通风系统  /  设计标准  /  机理模型  /  优化控制

The optimization and operational control of ventilation systems on the offshore platforms is of great significance for improving cabin environmental quality and ensuring occupant health. In response to the current lack of a comprehensive design standard system for offshore platform ventilation, domestic and international specifications for shipboard and land-based ventilation systems were systematically classified and summarized to establish a dedicated design standard framework tailored to offshore platforms. Ventilation rate models, indoor dynamic models, air quality models, and energy consumption models were analyzed. Furthermore, an overview of ventilation optimization methods was provided for three critical areas: living areas, equipment areas, and storage areas. Current challenges and technical difficulties in system design and operation were analyzed, and feasible future development strategies for ventilation system design and optimization were proposed. The research results provide scientific basis and technical guidance for the design, operation, and energy-saving measures of offshore platform ventilation systems.

offshore platforms  /  ventilation systems  /  design standards  /  mechanism model  /  optimal control
崔璨, 薛佳慧. 海洋平台通风设计规范及运行优化方法综述. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8317 -8330 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404379
Can CUI, Jia-hui XUE. Review of Ventilation Design Specifications and Operation Optimization Methods for Offshore Platforms[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8317 -8330 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404379
海洋平台为海上油气资源开采与运输加工等活动提供生产生活设施及场所,是中国海洋强国战略下远洋作业的重要海工装备[1]。近年来,随着中国海洋油气资源勘探、开发与海洋工程建设的快速发展,海洋平台数量增多,规模及任务量也逐渐增大。而海洋平台长期处于离岸的环境中,气候条件复杂多变,工作环境恶劣,且工作人员常伴随高强度的作业压力。如何保障海洋平台在长期离岸环境下的安全运行及内部工作人员的健康舒适近年来已成为重要研究课题[2]。通风系统作为海洋平台离岸运行的关键基础设施,可调节舱室的湿热平衡[3]、满足新风需求,阻止有害气体、病毒等空气污染物的聚集和扩散[4],对于保障海洋平台的生产安全与人员的舒适健康具有重要意义。以船式海洋平台为例,约52%的故障是由通风系统不良造成的(其中温度引起的故障约占40%,湿度约占19%)。近年来报道的海洋石油平台爆炸事故,很大程度上也是由于温度和气体浓度失控,超过一定阈值造成的[5-6]。例如,巴西P-36号半浮动式平台事故是因油气在应急排放罐内聚集超压而导致爆炸;北海油田英国采油平台则因天然气泄漏发生大爆炸事故。因此针对海洋平台通风系统进行标准体系建立和关键指标研究至关重要。但由于海洋平台通风系统自身及运行环境具有一定的特殊性如工况恶劣、空间紧凑和各类舱室通风需求差异大等,使其与陆地建筑通风运行设计要求和标准存在差异,目前仍有一些问题亟待解决。首先,目前海洋平台通风系统的规范设计大多沿用陆地建筑通风设计标准,尚未建立规范的相关专用标准。其次,海洋平台舱室众多,不同区域的通风需求迥异,通风机理模型与关键指标有待进一步研究与明确。
