Article(id=1245407863678550612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402427, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712246400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-05, revisedDate=1720454400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857973259, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857973259, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857973259, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857973259, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3071, endPage=3077, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407864316084864, articleId=1245407863678550612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Safety Evaluation of LNG Chemical Plants Based on Combination Weighting Method and Cloud Model, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the fuzziness and randomness in safety evaluations of liquefied natural gas (LNG) chemical plants, a novel risk assessment method was proposed based on the normal cloud model. The proposed method was based on the selection of evaluation indicators from the perspective of intrinsic safety, which was used to evaluate the severity and likelihood of accidents through expert judgment. The weights of the indicators were determined by combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the criteria importance though intercrieria correlation (CRITIC). The risk matrix thresholds were softened using a forward cloud generator, and the evaluation results were optimized through a backward cloud generator to obtain cloud characteristic numbers and generate corresponding two-dimensional cloud maps. By comparing the actual cloud map with the standard cloud map, the risk levels of the evaluation indicators were determined. The results show that the model effectively integrates the expert opinions with aims of retaining the randomness and fuzziness, and providing the visualizes the risk assessment results. The novel method also provides a new risk assessment tool for the safety management of LNG chemical plants.

, correspAuthors=Lin-bo QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-ya SU, Lin-bo QIN, Jun HAN, Bo ZHAO, Wang-sheng CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407866069304104, articleId=1245407863678550612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于组合赋权法-云模型的LNG化工厂安全评价, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对液化天然气(liquefied natural gas, LNG)化工厂安全评价中存在模糊性、随机性等问题,提出了一种基于正态云模型的风险评估方法,该方法基于本质安全化选取评价指标,并通过专家评判量化事故可能性和严重度。通过结合层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)和CRITIC(criteria importance through intercriteria correlation)赋权法确定各指标权重,利用正向云发生器柔化风险矩阵阈值,并通过逆向云发生器优化评价结果,从而得出云特征数字,并生成对应的二维云图。通过将实际云图与标准云图进行对比,确定各评价指标风险等级。以企业LNG化工厂为实例,结果表明:该模型有效融合了专家意见,保留了评估结果的随机性和模糊性,实现了风险评价结果可视化,为LNG化工厂安全管理提供了一种新的风险评估工具。

, correspAuthors=秦林波, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 秦林波(1986—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授。研究方向:化工安全技术。E-mail:
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苏晓娅(1999—),女,汉族,山东泰安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:化工安全评价。E-mail:

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苏晓娅(1999—),女,汉族,山东泰安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:化工安全评价。E-mail:

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苏晓娅(1999—),女,汉族,山东泰安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:化工安全评价。E-mail:

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1 ~ 9 scale method and its meaning[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标度 含义
1 两因素相比,因素i同因素j同样重要
3 两因素相比,因素i比因素j稍微重要
5 两因素相比,因素i比因素j明显重要
7 两因素相比,因素i比因素j强烈重要
9 两因素相比,因素i比因素j极端重要
2, 4, 6, 8 上述两相邻判断的中值
倒数 ij相比,如果标度为3,则ij相比就是1/3
), ArticleFig(id=1245407870565597443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1~9标度法的含义[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标度 含义
1 两因素相比,因素i同因素j同样重要
3 两因素相比,因素i比因素j稍微重要
5 两因素相比,因素i比因素j明显重要
7 两因素相比,因素i比因素j强烈重要
9 两因素相比,因素i比因素j极端重要
2, 4, 6, 8 上述两相邻判断的中值
倒数 ij相比,如果标度为3,则ij相比就是1/3
), ArticleFig(id=1245407870704009491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Standard cloud model risk rating parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险等级 风险值 风险等级范围 云模型参数
(Ex, En, He)
可能概率 严重度
人员/人 环境/处 设备/台 管理/项
[0, 0.2) (0.1, 0.033,0.01) [1×10-5, 1×10-4) 0~1 0~1 0~1 0~2
较低 [0.2, 0.4) (0.3, 0.033, 0.01) [1×10-4, 1×10-3) 1~2 1~2 1~2 2~4
中等 [0.4, 0.6) (0.5, 0.033, 0.01) [1×10-3, 1×10-2) 2~3 2~3 3~4 4~6
较高 [0.6, 0.8) (0.7, 0.033, 0.01) [1×10-2, 1×10-1) 3~4 3~4 5~6 6~8
[0.8, 1) (0.9, 0.033, 0.01) [1×10-1, 1) 4及以上 4及以上 6及以上 8及以上
), ArticleFig(id=1245407870825644317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

