Article(id=1245407866769752961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402804, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=1717516800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857973997, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857973997, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857973997, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857973997, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3035, endPage=3043, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407869554770086, articleId=1245407866769752961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Improved Agent-Based Sectorization Method of Air Traffic Management, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of uneven allocation of airspace resources in traditional artificial sectors based on subjective experience, and to meet the needs of today’s air traffic operation, the problem of three-dimensional sectorization in terminal areas was studied by improving Agent method. Firstly, while adhering to traditional sectoring constraints, the objective was to enhance sector adaptability to traffic flows and achieve a reduction and balance in air traffic control workload. Subsequently, the traditional Agent method was improved by using genetic algorithm to determine the location of Agent initial solution, so that it could enhance computational efficiency, designing and optimizing Agent growth rules and spatial filling rules. Finally, using the Shanghai terminal area as a case study, the results indicated that the improved Agent method yields sector planning scheme with respective improvements of 25.84% and 18.54% in sector shape characteristics and adaptability to airborne traffic flows. Simultaneously, while reducing the overall terminal area air traffic control workload, the standard deviation of control workload among sectors was reduced by 53.33% and 36.58%, respectively, compared to the existing and traditional Agent methods.It can be seen that the Research on Improved Agent-Based Sectorization Method provides reference for the local characteristic airspace planning of our country.

, correspAuthors=Yong TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bo ZHI, Yong TIAN, Man-jia LIANG, Xiao HUANG, Yue LÜ), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407872058769804, articleId=1245407866769752961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进Agent的空域管制扇区划设方法, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决传统基于主观经验人为划设的扇区所存在的空域资源分配不均问题,满足如今空中交通运行需求,通过改进Agent方法,研究终端区三维扇区划设问题。首先,在满足传统扇区划设约束条件下,以提高扇区同交通流适应性,降低并均衡管制负荷为目标;随后,通过使用遗传算法确定Agent初始解位置以提高计算效率、设计优化Agent生长规则与空域填充规则方式改进传统Agent方法;最后,以上海终端区内数据进行实例分析验证,结果表明:相比现行与传统Agent方法所得扇区划设方案,改进Agent方法能够分别提升25.84%、18.54%的扇区形状特征与空中交通流适应性;同时在降低终端区管制负荷总和基础上,可将各扇区间管制负荷标准差分别降低53.33%、36.58%。可见基于改进Agent的空域管制扇区划设方法为中国本土特色化空域规划提供参考性意见。

, correspAuthors=田勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 田勇(1976—),男,汉族,湖北洪湖人,博士,教授。研究方向:绿色民航、空中交通管理。E-mail:
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支博(2001—),男,汉族,上海人,硕士研究生。研究方向:空中交通管理。E-mail:

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支博(2001—),男,汉族,上海人,硕士研究生。研究方向:空中交通管理。E-mail:

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Hilton Head: AIAA, 2019: 7058., articleTitle=genetic algorithm and agent-based approach, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245407877733663559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, awardId=BK20230892, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省青年科学基金(BK20230892), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245407877838521164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, awardId=JSSCBS20220212, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省双创博士人才项目(JSSCBS20220212), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245407872306233766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407872314622375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, companyId=1245407872306233766, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Civil Avaition College, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407872318816680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, companyId=1245407872306233766, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南京航空航天大学民航学院, 南京 211106)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1245407875682648764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of sector straight prism constraint, figureFileSmall=P0EPJKbGRUPb1H4Jdjh7KQ==, figureFileBig=tLtgJBNWfi90tglgFvPlCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407875842032331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=CN, label=图1, caption=扇区直棱柱约束示意图, figureFileSmall=P0EPJKbGRUPb1H4Jdjh7KQ==, figureFileBig=tLtgJBNWfi90tglgFvPlCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876051747550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Straight prismatic structure based on the initial position of the Agent, figureFileSmall=nq0kueCfZSW3jj6Jb8drSQ==, figureFileBig=RV+nVI7aJ2WAlBu8JJEGng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876173382374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于Agent初始位置生长的直棱柱结构, figureFileSmall=nq0kueCfZSW3jj6Jb8drSQ==, figureFileBig=RV+nVI7aJ2WAlBu8JJEGng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876320183023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Flow chart of improved