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Variations in freezing and thawing of the roadbed are known to significantly influence the dynamic behavior of high-speed railway ballast tracks. This phenomenon potentially compromises the safety and efficiency of train operations. A comprehensive vehicle-ballastless track-roadbed spatial dynamic model was employed to examine the effects of different wavelengths, amplitudes, and velocities on track dynamics due to roadbed frost heave. It was found that, with a constant heave amplitude, an increase in wavelength initially boosted and then reduced the car’s vibration acceleration. Concurrently, the vertical wheel-rail force diminished as the wavelength extended, leading to a decrease in both the wheel load reduction rate and the risk of derailment. Conversely, when the wavelength was kept steady and the heave amplitude was increased, the car’s peak vibration acceleration escalated. At a 40 mm amplitude, the vertical wheel-rail force peaked at 198.642 kN before dropping to zero within 1.384 seconds, resulting in a brief airborne phase for the car. An increase in heave amplitude heightened both the wheel load reduction rate and the derailment coefficient, reaching critical safety thresholds at a 35 mm amplitude. Higher driving speeds intensified the dynamic indicators of the rail system.These insights provide crucial guidance for analyzing dynamic challenges in high-speed railway tracks and addressing structural issues effectively.

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路基不均匀冻胀会对高速铁路无砟轨道动力学特性产生重要影响,从而威胁列车高质量运营。因此采用建立的车辆-无砟轨道-路基空间耦合动力学模型,对路基冻胀变形下,不同波长、幅值和行车速度下影响下的轨道动力学特性变化规律进行了研究分析。研究结果表明:当路基冻胀幅值不变时时,随着冻胀波长的增大,车体振动加速度先增大后减小,轮轨垂向力随路基冻胀波长的增大而减小,轮重减载率和脱轨系数随路基冻胀波长的增大而逐渐减小;当路基冻胀波长不变时,随着冻胀幅值的增加,车体振动加速度的峰值逐渐增大,且当路基冻胀幅值为40 mm时,车体轮轨垂向力已经为198.642 kN,并在1.384 s变为0,车体发生了短暂的脱空;轮重减载率和脱轨系数随路基冻胀幅值的增大而增大,且在幅值35 mm时,轮重减载率已经超过限值0.80,对行车的安全性造成了一定影响;行驶速度增加会导致车轨系统动力学指标增大。研究结果可为高速铁路无砟轨道动力学分析与工程病害处置提供重要参考。

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唐先习(1972—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:路基冻胀对铁路无砟轨道的影响。E-mail:

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唐先习(1972—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:路基冻胀对铁路无砟轨道的影响。E-mail:

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唐先习(1972—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:路基冻胀对铁路无砟轨道的影响。E-mail:

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Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(11): 4801-4809., articleTitle=Dynamic effect of high-speed railway vehicle-track-subgrade coupling system under frost heave deformation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407883924455488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=45, issue=5, pageStart=29, pageEnd=39, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=34, authorNames=侯茂锐, 杨光, 陈秉智, journalName=铁道学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=侯茂锐, 杨光, 陈秉智, . 高速动车组服役性能与钢轨廓形匹配适应性研究[J]. 铁道学报, 2023, 45(5): 29-39., articleTitle=高速动车组服役性能与钢轨廓形匹配适应性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407884046090307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=45, issue=5, pageStart=29, pageEnd=39, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Hou Maorui, Yang Guang, Chen Bingzhi, journalName=Journal of Railway, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hou Maorui, Yang Guang, Chen Bingzhi, et al. 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Dynamic response analysis of foamed lightweight soil subgrade of high-speed railway[J]. Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University, 2019, 43(3): 8-15., articleTitle=Dynamic response analysis of foamed lightweight soil subgrade of high-speed railway, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245407880107639736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, awardId=K2022G017, language=CN, fundingSource=中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划(K2022G017), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245407880195720122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, awardId=QZ2022-G07, language=CN, fundingSource=中国铁路青藏集团有限公司科技研究开发计划(QZ2022-G07), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245407873757463073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407873765851681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, companyId=1245407873757463073, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407873770045986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, companyId=1245407873757463073, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=兰州理工大学土木工程学院, 兰州 730000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1245407876597007108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Wheel-rail contact model diagram, figureFileSmall=iwpcejc2FSw9QAwOLR/HOw==, figureFileBig=pDWFr2mmVvvwCUgUwVFzkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876701864718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=图1, caption=轮轨接触模型图, figureFileSmall=iwpcejc2FSw9QAwOLR/HOw==, figureFileBig=pDWFr2mmVvvwCUgUwVFzkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877049991967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Subgrade frost heave deformation curve, figureFileSmall=wyEbj7DXt7dH1vsNTuELSw==, figureFileBig=XcwuHOUxHLR6uNYYFV9dDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877154849574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=图2, caption=路基冻胀变形曲线