在当前全球积极推行绿色低碳发展政策的大背景下,节能减排已成为各行各业不可回避的重要议题[7-8]。海洋平台作为海上资源开发的关键设施,其运营过程中的能耗问题尤为突出,尤其是通风系统,作为保障平台人员安全、设备稳定运行的重要辅助系统,往往消耗大量能源。探索和应用先进的节能技术(如智能控制系统、高效节能风机及自然通风策略等)来优化海洋平台通风系统的能效、减少碳排放量[9],已成为当前研究的热点与迫切需求。但现有的海洋平台通风系统的研究现状不清晰,常用的优化方法、控制策略和主要瓶颈问题亟须进行分析和总结。
综上所述,将针对海洋平台通风系统的相关概念、设计规范、机理模型和相关区域的通风运行优化方法进行综述,最后对当前的研究现状和存在的问题及难点进行分析,并给出未来运行优化的发展趋势展望。对于提升海洋平台通风系统性能、节能减排、提高经济效益以及推动技术创新具有重要意义。
海洋平台通风系统主要由控制系统、空气处理单元、风机、风阀和管道等组件构成。其中,控制系统主要包括压力传感器、温度传感器、湿度传感器、流量传感器和执行器等,用于对通风设计相关参数进行实时检测和控制。空气处理单元主要由过滤器、加热器、冷却器和加湿器等组成[10]。过滤器用于清除空气中的颗粒物和污染物,加热、冷却器用于对空气进行加热或冷却处理,加湿器可以在增加各舱室输送空气的湿度。管道将各个舱室相互联系、紧密耦合,由风机提供动力负责各个区域的气体输送。然后通过风阀角度的调整实现通风速率和比例的调节以满足不同舱室的实际需求。
图1所示,目前海洋平台大多采用集中式多区域海洋平台通风系统,即多个舱室或区域共用一个空气处理装置,每个区域都有相应的通风口和排风口实现空气的进出。通风系统多个组件之间相互协调配合,通过控制舱室内空气的流动速度、温湿度和清洁度来实现平台中的密闭环境的废气、废热和有害物质的处理和排放,以保障海洋平台的安全、舒适、节能运行[11-12]
国外对于海洋工程领域研究起步早,通风设计标准相对完善,涵盖性能、设计、测试等,注重能效与环保,推动绿色技术。而中国起步较晚,近年来虽进展显著,但在标准制定、执行及能效环保方面仍有差距。目前,中国海洋平台通风系统的设计尚未形成完善的符合其特点的标准体系。随着海洋平台的不断发展以及通风系统研究的不断深入,若能结合海洋平台的特性将通风系统设计标准进行规范与统一,能有效提高其可行性与实用性。根据海上通风系统的设备规范与评价规范,依托国家标准全文公开系统等检索平台作为参考标准数据库,通过对“通风系统”“设计规范”“船舶”“海洋平台”等关键词的排列组合进行检索、查阅。在调研分析中外相关船舶与海洋平台通风设计标准的相关文献后,进行总结与归纳,梳理一套的适用于海洋平台通风系统设计的标准体系,如图2[13-46]所示。
海洋平台通风设计标准体系主要包括基础标准[13-19]、通用标准[20-35]和专用标准[36-46]。其中,基础标准主要对本领域通风系统中的专业名词进行规定和规范,该类标准一般编制年限较早。通用标准以设计规范为主体,以环境规范和评价规范为补充,涵盖通风系统设计的一般性要求。其中,环境规范针对通风系统所处的环境如工程环境和居住环境等进行了规范要求;设计规范仅针对通风系统和系统各部件的设计进行规范;评价规范是标准体系的核心,起到重要的指导作用。“专用标准”则是针对特定的船舶与海洋平台的通风系统设计规范进行整合。该标准体系的梳理可以为海洋平台通风系统的设计、运行和安全管理提供科学依据和技术指导。
中国于1980年开始制定有关水面舰船的居住性设计要求。鉴于不同的设计规范中所涉及的通风关键指标存在差异,因此,对设计指标进行全面系统的总结与分析显得尤为重要。对现有的符合海洋平台空间紧凑、环境恶劣等特性的通风标准进行综述,并对“通用标准”和“专用标准”在内的标准文献进行分类,梳理出包括“通风设计标准”“舒适度标准”“安全性标准”在内的关键设计标准,如表1[20-25,27-30,33,36-39,45-46]所示。
表1[20-25,27-30,33,36-39,45-46]中,“通风设计标准”涵盖除了对不同类型的房间的通风量、送风风速及温湿度、通风换气次数和送风空气质量等常规指标有具体要求之外,为提高船舶与海洋平台的节能与环保效率,对通风系统的运行能耗也提出了节能要求,主要包括节能装置和节能率。“舒适度标准”包含的标准指标主要为舱室内的温湿度、空调系统正常运行产生的噪声值等。“安全性标准”则主要涵盖了通风系统相关的电气保护、防火规范、净化消毒和定期检查设备故障等。
