Article(id=1261262688605299318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404267, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717689600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-07, revisedDate=1743955200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778638058091, onlineDateStr=2026-05-13, pubDate=1752768000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778638058091, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778638058091, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778638058091, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1261262687258985194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='20', pageStart='8317', pageEnd='8759', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778638057769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778753106634, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1261745237240722096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1261262687258985194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8347, endPage=8363, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1261262689385439865, articleId=1261262688605299318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Review of Research on BIM Standards, columnId=1177980718987751529, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The application of building information modeling(BIM) technology in the construction industry in China has developed rapidly, and its further development is inseparable from the support of BIM standards. In view of the importance of BIM standards, it is necessary to review the existing researches on BIM standards. Firstly, three key research topics, namely theoretical research, technical research and application research of BIM standards, were determined by keyword cluster analysis method. Secondly, for each research topic, the methods and results of existing research were explained and summarized through critical review, with typical cases being enumerated. Then, the evolution trend of BIM standard research was analyzed by using the timeline map generated by keywords. The results indicate that the extension of industry foundation classes(IFC) standard and the technical and application research based on IFC will still be the research hotspots. At the same time, research on BIM standard framework will continue. Furthermore, future research on BIM standards should also focus on three cutting-edge areas: technological integration, expansion of application scenarios, and cross-disciplinary collaboration. The research results will help further develop BIM standards and improve the formulation and application level of BIM standards.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-liang MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Liang LI, Zhi-liang MA, Hong-gang ZHU, Deng-feng LI, Bing-hao ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1261262692153680535, articleId=1261262688605299318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=建筑信息模型标准研究综述, columnId=1177980719147135082, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)技术在中国建筑行业的应用发展迅速,其进一步发展离不开BIM标准的支持。鉴于BIM标准的重要性,有必要对现有的BIM标准研究进行综述。首先,使用关键词聚类分析方法确定3个重点研究主题,即BIM标准的理论研究、技术研究和应用研究。其次,针对每一个研究主题,通过关键文献综述对现有研究的方法和成果进行阐释与总结,并列举典型的案例。然后,利用关键词生成的时间线图对BIM标准研究的演进趋势进行分析。结果表明:扩展工业基础类(industry foundation classes,IFC)标准以及基于IFC的技术和应用的研究仍将是研究热点;与此同时,BIM标准体系框架研究将会持续进行。此外,未来对于BIM标准的研究还应聚焦于技术融合、应用场景拓展以及跨领域协同三大前沿领域。研究成果有助于进一步发展BIM标准,并提升BIM标准的制定和应用水平。

, correspAuthors=马智亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 马智亮(1963—),男,汉族,北京人,博士,教授。研究方向:信息技术在土木工程领域中的应用。E-mail:
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李亮(1986—),男,汉族,湖北荆门人,高级工程师。研究方向:BIM标准与技术应用。E-mail:

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李亮(1986—),男,汉族,湖北荆门人,高级工程师。研究方向:BIM标准与技术应用。E-mail:

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李亮(1986—),男,汉族,湖北荆门人,高级工程师。研究方向:BIM标准与技术应用。E-mail:

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structural health monitoring为结构健康监测;bim standards为建筑信息模型标准;architectural design是为建筑设计;information theory为信息论;electronic data interchange为电子数据交换;energy efficiency为能源效率;construction为建造;construction industry为建筑业;decision making为决策制定;data interoperability为数据互操作性;engineering为工程学;architecture是建筑学;civil engineering为土木工程;life cycle construction projects为工程项目全生命周期;infrastructure design为基础设施设计;cartesian coordinate system为笛卡尔坐标系;autobim为BIM自动化;automation为自动化;iso 19650为ISO 19650(国际标准化组织发布的建筑信息模型管理标准);computer-aided design为计算机辅助设计;construction method是施工方法;information interoperability为信息互操作性;information management为信息管理;modeling是模型;3d laser scanning为三维激光扫描;execution plan为执行计划;application management为应用管理;construction management encoding为施工管理编码;geographic information systems为地理信息系统;buildings为建筑物;formal definition为正式定义;facilities management为设施管理;context-aware information是情境感知信息;wireless sensor networks为无线传感器网络;ifc为工业基础类;advanced information为高级信息;engines为引擎;precast concrete为预制混凝土;mvd为模型视图定义;foss为开源软件;conservation plan为养护计划;色标中标注的#0、#1等数字序号代表软件通过算法自动生成的聚类排序,反映各主题簇在知识网络中的结构重要性,序号越小,表明该聚类在整体研究脉络中越处于核心地位;色标右侧标注的#FF1100等是该颜色对应的十六进制代码,是符合Web标准的色彩数字化表达方式,研究人员可通过代码在图形软件中实现完全一致的色彩匹配,保障学术成果的可验证性与跨平台传播的一致性

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在地上二层结构的施工计划内,绿色代表按计划进度完成施工区域;黄色代表正在施工但未完成区域;红色代表施工延误区域;透明代表未施工区域

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Name of source publication and the number of papers

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Scopus数据库 CNKI数据库
来源出版物名称 数量 来源出版物名称 数量
Advanced Engineering Informatics 4 铁道工程学报 5
Automation in Construction 2 清华大学学报 4
Advances in Civil Engineering 2 岩土力学 3
Buildings 2 同济大学学报 2
Construction Innovation 1 土木工程学报 2
其他 25 其他 8
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来源出版物名称及文献数量

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Scopus数据库 CNKI数据库
来源出版物名称 数量 来源出版物名称 数量
Advanced Engineering Informatics 4 铁道工程学报 5
Automation in Construction 2 清华大学学报 4
Advances in Civil Engineering 2 岩土力学 3
Buildings 2 同济大学学报 2
Construction Innovation 1 土木工程学报 2
其他 25 其他 8
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Keyword clustering topics of BIM standard research

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主题类别 包含的聚类标签 关键词
理论研究 Scopus:#0、#1、#2、#5、#6、#7、#9 IFC、IDM、MVD、语义扩展等
CNKI:#0、#1、#3、#4
技术研究 Scopus:#3、#4、#7 information exchange(信息交换)、数据共享与转换等
CNKI:#0、#2
应用研究 Scopus:#4、#7、#8 building ontology(建筑本体)、施工质量验收等
CNKI:#0、#1、#3、#5
), ArticleFig(id=1261377074024014145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1261262688605299318, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