f0为冻胀量;l0为冻胀波长,表示冻胀变形起始位置;x0为冻胀变形位置;y为冻胀变形值

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frost heave wavelengths when frost heave amplitude is 10 mm, figureFileSmall=TpcYE/E32HsRGpcJVuYmhg==, figureFileBig=C7M6PpIojW6ibArLMRf+iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877687526209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=图4, caption=冻胀幅值10 mm时不同路基冻胀波长下轮轨垂向力, figureFileSmall=TpcYE/E32HsRGpcJVuYmhg==, figureFileBig=C7M6PpIojW6ibArLMRf+iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877763023688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Change law of vehicle dynamic performance under different frost heave wavelengths, figureFileSmall=mvxR7py+4MoPuznSF9naBw==, figureFileBig=WoIggTVR15pTpEouCAAI3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877838521167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同冻胀波长下车辆动力学性能变化规律, figureFileSmall=mvxR7py+4MoPuznSF9naBw==, figureFileBig=WoIggTVR15pTpEouCAAI3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877968544593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The variation law of track dynamic characteristics under different frost heave wavelengths, figureFileSmall=5pukaErn6qUiXCvDSTUo2g==, figureFileBig=TkT73O+qSzAHb20IoJqZHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407878073402201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同冻胀波长下轨道动力学特性变化规律, figureFileSmall=5pukaErn6qUiXCvDSTUo2g==, figureFileBig=TkT73O+qSzAHb20IoJqZHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407878207619931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Vibration acceleration of carbody under different frost heaving amplitudes at frost heaving wavelength 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figureFileBig=wdTUGgeZmF8nRjlVJoAlow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407878601884531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Change law of vehicle dynamic performance under different frost heave amplitudes, figureFileSmall=Kt2yo/WyiWuKpXkUYSvdjA==, figureFileBig=SCNqRl91bpwF2MM0EgqQqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407878723519352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同冻胀幅值下车辆动力学性能变化规律, figureFileSmall=Kt2yo/WyiWuKpXkUYSvdjA==, figureFileBig=SCNqRl91bpwF2MM0EgqQqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407878849348480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Variation law of track dynamic characteristics under different frost heave amplitudes, figureFileSmall=28XdCTWgAtuQnUha3WC9fg==, figureFileBig=l/4j5TDb+6GoeSsj5VvIbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407878970983303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同冻胀幅值下轨道动力学特性变化规律, figureFileSmall=28XdCTWgAtuQnUha3WC9fg==, figureFileBig=l/4j5TDb+6GoeSsj5VvIbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407879126172556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The variation law of dynamic performance index of vehicle-track at different speeds, figureFileSmall=SRsEE5hOXJbHHOKfxbViLQ==, figureFileBig=geEk9t5XEqiq3SGizygSAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407879226835857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同速度下车轨动力学性能指标变化规律, figureFileSmall=SRsEE5hOXJbHHOKfxbViLQ==, figureFileBig=geEk9t5XEqiq3SGizygSAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407879365247896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

CRH3 high-speed train model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 单位 数值
车体尺寸 m 26.4×3.12×3.90
车体/转向架/轮对质量 kg 48 000/3 200/2 400
车体侧滚/点头/摇头惯量 kg·m2 115 000/270 000/270 000
转向架侧滚/点头/摇头惯量 kg·m2 3 200/7 200/6 800
轮对侧滚/摇头惯量 kg·m2 1 200/1 200
一系纵向/横向/垂向刚度 kN/m 9 000/3 000/1 040
一系纵向/横向/垂向阻尼 kN·s/m 0/0/45
二系纵向/横向/垂向刚度 kN/m 240/240/400
二系纵向/横向/垂向阻尼 kN·s/m 500/30/50
车轮滚动半径 m 0.46
车辆定距 m 17.375
转向架轴距 m 2.50
), ArticleFig(id=1245407879461716892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CRH3型高速列车模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 单位 数值
车体尺寸 m 26.4×3.12×3.90
车体/转向架/轮对质量 kg 48 000/3 200/2 400
车体侧滚/点头/摇头惯量 kg·m2 115 000/270 000/270 000
转向架侧滚/点头/摇头惯量 kg·m2 3 200/7 200/6 800
轮对侧滚/摇头惯量 kg·m2 1 200/1 200
一系纵向/横向/垂向刚度 kN/m 9 000/3 000/1 040
一系纵向/横向/垂向阻尼 kN·s/m 0/0/45
二系纵向/横向/垂向刚度 kN/m 240/240/400
二系纵向/横向/垂向阻尼 kN·s/m 500/30/50
车轮滚动半径 m 0.46
车辆定距 m 17.375
转向架轴距 m 2.50
), ArticleFig(id=1245407879562380193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Value table of wheel-rail contact constant

