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The digital twin technology of the distribution network is an important product resulting from the integration and development of the power system and information technology. The technology simulates the physical behavior and operational status of the distribution network in a digital space by constructing a virtual model of the physical distribution network, enabling comprehensive simulation and analysis. Due to the diverse systems and complex states involved, the existing digital twin simulation platform technology for distribution networks still requires improvement. A wavelet-LSTM fusion model for power state and weather factors was constructed based on the existing wavelet transform and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. The high-dimensional input data were converted into detail and contour coefficients using discrete wavelet transform. Subsequently, LSTM neural networks were constructed to process the data and fuse the results, thereby forming accurate prediction outcomes. This method was validated on real datasets, showing that the wavelet-LSTM fusion model significantly improves the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) compared to the existing LSTM network. Additionally, the method was tested on datasets from different industries. Compared to wavelet-Lasso, LSTM, and STL-LSTM, it exhibits better performance in terms of MAPE, demonstrating that the wavelet LSTM prediction method can be applied to state data from various sectors, thereby providing robust support for future state prediction of digital twins.

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配电网数字孪生技术是当前电力系统和信息技术融合发展的重要产物,它通过构建实体配电网的虚拟模型,在数字空间中模拟配电网的物理行为和运行状态,实现对实体配电网的仿真分析。由于配电网涉及的系统多样、状态复杂,现有配电网数字孪生仿真平台技术仍有待提升。提出了一种基于小波与长短期记忆(long short-term memory, LSTM)网络融合的数字孪生状态预测方法,该方法在现有小波变换以及LSTM神经网络的基础上,构造了面向电力状态以及天气因素的小波-LSTM融合模型,借助离散小波变换将高维输入数据转化为细节与轮廓系数,然后通过LSTM神经网络对数据处理求解以及结果的融合,从而形成准确的预测结果。在真实数据集上进行验证,表明小波-LSTM融合模型较现有LSTM网络在平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error, MAPE)指标上有显著提升。最后,还在不同行业的数据集上进行了测试,结果表明小波LSTM预测方法可适用于不同行业的状态数据,相较于小波Lasso、LSTM、STL-LSTM在MAPE方面具有更好的性能,可为未来数字孪生的状态预测提供良好的支持。

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贾东梨(1982—),女,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:配电网仿真与运行。E-mail:

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贾东梨(1982—),女,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:配电网仿真与运行。E-mail:

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贾东梨(1982—),女,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:配电网仿真与运行。E-mail:

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i代表输入门;f代表遗忘门;o代表输出门; c代表当前状态;h代表隐藏状态

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算法1: State Prediction
Input: Raw collected data d.
Output: The predicted state v for the next moment.
1.//步骤1.数据清洗和处理以获取状态数据s和温度数据t.
2.(s, t)=Interpolation_algorithm(d)
3.//步骤2.离散小波分解以获取高频数据h和低频数据l.
4.(h, l)=DWT (s, t)
5.//步骤3.分别处理高频数据和低频数据.
6.h'=Normalization (h)
7.Oh =LSTM (h')
8.l'= Normalization (l)
9.Ol = LSTM (l ')
10.//步骤4.结果预测.
11.Os=Wavelet reconstruction (Oh,Ol)
12.vOs
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算法1: State Prediction
Input: Raw collected data d.
Output: The predicted state v for the next moment.
1.//步骤1.数据清洗和处理以获取状态数据s和温度数据t.
2.(s, t)=Interpolation_algorithm(d)
3.//步骤2.离散小波分解以获取高频数据h和低频数据l.
4.(h, l)=DWT (s, t)
5.//步骤3.分别处理高频数据和低频数据.
6.h'=Normalization (h)
7.Oh =LSTM (h')
8.l'= Normalization (l)
9.Ol = LSTM (l ')
10.//步骤4.结果预测.
11.Os=Wavelet reconstruction (Oh,Ol)
12.vOs
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Description of the dataset for LSTM multivariate state prediction integrated with wavelet decomposition

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项目 采集频率 文件格式 日期范围
数据集 15 min(96点) csv 2018-01-01—2022-07-08
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融合小波分解的LSTM多元状态预测数据集描述

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项目 采集频率 文件格式 日期范围
数据集 15 min(96点) csv 2018-01-01—2022-07-08
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Format of the training set for multivariate electricity state coefficients

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项目 自变量 因变量
训练集 过去第21、14 d、一周的
用电状态、温度数据
当天用电状态
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多元用电状态系数训练集格式

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项目 自变量 因变量
训练集 过去第21、14 d、一周的
用电状态、温度数据
当天用电状态
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878438301734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863632409488, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of state data forecasting metrics using multiple algorithms

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方法 平均绝对百分比误差/%
07-01 07-02 07-03 07-04 07-05 07-06 07-07 07-08
小波LASSO 3.80 2.17 3.48 3.53 4.71 4.05 5.63 1.24
LSTM 2.41 2.93 3.66 4.22 2.06 3.09 3.25 1.79
STL-LSTM 3.02 2.39 2.82 3.22 7.09 3.59 2.79 2.38
小波-LSTM 2.31 2.78 2.79 3.17 1.92 2.96 2.42 1.31
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多种算法状态数据预测指标展示对比