BIM标准研究的关键词聚类主题

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主题类别 包含的聚类标签 关键词
理论研究 Scopus:#0、#1、#2、#5、#6、#7、#9 IFC、IDM、MVD、语义扩展等
CNKI:#0、#1、#3、#4
技术研究 Scopus:#3、#4、#7 information exchange(信息交换)、数据共享与转换等
CNKI:#0、#2
应用研究 Scopus:#4、#7、#8 building ontology(建筑本体)、施工质量验收等
CNKI:#0、#1、#3、#5
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建筑信息模型标准研究综述
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李亮 1 , 马智亮 2, * , 朱洪钢 2 , 李登峰 1 , 周丙浩 1
科学技术与工程 | 综述·建筑科学 2025,25(20): 8347-8363
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·建筑科学 2025, 25(20): 8347-8363
建筑信息模型标准研究综述
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李亮1 , 马智亮2, * , 朱洪钢2, 李登峰1, 周丙浩1
作者信息
  • 1 中国交通信息科技集团有限公司中交BIM中心, 武汉 430062
  • 2 清华大学土木工程系, 北京 100084
  • 李亮(1986—),男,汉族,湖北荆门人,高级工程师。研究方向:BIM标准与技术应用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 马智亮(1963—),男,汉族,北京人,博士,教授。研究方向:信息技术在土木工程领域中的应用。E-mail:
Review of Research on BIM Standards
Liang LI1 , Zhi-liang MA2, * , Hong-gang ZHU2, Deng-feng LI1, Bing-hao ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1 China Communications Construction Group BIM Center, China Communications Information Technology Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430062, China
  • 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-07-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404267
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建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)技术在中国建筑行业的应用发展迅速,其进一步发展离不开BIM标准的支持。鉴于BIM标准的重要性,有必要对现有的BIM标准研究进行综述。首先,使用关键词聚类分析方法确定3个重点研究主题,即BIM标准的理论研究、技术研究和应用研究。其次,针对每一个研究主题,通过关键文献综述对现有研究的方法和成果进行阐释与总结,并列举典型的案例。然后,利用关键词生成的时间线图对BIM标准研究的演进趋势进行分析。结果表明:扩展工业基础类(industry foundation classes,IFC)标准以及基于IFC的技术和应用的研究仍将是研究热点;与此同时,BIM标准体系框架研究将会持续进行。此外,未来对于BIM标准的研究还应聚焦于技术融合、应用场景拓展以及跨领域协同三大前沿领域。研究成果有助于进一步发展BIM标准,并提升BIM标准的制定和应用水平。

建筑信息模型(BIM)  /  BIM标准  /  工业基础类(IFC)标准  /  文献计量学  /  综述

The application of building information modeling(BIM) technology in the construction industry in China has developed rapidly, and its further development is inseparable from the support of BIM standards. In view of the importance of BIM standards, it is necessary to review the existing researches on BIM standards. Firstly, three key research topics, namely theoretical research, technical research and application research of BIM standards, were determined by keyword cluster analysis method. Secondly, for each research topic, the methods and results of existing research were explained and summarized through critical review, with typical cases being enumerated. Then, the evolution trend of BIM standard research was analyzed by using the timeline map generated by keywords. The results indicate that the extension of industry foundation classes(IFC) standard and the technical and application research based on IFC will still be the research hotspots. At the same time, research on BIM standard framework will continue. Furthermore, future research on BIM standards should also focus on three cutting-edge areas: technological integration, expansion of application scenarios, and cross-disciplinary collaboration. The research results will help further develop BIM standards and improve the formulation and application level of BIM standards.