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踏面类型 轮轨接触常数
锥形踏面车轮 $G=4.57{R}^{-0.149}\times {10}^{-8} m/{N}^{\frac{2}{3}}$
磨耗形踏面车轮 $G=3.86{R}^{-0.115}\times {10}^{-8} m/{N}^{\frac{2}{3}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1245407879692403623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

轮轨接触常数取值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
踏面类型 轮轨接触常数
锥形踏面车轮 $G=4.57{R}^{-0.149}\times {10}^{-8} m/{N}^{\frac{2}{3}}$
磨耗形踏面车轮 $G=3.86{R}^{-0.115}\times {10}^{-8} m/{N}^{\frac{2}{3}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1245407879814038446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Coefficients of average spectrum fitting formula of ballastless track irregularity of high-speed railway

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类型 第一段 第二段 第三段 第四段
A/10-5 n A/10-3 n A/10-4 n A/10-4 n
高低 1.054 4 3.389 1 3.558 8 1.927 1 197.84 1.364 3 3.948 8 3.451 6
轨向 395.13 1.867 0 11.047 1.535 4 7.563 3 2.817 1
), ArticleFig(id=1245407879939867568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407865603736305, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高速铁路无砟轨道不平顺平均谱拟合公式系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 第一段 第二段 第三段 第四段
A/10-5 n A/10-3 n A/10-4 n A/10-4 n
高低 1.054 4 3.389 1 3.558 8 1.927 1 197.84 1.364 3 3.948 8 3.451 6
轨向 395.13 1.867 0 11.047 1.535 4 7.563 3 2.817 1
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路基不均匀冻胀对高速铁路无砟轨道动力学特性的影响
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唐先习 , 渠敬晔 , 吕闻起 , 李小博
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(7): 2951-2961
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(7): 2951-2961
路基不均匀冻胀对高速铁路无砟轨道动力学特性的影响
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唐先习 , 渠敬晔, 吕闻起, 李小博
作者信息
  • 兰州理工大学土木工程学院, 兰州 730000
  • 唐先习(1972—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:路基冻胀对铁路无砟轨道的影响。E-mail:

Influence of Uneven Frost Heave of Subgrade on Dynamic Characteristics of Ballastless Track of High-speed Railway
Xian-xi TANG , Jing-ye QU, Wen-qi LÜ, Xiao-bo LI
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402637
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路基不均匀冻胀会对高速铁路无砟轨道动力学特性产生重要影响,从而威胁列车高质量运营。因此采用建立的车辆-无砟轨道-路基空间耦合动力学模型,对路基冻胀变形下,不同波长、幅值和行车速度下影响下的轨道动力学特性变化规律进行了研究分析。研究结果表明:当路基冻胀幅值不变时时,随着冻胀波长的增大,车体振动加速度先增大后减小,轮轨垂向力随路基冻胀波长的增大而减小,轮重减载率和脱轨系数随路基冻胀波长的增大而逐渐减小;当路基冻胀波长不变时,随着冻胀幅值的增加,车体振动加速度的峰值逐渐增大,且当路基冻胀幅值为40 mm时,车体轮轨垂向力已经为198.642 kN,并在1.384 s变为0,车体发生了短暂的脱空;轮重减载率和脱轨系数随路基冻胀幅值的增大而增大,且在幅值35 mm时,轮重减载率已经超过限值0.80,对行车的安全性造成了一定影响;行驶速度增加会导致车轨系统动力学指标增大。研究结果可为高速铁路无砟轨道动力学分析与工程病害处置提供重要参考。