标准云模型风险分级参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险等级 风险值 风险等级范围 云模型参数
(Ex, En, He)
可能概率 严重度
人员/人 环境/处 设备/台 管理/项
[0, 0.2) (0.1, 0.033,0.01) [1×10-5, 1×10-4) 0~1 0~1 0~1 0~2
较低 [0.2, 0.4) (0.3, 0.033, 0.01) [1×10-4, 1×10-3) 1~2 1~2 1~2 2~4
中等 [0.4, 0.6) (0.5, 0.033, 0.01) [1×10-3, 1×10-2) 2~3 2~3 3~4 4~6
较高 [0.6, 0.8) (0.7, 0.033, 0.01) [1×10-2, 1×10-1) 3~4 3~4 5~6 6~8
[0.8, 1) (0.9, 0.033, 0.01) [1×10-1, 1) 4及以上 4及以上 6及以上 8及以上
), ArticleFig(id=1245407870959862059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Scores on level 1 indicators for LNG chemical plants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 人的因素 管理的因素 设备的因素 环境的因素
人的因素 1 7/4 7/8 7/3
管理的因素 4/7 1 1/2 4/3
设备的因素 8/7 2 1 8/3
环境的因素 3/7 3/4 3/8 1
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871211520312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

LNG化工厂一级指标打分表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 人的因素 管理的因素 设备的因素 环境的因素
人的因素 1 7/4 7/8 7/3
管理的因素 4/7 1 1/2 4/3
设备的因素 8/7 2 1 8/3
环境的因素 3/7 3/4 3/8 1
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871333155139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Accident severity evaluation and cloud droplet parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标 专家1 专家2 专家3 专家4 专家5 实际云模型
人的因素B1 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.8 (0.720, 0.080, 0.024)
管理的因素B2 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 (0.800, 0.050, 0.050)
设备的因素B3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 (0.660, 0.110, 0.029)
环境的因素B4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 (0.380, 0.080, 0.024)
综合事故严重度云模型 (0.650, 0.049, 0.016)
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871438012751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

事故严重度评价及云滴参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标 专家1 专家2 专家3 专家4 专家5 实际云模型
人的因素B1 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.8 (0.720, 0.080, 0.024)
管理的因素B2 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 (0.800, 0.050, 0.050)
设备的因素B3 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 (0.660, 0.110, 0.029)
环境的因素B4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 (0.380, 0.080, 0.024)
综合事故严重度云模型 (0.650, 0.049, 0.016)
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871572230492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

C9 accident probability and cloud model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级指标 专家1 专家2 专家3 专家4 专家5
工艺设备 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9
事故可能性 0.48 0.53 0.33 0.5 0.57
事故可能性综合云模型 (0.482, 0.077, 0.049)
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871710642537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

C9事故可能性评分及云模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级指标 专家1 专家2 专家3 专家4 专家5
工艺设备 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9
事故可能性 0.48 0.53 0.33 0.5 0.57
事故可能性综合云模型 (0.482, 0.077, 0.049)
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871844860280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Combined risk ranking of secondary elements

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级指标 风险等级 二级指标 风险等级
C1 C7
C2 C8
C3 C9
C4 C10
C5 C11
C6
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871979078019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863678550612, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