building information modeling(BIM)  /  BIM standard  /  industry foundation classes(IFC) standard  /  bibliometrics  /  overview
李亮, 马智亮, 朱洪钢, 李登峰, 周丙浩. 建筑信息模型标准研究综述. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8347 -8363 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404267
Liang LI, Zhi-liang MA, Hong-gang ZHU, Deng-feng LI, Bing-hao ZHOU. Review of Research on BIM Standards[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (20) : 8347 -8363 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404267
建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)技术能够提高建筑项目的效率和质量,减少重复工作和错误,降低成本和风险,其应用涉及工程建设多参与方、多专业在项目全生命期中对模型信息的共享[1]。但是,目前仍存在着信息孤岛、信息互操作性差等问题,影响了项目全生命期的信息共享。通过制定和实施BIM标准,可以确保不同软件和系统之间的数据兼容性和互操作性,促进项目全生命期多参与方之间的信息共享[2],因此BIM技术的广泛应用离不开BIM标准的支持。
在当前已发布的BIM标准中,buildingSMART组织所制定的一系列BIM标准备受行业瞩目,其中包括工业基础类(industry foundation classes,IFC)、数据字典框架(international framework for dictionaries,IFD)和信息交付手册(information delivery manual,IDM)[3-5]三类具有广泛影响力的标准。随着技术的不断进步和行业需求的日益复杂,buildingSMART组织还推出了信息交付标准(information delivery standards,IDS)[6]和BIM协作格式(BIM collaboration format,BCF)[7]等新标准。IDS标准用于促进BIM数据在不同软件和应用程序之间的准确、高效交换,BCF标准则为BIM项目团队协作提供了统一的信息标准,以促进项目团队成员之间的高效沟通和协作。此外,OpenBIM作为一种开放性、协作性的BIM工作方法,其核心理念在于采用IFC等开放标准和协议,实现不同软件和工具之间的互操作性,这种方法在BIM标准研究中得到了广泛认可[8]。在全球范围内,许多国家及地区也制定了符合本土情况的BIM标准,如美国的国家BIM标准(NBIMS)[9]、英国的AEC (UK) BIM 协议[10]、日本的JIA BIM Guideline[11]等。中国也在积极推动BIM标准的编制工作,近年来陆续发布并实施了6部国家BIM标准,10余部行业BIM标准以及若干部地方、团体、企业BIM标准。BIM标准的种类和数量繁多,并且处于不断发展和更新的状态。为了更好地了解BIM标准的发展和应用现状,提升BIM标准的制定和应用水平,有必要对中外BIM标准的现有研究成果进行综述。
关于BIM标准研究的梳理工作,潘婷等[12]梳理了中外BIM标准发展历程及存在的问题,总结了中外BIM标准发展现状。郭芳等[13]对中外现有BIM标准体系架构进行梳理与总结。但目前工作多是对现有BIM标准发展历程的总结与分析,尚缺少对现有的BIM标准研究成果的系统性梳理与总结。鉴于此,通过系统的文献综述全面阐述中外BIM标准研究的现状和发展趋势。以中外现有的BIM标准研究成果为重点,通过对该领域的研究性论文的全面综述,旨在解决以下3个研究问题:一是BIM标准研究的主题是什么?二是每个主题分别包含哪些研究方法与成果?三是BIM标准研究的未来发展趋势是什么?首先,通过关键词聚类分析确定BIM标准研究的重点主题;其次,通过关键文献综述对不同主题下BIM标准的研究方法及成果进行系统性的梳理与总结;然后,通过时间线图对BIM标准研究的演进趋势进行分析;最后,总结BIM标准的研究现状,展望未来的发展方向。
为了明确迄今BIM标准研究的主题,分别对CNKI数据库和Scopus数据库进行检索,并运用文献计量学方法对检索结果进行分析。选用这两个数据库的原因在于:它们分别是中文期刊数据库和非中文期刊数据库的典型代表[14]
在CNKI数据库中,使用主题词“BIM”和“标准”进行检索,共得到106篇文献。通过逐一分析各文献的摘要,筛选掉无关论文和非研究性论文,得到24篇与BIM标准研究相关的研究性论文,这些文献的时间跨度为2014—2023年。
在Scopus数据库中,采用主题词“BIM standard*”和“building information model* standard*”进行检索,共得到242篇文献,时间跨度为2006—2023年。但是自2014年起对于BIM标准研究的文献数量才显著增加,因此选择研究比较集中的2014—2023年的文献进行检索。为了避免两个数据库的检索结果重复,对于Scopus数据库检索结果中来源于中文期刊的文献先进行剔除,然后通过逐一分析各文献的摘要,得到36篇相关论文。最终共筛选出60篇研究性论文进行梳理与总结,这些文献的来源出版物如表1所示。
这些文献的年度发文数量的变化关系如图1所示。根据图1中的信息可以看出,2014—2023年,中外对于BIM标准研究的文献数量总体上呈先上升后基本稳定的趋势。
通过关键词聚类分析,可以深入了解BIM标准研究的主题。使用CiteSpace软件对两个数据库检索得到的文献分别进行关键词聚类分析,结果如图2图3所示。CiteSpace软件可用于对Scopus、CNKI等数据库文献的可视化分析[15]
在关键词聚类分析中,利用Citespace软件根据导入文献数据构建关键词共现网络,其中节点代表关键词,连线代表关键词之间的共现频率。之后基于关键词共现网络采用对数似然比算法,将文献中的关键词组织成不同的聚类标签。每一个聚类标签代表着一组相关的关键词,通过分析这些聚类标签,可以识别出BIM标准研究领域的主题和关联关系。受导入数据质量、聚类结果解释的主观性、参数设置的主观性以及算法本身的局限性的影响,关键词聚类分析的结果也具有一定的局限性。