agent growth rules, figureFileSmall=XfEVy1FUXbcJUVo9Ie37BA==, figureFileBig=2qCx/M8h3vnqKws0yTbaQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876450206458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=CN, label=图3, caption=改进后Agent生长规则流程图, figureFileSmall=XfEVy1FUXbcJUVo9Ie37BA==, figureFileBig=2qCx/M8h3vnqKws0yTbaQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876546675456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sectorization scheme of the Shanghai terminal area generated by the agent method is improved, figureFileSmall=s2HV0dFS87QkUK1JAaEFvA==, figureFileBig=9wfJpNpZgVn+kcaDtt0h1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876676698893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=CN, label=图4, caption=改进Agent方法生成的上海终端区扇区划设方案, figureFileSmall=s2HV0dFS87QkUK1JAaEFvA==, figureFileBig=9wfJpNpZgVn+kcaDtt0h1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876928357145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Dynamic density histogram of the three sectorization schemes, figureFileSmall=O5pMw4PSwMkm2JLHptpRqg==, figureFileBig=3kF/oGqWFDFG9FPzGE5taw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877117100835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三种扇区划设方案的动态密度柱状图, figureFileSmall=O5pMw4PSwMkm2JLHptpRqg==, figureFileBig=3kF/oGqWFDFG9FPzGE5taw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877242929963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Average crossover sector duration quartile

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扇区划设方案 飞越时长/s
Q1 Q2 Q3
现行扇区划设方案 183.63 263.39 341.20
传统Agent方法 193.13 279.60 345.00
改进后的Agent方法 307.18 331.44 367.41
), ArticleFig(id=1245407877377147699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

平均飞越扇区时长四分位数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扇区划设方案 飞越时长/s
Q1 Q2 Q3
现行扇区划设方案 183.63 263.39 341.20
传统Agent方法 193.13 279.60 345.00
改进后的Agent方法 307.18 331.44 367.41
), ArticleFig(id=1245407877486199607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407866769752961, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The sum and standard deviation of the monitoring load in different sectorization schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 现行扇区
划设方案
传统Agent
方法
改进Agent
方法
管制负荷之和/架次 8 987.28 6 250.83 6 629.71
管制负荷之和相比现行方案改进/% 30.45 26.23
管制负荷标准差/架次 1 021.61 751.85 476.81
管制负荷标准差相比现行方案改进/% 26.41 53.33
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不同扇区划设方案管制监视负荷总和与标准差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 现行扇区
划设方案
传统Agent
方法
改进Agent
方法
管制负荷之和/架次 8 987.28 6 250.83 6 629.71
管制负荷之和相比现行方案改进/% 30.45 26.23
管制负荷标准差/架次 1 021.61 751.85 476.81
管制负荷标准差相比现行方案改进/% 26.41 53.33
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基于改进Agent的空域管制扇区划设方法
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支博 , 田勇 * , 梁满佳 , 黄潇 , 吕越
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(7): 3035-3043
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(7): 3035-3043
基于改进Agent的空域管制扇区划设方法
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支博 , 田勇* , 梁满佳, 黄潇, 吕越
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学民航学院, 南京 211106
  • 支博(2001—),男,汉族,上海人,硕士研究生。研究方向:空中交通管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 田勇(1976—),男,汉族,湖北洪湖人,博士,教授。研究方向:绿色民航、空中交通管理。E-mail:
Improved Agent-Based Sectorization Method of Air Traffic Management
Bo ZHI , Yong TIAN* , Man-jia LIANG, Xiao HUANG, Yue LÜ
Affiliations
  • Civil Avaition College, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402804
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为解决传统基于主观经验人为划设的扇区所存在的空域资源分配不均问题,满足如今空中交通运行需求,通过改进Agent方法,研究终端区三维扇区划设问题。首先,在满足传统扇区划设约束条件下,以提高扇区同交通流适应性,降低并均衡管制负荷为目标;随后,通过使用遗传算法确定Agent初始解位置以提高计算效率、设计优化Agent生长规则与空域填充规则方式改进传统Agent方法;最后,以上海终端区内数据进行实例分析验证,结果表明:相比现行与传统Agent方法所得扇区划设方案,改进Agent方法能够分别提升25.84%、18.54%的扇区形状特征与空中交通流适应性;同时在降低终端区管制负荷总和基础上,可将各扇区间管制负荷标准差分别降低53.33%、36.58%。可见基于改进Agent的空域管制扇区划设方法为中国本土特色化空域规划提供参考性意见。

空中交通管理  /  扇区划设  /  Agent模型  /  启发式算法  /  强化学习

In order to solve the problem of uneven allocation of airspace resources in traditional artificial sectors based on subjective experience, and to meet the needs of today’s air traffic operation, the problem of three-dimensional sectorization in terminal areas was studied by improving Agent method. Firstly, while adhering to traditional sectoring constraints, the objective was to enhance sector adaptability to traffic flows and achieve a reduction and balance in air traffic control workload. Subsequently, the traditional Agent method was improved by using genetic algorithm to determine the location of Agent initial solution, so that it could enhance computational efficiency, designing and optimizing Agent growth rules and spatial filling rules. Finally, using the Shanghai terminal area as a case study, the results indicated that the improved Agent method yields sector planning scheme with respective improvements of 25.84% and 18.54% in sector shape characteristics and adaptability to airborne traffic flows. Simultaneously, while reducing the overall terminal area air traffic control workload, the standard deviation of control workload among sectors was reduced by 53.33% and 36.58%, respectively, compared to the existing and traditional Agent methods.It can be seen that the Research on Improved Agent-Based Sectorization Method provides reference for the local characteristic airspace planning of our country.