二级要素综合风险等级表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级指标 风险等级 二级指标 风险等级
C1 C7
C2 C8
C3 C9
C4 C10
C5 C11
C6
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基于组合赋权法-云模型的LNG化工厂安全评价
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苏晓娅 1 , 秦林波 1, 2, * , 韩军 1, 2 , 赵波 1, 2 , 陈旺生 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(7): 3071-3077
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(7): 3071-3077
基于组合赋权法-云模型的LNG化工厂安全评价
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苏晓娅1 , 秦林波1, 2, * , 韩军1, 2, 赵波1, 2, 陈旺生1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 武汉科技大学资源与环境工程学院, 武汉 430081
  • 2 湖北省工业安全工程技术研究中心, 武汉 430081
  • 苏晓娅(1999—),女,汉族,山东泰安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:化工安全评价。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 秦林波(1986—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授。研究方向:化工安全技术。E-mail:
Safety Evaluation of LNG Chemical Plants Based on Combination Weighting Method and Cloud Model
Xiao-ya SU1 , Lin-bo QIN1, 2, * , Jun HAN1, 2, Bo ZHAO1, 2, Wang-sheng CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Resources and Environment Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
  • 2 Hubei Provincial Industrial Safety Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan 430081, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402427
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针对液化天然气(liquefied natural gas, LNG)化工厂安全评价中存在模糊性、随机性等问题,提出了一种基于正态云模型的风险评估方法,该方法基于本质安全化选取评价指标,并通过专家评判量化事故可能性和严重度。通过结合层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)和CRITIC(criteria importance through intercriteria correlation)赋权法确定各指标权重,利用正向云发生器柔化风险矩阵阈值,并通过逆向云发生器优化评价结果,从而得出云特征数字,并生成对应的二维云图。通过将实际云图与标准云图进行对比,确定各评价指标风险等级。以企业LNG化工厂为实例,结果表明:该模型有效融合了专家意见,保留了评估结果的随机性和模糊性,实现了风险评价结果可视化,为LNG化工厂安全管理提供了一种新的风险评估工具。

LNG化工厂  /  云模型  /  层次分析法(AHP)  /  CRITIC赋权法  /  安全评价

To address the fuzziness and randomness in safety evaluations of liquefied natural gas (LNG) chemical plants, a novel risk assessment method was proposed based on the normal cloud model. The proposed method was based on the selection of evaluation indicators from the perspective of intrinsic safety, which was used to evaluate the severity and likelihood of accidents through expert judgment. The weights of the indicators were determined by combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the criteria importance though intercrieria correlation (CRITIC). The risk matrix thresholds were softened using a forward cloud generator, and the evaluation results were optimized through a backward cloud generator to obtain cloud characteristic numbers and generate corresponding two-dimensional cloud maps. By comparing the actual cloud map with the standard cloud map, the risk levels of the evaluation indicators were determined. The results show that the model effectively integrates the expert opinions with aims of retaining the randomness and fuzziness, and providing the visualizes the risk assessment results. The novel method also provides a new risk assessment tool for the safety management of LNG chemical plants.