高速铁路  /  无砟轨道  /  路基冻胀变形  /  耦合动力学  /  动力特性

Variations in freezing and thawing of the roadbed are known to significantly influence the dynamic behavior of high-speed railway ballast tracks. This phenomenon potentially compromises the safety and efficiency of train operations. A comprehensive vehicle-ballastless track-roadbed spatial dynamic model was employed to examine the effects of different wavelengths, amplitudes, and velocities on track dynamics due to roadbed frost heave. It was found that, with a constant heave amplitude, an increase in wavelength initially boosted and then reduced the car’s vibration acceleration. Concurrently, the vertical wheel-rail force diminished as the wavelength extended, leading to a decrease in both the wheel load reduction rate and the risk of derailment. Conversely, when the wavelength was kept steady and the heave amplitude was increased, the car’s peak vibration acceleration escalated. At a 40 mm amplitude, the vertical wheel-rail force peaked at 198.642 kN before dropping to zero within 1.384 seconds, resulting in a brief airborne phase for the car. An increase in heave amplitude heightened both the wheel load reduction rate and the derailment coefficient, reaching critical safety thresholds at a 35 mm amplitude. Higher driving speeds intensified the dynamic indicators of the rail system.These insights provide crucial guidance for analyzing dynamic challenges in high-speed railway tracks and addressing structural issues effectively.