来源于Scopus数据库的文献的关键词聚类共得到10组聚类标签,鉴于关键词数量庞大,为了确保图形的清晰度和易读性,仅对图2中的聚类标签进行可视化处理。而CNKI数据库的文献的关键词聚类共得到6组聚类标签。依据聚类划分的评价指标,聚类模块值Q大于0.3表示聚类结构显著,聚类平均轮廓值S大于0.5 认为聚类划分合理,S大于0.7则意味着聚类结果令人信服[16]图2结果显示,Q=0.758,平均轮廓值S=0.907;图3结果显示,Q=0.633 5,平均轮廓值S=0.935 7。上述数值说明关键词聚类结构显著且结果令人信服。
根据各组聚类标签所包含的关键词,并结合文献内容,可将BIM标准研究的主题划分为3个,即BIM标准的理论研究、BIM标准的技术研究、BIM标准的应用研究,如表2所示。
(1)主题一:BIM标准的理论研究。主要研究内容为BIM标准编制,涉及的关键词有IFC、IDM、MVD、语义扩展等。
(2)主题二:BIM标准的技术研究。主要研究内容为BIM数据的共享与交换,涉及的关键词包括information exchanges(信息交换)、interoperability(互操作性)、数据共享与转换等。
(3)主题三:BIM标准的应用研究。主要研究内容为BIM标准在不同工程领域和项目全生命期不同阶段的应用,涉及的关键词包括building ontology(建筑本体)、自动化评估、施工质量验收等。
容易理解,对于BIM标准的理论研究大体可以分为BIM标准体系框架研究和BIM标准编制研究。
对BIM标准体系框架进行研究有助于科学合理的BIM标准的制定。IFC是关于BIM数据交换的国际标准[3],目前正致力于将IFC标准扩展至基础设施领域,以形成IFC5标准。IFC铁路国际标准是IFC5标准的一部分,赵飞飞[17]通过需求分析和参考各方研究成果,提出了IFC铁路国际标准框架。该标准框架包括领域层、共享层、核心层和资源层,并涵盖了铁路行业特定的内容。Lai等[18]分析了有关国家的BIM标准和指南,提出了一个地铁工程BIM标准体系框架,包括数据标准、建模标准、应用标准和交付标准。Yang等[19]分析了BIM标准体系的现状,并结合地下工程的特点和智能化改造的需求,建立了地下工程BIM标准体系的初步框架,包括数据标准、应用标准和管理标准。Lan等[20]介绍了BIM技术在隧道工程领域的研究基础和理论框架,建立了隧道工程领域新的成熟度模型,初步建立了较为完整的隧道工程BIM标准体系框架。
通过研究BIM标准的编制方法和流程,有助于制定更加科学、合理、完善的BIM标准。周洁云[21]开展了IFC铁路标准制定流程及交付内容研究,通过需求分析确定了IFC铁路标准项目的目标,并定义了数据需求、项目用例、信息交付手册、领域概念模型等内容,研究了IFC铁路标准项目的流程,包括启动阶段、研究阶段和批准阶段,并总结了交付的成果。
IFC标准有时可能无法满足某些特定领域或项目的需求,此时需要对IFC进行扩展,通过增加新的实体、属性或关系,以满足特定需求。IFC标准的扩展方式一般有3种:①基于IFCProxy实体的扩展;②基于增加实体对象类型的扩展;③基于属性集的扩展。
有学者开展了对IFC扩展以容纳相关行业或专业领域信息的研究,包括消防信息、法律信息、射频识别标签信息等。Walter等[22]归纳了BIM环境中缺失的消防安全信息,并定义了新的实体和属性,对消防安全组件进行IFC扩展。Atazadeh等[23]对IFC标准进行了扩展以容纳法律信息,以便利用BIM管理高层建筑中的土地和财产信息。Motamedi等[24]通过定义新实体、数据类型和属性来扩展IFC,将建筑元素上射频识别标签信息纳入其中,并建立其与BIM数据库中相关条目的映射关系。杨启亮等[25]提出了一种面向信息物理融合的BIM扩展方法,采用增加新实体的方式在领域层进行扩展,从而使得BIM虚拟对象能够具有信息物理融合能力。
针对IFC扩展以描述系统信息的研究,主要包括智能交通系统、结构健康监测系统和机场跑道系统。Mirboland等[26]提出了一种描述道路智能交通系统的语义模型,在此基础上对IFC标准进行扩展,以充分描述道路智能交通系统的网络组件。Smarsly等[27]提出了描述道路智能交通系统元素和关系的概念模型,并建立其与IFC的映射关系,在此基础上对IFC标准进行了扩展,建立了新实体和属性集以描述道路智能交通系统。Theiler等[28-29]将描述结构健康监测系统所需的信息集成到语义模型中,然后对IFC标准进行扩展,实现了基于IFC的结构健康监测系统描述。蔡靖等[30]基于IFC标准对机场跑道系统进行实体构架梳理,并在此基础上建立了道面结构新实体,对其相关属性进行了扩展,形成机场跑道系统数据模型。
关于IFC在不同工程建设领域扩展的研究,包括地质工程、铁路工程等。陈国良等[31]采用IFC实体扩展及属性集扩展模式,新增了地质物理实体和地质空间结构实体,关联了岩土体所具有的分层特征、物理力学参数等属性,建立了面向三维地质对象的 IFC 扩展模型,形成了地质模型信息管理的基础数据体系。吴佳明等[32]采用基于IfcProxy实体扩展为主、属性集扩展为辅的扩展方法,建立了工程结构体和地质体对象的信息表达,形成了自定义的工程结构体和地质体语义模型。范登科[33]建立了铁路工程要素语义扩展方法,基于IFC实体扩展机制,以铁路BIM信息编码标准为参考,新定义相应的实体类型和属性集,形成铁路数据存储标准。靳辰琨等[34]根据铁路工程中通信工程、信号工程、电力工程、电气化工程的特点和需求,继承IFC的数据存储格式,综合采用3种扩展机制进行扩展,并对相关的体系架构进行了更新。
在数据标准编制研究方面,研究成果主要分为对模型视图定义(model view definition,MVD)和分类编码标准的开发。
关于MVD的开发研究,Tang等[35]利用IDM和MVD来定义IFC子集标准BACnet MVD,该标准可以描述楼宇自动化系统信息,以便该信息可以在IFC模型中表示并且在整个项目阶段使用BIM工具进行信息交换。
关于分类编码标准的开发研究,Zhang等[36]提出了一个体现高速公路编码体系的工程系统分解结构标准,该标准包含了高速公路的编码系统,以满足生命周期管理过程中BIM管理、项目管理和运营管理的要求。Zhi等[37]基于building SMART发布的BIM标准,提出了铁路盾构隧道BIM编码规范,构建了隧道模型要素可视化编码系统。
在BIM应用标准编制研究方面,主要分为对IDM标准和模型精细度标准的开发。
关于IDM标准的开发研究,Rojas等[38]提出了一份IDM,该手册捕捉并具体说明工业化木材项目的早期评价所需的过程和信息流,确定了相关的流程图和早期评估所需的信息参数,并与IFC标准中的属性集进行了比较。Bradley等[39]利用IDM进行了在港口和航道领域应用OpenBIM方法的需求和过程分析,以探索OpenBIM方法在该领域的适用性。通过定义使用案例和过程映射图,为OpenBIM方法在港口和航道领域的应用提供了清晰的流程框架和参考,识别出的信息交换场景和交换需求为实际项目实施中的信息管理和交换提供了具体指导。
也有学者同时进行对数据交换标准与信息交付标准的开发。Nawari[40]研究了水支撑结构的BIM数据交换标准,讨论了IDM和MVD的开发。Ramaji等[41]研究了多层模块化住宅领域用于信息交付的IDM标准和用于信息交换的MVD标准的开发。