air traffic management  /  sectorization  /  Agent modeling  /  genetic algorithm  /  reinforcement learning
支博, 田勇, 梁满佳, 黄潇, 吕越. 基于改进Agent的空域管制扇区划设方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 3035 -3043 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402804
Bo ZHI, Yong TIAN, Man-jia LIANG, Xiao HUANG, Yue LÜ. Improved Agent-Based Sectorization Method of Air Traffic Management[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 3035 -3043 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402804
随着中国民航运输业近年来持续高质量发展[1],现有空域容量与交通需求间矛盾日益明显[2]。为保证空域安全,增加空域容量,将给定的空域划设为更小的区域,划设后更小的区域即为管制扇区[3]。而终端区内航空器运行情况复杂多变,扇区多为依据国际民航组织文件,结合主观经验划设,导致管制负荷不均,限制空域容量[4]
伴随空中交通运输管理正从粗放化管理演变为智能化辅助决策下的精准管理[5]。国内外学者致力采用图论方法与智能算法科学解决扇区划设问题。Venugopalan等[6]使用航路空域同步优化框架,减轻管制协调负担并保留新旧扇区形状的相似性。Granberg等[7]以斯德哥尔摩阿兰达机场为实例,为终端区动态扇区划设提供了概念验证。王毅鹏[8]对功能性栅格进行两次Voronoi剖分,针对远期交通流超出扇区管制能力的问题,提出了功能性空域扇区划设优化模型,并利用遗传算法和仿真软件TAAM(total airspace and airport modeler)进行优化。Oktal等[9]提出了应用于空域划分的多目标混合整数数学模型,利用地理信息系统(geography information system,GIS)对所构建模型标量化处理。Wong等[10]提出基于动态空域划设的滚动时域优化方法,规划和处理动态变化的扇区,并对所提出的方法进行了性能评估。Mohammed等[11]以动态多目标优化形式对模糊空域扇区划设问题进行建模,并使用元启发式算法求解,通过发放问卷收集管制员主观数据,基于数据模拟数值算例对所提出模型进行说明。叶志坚等[12]采用自顶而下的Voronoi图切割方法,一次性切割成形,并对蚁群算法进行改进,提高了计算过程的收敛速度。陈姝含[13]通过已知空域结构,提出基于最小长度描述原则的航迹分段数学模型进行数据分析,将扇区内交通流的运行趋势尽量相同作为优化目标,以北京终端管制区为例进行了扇区划设。Ruano[14]优化了名为SECTORIA的扇区优化器,该工具对空域可能配置进行等级排序从而以时空角度选择最佳的扇区配置,改进后的工具增加了对扇区容量约束,更好处理不可避免的流量过载。徐灿等[15]结合垂直高度的层次聚类与水平方向的Voronoi图划分,根据飞行性质赋予终端区各空域单元功能属性。Zhou 等[16]提出了名为AirFusion的机器学习框架,旨在通过动态空域扇区化(dynamic airspace sectorization, DAS)来平衡空域需求和容量,创新使用时间融合变压器进行空域需求和容量预测,实例证明模型具有高准确度。Zhang 等[17]提出一种三维空域扇区多目标优化框架,包括飞行聚类、扇区生成、工作负载评估和扇区优化四个核心模块,通过对新加坡空域实际运行数据的优化结果进行分析,获得多样化的最优扇区化方案。
当前研究已取得了丰富成果,鉴于此,研究旨在进一步解决以下问题:①过去扇区划设问题中许多强化学习方面算法面对更新换代迅速的扇区划设问题模型难以兼顾求解性能、扇区形状、计算复杂度等关键要素,亟须在传统扇区划设方法基础上实施改进。②传统Agent方法具有扇区划设精细度高的特点,但在直棱柱、凸性约束等扇区强约束条件方面存在不合理情况[18]。③多数扇区划设研究主要针对航路区域进行实例分析,对终端区进行研究的文献较少,而少数终端区扇区划设研究中考虑的也仅为单机场终端区,实例未选择多机场终端区。研究通过搭建改进Agent方法的扇区划设框架以解决上述不足的同时,期望在多机场终端区环境下使得扇区形状适应主要交通流,增加终端区容量;并实现管制员工作负荷的均衡,提升飞行安全性。为提升空管部门实际运行高效性具有重要指导意义。