海洋平台通风系统可优化控制的关键指标主要包括室内温湿度、通风量、空气质量和节能率等。而关键指标的机理建模研究是海洋平台通风系统优化控制的基础,通过机理模型明确变量耦合关系和系统运行机理以此确定最佳的通风设计和操作运行策略。有助于识别和优化系统中能源利用的瓶颈以降低能源消耗和碳排放,提高平台的安全性和舒适性。以下主要针对海洋平台通风系统机理模型中的舱室环境动力学模型、通风模型、空气质量模型和通风系统运行能耗模型进行介绍。
温度是衡量热舒适时使用最广泛的指标,舱室温度主要受以下因素的影响:与外部空气的热交换、太阳辐射产生的热量、相邻舱室之间的传热、系统引入的热/冷气流以及人体和电器产生的热量。假设舱室内部温度均匀分布等于室温,使用电路网络类比表示热网络,将温度类比为电势,用电容模型表示储热过程,用电阻模型表示热传输过程来建立温度动力学模型。则对第i个舱室区域(i={1,2,…,N})在k时刻的区域热力学,如式(1)~式(5),使用阻容模型表示。
$\begin{array}{l}{T}_{i}(\mathrm{k}+\Delta \mathrm{k})={A}_{ii}{T}_{i}\left(\mathrm{k}\right)+\sum _{j\in {N}_{i}}{A}_{ij}{T}_{j}\left(k\right)+\\ {C}_{ii}{m}_{i}^{z}\left(k\right)\left[{T}_{i}\right(k)-{T}_{\mathrm{c}}]+{D}_{i}\left(k\right)\end{array}$
AiiAijCiiDi(k)分别设定为
${A}_{ii}=1-\left(\frac{\sum _{j\in {N}_{i}}\mathrm{\Delta }k}{{R}_{ij}{C}_{i}^{\rho }}+\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }k}{{R}_{\mathrm{o}i}{C}_{i}^{\rho }}\right)$
${A}_{ij}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }k}{{R}_{ij}{C}_{i}^{\rho }}$
${C}_{ii}=-\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }k{c}_{p}}{{C}_{i}^{\rho }}$
${D}_{i}\left(k\right)=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }k{T}_{\mathrm{o}}\left(k\right)}{{R}_{\mathrm{o}i}{C}_{i}^{\rho }}+\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }k{Q}_{i}\left(k\right)}{{C}_{i}^{\rho }}$
式中:Ni为区域i相邻区域集合;${C}_{i}^{\rho }$为区域空气热容量,J/K;cp为空气比热,kJ/(kg·K);Ti为区域i的温度,℃;To为室外温度,℃;Tj为相邻区域的室内温度,℃;Tc为设定的送风温度值,℃;Rij为相邻区域热阻,kW/K;Roi为区域i与外界热阻,kW/K;${m}_{i}^{z}$为区域i的进风量,kg/h;Qi为区域i居住者及电器设备产生的热量,kJ/h;Δk为采样间隔,h。
在实际工程中通常使用相对湿度表示舱室内部区域内湿度情况,相对湿度是描述空气中水蒸气含量的一种常用量,定义为空气中实际水蒸气压力与相同温度下饱和水蒸气压力的比值。舱室湿度主要与舱室外部渗透风带的湿度、通风系统送风中的湿度含量和居住者产生的湿度等有关,假设舱室内部湿度均匀分布,根据海洋平台通风系统的工作原理,采用式(6)、式(7)进行舱室内部的湿度变化计算。
$\begin{array}{l}K{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}{V}_{i}\left[{x}_{i}\right(k+1)-{x}_{i}(k\left)\right]={m}_{i}^{z}\left(k\right)\left[{x}_{\mathrm{s}}\right(k)-\\   {x}_{i}\left(k\right)]\mathrm{\Delta }k+{G}_{i}(k)\mathrm{\Delta }k\end{array}$