high-speed railroad  /  ballastless track  /  subgrade frost heave deformation  /  coupling dynamics  /  dynamic characteristics
唐先习, 渠敬晔, 吕闻起, 李小博. 路基不均匀冻胀对高速铁路无砟轨道动力学特性的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2951 -2961 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402637
Xian-xi TANG, Jing-ye QU, Wen-qi LÜ, Xiao-bo LI. Influence of Uneven Frost Heave of Subgrade on Dynamic Characteristics of Ballastless Track of High-speed Railway[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2951 -2961 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402637
高速列车的运行对路基的功能性和适应性提出了高标准的要求,特别是在季节性冻土区域,冻胀现象成为了路基常见的问题[1]。这种现象导致的路基不均匀变形,如冻胀和融沉,会改变轨道结构的力学特性。例如,哈大高铁沈阳至哈尔滨段开通运营后的前两个冻融期存在路肩冻胀的现象,青藏铁路路基排水不畅引发冻胀,导致路基软化丧失承载力下沉,因而深入理解其对高速铁路无砟轨道动力学特性的影响成为必要。前人的研究涵盖了轨道与路基相互作用在不同条件下的各个方面。例如,为了分析不均匀沉降对轨道稳定性的影响,余翠英等[2]开发了简化的2.5维有砟轨道模型。高雅等[3]通过利用车辆-轨道空间耦合动力学仿真模型,研究了路基沉降对轨道不平顺及其导致的车辆振动的影响。
此外,针对寒冷地区的CRTS III型板式无砟轨道-路基模型,蔡小培等[4]研究了在冻胀作用下的非线性损伤行为。景璞等[5]探讨了季冻区CRTS III型板式轨道的非线性损伤机制。张乾等[6]在考虑混凝土非线性损伤特性时,研究了路基沉降对无砟轨道变形损伤的影响。颜建伟等[7]提出了一种考虑土体剪切和层间脱空的轨道变形分析方法,以评估不均匀路基沉降对轨道的影响。杨舟等[8]将钢轨视为Timoshenko梁以提高动态响应的准确性。查浩等[9]在车辆-轨道耦合模型中加入轴承部件,以评估其累积损伤和疲劳寿命。Ahmed等[10]利用ANSYS Workbench程序建立的二维有限元模型预测了路基变形对无砟轨道产生的附加应力。Zhang等[11]通过ABAQUS和UM进行联合仿真,显示出随着列车速度从350 km/h增至400 km/h时,轮轨相互作用显著增加。苗姜龙等[12]采用BP神经网络和结合响应面法的新型可靠度计算方法(improved neural network re-sponse surface method,INNRS)对青藏铁路路基变形进行预测。薛富春等[13]利用高速列车荷载下的实测数据构建了无砟轨道-路基-地基精细化有限元模型。赵宜婵等[14]对青藏铁路冻土地段的数据使用半参数模型进行分析,并提出预测路基沉降变形的半参数模型。任娟娟等[15]建立了考虑阴阳坡效应的冻土水-热-力耦合模型,分析了轨道的水平不平顺规律。易强等[16]建立考虑局部轨枕伤损的车辆-双块式无砟轨道系统动力学耦合模型,分析了双块式无砟轨道轨枕伤损对轨道结构动力响应以及高速列车行车性能的影响。赵文博等[17]建立了CRTSⅠ型板式无砟轨道仿真模型,分析了路基冻胀变化率对轨道结构脱空高度的影响。唐先习等[18]建立简化的车辆-轨道-路基系统动力学模型,分析了轨道系统与车辆系统的动力学效应之间相互关系。
综上所述,国内外对于路基变形对轨道的影响研究较多。但研究的重点主要在路基不均匀沉降对轨道的影响,对于路基不均匀冻胀作用下钢轨不平顺的研究和层间离缝还不够全面,且缺少建立车辆-无砟轨道-路基空间耦合动力学模型来整体分析动力特性的变化规律。因此,现通过建立三者耦合动力学模型,研究路基不均匀冻胀对无砟轨道的力学特性,研究内容可为高速铁路无砟轨道动力学分析与工程病害处置提供重要参考。
利用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立车辆模型、轮轨接触模型的动力学模型,并对模型进行验证。
本文中高速铁路列车根据CRH3型进行模拟,车辆系统由车体、转向架、轮对、一系和二系悬挂组成。在研究轨道结构动力学过程中,将高速车辆按多刚体考虑,车体和转向架考虑5个自由度,轮对考虑4个自由度,整车模型共31个自由度。一系二系悬挂用非线性弹簧进行模拟,CRH3型高速列车模型参数如表1所示。