使用华东空管局空中交通管制中心流量管理室提供的2022年6月15—17日内高峰时段上海终端区内北向运行雷达记录的航迹数据,数据内容包括航班号、航迹点时间、航迹点三维坐标(经度、纬度、高度)、航向角、速度。作为多机场运行终端区,航空器在运行过程中,速度不断变化。存在进场航班速度逐渐降低,而离场航班速度逐渐增大的特点,而雷达更新时间是保持不变的,导致了航迹数据会出现外疏内密的情况,对于该特点,研究针对性对原始数据进行清洗、分类与重采样。
实际终端区中所记录的雷达数据由于信号覆盖等问题存在航班号字段缺失的情况,需删去缺失航班号字段的雷达航迹。其次,筛除异常数据,主要包括:①水平范围或垂直范围不在终端区内的雷达航迹数据;②飞机落地速度减为0后,在同一位置仍不断记录航迹;③一个架次的航班在相同记录时间内有多条位置高度等完全不相同的记录;④航迹任意两点间出现不规则变化,该航迹明显异于相邻时段的正常航迹。
清洗完异常雷达航迹数据;根据航迹平均上升率将航迹数据划分为三个类别飞行性质:进场、离场和飞越航班。
最后,针对记录的雷达数据点时间间隔过短,以及在短时间内航空器位置不会出现大幅度变化所导致的航迹数据冗余,有必要对每一条航迹进行重新采样。在维持其有效飞行特性的前提下,统一每条航迹的时间参照,以便在相同的时间参照下统一处理航迹数据。数据重采样使用等间隔采样法,利用线性插值法在原始航迹数据的基础上补全飞行航迹,采样间隔为5 s。研究共计选取2 150架次航班的519 675个航迹坐标点。
终端区空域分割为三维空域栅格,各空域栅格内包含部分雷达航迹,设某时间段内整个终端区运行航班架次为N架,航迹数据集合T表示为
T={P1,P2,…,PN}
式(1)中:第iair架航班的航迹数据Piair表示为
Piair={piair,1,piair,2,…,piair,M}
式(2)中:piair,jtra为按时间先后排序的第iair架航班航迹的第jtra个航迹点,并假设该航空器共有M个航迹点,定义每个航迹点为六维向量piair,jtra,即
piair,jtra={x,y,h,d,v,t}
式(3)中:x为经度;y为纬度;h为高度;d为航向;v为速度;t为航迹被雷达捕捉的时间。
即终端区空域表示为
$\begin{aligned}B= & \cup_{u, v, z} L\left(P^{\prime}\right)_{u v z} \\P^{\prime}= & \left\{p_{i 1_{\text {air }}, j 1_{\text {tra }}}, p_{i 2_{\text {air }}, \lambda_{\text {tra }}}, \cdots, p_{i m_{\text {air }}, j m_{\text {tra }}}\right\}, \\& 1 \leqslant i m_{\text {air }} \leqslant N, 1 \leqslant j m_{\text {tra }} \leqslant M\end{aligned}$
式(4)中:B为整个空域;L(P')uvz为存有航迹信息的空域栅格;P'为该单个栅格包含的航迹点集合,imairjmtra分别表示该栅格内某航班对应的某航迹点;uvz分别为栅格中心的经度、纬度和高度索引,表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}u=\frac{{R}_{x}-{R}_{min\left(x\right)}}{{R}_{xSize}}+1\\ v=\frac{{R}_{y}-{R}_{min\left(y\right)}}{{R}_{ySize}}+1\\ z=\frac{{R}_{h}-{R}_{min\left(h\right)}}{{R}_{hSize}}+1\end{array}\right.$
式(5)中:RxRyRh分别为栅格底面中心点经纬度和高度;Rmin(x)Rmin(y)Rmin(h)分别为包围终端区B的各最小直棱柱栅格中经纬度和高度最小值;RxSizeRySizeRhSize为预先定义的直棱柱参数。
模型以最大化扇区形状与主要交通流适应性;降低并均衡管制负荷为优化目标。