${x}_{\mathrm{s}}\left(\mathrm{k}\right)=[1-{d}_{\mathrm{r}}(\mathrm{k}\left)\right]{x}_{\mathrm{o}}\left(\mathrm{k}\right)+{d}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(\mathrm{k}\right)\frac{\sum _{i\in I}{m}_{i}^{z}\left(\mathrm{k}\right){x}_{i}\left(\mathrm{k}\right)}{\sum _{i\in I}{m}_{i}^{z}\left(k\right)}$
式中:K为有效容湿系数;ρa为室内空气密度,kg/m3;Vi为舱室区域的体积,m3;xi为区域i的湿度;xo为外界新风中的湿度;I为正整数;xs为送风规定湿度;Gi为区域i居住者产生湿度;dr为新风比。
海洋平台通风设计关键指标中的通风量对于海洋平台舱室环境是尤为重要的,通风量过少无法满足人员卫生要求和正常的新鲜空气需求,而通风量过多则无法保持室内正压,同时会造成过多的能耗损失。根据《新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控技术规范 远洋船舶》(DB32/T 3761.19—2020)[23]Shipbuilding Engine-room Ventilation in Diesel-engined Ships Design Requirements and Basis of Calculations(ISO 8861:1998)[42]等标准,在实际海洋平台通风系统工程中的通风量设计一般常采用换气次数、最小新风量和热负荷的方式来进行计算。换气次数法是根据标准中的每小时换气次数和房间的容量来确定不同舱室区域需要多少通风量。最小新风量法是通过采集舱室内外温度,使用温差数据来进行区域通风量的计算。而热负荷方法是通过对舱室内部主要产热设备的产热量和空气消耗量来进行累加以实现对区域通风量的计算,相对来说更符合供需平衡,在满足实际需求的前提下使能耗最低。具体如式(8)~式(10)所示。

V=vn

式(8)中:V为通风量,m3/h;n为换气次数,次/h;v为房间的净容积,m3
$V=\frac{3\mathrm{ }600}{C{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}\Delta T}$
式(9)中:C为空气质量热容,J/(kg·K),通常情况下1 005 J/(kg·K);ρa为空气密度,kg/m3,通常情况下取1.2 kg/m3T为海洋平台舱室内外温差,K。
qh=$\frac{{\varphi }_{dp}+{\varphi }_{dg}+{\varphi }_{b}+{\varphi }_{p}+{\varphi }_{g}+{\varphi }_{ei}+{\varphi }_{ep}+{\varphi }_{t}+{\varphi }_{i}+{\varphi }_{o}}{{\rho }_{a}c\Delta T}$-0.4(qdp+qdg)-qb
式(10)中:qh为海洋平台舱室通风量,m3/s;φdp为主机散发的热量;φdg为发电柴油机散发的热量;φb为燃油锅炉散发的热量;φp为蒸汽冷凝管散发的热量;φg为交流发电机散发的热量;φei为电力装置散发的热量;φep为排气管散发的热量;φt为加热舱散发的热量;φi为焚烧炉散发的热量;φo为其他部分散发的热量;qdp为主机工作时功率输出消耗的空气量;qdg为柴油发电机工作时消耗的空气量;qb为锅炉工作时消耗的空气量;c为空气比热,数值为1.01 kJ/(kg·K);从机舱进风口到机舱出风口的温度增量ΔT=12.5 K。
舱室内空气质量是最重要的通风设计指标,除了要求室内传感器监测到的一氧化碳、甲醛和二氧化硫等有害气体浓度需严格控制在安全标准之内。大多数的通风系统优化设计方法中通常还采用二氧化碳浓度来衡量室内空气质量,二氧化碳浓度超出阈值时会引起人体不适,干扰日常生活与工作节奏,更在浓度持续攀升时,对人体机能构成严重威胁,甚至带来不可逆的损害。在海洋平台的舱室环境中二氧化碳浓度变化主要受到舱室外空气交换量,通风系统送风中二氧化碳含量、舱室内人员呼吸产生量的影响,根据通风系统的工作原理,采用式(11)~式(13)进行二氧化碳的浓度计算。
$\begin{array}{l}{m}_{i}\left[{C}_{i}\right(k+1)-{C}_{i}(k\left)\right]={N}_{i}\left(k\right){C}_{\mathrm{g}}\Delta k+\\ {m}_{i}^{z}\left(k\right)\left[{C}_{z}\right(k)-{C}_{i}(k\left)\right]\mathrm{\Delta }k\end{array}$

Cz(k)=[1-dr(k)]Co(k)+dr(k)Cm(k)

${C}_{\mathrm{m}}\left(\mathrm{k}\right)=\frac{\sum _{i\in I}{m}_{i}^{z}\left(\mathrm{k}\right){C}_{i}\left(\mathrm{k}\right)}{\sum _{i\in I}{m}_{i}^{z}\left(k\right)}$