在模型精细度标准方面,Yang等[42]根据模型精度等级(level of details,LOD)分类和建筑制造工程的经验,提出了适合智能电网系统的BIM模型分类原则,建立智能电网系统的BIM模型精细度标准,定义几何精细度和属性精细度,划分了属性的信息深度。Guan等[43]分析了电网工程各阶段对三维模型的精细度要求,并参考美国国家BIM标准的LOD规则,制定了变电站电气设备三维模型精细度指南,将模型细度分为通用模型和产品模型两个细度级别。
相关研究包括盾构隧道结构信息模型和高铁接触网BIM模型的建模方法的研究,有助于提高建筑设计效率、优化施工过程。钟宇等[44]对IFC标准进行扩展,形成了盾构隧道建模数据模型,以及完整的盾构隧道数据结构和存储型式,建立了基于BIM的盾构隧道结构信息模型建模方法。孟飞等[45]采用实体类与自定义属性集相结合的扩展方式,通过开展高铁接触网BIM信息分析,构建了包含高铁接触网身份信息、定位信息和技术信息的IFC属性集,提出了高铁接触网BIM建模方法。
机场工程BIM模型信息在传递、共享中容易丢失,制约了其发展,本质在于传递方法与标准的缺失。蔡靖等[30]基于IFC标准对机场跑道系统进行实体构架梳理,并在此基础上建立道面结构新实体,对其相关属性进行扩展,形成机场跑道系统数据模型,提出了一种降低属性信息丢失率的机场道面结构信息传递方法,解决了机场跑道系统在全生命周期BIM应用中的信息传递和数据交互问题。
首先,对机场跑道系统的IFC实体进行了扩展,方法是扩展IfcObject的子类IfcProduct,并结合机场的实际使用情况,分别整理添加与机场相关的物理实体和空间实体。对于机场道面结构物理实体,根据功能划分为飞行区域结构实体和跑道附属设施实体,并在工程类物理实体中增加了抽象子类;对于机场道面结构空间实体,则按照道面结构的空间组成划分,并以对机场道面结构所占用的空间进行描述。通过在空间实体的抽象类下增加抽象子类,来描述跑道模型中的各类空间概念实体,并建立道面结构新实体。在此基础上,梳理了机场道面结构实体间关系,主要包括空间实体之间及空间实体和物理实体之间两种。其次,IFC 数据模型存储和表达道面板的相关信息都集成于跑道系统实体IfcRunwaySystem中,跑道信息主要包括道面的几何信息及属性信息两类。蔡靖等[30]针对机场道面结构,根据机场全生命周期中产生的数据信息确定了需扩展的属性,将道面块体属性信息划分为道面基础参数集、道面板病害参数集、道面板评价参数集和道面板运维数据参数集这4种属性集信息,并将这些信息通过扩展属性集的方式集成至IfcRunwayBlock实体中。再者,在明确 IFC 信息扩展架构后,需对 IFC 实体属性进行扩展,同时对信息的传递方法进行研究与验证。蔡靖等[30]分别介绍了采用基础模型族扩展法、IFC解析扩展法的原理、优点和局限性,然后通过这两种方法的结合提出第3种“族模型 IFC 解析扩展法”,即通过 BIM 建模软件在建立新的族模型时添加扩展新的属性,并对IFC文件进行解析,将丢失信息以属性集的形式进行二次添加。最后,对比分析3种信息传递方法的属性信息丢失率,发现族模型IFC解析扩展法可将数据信息首次传递的属性信息丢失率降低到0,二次传递的属性信息丢失率也显著降低。为进一步验证所提出的符合机场跑道系统的属性扩展方法,采用西部某4E机场跑道进行基于IFC标准的实体扩展与病害信息管理,结果证明了该方法在机场跑道系统的信息传递中具有较高的可行性和应用价值。
综上,在地下工程、隧道工程、铁路工程和地铁工程中已有BIM标准体系框架相关研究。对于BIM标准编制的研究可以进一步细分为编制方法和流程研究、IFC标准扩展研究、BIM数据标准编制研究、BIM应用标准编制研究和建模方法研究5个方面。其中,对IFC标准扩展的研究涵盖了对相关行业或专业领域信息的扩展、对系统信息的扩展以及对不同工程建设领域的扩展。
赖华辉等[46]以数据创建、数据转换、数据集成为研究主线,提出基于IFC标准的BIM数据共享与交换技术路线,包括IFC文件的输出、数据解析、数据共享与交换、数据集成化管理等流程。借鉴该研究成果,将本节内容划分为数据解析与提取方法研究、数据格式转换方法研究、标准化与自动化方法研究。
数据解析与提取是实现数据共享与交换的前提。在数据解析方法研究方面,刘强等[47]使用JSON格式建立面向网络的IFC对象模型,并结合Redis键-值存储系统建立IFC数据的高速缓存。基于这些对象模型和缓存技术,提出了IFC数据的分步、动态解析方法,实现了IFC数据的高速动态解析。郭红领等[48]提出一种实现IFC数据模型到关系型数据库模型的自动映射方法,针对IFC模型元素构建从IFC到MySQL数据库的映射规则,从而实现数据解析、数据映射存储和信息检索处理。程可等[49]提出了一种解析IFC模型数据并将其映射到关系型数据库的方法,并构建了基于Web框架的应用框架来实现信息的在线可视化分析。
在数据提取方法研究方面,陈培智等[50]借助IfcOpenShell开源软件库,开发了对IFC文件进行预处理的方法,利用该方法可以进行IFC文件信息提取与拓扑关系识别。张建平等[51]通过引入BIM技术,建立了建筑空间与设备集成拓扑模型,在此基础上研究了基于IFC标准的拓扑信息的提取和集成技术,并使用实际项目数据进行应用验证,结果表明,采用IFC标准可以有效地提高建筑拓扑信息的提取和应用效率。
目前有一些BIM模型可视化数据格式转换方法研究。为了实现基于IFC标准的BIM模型的可视化和交互操作,徐照等[52]采用WebGL技术扩展BIM模型的3D可视化显示方式,通过IFC标准实现了BIM模型的几何信息与OBJ文件的交互,设计IFC-OBJ数据接口,使得BIM数据可由IFC格式转化为OBJ格式,并以OBJ形式进行BIM模型的可视化展示。在上述工作的基础上,徐照等[53]研究了BIM与地理信息系统(geographical information system,GIS)在Web端的集成,通过将IFC标准模型转化为三维瓦片数据来实现BIM模型的可视化。具体方法是,将IFC文件转化为glTF格式,将glTF文件和包含属性信息的JSON文件封装成瓦片数据b3dm文件,并通过添加瓦片集文件得到3D Tiles文件。3D Tiles是一种用于在WebGL环境中渲染大规模三维地理数据的规范。实验验证表明,该方法可以实现在Web-GIS框架下快速、高效地渲染和交互BIM数据和地理要素数据。