在研究高速铁路路基冻胀对列车动力学分析过程中,轮轨接触是高速铁路车辆和钢轨之间至关重要的一部分。轮轨接触关系中,轮轨法向为Hertz接触,根据Hertz非线性弹性接触理论计算轮轨法向力[1];切向采用库伦摩擦模型,即采用摩擦系数来表征接触面间的摩擦特性[19-20]
(1)轮轨法向力。轮轨法向为Hertz接触,采用Hertz非线性弹性接触理论,其表达式为
$p\left(t\right)={\left[\frac{1}{G}\delta Z\left(t\right)\right]}^{\frac{3}{2}}$
式(1)中:G为轮轨接触常数,$m/{N}^{\frac{2}{3}}$,按表2取值;$\delta Z\left(t\right)$为轮轨间弹性压缩量,m。
采用磨耗形踏面车轮,在求解轮轨法向力时,首先求出每一时刻轮轨接触位置的法向弹性压缩量。
(2)轮轨切向力。计算轮轨接触模型切向力时,采用库伦摩擦模型,其表达式为
$\tau =\mu p$
式中:$\tau $为临界切向力;μ为摩擦系数;p为法向接触力。切向力达到临界切向力之前,摩擦面不会发生相对滑动。轮轨接触模型如图1所示。
线路轨道不平顺会引起列车振动和轮轨作用力,极大的影响整个轮轨系统。建立200 m的无砟轨道模型,轨道随机不平顺采用中国高速铁路无砟轨道不平顺谱作为轨道随机不平顺激励,采用幂函数公式进行分段拟合,即
$S\left(f\right)=\frac{A}{{f}^{n}}$
式(3)中:S(f)为轨道不平顺性功率谱的度量,表示的是轨道表面在单位长度上的平方偏差,单位是mm2/(1/m);f为空间频率;An为拟合系数。本文中主要研究列车-无砟轨道-路基耦合动力学模型在路基不均匀冻胀的垂向动力响应,仅考虑高低不平顺,不同分段点频率取值如表3所示。
在研究路基冻胀下无砟轨道的力学特性采用余弦型不均匀冻胀。冻胀变形曲线如图2所示。
路基冻胀变形范围内,路基纵向冻胀表达式为
$y=\frac{{f}_{0}}{2}\left\{1-cos\left[\frac{2\pi (x-{x}_{0})}{{l}_{0}}\right]\right\}$
路基冻胀过程中,路基冻胀机理研究内容表现为路基变形和相关参数变化,路基冻胀结果可以根据路基、底座板和“复合板”的变形曲线反应。在有限元模型中,直接将路基冻胀变形曲线施加到路基表层,忽略具体路基冻胀机理。
路基冻胀变形会导致高速铁路轨面不平顺,引起轨道结构的层间接触发生破坏,造成层间离缝和脱空现象。当高速铁路列车快速通过路基冻胀区域会引起轮轨激烈作用,从而导致车辆运行的安全性和平稳性降低。当无砟轨道下部结构受到路基冻胀作用时,会引起轨道下部结构和钢轨的受力和变形发生变化,路基冻胀变形反复出现或者冻胀幅值过大易造成无砟轨道下部结构和钢轨的损伤,从而使轨面不平顺更严重,形成恶性循环,严重影响高速铁路的服役。下面基于建立的动力学模型,取高速铁路列车速度为350 km/h,在轨道上施加轨道不平顺,轨道不平顺采用某高速铁路实测轨道高低不平顺谱,在冻胀区域施加路基冻胀不平顺。研究路基冻胀下不同波长、幅值和速度对车辆-轨道动力学特性的影响。通过分析车辆的安全性和平稳性等指标,以及钢轨、轨道板受力变形及振动特性,研究路基冻胀对车辆-轨道动力特性的影响。
为了研究无砟轨道动力学性能在不同路基冻胀波长下的变化规律,当路基冻胀幅值为10 mm时,计算不同波长5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 m时的车辆动力响应。
车体振动加速度是车辆动力响应特征的反映,而轮轨垂向力是评估轨道车辆运行品质的关键指标。图3图4所示为路基冻胀幅值为10 mm,冻胀波长5、20、40 m时的车体振动加速度和轮轨垂向力时程曲线。从图3图4中可以看出,当路基冻胀波长为5 m时,车体振动加速度峰值为0.614 m/s2;当路基冻胀波长为20 m时,车体振动加速度峰值为0.565 m/s2;当路基冻胀波长为40 m时,车体振动加速度峰值为0.507 m/s2。波长20 m以内,车体振动加速度波动趋势基本相似,随着波长的增加,波长40 m时车体加速度在冻胀区段波动趋于平缓。随着冻胀波长的增加,轮轨垂向力作用范围逐渐增大,冻胀区域轮轨垂向力幅值逐渐减小。在冻胀波长5 m时,轮轨作用相对明显,冻胀区域轮轨垂向力明显大于非冻胀区域,当冻胀波长为20 m时,车辆经过冻胀区时,轮轨垂向力较小,轮轨垂向力变化曲线趋势与路基表层冻胀型式相吻合。当冻胀波长为40 m时,轮轨垂向力时程曲线较为稳定。由于幅值一定时,冻胀波长越长,钢轨不平顺变化率小;并且无砟轨道结构间离缝现象基本消失,对轮轨冲击力的影响较小,轮轨垂向力受路基冻胀影响较小,基本只受到轨道不平顺的影响。
图5给出了冻胀幅值10 mm时不同冻胀波长下车辆动力学响应。从图5(a)中可以看出,当路基冻胀波长增大时,车体振动加速度呈非线性变化,随着路基冻胀波长的增大,车体振动加速度先增大后减小,在波长10 m时达到最大值,车体振动加速度整体趋势随波长的增大而减小;由图5(b)可知,轮轨垂向力随路基冻胀波长的增大而减小,波长5 m时,轮轨垂向力最大,当波长大于20 m之后,冻胀波长对轮轨垂向力变化影响不大,趋于平缓。由图5(c)图5(d)可知,轮重减载率和脱轨系数随路基冻胀波长的增大而减小,在波长5 m时,轮重减载率和脱轨系数最大,波长大于20 m之后,车辆运动受路基冻胀的影响较小。