式中:mi为海洋平台舱室i的通风量,kg; Ci为区域i的二氧化碳浓度,mg/m3;Ni为区域i的人数;Cg为人均二氧化碳平均生成率,g/h;Cz为送风二氧化碳浓度,mg/m3;Co为外界二氧化碳浓度,mg/m3;Cm为混风中的二氧化碳浓度,mg/m3
对海洋平台通风系统运行能耗进行研究有助于实现节能减排目标,增强平台对海洋环境变化的适应能力,确保在复杂多变的海况下维持高效稳定的运行。海洋平台通风系统的能耗构成较为复杂,其中空气处理单元能耗(air handling unit,AHU)能耗与风机供风能耗占据主导地位,成为节能优化的核心焦点。AHU能耗主要用于实现制冷与制热功能,它受冷冻水供应温度、回水温度、冷却量和新风比等多重因素的综合影响。而风机供风能耗主要用于驱动风机运转以产生和输送气体到各舱室。冷却能耗Pc (k)与风机能耗Pf(k)的计算公式分别为
${P}_{\mathrm{c}}\left(\mathrm{k}\right)={c}_{p}\mathrm{\eta }[1-{d}_{\mathrm{r}}(\mathrm{k}\left)\right]\sum _{i\in I}{m}_{i}^{z}\left(k\right)\left[{T}_{\mathrm{o}}\right(k)-{T}_{\mathrm{c}}]+{c}_{\mathrm{p}}\eta {d}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(k\right)\sum _{i\in I}{m}_{i}^{z}\left(k\right)\left[{T}_{i}\right(k)-{T}_{\mathrm{c}}]$
${P}_{\mathrm{f}}\left(\mathrm{k}\right)={P}_{\mathrm{f},\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}\left(\mathrm{k}\right){\left(\frac{\sum _{i\in I}{m}_{i}^{z}}{{m}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}}\right)}^{3}$
式中:η为冷却盘管性能系数的倒数;Pf,ref(k)为参考风机能耗;mref为参考风机提供的总风量。
节能现已成为全球经济和社会发展的一项长远战略方针,通过上文对海洋平台通风系统机理模型的研究可以明确舱室环境中影响舒适度和能耗的变量耦合关系。为实现海洋平台各区域的通风运行优化,有效提高室内舒适度、人员工作效率和能源利用效率提供理论基础。海洋平台舱室众多,按照主要用途可以分为生活舱室、工作舱室、设备舱室和贮藏舱室等。不同舱室区域的通风需求迥异,温度、湿度[47]、新风量[48]、舱压[49]的通风控制要求可能也存在差异。如会议室、起居间等生活区域舱室用风强调舒适度、新风需求;变压器舱、电气舱等设备舱用风更关注舱室的温湿度;机舱等产热量较大的舱室对温度、含氧量和可燃气体排放要求高;实验室、电池间等可能产生有害气体的舱室对通风安全性有特殊要求[50]。因此按照不同的区域划分进行通风优化设计非常重要,将主要从海洋平台的生活区域、设备区域和贮藏区域3个区域进行相关运行优化方法的总结。
海洋平台生产作业周期长,平台上的工作人员需经历恶劣的气候条件和海洋环境的双重考验,满足其健康、舒适居住环境的需求日益迫切[51-52]。海洋平台生活区域是供相关工作人员生活休息的场所,主要包括卧室、餐厅、休息室、医务室、公共娱乐区域等,采用的通风运行方式通常如图3所示。生活区域的通风和舒适度等级一般要求最高,因而能耗需求也更高。近年来如何通过优化通风设计来实现高舒适度和低能耗是相关学者和研究人员一直以来关注的焦点。
针对安全需求和气流分布方面,随着仿真软件性能提升和智能优化方法迅猛发展,为送风性能的优化迎来了新的契机与动力。Kashi等[53]使用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)对海上平台的CAD(computer aided design) 模型进行分析。明确了有害气体的扩散以及空气通风的影响,有效预防海上平台发生危险事件的概率。Wu等[54]将舱室空调送风速度设置为跟随方波信号,能在不增加新鲜空气供应率的情况下提高通风性能,但无法应对环境动态变化。马越等[55]提出加入局部排风系统设计来优化生活区域中的厨房通风系统,并用 CFD 数值分析的方式模拟工况以验证优化结果。Park等[56]使用在Fluent上运行的CFD模型,基于通风风扇的放置来评估通风效率以缓解空气停滞,计算平均空气年龄以评估通风效率,能够有效的应对环境变化。陈岁繁等[57]利用多目标遗传算法优化通风的送风参数使舱内的流场分布更加合理。Liu等[58]则使用多目标微遗传算法来探索顶部扩散器的最佳位置以优化舱室气流场。以上方法主要是通过分析舱室内部的气流分布状况,并实施相应的优化策略来实现更好的通风效果,目前已经取得了一定的研究成果与实践进展,但它们的适用性可能局限于某些特定的应用场景。