还有一些学者面向BIM与GIS集成的数据格式转换方法研究。李浩等[54]建立了IFC与铁路信息模型语义之间的映射关系,引用 IFC 规定的属性定义和描述方式作为标准交换格式,实现属性信息的传递,提出了一种面向GIS应用的铁路工程三维信息模型数据交换方法RIMTrans。刘聪等[55]提出了一种基于数据互操作的BIM模型转换与GIS融合方法,将Revit创建的模型数据通过过滤、转换,集成到现有的三维GIS系统,并实现对三维模型的加载、显示、属性查询、管理等功能。CityGML是一种基于地理标记语言的城市模型数据交换标准,它使用XML格式来存储和交换虚拟三维城市模型的数据。赵强等[56]通过比较分析IFC和CityGML在几何表达和语义信息方面的异同,以城市综合管廊为例,建立了IFC综合管廊模型转换为CityGML模型的流程和方法。通过实例验证表明,转换后的CityGML模型不仅包含了几何信息,还提取了由IFC模型中获取的属性信息,可以用于三维地理信息系统与建筑信息模型的集成。赵彬彬等[57]研究了IFC与GIS之间的数据集成问题,重点分析了IFC与CityGML在文档形式上的差异,并实现了IFC到CityGML 3.0 LOD2和LOD3的转换。同时,为解决在数据集成过程中出现的语义丢失问题,提出CityGML B-Conn扩展模型,以完善IFC与CityGML 3.0的映射关系,从而实现更有效的数据集成,提升建筑物外观细节的呈现,并克服CityGML在建筑构件表达上的不足。Teo等[58]研究IFC标准在室内网格模型的应用,通过将IFC转换为基于BIM的多功能几何网络模型(multi-purpose geometric network model, MGNM),实现室内与室外网络的连接。研究方法包括从IFC中提取建筑信息并分离出MGNM信息,并将MGNM的拓扑关系建立到GIS地理数据库中。
还有一些学者面向能源分析的数据格式转换方法研究。El-Din等[59]研究了BIM标准在建筑能源模拟中的应用,并提出了一种基于IDM和MVD的自动化转换IFC模型为建筑能源模型的框架。Ramaji等[60]利用开放的BIM标准促进BIM与建筑能源模型(building energy model, BEM)之间的数据交换,以便进行能源分析。具体方法是,采用IFC作为BIM模型的交换格式,并在OpenStudio中开发了一个扩展功能,将BIM模型转化为OpenStudio数据格式的建筑能源模型。通过实例验证表明,使用IFC可以更好地支持建筑行业中BIM和BEM之间的数据交换和整合。
有学者开展了面向结构有限元分析的数据格式转换方法研究。张晓洋等[61]研究了面向结构有限元分析的模型转换方法,通过采用基于IFC-API的转换模式,建立基于BIM的面向结构有限元分析的模型转换体系,并通过模型转换平台应用于具体项目进行了验证。
目前有一些研究开发了基于BIM标准的自动或半自动方法。余芳强等[62]提出一种基于IFC标准的BIM子模型视图半自动生成方法,可以便捷准确地根据各专业任务的信息需求快速提取所需子信息模型。由于需要按照Building and Civil Engineering-organization of Information about Construction Works-information Management Using Building Information Modelling-Part 2: Delivery Phase of the Assets(ISO 19650-2)[63]中的命名约定对BIM图纸、模型文件、数据文件、文档等进行命名,Ajayi等[64]开发了基于BIM的软件插件Auto-BIMName自动完成命名过程,通过测试验证表明,该方法实现了简化文件命名过程、提高协作效率、确保命名的一致性的目的。Chen等[65]对BIM对象(即墙壁、窗户等构件)命名约定相关的BIM标准进行研究,在此基础上开发了BIM对象的标准化命名约定,包括功能、类型、位置、序列号和描述5个组成部分,并设计了一种半自动命名BIM对象的方法,通过实验验证了该方法可以更容易地识别和理解命名的BIM对象。
还有一些基于BIM标准的技术研究可以促进BIM技术的进一步标准化、规范化发展。Belsky等[66]提出了一种面向BIM的语义丰富的方法,用从建筑模型中包含的显式和隐式信息推断出的语义上有用的概念来补充IFC文件,这种方法可以提高IFC文件的可读性和可理解性,使不同软件之间的数据共享和交换更加准确、一致。Zhang[67]提出了一种经验数据驱动的方法,以协同的方式利用IFC的数据和模式,以实现对IFC标准中实体定义的系统理解,从而促进BIM数据在不同应用程序之间的互操作性。
当前IFC标准文件在开发应用中存在如文件格式转换繁杂、数据互操作性弱以及信息有效利用率低等关键问题,这些问题限制了BIM模型在不同阶段、不同参与方之间的有效信息传递和共享。程可等[49]基于JavaScript语言、Web框架和数据库技术提出一种IFC标准文件快速解析、BIM模型在Web端加载渲染和信息在线可视化分析的通用实施方法,该方法的原理和流程如图4[49]所示。
首先,在JavaScript开发环境下,利用JavaScript语言对IFC标准文件深度解析,结合WebGL和数据库对BIM数据可视化集成管理。解析流程以IFC标准文件中的实体解析过程为核心,通过递归方式访问IFC结构树中的节点,获取所有实体属性信息,获取的属性信息从上至下仍以结构树形式分布,依次嵌套GlobalId、ObjectPlacement、ObjectType等全部属性信息,与原始IFC结构一一对应。为了精确获取IFC标准文件中的详细信息,通过遍历实体类别和条件筛选解析对象,进一步获取所需的属性信息,并将其转换为Object对象。
其次,关于 IFC 标准文件的解析应用分两条路线:一是在Web端利用三维引擎完成 IFC 模型的 3D 渲染,实现全景漫游、缩放、剖切、测量和属性查询等功能;二是为了便于向后端传递数据,将Object 对象封装为 JSON格式文件传输至后台,与此同时建立IFC标准文件和JSON数据文件之间的索引,保证三维模型与属性信息之间的双向关联。
然后,采用Python和开源的对象关系映射框架,将IFC数据储存到关系型数据库,利用关系模型中的二维表及其之间的关系实现系统管理IFC数据。IFC 数据到关系型数据库的映射规则与IFC数据架构相对应,分别从实体、类型、函数、规则、属性集和数量集,建立到关系型数据库的映射规则。
最后,基于Web 框架,在后端根据业务需求,调用关系型数据库中的 IFC 模型数据、实际建设过程产生的信息等业务数据,对其进行索引、切片等逻辑处理,将处理后的数据返回至前端。通过之前建立的IFC模型与建筑信息之间的联系,利用JavaScript脚本使数据以图像形式呈现,并结合WebGL框架完成对应模型的渲染,实现信息可视化分析。
以某个结构模型图为例,开发该方法框架的实际应用。
首先,运用3D引擎Three.js将IFC模型在Web端重构,基于开源解析引擎IFC.js直接读取、解析IFC标准文件。结合数据库技术,将IFC模型数据和建筑全生命周期有效信息储存在关系型数据库中,并建立信息之间的索引。通过点击事件,实现鼠标点击某梁构件,在Web端右上方显示该构件的属性信息与建造信息,如图5[49]所示。该方法提升了针对建筑全生命周期二次开发的能力,打通了各个阶段的数据流动。