LNG chemical plant  /  cloud models  /  analytic hierarchy process (AHP)  /  CRITIC weighting method  /  safety evaluation
苏晓娅, 秦林波, 韩军, 赵波, 陈旺生. 基于组合赋权法-云模型的LNG化工厂安全评价. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 3071 -3077 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402427
Xiao-ya SU, Lin-bo QIN, Jun HAN, Bo ZHAO, Wang-sheng CHEN. Safety Evaluation of LNG Chemical Plants Based on Combination Weighting Method and Cloud Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 3071 -3077 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402427
天然气是一种低碳环保能源,因其具有丰富储量和相对低廉价格,被认为是最有潜力的石油替代能源之一[1]。天然气使用既可以减轻环境污染,也符合全球可持续能源体系转型的大趋势。相比重燃料油和柴油等传统石油燃料,液化天然气(liquefied natural gas, LNG)的使用可以减少33.7%污染物排放[2]。随着中国能源战略不断推进,中国对液化天然气需求急剧增加。根据数据显示,2022年中国天然气表观消费量达到3 663亿m3[3],占总能源消费量的9.0%。为了更好地满足清洁能源的储备与使用需求,中国不断加强LNG化工厂的建设与发展。尽管LNG作为一种清洁能源具有显著的环境优势,但其使用过程的安全风险不容忽视。作为甲A类危险化学品,LNG与空气容易形成爆炸性混合气体,且其快速的相变特性增加了火灾和爆炸事故发生的可能性[4]。因此,采取科学准确的风险评估方法,全面分析LNG生产、储存和运输过程中潜在安全隐患,为制定有效预防措施和应急响应策略提供理论和技术支撑,对于确保化工厂安全生产至关重要。
国内外学者对LNG化工厂风险评估进行了相关研究。程松民[5]采用差分自回归移动平均(autoregressive integrated moving average, ARIMA)、最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machine, LS-SVM)和BP 神经网络(backpropagation neural network, BPNN)组合模型对LNG化工厂风险事故进行预测;谢长春等[6]通过层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)-灰色聚类模型构建了LNG化工厂安全风险评价方法;邓军等[7]使用SAFETI (software for assessment of flammable, explosive and toxic impacts)软件对LNG厂区进行了定量风险评估,并提出了详细的风险管控措施。尽管上述研究极大地丰富了LNG化工厂风险评估方法理论,但评价过程存在不确定性和模糊性等问题,影响了评估结果的准确性和可靠性。因此,开发高准确性和可靠性的LNG化工厂风险评估方法是学术界亟待解决的难题。
云模型理论已被证明具有良好的普遍性[8],不仅可以有效反映风险阈值的不确定性,还能处理事故严重度和可能性的随机性和模糊性问题。现提出一种基于正态云模型的风险评估方法,旨在有效地处理评价过程存在的不确定性与模糊性问题。该方法基于云模型钟形隶属函数,通过MATLAB软件输出LNG化工厂风险等级云图,实现风险评估结果的可视化处理,为LNG化工厂安全管理提供了一种新的风险评估工具,具有较高的实际应用价值和推广前景。
层次分析法作为主观赋权方法,根据专家对指标成对的比较结果,构建判断矩阵,计算指标权重,可以有效地反映指标重要性[9]。其主要通过四个步骤确定权重:①判断评价体系中各因素之间的关系,建立递阶层次结构模型;②根据对上一层准则的重要性程度,将同层次的各因素两两对比,进而构建两两对比矩阵A;③求解判断矩阵A对应于最大特征值的特征向量;④计算一致性率(consistency rate, CR)、一致性指标(consistency index,CI)值,检验一致性[10]。每一个因素对于其准则的相对权重计算公式为
wi=$\frac{1}{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}\frac{{a}_{ij}}{\sum _{k=i}^{n}{a}_{kj}}$, i=1,2,…,n
CR、CI的计算公式为
CR=$\frac{CI}{RI}$
CI=$\frac{{\lambda }_{max}-n}{n-1}$