针对通风系统能耗方面,核心问题在于如何在保障舒适的前提下实现能耗的有效降低。通风系统在海洋平台生活区域的洁净区域可以通过回风二次利用,能在满足不同人员舒适度要求的同时,有效节省能源,避免浪费。其中具有代表性的是Han等[59]基于上海海事大学多功能船舶监控中心单体空调系统和“实践教学船”中央空调,设计并应用了室外空气预处理和二次回风模型。该模型使用基于热交换原理的控制器实现了回风和新风按预定比例融合,实现了良好节能效果。然而根据通风规范要求,部分特定舱室如卫生单元、厨房餐厅、医务室、洗衣间和吸烟区等空气较为浑浊,不允许被二次回收利用,部分学者采取能量回收的方法。汪妇欢等[60]在中央处理单元中设置转轮系统,收集无法二次直接回收利用的舱室排风进入转轮,与新风系统进行热交换有效提升了能效,能实现约56%的热量回收。冯宝辉等[61]在部分生活舱室增加了能量回收模块,采用换热效率高的热管技术。该类方法能够物理隔绝新风和回风,既能避免新风污染,又实现回风中的能量回收。
除了使用回风和能量回收等传统的优化控制运行方法,由于海洋平台通风系统是具有高度不确定性的复杂动态系统,受到复杂耦合变量和约束条件带来的限制,因此还有部分研究侧重于使用控制算法来进行优化。陈文华等[62]提出的“变静压-总风量”系统风量控制方法,以变静压控制良好的节能效果为基础,借鉴总风量控制的思路,对频率调节策略进行改进,如式(16)所示,以提高相应速度。
$f={f}_{0}+{k}_{\mathrm{p}}\mathrm{d}P+{k}_{\mathrm{Q}}\mathrm{d}Q$
式(16)中:f0为调节前一时刻频率;kpkQ为调节步长;Q为总风量;P为风量压强。
该控制方案能够快速地调节室温,节能效果显著并降低总能耗,但增加了参数调试的复杂性。此后,陈武等[63]将模糊逻辑控制与比例-积分-微分(proportional integral derivative,PID)控制器结合进行定送风静压控制,提高了系统的鲁棒性,减少了参数调试的复杂性。Alcalá等[64]基于通风系统机理模型使用遗传算法设计智能调谐的模糊逻辑控通风系统制器,专用于控制有关能源性能和室内舒适度要求的通风系统,相较于经典开关控制器,能耗大幅降低。
由于海洋环境复杂多变,气候条件的差异会导致系统负荷显著波动,需采用先进的智能优化算法来实现对系统性能的灵活调控与持续优化。Wang等[65]采用多目标优化算法,对性能、经济和环境因素进行平衡,深入研究了海洋集装箱船上的温湿度调节综合系统。Liu等[66]在 TRNSYS 中建立了考虑动态条件的仿真环境,利用人工神经网络模型预测系统的能耗,提出了一种改进的多目标优化算法以动态最小化能耗和舱室热不适。Xu等[67]采用自适应加权粒子群优化算法,以船舶冷能净输出功率为优化目标,增强方案的热力学性能,并提高了能源的利用效率。
上述方法能够有效应对通风系统的高度不确定性和复杂动态性,显著提高了系统的稳定性和节能效果,但在实时监测方面还存在一定的提升空间。未来研究可结合物联网、大数据等前沿技术,以期实现海洋平台生活区域通风系统的智能化管理和优化控制,从而推动系统性能迈向更高水平。表2[59-62,64-67]主要归纳了目前针对船舶与海洋平台通风系统的几种典型能耗优化方法,其中包括具体的运行措施、具体应用场景和节能效果。
海洋平台设备区域主要包括发电机舱、技术舱、专用的设备舱室等[68]。对于船舶和海洋平台等相关场所而言,设备区域是其核心舱室,具有管路繁杂、布置空间相对紧凑和发热负荷大等特点,一旦舱室内的环境温度超过发电机等设备的额定正常工作温度,会引起发电机降效,因此需要满足散热和气体流通需求,提高送风稳定性。
对于海洋平台设备区域的发电机舱、主机舱等集中放置动力装置的舱室,赵河山等[69]以渤海湾某岸电工程海上电力动力平台为实例,深入剖析了暖通系统的通风设计细节,提供了可行的设计原则和方案,提供了宝贵的参考与借鉴。另外在进行通风优化中比较典型的方法是采用流体动力学软件,进行通风模拟[70-71],来设置优化控制通风设备布局。CFD方法的求解流程如图4所示,蒋仕伟等[72]采用该方法对某船的主发电机舱通风系统进行数值模拟研究。通过设置合理的风口位置、送风角度和送风速度,满足了机舱的散热和气体流通需求。巴海涛等[73]通过CFD方法模拟风管内的空气流动,根据计算模型结果对风管走向及出风口开口进行控制优化风管布置,显著改善了机舱风管的气流和风量分配。郭昂等[74]运用CFD方法分析了舱室流场,通过增设全新进风道来实现气流组织的改善。这一方案在中国渔业科考船中进行改造和测试,证实了其优化效果的有效性。上述研究结果不仅验证了CFD方法在通风模拟中的准确性,还为通风系统的进一步优化提供了有力支持。