合理终端区扇区划设应使扇区形状特征与主要交通流走向保持对齐,通过计算第isector个扇区Sisector的累积交通共性CS来量化这种适应性,即
$\begin{aligned}C_{S}= & \sum_{\substack{i_{\text {grid }}, j_{\text {grid }} \in S \\j_{\text {grid }} \in A j_{\text {grid }}}} G_{i_{\text {grid }}, j_{\text {grid }}} \\& G_{i_{\text {grid }}, j_{\text {grid }} / j_{\text {grid }} \in A d j_{\text {grid }}, j \neq i}=\operatorname{tr}_{i_{\text {grid }}, j_{\text {grid }}}\end{aligned}$
式(6)中:栅格igridjgrid为扇区Sisector中的相邻栅格;Gigrid,jgrid为栅格igridjgrid的共性;Adjigrid为栅格igrid的相邻栅格的集合;trigrid,jgrid定义为在给定时间间隔内航班的航迹位置从栅格igrid转移到相邻栅格jgrid的总次数。
空中交通管制员的工作负荷是空域运行安全的关键因素。基于式(4),定义空域栅格Ligrid(P')uvz都有相关交通流量负载wigrid,表示空域内经过该栅格的航班数,栅格交通负载值之和决定空域总交通负载WB并通过期望整个空域B内的扇区总数SB(输入参数),得平均交通量μ,表达式为
$\begin{array}{l}W=\sum_{i_{\text {grid }}=1}^{N_{\text {grid }}} w_{i_{\text {grid }}} \\\mu=\frac{W}{S_{B}}=\frac{\sum_{i_{\text {grid }}=1}^{N_{\text {grid }}} w_{i_{\text {grid }}}}{S_{B}}\end{array}$
基于式(4),分配给扇区Sisector的工作负载WS计算公式为
WS=${\sum }_{{i}_{grid}\in {g}_{S}}^{}{w}_{{i}_{grid}}$
式(8)中:gS为扇区Sisector的空域栅格集合。
扇区S工作负载处在允许上下限之间时,认为该扇区的管制负荷是合理均衡的,可表示为
(1-ε)μWS≤(1+ε)μ
式(9)中:ε为可行扇区工作负荷与平均值之间差异系数,在0~1.0(通常为0.05~0.20)[19]取值。
扇区的工作负荷标准差F(WS)可定义为
F(WS)=$\sqrt{\frac{1}{{S}_{B}}\sum _{{S}_{{i}_{sector}}=1}^{{S}_{B}}({W}_{S}{-\mu )}^{2}}$
为评估划设方法求得的扇区划设结果,根据各优化目标选择相应的评估指标。
平均飞越扇区时间侧面体现空中交通流走向是否同扇区形状特征一致,计算公式为
δ=$\frac{1}{n}{\sum }_{{i}_{air}}^{}$(${t}_{{i}_{air}}^{ex}$-${t}_{{i}_{air}}^{en}$)
式(11)中:n为扇区内航空器总架次;${t}_{{i}_{air}}^{en}$${t}_{{i}_{air}}^{ex}$分别为航空器进入与离开扇区的时刻。
量化管制员监视负荷,加权多种交通复杂性因素,整合成扇区动态密度。动态密度能较好地反映划设方案是否减轻管制员的工作负载[20]。对扇区Sisector的动态密度ρ及其标准差SD(ρ)定义为
ρ=$\frac{{\lambda }_{1}{N}_{1}+{\lambda }_{2}{N}_{2}+{\lambda }_{3}{N}_{3}+{\lambda }_{4}{N}_{4}+{\lambda }_{5}{N}_{5}}{{\lambda }_{1}+{\lambda }_{2}+{\lambda }_{3}+{\lambda }_{4}+{\lambda }_{5}}$
式(12)中:N1为给定时间内单个扇区航空器架次;N2为航向变化大于15°的航空器架次;N3为速度变化大于18 km/h的航空器架次;N4为高度变化大于250 m的航空器架次;N5为存在冲突可能的航空器数量,本研究认为航空器间横向距离小于10 km,垂直距离小于300 m存在冲突可能;λ1λ2λ3λ4λ5为主观权重。