式中:aij为因素i与因素j重要性程度的比较结果;wi为因素i的指标权重值;CR为一致性比例,当CR<0.10时,则表明判断矩阵A的一致性程度被认为在容许的范围内;若CR≥0.10时,则表明判断矩阵A需要重新构建;RI为随机一致性指标,查表可确定;λmax为判断矩阵的最大特征根;n为矩阵阶数。
矩阵A中各元素的数值采用1~9标度法确定,如表1所示[11]
CRITIC(criteria importance though intercriteria correlation)赋权法是由Diakoulaki等[12]在1995年提出,用于确定评价标准客观权重的方法。通过综合考虑数据波动情况和指标间的相关性,利用信息量来计算各评价指标的权重。相比熵值法,CRITIC法考虑了评价指标的冲突性和对比程度。对比强度是指评价指标之间的值差距,以标准差的形式反映出来。对比强度越高,各指标之间的差异就越大。冲突是指通过指标之间的相关性计算出的指标之间的相互影响程度[13]。该方法主要通过三个步骤完成:①对原始数据进行无纲量化处理;②根据式(4)和式(5)计算标准差和相关系数,分别对评价指标进行波动性分析和冲突性分析;③根据式(6)和式(7)计算各评价指标权重[14]。公式分别为
aj=$\sqrt{\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{m}({a}_{ij}-{\stackrel{-}{a}}_{j}{)}^{2}}{m}}$
rjk=$\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{m}\left[\right({a}_{ij}-{\stackrel{-}{a}}_{j}\left)\right({a}_{ik}-{\stackrel{-}{a}}_{k}\left)\right]}{\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{m}({a}_{ij}-{\stackrel{-}{a}}_{j}{)}^{2}}\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{m}({a}_{ik}-{\stackrel{-}{a}}_{k}{)}^{2}}}$
Cj=aj$\sum _{k=1}^{m}$(1-rjk)
wj=$\frac{{C}_{j}}{\sum _{j=1}^{n}{C}_{j}}$, j=1,2,…,n
式中:aj为第j项评价指标的标准差;${\stackrel{-}{a}}_{j}$为第j项指标经过无纲量化处理后的平均数;rjk为第j项评价指标和第k项评价指标之间的相关系数;Cj为第j项评价指标的信息量值;wj为第j项评价指标的权重值。
将依赖结构进行分析的层次分析法和反映数据间的相关性和变异性的CRITIC法所得到的权重,计算得到组合严重度权重值。公式为
wj=$\frac{w\text{'}{ }_{j}{w}_{j}^{*}}{\sum _{i=1}^{4}w\text{'}{ }_{j}{w}_{j}^{*}}$, j=1,2,3,4
式(8)中:wj为第j项评价指标的组合权重值;w'j为层次分析法所得第j项评价指标的权重;${w}_{j}^{*}$为CRITIC赋权法所得第j项评价指标的权重。
云模型是李德毅等[15]提出的,可用于处理随机性和模糊性的信息,实现信息定性与定量之间互相转化的方法模型。假定C代表在定量论域U上定义的定性概念,若定量值xU,且xC的一次随机实现,则x对于C的隶属度u(x)落在[0,1]区间内,可视作具有稳定倾向的随机数。因此,每个x可以被视为一云滴,而x在论域U中的分布则构成了隶属云[16]
云的数字特征包括期望Ex、熵En和超熵He,以上对应数值共同构成了对定性概念的量化表示。期望Ex表示论域的中心值;熵En表示一个定性概念可被度量的范围,并反映了模糊概念的亦此亦彼的裕度;超熵He表示熵En的不确定性,即云图上云滴的离散程度[17-18]ExEnHe计算公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}Ex=\frac{1}{N}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{x}_{i}\\ En=\frac{1}{N}\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}\left|{x}_{i}-\overline{x}\right|\\ He=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N-1}\sum _{i=1}^{N}({x}_{i}{-\overline{x})}^{2}-E{n}^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
式(9)中:xi为样本观测值,即为专家打分值;$\overline{x}$为样本平均观测值;N为样本个数,即专家人数。