除了优化风管布置,改变气流导向与流速等,一些学者还致力于运用数值分析方法和仿真验证技术,深入探究通风性能的各种影响因素。Xie等[75]建立了通风系统的三维物理模型,并使用CFD软件计算模型热力学。通过数值分析探讨通风温度、风量等通风因素对海上平台中主舱通风性能的影响机制。周荣辉等[76]用数值分析方法对某海洋平台机舱内通风管路系统的气流组织进行三维数值仿真,研究实际风量数据及气流组织是否均匀布置的问题。结果表明,基于数值分析方法能够有效实现通风效果的优化。Schiavoni等[77]基于3D CFD分析机舱热环境,并结合船员的日常具体需求和职责,确定了最优的通风配置以及可承受的最大工作时长。郭昂等[78]提出了改进通风量计算和管道压力损失估算的改进方法,并使用CFD软件分析和验证气流组织得到改善。以上研究方法主要是通过流体动力学模拟和数值分析实现设备区域通风运行的控制和优化以满足散热和气体流通需求,为闭式机舱通风系统的优化设计与研究提供了直观依据和有效参考。但在计算资源方面的限制是一个不容忽视的因素,未来研究需进一步考虑如何高效利用有限的计算资源,以拓展这些方法的适用范围和提升其性能表现。
对于船舶和海洋平台的一些专用设备舱室,根据船级社的要求需要配备独立的机械通风系统,配备供应或排气扇。为这些隔间提供的通风系统必须确保房间的冷却,确保设备运行所需的空气,并清除可能在房间内积聚的可燃气体。如针对存在易产生危险气体和温度限制的设备舱室,必须保证其具有良好的通风效果、稳定的负压状态和及时的泄漏报警提示。王磊等[79]对双燃料船燃气阀组单元(gas valve unit, GVU)房间和GVU风机排气管路内部流场模型进行仿真模拟优化,得到合适的风机性能和进风口流通面积参数,能在满足房间换气次数和负压要求的同时控制风机排风效果使其达到最佳。稽亚东等[80]结合实船布置进行系统的归纳与分析,选取特定的通风管道和通风口位置来进行实现更好地将可燃气体排出,使舱室内保持良好的空气流动。进一步地,鉴于海洋平台运行环境的复杂性和对精准控制的迫切需求,实时监测技术的应用成为了实现更加智能化控制的关键所在。张超[81]针对船用分体空调电控回路进行优化,实现了运行状态监视和远程启停控制,提高了整体安全生产时效。张勇青等[82]通过结合设计规范改变换气次数并增加气体探测装置,当超过阈值时回启动警报器和备用风机加强排风,稀释危险气体。
总而言之,对于海洋平台设备区域需要重点关注散热和气体流通需求,现有的主流方法是通过仿真软件进行通风模拟,优化控制相应的通风设备来达到良好的通风效果。未来应更加注重实际场景与具体条件的多样性,以进行更为深入和细致的分析。
海洋平台贮藏区域主要集中在货舱,鉴于货舱内的物资种类繁多,需要根据物质性质来进行相应的通风方案设计[83-84],众多学者从不同角度进行了研究。刘宏超[85]通过模拟船舱的通风模型,进行持续通风和不通风的储存对比试验,分析大豆的霉变情况与通风条件有无直接关联,为通风策略的制定提供了基础依据。Junkeon等[86]根据能量、用能流和温室气体排放量对货舱中通风系统的气流进行评估,强调了通风设计在节能减排方面的重要性。在此基础上,张云森[87]分析了散装谷物货舱的温度场变化,通过改善货舱通风孔的布局,实现良好的通风效果,有效延长了粮食的储存时间,充分彰显了通风优化措施对于提升储存质量的正面效应。
针对装载特殊物质或易于产生危险气体的货舱,必须采取更为精细且周全的通风设计方案,以确保其安全性能。孙维强[88]分析了船舶物资储存环境的主要影响因素,提出了温湿度控制技术的应用方法来进行通风优化。Chen等[89]提出一种船舶储藏舱通风的CFD数值模拟方法,通过算例研究不同通风模型下的气流速度、温湿度分布,得出最优方案。张琪等[90]采用数值模拟方法,通过拉格朗日粒子示踪法来描述舱室内气体流动情况以调整送风管设置实现通风优化。陆洋等[91]通过进行实船实验来验证所提出的CFD模拟计算方法是否合理有效,该研究对深化船舶通风系统的优化控制具有显著的理论分析价值和实践指导意义。
此外,智能化与自动化技术的发展也为货舱通风设计带来了新机遇。陈超等[92]提出了一种基于模糊算法的智能通风系统设计来得出不同情况下的舱室通风策略,实现货舱通风的智能化管理。李徐嘉等[93]通过在货舱运用空气质量监控系统,实现了货舱内参数的实时监测与通风控制的精准响应,进一步提升了通风效率与储存安全。针对集中式通风问题,隋景鹏等[94]采用网络分析理论,对船舶大型集中式送风系统建立计算模型,如式(17)所示。
${Q}_{{P}_{1~5}}={Q}_{\mathrm{F}1}+{Q}_{\mathrm{F}2}+{Q}_{\mathrm{F}3}+{Q}_{\mathrm{F}4}$
式(17)中:${Q}_{{p}_{1~5}}$为各管段的风量;QFi为等i个风机的风量。
通过求解各处所需通风货舱的风量,得出末端开闭对其他舱室的影响,为船舶和海洋平台的大规模货舱通风系统设计提供了理论支撑。