其次,通过施工进度可视化分析案例,验证研究提出的数据交互和可视化分析的有效性。在 IFC数据映射到关系型数据库的基础上,利用传感器等智能采集装备,全面感知现场施工状态,将现场数据传输至关系型数据库。通过Web端服务器与关系型数据库的交互,服务器后端对事务进行逻辑处理,分析、处理并及时反馈当前施工进度状态,根据颜色变化可反映构件的施工进度,辅助决策者做出判断,结果如图5[49]所示。
经验证,此方法无须转换文件格式、安装各种软件、搭建各种环境,在保证 IFC 标准文件解析完整性和高效性的基础上,可进一步开发该方法针对建筑全生命周期的应用。
综上,对BIM标准的技术研究中,有关数据解析与提取方法的研究提出了对IFC数据高效解析、存储与提取的方法;有关数据格式转换方法的研究构建了面向不同应用场景的IFC格式的数据向其他数据格式转换的方法;标准化与自动化方法相关研究建立了促进BIM技术标准化、自动化、智能化发展的一些方法。
根据主题三所包含的关键词及相关文献的研究,本节内容划分为BIM标准在相关领域的应用研究、在项目全生命期各阶段的应用研究、与其他技术的集成研究。
在预制混凝土领域,Afsari等[68]提出了一种利用交换模型(exchange models,EMs)来简化和高效地实现预制混凝土MVD的方法,即将47个最初定义的EMs合并为一定数量的EMs,合并过程基于每个EM中包含的MVD概念的详细审查。
为了在文化遗产领域采用OpenBIM方法来实现重要建筑的数字化,并确保高质量的数据交换,Oostwegel等[69]讨论了文化遗产建筑信息模型和IFC标准的应用,提出开发IDM和MVD来支持遗产领域特定数据交换场景的方法,为遗产领域创建了一份IDM,并过滤IFC标准的部分内容,生成专门的MVD,以支持遗产领域的特定数据交换场景。
在进行规范标准中的特定规则审查时,BIM数据可能出现数据缺失的情况。王维欣等[70]为解决上述问题,基于IFC 4.3版本,以Express-G图方式搭建构件属性信息、空间属性信息及构件与区域空间关系判断方式的表达模型,为待扩展属性的添加打下了基础。
考虑IFC版本更新后扩展了对于对齐几何的支持,Uggla等[71-72]检验了更新后的IFC标准是否能够以足够低的失真提供大型纵向基础设施项目建设的地理参考。结论是,当时的IFC标准不能充分支持特定对象的地图投影,也不能补偿建筑工地和地图投影之间的比例差异。
Armijo等[73]探讨了openBIM方法在提升建筑行业翻新过程效率和协作性方面的应用,旨在将翻新过程中涉及的利益相关者的隐性知识转化为基于openBIM标准的数字化表达,通过这种方法将非结构化的信息转化为可用于自动化和协作的标准化形式。
为了利用BIM标准在建筑设计的早期阶段进行可持续性评估,Ramaji等[74]提出了一种使用IFC和LOD进行生命周期评估的方法,使设计师能够在项目的早期阶段估算建筑物的能源消耗,并随着设计的进行逐步完善估算结果。马智亮等[77]建立了施工质量验收信息与IFC实体元素的关联关系,在此基础上建立了自动生成施工质量验收检查点的算法,并开发了平台进行验证。Ait-Lamallam等[76]开发了用于道路基础设施的运营和维护阶段的本体,该本体旨在与IFC标准集成以规范BIM在道路基础设施运营和维护中的使用,并建立了在IFC中集成该本体的拟扩展机制。马智亮等[76]综合采用基于IFCProxy实体和增加属性集的方法,对建筑能耗监测静态数据进行扩展,建立基于IFC标准的建筑能耗监测静态信息模型,提出从BIM模型提取建筑能耗监测静态数据的方法。
El-Din等[59]分析了BIM标准化的现状及其与数字孪生开发的兼容性,提出了一个基于ISO 19650的建筑资产数字孪生框架。An等[78]研究了基于信息熵的盾构隧道衬砌设计中IFC数据模型的模型视图定义的开发与优化。通过整合信息熵和沙堆模拟技术的方法来增强盾构隧道衬砌的MVD设计效率和效果,减少开发过程中的歧义,并通过评估建筑模型中的信息量来生成优化的MVD。Farias等[79]提出了一种从COBie电子表格模板中半自动构建COBieOWL本体的方法,通过将COBie电子表格中的数据转化为COBieOWL实例,并将其存储到三元组存储中,以实现对数据的查询和互操作性。这样做的目的是,通过使用OWL语言对COBie标准进行建模,提高建筑数据的互操作性。
为了更好地说明对于BIM标准的研究如何解决实际问题,选取一个典型的、成功应用BIM标准的案例进行分析,以阐述BIM标准在实际中的具体应用过程。
文化遗产建筑信息模型(heritage building information modeling,HBIM)包含特定的几何和语义数据,这些数据对于支持遗产研究期间的工作流程和决策是必需的。为了使数据能够有效地在遗产领域中进行交换,Oostwegel等[69]为遗产领域创建了一个专门的IDM,然后过滤IFC模式的部分内容,将IDM转化为遗产领域的试点MVD,以支持遗产领域中的特定数据交换场景,并在一个HBIM案例研究中测试了上述方法。案例研究选取斯洛文尼亚建于17世纪的一个住宅建筑,主要工作包含如下3个部分。
(1)为遗产领域创建了一个专门的IDM。其中记录了业务流程和信息需求,信息需求显示用例需要哪些数据,业务流程即流程的可视化表示。建立的IDM只有一个用例,即保护计划。保护计划是斯洛文尼亚法律规定的一种综合性文件,包含案例研究中历史建筑的所有相关数据。
(2)使用IfcDoc工具创建遗产MVD。通过将从保护计划中提取的数据实体映射到IFC类,构造的IDM被转化为IFC格式的MVD,保护计划中的信息转化为IFC格式的数据文件。然后,选择使用IfcDoc 工具将创建的MVD转化为mvdXML格式。mvdXML将MVD表示为计算机可解释的格式,可用于测试IFC格式的模型。转化后,使用模板规则定义了适用的实体,并创建了数据模型中的规则集。
(3)使用新创建的MVD对IFC模型进行自动检查。在Blender软件中使用附加组件创建IFC格式的HBIM模型,然后使用IfcOpenShell库以编程方式添加属性和属性集,使得保护计划的数据被添加到HBIM模型中,并符合IDM和MVD。通过故意在IFC文件中产生错误,用MVD进行模型检测。结果表明,OpenBIM方法可适用于文化遗产领域的数据质量需求。
这项研究展示了如何在遗产领域应用openBIM方法和BIM标准实现高质量的数据交换,对于提升文化遗产数字化保护工作的效率和准确性具有重要意义。
综上,在相关领域的应用研究部分涉及了预制混凝土、文化遗产、规范标准的规则审查等领域;在全生命周期各阶段应用研究,涵盖设计、施工、运营和维护等各阶段;与其他技术的集成应用研究则探讨了与数字孪生技术、本体论技术等集成应用的方法和可能性。