研究约束条件采用传统扇区划设问题的强约束,具体如下:①扇区连续性,一个扇区的管制工作必须在连续空间内完成;②扇区完整唯一性,划设空域的管制责任应当具有唯一性,具体到研究中体现为空域中任意栅格有且只能属于唯一的扇区;③扇区直棱柱约束,雷达管制工作中,雷达屏幕显示扇区平面投影,为防止管制员视线混淆,扇区划设过程中需将三维扇区设为直棱柱形状,要求扇区上下表面全等,且侧棱与上下表面垂直。对约束条件③的举例如图1所示。
本研究Agent属于慎思型Agent。慎思型Agent能够对当前感知做出反应的同时,保留有关于过去的信息[20]
本研究Agent的基本结构为设立感知器,执行器和决策模块。其中感知器根据上文模型的优化目标,在栅格化后空域中感知当前最优栅格组;执行器则为执行归纳分配栅格组给各自所属的空域扇区的操作;而决策模块则为Agent的核心,包括设定Agent的动作规则,以聚类形式将栅格分配给扇区。改进Agent方法体现在相较传统方法,改进了决策模块,使用元启发式算法优化初始解位置、设计更为合理的动作规则,包括生长规则与空域填充规则。
Agent间的通信方式选用间接通信,已得到分配的栅格在空域填充规则启用前,将不再参与分配。而未得到分配的空域栅格认为是共享资源,而每次迭代过程中未分配栅格的累积交通共性值等属性认为是当前状态,各Agent能同时收到环境中共享资源或状态的修改以完成信息传递。
研究表明,Agent所在初始栅格位置对于时间计算成本的影响巨大[21]。合理的Agent初始位置将大大提高后续空域扇区生长的速度,降低计算的时间成本。
设置初始Agent数量,基于Agent数量和空域内栅格总数量得遗传算法种群中染色体个体数量NS
NS=$\frac{M}{{N}_{A}}$
式(13)中:M为空域内栅格总数量;NA为Agent解数量。NA个栅格组成一个染色体,其中基因表达为栅格中心点经纬度、高度。
对于初始解位置选择,考虑两方面因素。一是染色体中栅格交通负载,初始解栅格的交通负载越大表明在该栅格处航班的交通流密度越大。相比交通负载小的栅格,Agent在交通负载大的栅格生长速度更快。优化目标公式为
Wiα=$\sum _{q=1}^{M}$P'q, qiα,αNS
式(14)中:Wiα为染色体iα中栅格交通流量负载总和;α为染色体编号;P'q为栅格q的交通流量负载。
二是栅格中心点坐标间的欧式几何距离,由于模型中交通流是连续的,如果只注重栅格交通负载将可能会造成选择初始栅格位置时,在交通流密度最大的小范围区域内选择了多个初始解位置,导致Agent在生长过程中过早相遇而减缓生长速度。同时,由于栅格体积相对终端区足够小,本身可看成一个点。其坐标分别对应经度、纬度与高度,需要进行单位转换,研究借鉴了半正矢公式,即
$\begin{aligned}d= & 2 r \arcsin \left[\sin ^{2}\left(\frac{\varphi_{2}-\varphi_{1}}{2}\right)+\right. \\& \left.\cos \left(\varphi_{1}\right) \cos \left(\varphi_{2}\right) \sin ^{2}\left(\frac{\lambda_{2}-\lambda_{1}}{2}\right)\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}\end{aligned}$
式(15)中:d为两栅格间米制距离;r为地球半径;λ为经度;φ为纬度。因此对栅格间几何距离求和的计算公式为
D=${\sum }_{{i}_{grid},{j}_{grid}\in {N}_{B}}^{}\sqrt{{{d}_{{i}_{grid}{j}_{grid}}}^{2}+{{h}_{{i}_{grid}{j}_{grid}}}^{2}}$
式(16)中:higridjgrid为第igrid个与第jgrid个栅格间高度差绝对值。该部分最后对目标z-score标准化得适应度函数,即
F(A)=λ1ZAWia+λ2ZAD+k
式(17)中:A为种群个体;ZAWia为优化目标Wia的标准化结果;ZAD为优化目标D的标准化;λ1λ2代表权重。对个体中栅格距离过近情况,F(A)引入惩罚函数k,当满足约束条件时k=0,不满足时为-∞。染色体进行多次迭代的交叉变异,其适应度函数最大值作为Agent初始解位置。