综上所述,海洋平台贮藏区域的通风策略的制定需综合考虑储存物品特性、环境需求及能源效率等多方面因素,现有研究能够通过技术创新与智能化管理,不断优化通风设计,实现储存物品品质与安全性的双重提升,但需对大规模的货舱存储问题更加关注。
近年来,中国在海洋平台、船舶等通风系统的优化控制研究上取得了显著成果。相关研究人员以系统性和综合性为核心理念,深入剖析海洋平台通风系统的整体性能与效率,提出了一系列兼具创新性和实用性的方法和技术。其中,江苏科技大学、中国船舶科学研究中心已多次进行实船通风实验与分析来验证所提优化方案的有效性。而在监测安全性方面,中国也能通过多学科交叉融合来实现理论与实际相结合,哈尔滨工程大学研发的智能监测系统已应用在中国首艘万吨级海事巡逻船“海巡09”。上海交通大学自主研发的“平台安全保障监测系统”也在日夜为“海洋石油981”等海上油气平台保驾护航。但由于海洋平台通风技术目前还是一个相对新颖的研究课题,现有的研究成果主要借鉴陆地通风技术,与一些发达国家相比,在海洋平台应用场景中仍存在一些理论与技术层面上的不足,目前针对海洋平台通风系统主要存在以下问题。
(1)海洋平台通风系统结构相对紧凑,通风管道及部件往往紧密连接,呈现出复杂的流场特性,属于典型的多变量、非线性、强耦合系统。且控制过程易受到海洋平台的振动、气压改变等外界干扰的影响,因此难以实现精确、稳定的通风控制效果。
(2)海洋平台上各个舱室因功能差异具有不同的环境需求。当前的研究大多聚焦于特定舱室环境的通风分析与优化,忽视了不同舱室间可能存在的共性问题。需要加强实时监测来应对实际突发情况以保障人员安全与设备正常运行。
(3)当前采用的优化控制方法通常局限于小规模舱室或结构相对简单的通风系统,而对于大规模舱室和复杂通风系统的能耗优化研究仍显不足。当面对大规模且高度复杂的优化问题时,计算资源的限制已成为一个不可忽视的重大挑战。
(1)自动化系统集成与优化:研究更高效的优化控制策略。为攻克海洋平台通风系统控制难题,实现更为稳定可靠、具备抗干扰能力的控制效果,未来研究可集成更先进高效的方法,如群智能[95-97]、分布式控制、启发式以及人机协同等方法,以期为海洋平台通风系统的自动化控制与优化提供新的解决思路和途径。
(2)智能感知与运维:融合物联网与大数据等前沿技术。通过集成物联网传感器实现海洋平台不同舱室的多模态感知,对舱室状态进行实时精准观测。并推动海洋平台和船舶具身智能与监检测一体化的实现,以有效应对各类突发危险情况,为海洋平台舒适、安全运行提供更高效的保障。
(3)绿色化管理:通过优化算法和智能调度技术实现能源与计算资源的高效利用,解决在大规模舱室研究中面临的计算资源受限问题。未来可通过边-运协同策略,进一步推动绿色计算在实际应用中的落地,为节能减排、可持续发展贡献力量。
(4)智能设计与制造:探索使用轻质高强度的复合材料、耐腐蚀材料等新型材料以提高设备的耐用性和可靠性,研发轴流风机、离心风机等新型通风设备以适应复杂环境。此外,积极推动设计施工一体化和全生命周期设计理念在通风系统中的应用,可进一步提高通风效率、降低能耗与噪音。
针对海洋平台这类特殊场所的通风设计进行综述,梳理了适用于海洋平台通风系统的相关控制标准并将其划分为基础标准、通用标准和专用标准以便于满足海洋平台相关区域和舱室的通风设计要求,解决了现有海洋平台规范缺少完整体系的问题。然后通过分析舱室环境模型和通风系统运行能耗模型,明确变量之间的影响关系,并在此基础上对海洋平台的主要区域进行通风运行优化控制方法总结,明确了现有的优化控制方法存在的问题。最后总结了海洋平台通风系统运行具体需要解决的问题,并提出一些未来可行的研究方向。可为船舶、舰艇、邮轮等海上通风系统的运行优化提供借鉴思路,为推进海洋强国的建设、加快海洋装备产业转型升级做出贡献。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52301348)
  • 山东省泰山学者人才工程项目(tsqnz20221114)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404379
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
  • 修回日期:2025-04-11
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52301348)
山东省泰山学者人才工程项目(tsqnz20221114)
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    中国海洋大学工程学院, 青岛 266000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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