图6给出了冻胀幅值为10 m时,不同冻胀波长下无砟轨道动力响应,从图6中可知,各项指标随着冻胀波长的增大而减小,当波长大于20 m时,逐渐趋于稳定。由图6(a)图6(c)可知,钢轨和轨道板的动位移在不同冻胀波长下变化规律基本一致,结合第3节,在冻胀幅值10 mm,冻胀波长20 m时,底座板和路基的离缝值为0.796 mm,当路基冻胀波长大于20 m之后,脱空区域减小并逐渐消失。;钢轨和轨道板的动位移随波长变化可以分为3个阶段:从波长5~15 m,15~20 m,大于20 m。当冻胀波长在5~15 m范围内,根据前文计算结果可知,波长5、10、15 m的离缝峰值分别为9.68、4.71、1.81 mm,在列车行驶过程中,轨道结构的动态位移未达到离缝峰值,在较短波长范围内,轨道结构动位移随冻胀波长的增大呈线性降低;在15~20 m范围内,轨道结构由于车载作用的影响,轨道结构间被压实,路基提供了支承,轨道结构的动位移有所减小;随着波长的增加,无砟轨道各结构层间接触良好,离缝现象基本消失,无砟轨道结构间没有脱空,路基表层可以提供良好的支承刚度,使得轨道结构动位移的变形较小。因此,需要更加注意短波冻胀,防止轨道结构产生较大的动位移。由图6(b)图6(d)可知,钢轨和轨道板振动加速度随着波长的增大而减小,之后趋于稳定。由上文可知,当路基冻胀波长大于20 m,路基间接触良好,路基可以更好地提高支承,此时轮轨力趋于静轮重,钢轨振动加速度逐渐稳定;波长较小时,钢轨和轨道板振动加速度越大,因此更加说明路基冻胀会引起轨道结构间的离缝,会增大钢轨和轨道板的动位移和振动加速度,需要对路基冻胀引起的层间离缝严格控制,防止轨道结构的疲劳损伤。
为了分析路基冻胀幅值对无砟轨道动力性能的影响,当路基冻胀波长为10 m时,计算不同幅值5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 mm时的车辆动力响应。
图7图8所示为路基冻胀波长为10 m,冻胀幅值5、15、30、40 mm时的车体振动加速度和轮轨垂向力时程曲线。从图7中可以看出,当路基冻胀幅值为5 m时,车体振动加速度峰值为0.449 m/s2;当路基冻胀幅值为15 mm时,车体振动加速度峰值为0.864 m/s2;当路基冻胀幅值为30 mm时,车体振动加速度峰值为1.559 m/s2;当路基冻胀波长为40 mm时,车体振动加速度为2.131 m/s2。当冻胀波长不变时,随着冻胀幅值的增加,车体振动加速度的波动趋势不变,车体振动加速度的峰值增大。当冻胀幅值为15 mm时,车体振动加速度已经超过舒适度限值1.50 m/s2,对舒适度造成一定的影响,当冻胀幅值超过40 mm,已经超过维修限值2.0 m/s2,此时对车辆运营造成不利影响。从图8可以看出,同一冻胀波长下,不同冻胀幅值对轮轨垂向力影响非常明显。当路基冻胀波长为10 m时,随着冻胀幅值的增加,轮轨垂向力力逐渐增加。当路基冻胀幅值为5 mm时,车体轮轨垂向力为108.215 kN;当路基冻胀幅值为15 mm时,车体轮轨垂向力为126.395 kN;当路基冻胀幅值为30 mm时,车体轮轨垂向力为167.760 kN;当路基冻胀幅值为40 mm时,车体轮轨垂向力198.642 kN,轮轨垂向力在1.384 s变为0,此时车体会发生短暂的脱空。
图9给出了冻胀幅值10 mm时不同冻胀波长下车辆动力学响应。从图9(a)中可以看出,车体振动加速度随着路基冻胀幅值的增大而呈线性变化,车体振动加速度随着冻胀幅值的增大而增大。在幅值30 mm时车体振动加速度已经超过舒适度限值1.50 m/s2,对舒适度造成一定的影响,在幅值40 mm时已经超过维修限值2.0 m/s2;由图9(b)可知,随着路基冻胀幅值的增大,轮轨垂向力呈线性增大。在冻胀幅值为30 mm时,此时轮轨垂向力为167.760 kN,距离170 kN限值接近,如果增大幅值将会超过限值,对行车极为不利;由图9(c)图9(d)可知,轮重减载率和脱轨系数随路基冻胀幅值的增大而增大,在幅值35 mm时,此时轮重减载率已经超过限值0.80,对行车的安全性也造成一定影响。
分析路基冻胀幅值对车体动力响应时,发现冻胀幅值对车辆的动力响应有较大的影响。当车辆经过路基冻胀区域,冻胀幅值的增加对车辆的安全性和舒适性均造成影响;对于幅值大于30 mm的区段,此时路基冻胀已经影响到行车的安全性,需要严格控制冻胀幅值,改善车辆的安全性能。