设置生长规则将每步确定最优的栅格组添加入扇区,该操作将会赋予每个Agent一次奖励值,最优栅格组代表对Agent的奖励值当前最大。
由式(8)得Agent当前工作负载不超过工作负载上限,执行生长规则。生长规则首先根据Agent初始位置生长直棱柱。
步骤一 在初始栅格位置选定相邻栅格中所有累积交通共性值Ci,j不为零的栅格。
步骤二 获得结果在经纬度面投影并依照投影与高度层数构建直棱柱,将栅格交通负载值添加到Agent当前的工作负载当中。
通过移动比率均衡增长各Agent工作负载。移动比率指迭代中确定低工作负载的Agent个数以执行生长规则,取值范围为0.0~1.0,该部分根据之前传统Agent方法的研究取值为0.18[18]。产生的初始直棱柱形状如图2所示。
构建初始位置直棱柱后,进行栅格聚类,分为以下步骤。
步骤一 通过移动比率得低工作负载的Agent,基于当前栅格组,寻找与栅格组相邻且未被Agent占据的栅格,并选择其中累积交通共性值最高栅格。
步骤二 确定目标栅格后,以目标相对当前Agent栅格组的高度位置,产生水平或垂直几何平面的栅格组生长方式。新加入的栅格标记为已分配栅格,不再被其余Agent分配,使得条件②得到满足;栅格组交通负载属性累加至Agent的工作负载。
步骤三 计算并排序Agent的工作负载大小,重复步骤一、二。
若某个Agent执行生长规则时无法再寻找到目标栅格或在添加栅格组交通负载过程中,Agent工作负载大于设定工作负载上限时,则停止工作。
生长规则始终保证Agent增长的栅格组为平面级别,所得扇区结果满足约束条件③,解决了传统方法中易违反直棱柱约束与计算成本高的不足。最终,整个生长规则的具体流程如图3所示。
改进规则的亮点在于改进后Agent的生长规则先构造了投影为凸多边形的初始直棱柱扇区,并在后续栅格增长过程中基于这些直棱柱添加栅格组,不破坏其直棱柱的属性,同时自始至终规则保证了Agent所属空域栅格的增长是满足空域内各扇区交通负载均衡增长。
生长规则可能导致某些栅格归属冲突无法分配给任何Agent,需要空域填充规则重新组织这些栅格。空域填充规则作为改进生长规则的补充,确保了空域栅格的归属同时不破坏模型约束条件,保证扇区划设结果的合理性。只有在所有Agent完成生长规则后空域仍存在未分配栅格时,才会执行此规则,步骤如下。
步骤一 寻找终端区内所有未分配的栅格。
步骤二 确定未分配栅格上方或下方Agent。如果在未分配栅格上方的Agent数量小于栅格下方Agent的个数,则由栅格上方的Agent参与执行空域填充规则;否则由栅格下方的Agent执行规则。
步骤三 对各激活空域填充规则的Agent执行以下流程。
(1)确定水平层,要求与Agent所属扇区里横向水平栅格配置是一致,并包含未分配的栅格。
(2)取所有Agent的已分配栅格与该水平层中栅格的交集。
(3)识别交集中栅格各属于哪些Agent。
(4)Agent释放这些水平层中的栅格。
(5)Agent更新各自栅格组水平层与工作负载。
第三部分叙述了使用改进Agent方法完整得到一次扇区划设方案的流程,随后研究根据设定的训练迭代次数,最终得到基于改进Agent的上海终端区扇区划设方案。
基于上海终端区现实边界确立高度范围为0~6 300 m的空域。进行空域栅格化处理,由于终端区的300 m间隔规定,取因数设置栅格高度间隔为100 m;栅格选择以6.66 km为底面边长参数。
设置模型输入扇区个数取值为当前上海市终端区北向运行过程中实际使用的扇区个数,即扇区个数S=11个;扇区工作负荷与均值差异系数εw=0.10;Agent的工作负载上限为13 427.09架次。约束条件中任意栅格间距离d<6.66 km时触发适应度函数中的惩罚函数k。由于在迭代次数普遍达到140次左右时,得到的扇区划设方案大体结构已经十分类似,故设定使用改进Agent方法的迭代次数为150。
根据4.1节各项参数,使用改进Agent方法实现上海终端区空域扇区划设并可视化,如图 4所示。
由于研究使用遗传算法优化初始解位置以及执行生长规则的缘故,结果出现了相同经纬度范围内存在多个不同高度范围的扇区情况。图4(b)所示为0~2 700 m高度上的扇区经纬度投影;图4(c)所示为2 700~6 300 m高度范围内扇区经纬度投影。
而事实上,目前上海终端区高低扇区分界正是2 700 m。所谓高低扇区指基于高度处理不同飞行阶段航班的扇区,其中高扇区用于服务初始进场、最终离场和较高高度飞越航班,而低扇区处理五边进近、初始爬升离场航班。因此研究部分结果与实际运行设计存在不谋而合之处,侧面体现改进Agent方法能够完成上海终端区管制扇区划设工作。