当区间存在上下限[Lmin, Lmax]时,云模型的ExEnHe的计算公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}Ex=({L}_{min}+{L}_{max})/2\\ En=({L}_{max}-{L}_{min})/6\\ He=k\end{array}\right.$
式(10)中:k为常数,依据变量的模糊阈度取值为0.01。
云模型按照论域的维数划分,可从一维正态云模型延伸至二维,乃至n维正态云模型。这种由低维到高维的扩展,使得云模型能够灵活适用于不同领域和复杂度的问题,为模糊信息的量化处理和不确定性分析提供了强大的数学框架。其中,二维正态云模型由表示两个定性概念的两组数学特征(Ex, Enx, Hex)和(Ey, Eny, Hey)构建[19],用于表明两个因素共同作用下的模糊性和随机性。二维正态云模型的数学模型表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}({x}_{i},{y}_{i})=F({E}_{x},{E}_{y},E{n}_{x},E{n}_{y})\\ ({P}_{xi},{P}_{yi})=F(E{n}_{x},E{n}_{y},H{e}_{x},H{e}_{y})\end{array}\right.$
μi=exp$\left\{-\frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{({x}_{i}-{E}_{x}{)}^{2}}{{P}_{xi}^{2}}+\frac{({y}_{i}-{E}_{y}{)}^{2}}{{P}_{yi}^{2}}\right]\right\}$
式中:xiyi为云滴坐标值;ExEnx为期望值;EyEny为标准差;PxiPyi分别为用于生成二维正态云模型中的云滴在x方向和y方向上的离散度;μi为二维正态云模型的隶属度函数。
n朵不同云Ei (Exi, Eni, Hei) (i=1,2,…,n)加权集成一朵云的过程称为云模型加权集成,其中μi(i=1,2,…,n)为每朵云的权重,E0 (Ex0, En0, He0)则为集成后的综合云[20]。加权集成后的综合云如式(13):
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}E{x}_{0}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\mu }_{i}E{x}_{i}\\ E{n}_{0}=\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{n}({\mu }_{i}E{n}_{i}{)}^{2}}\\ H{e}_{0}=\sqrt{\sum _{i=1}^{n}({\mu }_{i}H{e}_{i}{)}^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
将加权集成的综合云与标准云模型进行定量比较称为云模型相似性判定。其基于贴近度的相似性判定方法计算公式为
SD=$\frac{1}{\sqrt{(E{x}_{1}-Ex\text{'}{ }_{1}{)}^{2}+(E{x}_{2}-Ex\text{'}{ }_{2}{)}^{2}}}$
式(14)中:SD为云模型之间的贴进度;Ex1为事故严重度标准云模型的期望值;Ex'1为事故严重度实际云模型的期望值;Ex2为事故可能性标准云模型的期望值;Ex'2为事故可能性实际云模型的期望值。
以湖北省一个LNG化工厂为例进行风险评估。该化工厂主要生产装置为天然气液化装置,该装置的工艺流程主要分为净化工艺、液化工艺和产品储存工艺。主要涉及危险化学品有天然气、乙烯、丙烷、异戊烷,存在的主要危险事故类型包括泄漏扩散、火灾爆炸、中毒窒息等。由于LNG具有可燃性、扩散性和低温等特性[21],若出现管道或容器失效等导致LNG泄漏,最终会引发火灾、爆炸等事故。故对LNG化工厂开展系统的安全评价并提出相应安全防范措施是至关重要的。
通过对LNG化工厂进行实地查考,获取该LNG化工厂有关设备、人员和安全管理等方面的信息,并结合LNG化工厂相关安全标准和规范,选取相应的安全指标。从本质安全化的“人-机-环-管”四个方面对LNG化工厂进行分析,建立LNG化工厂安全状态风险评估的评价指标体系,如图1所示。
将事故严重度和事故可能性分为Ι~Ⅴ五个等级[7,20,22-23],具体参数设置见表2。根据式(10)可以得到各风险等级所对应的云模型参数,进而得到LNG化工厂风险严重度隶属度二维云图,如图2(a)所示。由于LNG化工厂的风险可以表述为D=f(事故严重度,事故发生可能性),则风险等级标准云图如图2(b)所示。其中,风险D是一个复合函数,依赖于事故的严重度和发生可能性两个变量。事故严重度描述事故发生时可能导致的损失程度,包括人员伤亡、环境破坏、财产损失等。事故发生可能性则是指在一定条件和时间内的事故发生概率。
表1对指标进行两两比较,同时根据专家意见,进而确定各因素的相对重要度指标值,构建出判断矩阵,该LNG化工厂判断矩阵由表3所得。