图10所示为冻胀波长为10 m时,不同冻胀波长下无砟轨道动力响应,从图10中可知,各项指标随着冻胀幅值的增大而增大。图10(a)图10(c)为钢轨和轨道板动位移在随着冻胀幅值的变化规律曲线。可以看出,钢轨和轨道板的动位移随冻胀幅值的变化相似,随着路基冻胀幅值的增大而增大,结合前文无砟轨道路基冻胀变形下层间离缝分析可知,波长为10 m时,随着冻胀幅值的增加,底座板与路基间发生脱空,5 mm时离缝峰值为1.71、35 mm时离缝峰值为22.57 mm。对比本节结果可得,在冻胀幅值为5 mm时,钢轨和轨道板动位移为1.417、0.723 mm,此时路基和底座板的离缝使钢轨和轨道板动位移发生变化。当冻胀幅值为10 mm时,离缝峰值达到4.89 mm,此时钢轨和轨道板动位移分别为2.354、1.631 mm,说明此时底座板和路基间脱空,车辆通过时,轨道结构出现了较大的位移,冻胀幅值增大到35 mm时,离缝峰值为22.57 mm,钢轨和轨道板的动位移达到了13.625、12.035 mm。说明冻胀波长10 m时,较大的冻胀幅值会引起轨道结构发生较大的动位移。由图10(b)图10(d)可知,钢轨和轨道板振动加速度随冻胀幅值的增大而增大,钢轨和轨道板随路基冻胀幅值的增大的变化趋势一致。随着冻胀幅值的增加,底座板和路基间的接触逐渐恶化,脱空现象严重,轨道板和钢轨振动加速度快速增加。由上文可知,无砟轨道结构的受冻胀变形幅值的增加而增加,路基冻胀引起轨道结构的层间离缝,造成钢轨和轨道板的动位移和轨道振动加速度增大。因此,需要控制路基冻胀幅值,从而达到控制层间离缝的过大,避免轨道结构产生较大的振动从而引起轨道结构的疲劳损伤。只有严格控制冻胀幅值的增加,才能改善路基与底座板的接触状态,从而抑制钢轨和轨道板的动位移过大。
车辆行驶速度是车辆运营的重要影响因素,速度的大小影响轮轨作用,从而影响车体和轨道结构的振动。为了研究不同行车速度经过路基冻胀区域内的系统动力响应,以典型冻胀波长10 m,冻胀幅值10 mm,列车行驶速度200、250、300、350 km/h,分别计算车辆-轨道的动力学性能。图11为不同行车速度下,车轨系统动力学性能的变化规律,可知,车轨动力学性能随车辆运行速度的增大而增大。车体振动加速度在速度200~250 km/h变化较大,250~300 km/h变化较慢。行车速度从200 km/h到250 km/h时,轮轨垂向力、脱轨系数、轮重减载率、钢轨动位移、钢轨振动加速度、轨道板动位移和轨道板振动加速度变化较慢,速度从250 km/h到300 km/h的变化较快。说明车轨系统动力学随着行车速度的增大而增大,但并非线性变化,在实际运营过程中需要综合考虑速度对车轨系统的动力学影响。
根据建立的车-轨动力学模型,分析了列车在受到冻胀变形时波长、幅值和行车速度的变化规律,得到如下结论。
(1) 当路基冻胀幅值为恒定值时,随着路基冻胀波长的增大,车体振动加速度呈先增大后减小非线性变化,并在在波长10 m时达到最大值;轮轨垂向力随路基冻胀波长的增大而减小,波长5 m时,轮轨垂向力最大,当波长大于20 m之后,冻胀波长对轮轨垂向力变化影响不大;轮重减载率和脱轨系数随路基冻胀波长的增大而减小,在波长5 m时,轮重减载率和脱轨系数最大,波长大于20 m之后,车辆运动受路基冻胀的影响较小。
(2) 当路基冻胀波长为恒定值时,随着冻胀幅值的增加,车体振动加速度的峰值逐渐增大;冻胀幅值对轮轨垂向力影响非常明显,例如当路基冻胀幅值为5 mm时,车体轮轨垂向力为108.215 kN,而当路基冻胀幅值为40 mm时,车体轮轨垂向力198.642 kN,且在1.384 s变为0,此时车体发生了短暂的脱空;轮重减载率和脱轨系数随路基冻胀幅值的增大而增大,在幅值35 mm时,此时轮重减载率已经超过限值0.80,对行车的安全性造成一定影响。
(3) 车轨系统各项动力学指标(车体垂向加速度、轮轨垂向力、脱轨系数、轮重减载率等)随着列车行驶速度的增大而非线性变化增大,在实际运营过程中需要综合考虑速度对车轨系统的动力学影响。
  • 中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划(K2022G017)
  • 中国铁路青藏集团有限公司科技研究开发计划(QZ2022-G07)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402637
  • 接收时间:2024-04-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-11
  • 修回日期:2024-07-26
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中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划(K2022G017)
中国铁路青藏集团有限公司科技研究开发计划(QZ2022-G07)
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    兰州理工大学土木工程学院, 兰州 730000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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