同时可以发现,改进后Agent方法所得结果解决了传统方法所得扇区划设方案易出现的嵌入式扇区与违反直棱柱约束问题,划设扇区均为投影底面为凸多边形的直棱柱,符合现实中实际扇区运行情况。
将改进Agent方法所得扇区划设方案同现行与传统Agent方法的扇区划设方案对比,得到结果如下。
(1)计算各方案中扇区的平均飞越时长四分位数。Q1代表第一四分位数;Q2表示第二四分位数,即中位数;Q3代表第三四分位数,且Q1<Q3,具体数值如表1所示。
对比三种方案下各自11个扇区的平均飞越扇区时间得到方案四分位数,可得改进Agent方法的第一与第三四分位数最大,为307.18 s与367.41 s;对比中位数得改进方案平均飞越扇区时长分别提升了25.84%、18.54%。表明在大部分情况下,改进Agent方法得到的扇区划设方案平均飞行区域时间更长,改进Agent方法所得扇区形状特征能更好对齐主要交通流,使得终端区容量最大。
(2)据式(12)的交通复杂因素,对三种划设方案中11个扇区的相关航空器架次数据进行了处理。得扇区管制监视负荷大小与分布情况,结果如图5所示。
研究根据得到的各扇区动态密度数值,进一步对不同方案下各扇区动态密度求和,计算终端区管制负荷,对比各方法所得的扇区划设方案的管制监视负荷总和,并计算管制负荷标准差,结果如表2所示。
经计算,改进Agent方法划设的扇区相较现行方案,可将管制负荷之和降低26.23%,管制负荷标准差降低53.33%,而对比改进前后的Agent方法,改进Agent方法显著降低了终端区内管制负荷标准差,证明改进Agent方法所得的扇区划设方案能够在降低终端区管制负荷总和的同时,显著实现各扇区间管制负荷的均衡。
本研究为解决空中交通管制负荷不均、航班延误严重等问题,在当前倡导民航安全高效发展的大背景下,聚焦空域管制扇区,展开基于改进Agent的扇区划设方法的研究,选择以终端区扇区划设问题为切入点,归纳优化目标与约束条件,并提出实例分析的评估指标。实例采用上海终端区空域进行扇区划设,相比传统Agent方法与现有方案,提出的改进Agent方法有效提高了扇区形状与空域交通流走向符合度,同时降低了终端区管制负荷总和与标准差,显示了该方法在实际空管扇区运行过程中的巨大潜力,得到如下结论。
(1)针对传统Agent方法计算成本高,扇区生长速度慢的缺点,创新提出遗传算法优化Agent初始解位置的选择,以求达到初始Agent解的位置能够使得后续扇区快速生长的目的,优化过程引入多目标进行量化并加权,同时考虑初始解过近所导致的前提假设出现矛盾,在适应度函数中设置强约束,提高研究严谨性。
(2)研究创新性针对Agent生长规则与空域填充规则进行改进,在保留传统强化学习方法在划设精细度方面优点的同时,解决了传统Agent方法所得扇区划设方案易违反多种扇区划设约束的情况,结果表明,相比现行与传统Agent划设方法得到扇区划设方案,改进后方案扇区形状与空中交通流走向符合度分别提升25.84%、18.54%,同时各扇区间管制负荷标准差降低了53.33%、36.58%。
(3)研究存在的不足在于:未考虑空域实际运行过程中的强动态因素;只存在同种扇区划设方法的改进前后的纵向对比,缺少不同类别方法的横向对比。未来可以进一步研究如何降低终端区的管制负荷并考虑在终端区扇区划设过程中,军方活动或恶劣天气等动态因素对扇区正常运行的影响。同时结合其他研究成果进行比较得到不同扇区划设方法的特点。
  • 江苏省青年科学基金(BK20230892)
  • 江苏省双创博士人才项目(JSSCBS20220212)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402804
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
  • 修回日期:2024-06-05
基金
江苏省青年科学基金(BK20230892)
江苏省双创博士人才项目(JSSCBS20220212)
作者信息
    南京航空航天大学民航学院, 南京 211106

通讯作者:

* 田勇(1976—),男,汉族,湖北洪湖人,博士,教授。研究方向:绿色民航、空中交通管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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