利用MATLAB软件求出AHP法权重集,即其特征值W=(w1,w2,w3,w4)=(0.318, 0.182, 0.364, 0.136),且CR=6.653×10-16<0.10,所使用的判断矩阵在一致性方面是可接受的。将表4中专家对于各一级指标的分值依次代入式(4)和式(5),最终得到CRITIC法权重集W=(w1,w2,w3,w4)=(0.229, 0.300, 0.243, 0.241)。将AHP法权重集和CRITIC法权重集代入式(8),得到AHP-CRITIC组合权重(w1,w2,w3,w4)=(0.283, 0.169, 0.365, 0.183),将以上所得各指标权重值代入式(13),从而得到综合事故严重度云模型为(0.650, 0.049, 0.016)。
将收集到的一级评价指标权重代入式(9)和式(10)得到实际云模型参数,见表4。通过MATLAB软件的图形可视化功能,可将各评价指标所对应的实际云模型有效地展现出来,如图3(a)~图3(d)所示。由图3(a)~图3(d)可以清楚看出B1、B2和B3的风险等级为Ⅳ级,B4的风险等级为Ⅱ级,其中B2与Ⅳ级标准云贴近度比B1、B3相比较大。从“人-机-环-管”的角度来看,该LNG化工厂应重点注意安全管理方面,包括规章制度(特别是安全管理规章制度和岗位安全责任制度),管理机构(如人员配置情况,机构设置状态),日常监管和应急预案等。通过着重于以上潜在高风险区域,从而在风险源头上实现本质安全化,是提高化工厂安全水平的关键。
图3中设备的因素B3下的工艺设备C9为例,将表5中该事件发生可能性指标代入式(9),获得工艺设备C9事故可能性综合云模型。将表4中事故严重度综合云模型同表5中的事故可能性综合云模型[(0.650, 0.482), (0.049, 0.077), (0.016, 0.049)]代入式(11)和式(12),最终计算并模拟出C9的事故云图,见图3(e)。根据式(14)得出C9事件与Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级风险等级的云贴近度分别为6.641和4.469,由于Ⅲ级的云贴近度高于Ⅳ级,因此判断C9事件的风险等级为Ⅲ级。同理可得其他二级要素的风险等级,从而为LNG化工厂的安全管理提供更精确的风险评估结果。
表6中最高风险的二级要素为C9,从图3(e)也可以直观地看出C9的综合风险等级为Ⅲ级,表明了工艺设备对于LNG化工厂安全而言至关重要。从实际作业场景来看,LNG储罐及相关管道由于LNG自身特性以及较大存储量的原因,被认为是LNG化工厂主要的危险源[24],故必须从工艺控制、物质隔离和防火措施三个方面对LNG储罐采取安全补偿措施。具体措施包括:按照《建筑设计防火规范》(GB 50016—2014)要求,在储罐区设置防火堤和防护墙,以有效隔离火源,减少火灾蔓延的风险。同时,增设安全阀实现一备一用,以确保在任何情况下都能有效控制压力。此外,应配备相应的仪表监测设备,并在储罐周围设置耐腐蚀标识,提高储罐区的识别度和安全性。最后,设置静电接地设施和静电接地报警器,以预防因静电积累引发的火灾或爆炸事故。通过实施以上安全措施,可以大幅降低LNG储罐区的风险,保障化工厂的安全生产。
(1)采用层次分析法和CRITIC赋权法分别从主观和客观两个方面对LNG化工厂进行指标权重的确定。通过二维云模型和风险矩阵的结合,不仅解决了传统风险矩阵阈值的不确定性问题,而且实现了风险评估等级的精准识别和直观可视化。该方法能够融合专家的主观判断与实际数据的客观分析,输出包含不确定性和模糊性的综合评价结果,从而有助于决策者制定更有效的风险控制和管理措施。
(2)从二维云模型所得综合权重排序可以看出,设备的因素在LNG化工厂安全管理中占据重要地位。鉴于LNG固有高危险性,工艺设备成为设备因素中重点关注对象。为了确保本质安全化,必须对这些工艺设备实施一系列有效的安全补偿措施,如加强监管、改进工艺流程、提高设备安全标准等,以降低事故发生风险,保障化工厂安全生产和持续运营。
  • 湖北省重点研发计划(2021BCA151)
  • 湖北省重点研发计划(2022BCA085)
  • 湖北省重点研发计划(2022BEC004)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402427
  • 接收时间:2024-04-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-04-05
  • 修回日期:2024-07-09
基金
湖北省重点研发计划(2021BCA151)
湖北省重点研发计划(2022BCA085)
湖北省重点研发计划(2022BEC004)
作者信息
    1 武汉科技大学资源与环境工程学院, 武汉 430081
    2 湖北省工业安全工程技术研究中心, 武汉 430081

通讯作者:

* 秦林波(1986—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授。研究方向:化工安全技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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