基于导入的文献数据,结合时间信息和关键词聚类分析结果,利用CiteSpace软件绘制时间线图,图中的节点代表关键词,按照它们在文献中首次出现的年份进行排序。每个节点的大小反映了该关键词在文献中的出现频率,而节点之间的连线则展示了关键词之间的共现关系。通过时间线图,可以清晰地观察到关键词随时间的演进和变化趋势,从而揭示出BIM标准研究领域的动态发展。此外,时间线图还融合了聚类分析的结果,使得研究人员能够更深入地了解不同聚类标签之间的关联和演化趋势。然而,该方法也存在一定的局限性,主要体现在对数据质量和范围的依赖、结果解释的主观性、参数设置的主观性以及算法本身的局限性。
使用Citespace生成的国际BIM标准研究的关键词时间线图如图6所示。从图6中关键词的变化情况和共现关系可以看出,国际对于BIM标准的研究集中在理论层面,主要包括IFC标准的扩展研究以及BIM数据标准、应用标准的编制研究。此外,对于BIM标准的技术研究呈现出与其他领域结合并且面向应用的趋势,应用研究则是趋向于向更广泛的领域和更多元的应用场景进行探索。
使用Citespace生成的中国BIM标准研究的关键词时间线图如图7所示。从图7中关键词的变化情况和共现关系可以看出,中国BIM标准研究主要集中在理论层面和技术层面。早期的研究主要集中在数据的解析、提取与交换方面,并且开发了很多数据格式转换的方法。近年来,对于BIM标准的理论研究逐渐增多,主要体现在对IFC标准的扩展研究。应用研究的成果也在不断增加,并逐渐向多领域发展。
综上,BIM标准的理论研究仍将是国际BIM标准研究的发展趋势,特别是对扩展IFC标准以及编制MVD、IDM等标准的研究。而中国BIM标准研究的发展趋势是面向多领域的理论与技术研究,包括IFC标准的扩展研究和解析、提取IFC数据并进行数据格式转换的方法研究。近年来,对于BIM标准体系框架的研究逐渐增多,赵飞飞[17]提出了IFC铁路国际标准框架。Lai等[18]提出了地铁BIM标准体系框架。Yang等[19]提出了地下工程BIM标准体系框架。Lan等[20]提出了隧道工程BIM标准体系初步框架。由此推测,未来对于BIM标准体系框架的研究将会持续进行。
展望未来,BIM标准研究将步入深度与广度并重的全新阶段,其核心将聚焦于技术融合、应用场景拓展及跨领域协同三大前沿领域。
(1)技术融合方面。BIM标准与AI、IoT、大数据、区块链等新兴技术的结合不仅可以提升BIM模型的智能性、实时性和安全性,还将推动建筑行业的数字化转型。然而,这一过程中存在诸多挑战。例如,如何构建基于BIM标准的知识图谱,以实现BIM数据的语义化管理和智能化应用,是当前研究的难点之一。这需要在算法设计、数据处理以及知识表示等方面进行深入探索,以确保BIM数据的准确性和可靠性。同时,将IoT技术融入BIM标准研究,实现建筑全生命周期的数字化管理,也面临着技术集成、数据安全以及隐私保护等方面的挑战。需要研究如何在保障数据安全的前提下,实现BIM与IoT技术的对接,以支持建筑的智能化运维和管理。
(2)应用场景拓展方面。随着智慧城市、绿色建筑、智慧工地等理念的兴起,BIM标准将在新兴应用场景下发挥更加关键的作用。然而,这些新应用场景对BIM标准提出了更高的要求,如更精细的BIM建模精度、更广泛的信息集成以及更智能的决策支持。因此,需要深入研究BIM标准如何适应这些新应用场景的需求,如何与其他技术标准相协同,以实现建筑全生命周期的智能化管理。特别是在智慧城市建设中,BIM标准如何与CIM(city information modeling,城市信息模型)相融合,以支持城市级的建筑信息管理和服务,将是未来研究的重要方向。
(3)跨领域协同方面。BIM标准将跨越建筑、土木、水利、交通等多个领域,实现跨行业的协同与互操作。然而,这一跨领域协同面临着标准不统一、信息孤岛、技术壁垒等多重挑战。因此,需要推动BIM标准的国际化进程,加强与国际标准的对接与互认,同时探索建立跨领域的BIM协同平台,以实现建筑信息的共享和交换。此外,如何构建基于BIM标准的跨领域知识体系,以支持建筑行业的创新与发展,也将是未来研究的重要议题。
综上所述,BIM标准研究的未来展望将聚焦于技术融合、应用场景拓展以及跨领域协同三大领域,这些领域的研究不仅将推动BIM标准的持续创新与发展,还将为建筑行业的数字化转型和可持续发展提供强有力的支撑。
检索Scopus数据库与CNKI数据库中有关于BIM标准研究的具有代表性的研究性论文,使用关键文献综述的方法对于中外学者近10年来开展的关于BIM标准研究的成果进行系统性的梳理和总结。基于对当前中外BIM标准研究的综合分析,得出以下结论。
(1)从研究主题的角度来看,BIM标准研究涵盖了理论研究、技术研究以及应用研究3个主要方面。
(2)从研究热点的角度来看,当前研究中最受关注的BIM标准是IFC。对于扩展IFC标准的研究成果最为丰富,解析、提取IFC数据并进行数据格式转换同样是研究的热点。此外,对于BIM数据标准、应用标准的编制研究也是备受关注的研究热点。
(3)从研究趋势的角度来看,对于IFC标准的研究依旧会是未来BIM标准研究的主要发展趋势。在国际层面,特别是对扩展IFC标准以及编制MVD、IFD等标准的研究;在中国层面,特别是面向多领域的IFC标准扩展以及基于IFC的技术和应用的研究。与此同时,BIM标准体系框架研究将会持续进行。
(4)从行业发展的角度看,随着科技的快速进步和建筑行业需求的日益多样化,BIM标准也需要不断地发展与创新,对BIM标准的研究也需要与时俱进。
本次研究有助于进一步发展BIM标准,并提升BIM标准的制定和应用水平。
  • 中交集团BIM标准体系框架研究项目(PC2023000486)
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2025年第25卷第20期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404267
  • 接收时间:2024-06-07
  • 首发时间:2026-05-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-07
  • 修回日期:2025-04-07
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中交集团BIM标准体系框架研究项目(PC2023000486)
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    1 中国交通信息科技集团有限公司中交BIM中心, 武汉 430062
    2 清华大学土木工程系, 北京 100084

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* 马智亮(1963—),男,汉族,北京人,博士,教授。研究方向:信息技术在土木工程领域中的应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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