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方法 平均绝对百分比误差/%
07-01 07-02 07-03 07-04 07-05 07-06 07-07 07-08
小波LASSO 3.80 2.17 3.48 3.53 4.71 4.05 5.63 1.24
LSTM 2.41 2.93 3.66 4.22 2.06 3.09 3.25 1.79
STL-LSTM 3.02 2.39 2.82 3.22 7.09 3.59 2.79 2.38
小波-LSTM 2.31 2.78 2.79 3.17 1.92 2.96 2.42 1.31
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Display of prediction performance metrics for two algorithms on preceding and subsequent data segments

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算法 平均绝对百分比误差/%
前30个数据点 后66个数据点
小波+LASSO 1.59 2.42
小波+LSTM 4.11 2.09
LSTM 4.31 2.40
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两种算法在前后数据段的预测效果指标展示

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算法 平均绝对百分比误差/%
前30个数据点 后66个数据点
小波+LASSO 1.59 2.42
小波+LSTM 4.11 2.09
LSTM 4.31 2.40
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融合温度因子与小波LSTM的配电网数字孪生状态预测方法
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贾东梨 1 , 康田园 1 , 王帅 1 , 安义 2 , 戚沁雅 2 , 连勇超 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(7): 2817-2824
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(7): 2817-2824
融合温度因子与小波LSTM的配电网数字孪生状态预测方法
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贾东梨1 , 康田园1, 王帅1, 安义2, 戚沁雅2, 连勇超3
作者信息
  • 1 中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 北京 100192
  • 2 国网江西省电力科学研究院, 南昌 330096
  • 3 东方电子股份有限公司, 烟台 264011
  • 贾东梨(1982—),女,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:配电网仿真与运行。E-mail:

State Prediction Method for Digital Twins of Power Distribution Networks by Integrating Temperature Factors with Wavelet LSTM
Dong-li JIA1 , Tian-yuan KANG1, Shuai WANG1, Yi AN2, Qin-ya QI2, Yong-chao LIAN3
Affiliations
  • 1 China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
  • 2 State Grid Jiangxi Electric Power Research Institute, Nanchang 330096, China
  • 3 Dongfang Electronics Co., Ltd., Yantai 264011, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403421
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配电网数字孪生技术是当前电力系统和信息技术融合发展的重要产物,它通过构建实体配电网的虚拟模型,在数字空间中模拟配电网的物理行为和运行状态,实现对实体配电网的仿真分析。由于配电网涉及的系统多样、状态复杂,现有配电网数字孪生仿真平台技术仍有待提升。提出了一种基于小波与长短期记忆(long short-term memory, LSTM)网络融合的数字孪生状态预测方法,该方法在现有小波变换以及LSTM神经网络的基础上,构造了面向电力状态以及天气因素的小波-LSTM融合模型,借助离散小波变换将高维输入数据转化为细节与轮廓系数,然后通过LSTM神经网络对数据处理求解以及结果的融合,从而形成准确的预测结果。在真实数据集上进行验证,表明小波-LSTM融合模型较现有LSTM网络在平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error, MAPE)指标上有显著提升。最后,还在不同行业的数据集上进行了测试,结果表明小波LSTM预测方法可适用于不同行业的状态数据,相较于小波Lasso、LSTM、STL-LSTM在MAPE方面具有更好的性能,可为未来数字孪生的状态预测提供良好的支持。

数字孪生  /  智能电网  /  配电网  /  小波LSTM

The digital twin technology of the distribution network is an important product resulting from the integration and development of the power system and information technology. The technology simulates the physical behavior and operational status of the distribution network in a digital space by constructing a virtual model of the physical distribution network, enabling comprehensive simulation and analysis. Due to the diverse systems and complex states involved, the existing digital twin simulation platform technology for distribution networks still requires improvement. A wavelet-LSTM fusion model for power state and weather factors was constructed based on the existing wavelet transform and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. The high-dimensional input data were converted into detail and contour coefficients using discrete wavelet transform. Subsequently, LSTM neural networks were constructed to process the data and fuse the results, thereby forming accurate prediction outcomes. This method was validated on real datasets, showing that the wavelet-LSTM fusion model significantly improves the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) compared to the existing LSTM network. Additionally, the method was tested on datasets from different industries. Compared to wavelet-Lasso, LSTM, and STL-LSTM, it exhibits better performance in terms of MAPE, demonstrating that the wavelet LSTM prediction method can be applied to state data from various sectors, thereby providing robust support for future state prediction of digital twins.

digital twin  /  smart grid  /  distribution network  /  wavelet-LSTM
贾东梨, 康田园, 王帅, 安义, 戚沁雅, 连勇超. 融合温度因子与小波LSTM的配电网数字孪生状态预测方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2817 -2824 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403421
Dong-li JIA, Tian-yuan KANG, Shuai WANG, Yi AN, Qin-ya QI, Yong-chao LIAN. State Prediction Method for Digital Twins of Power Distribution Networks by Integrating Temperature Factors with Wavelet LSTM[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2817 -2824 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403421
新型配电系统集成了多种先进技术,如智能传感器、通信技术、数据分析与人工智能算法。相关技术集成和兼容特性成为了新型配电系统亟待分析的内容。不仅如此,稳定性和可靠性分析也成为了制约配电网快速部署的重要因素。为此,针对新型配电网的仿真与分析已经成为当前配电领域重要研究方向。为了更好地仿真配电网的运行机制,配电网数字孪生成为了重要技术趋势。
数字孪生 [1-3]及其在智能电网[4]中的应用是一个日益受到关注的新兴研究领域。数字孪生技术利用物理模型和传感器等设备的仿真过程,模拟了虚拟空间中物理实体的生命周期。
利用数字孪生进行电网的建模和仿真是一种有效的方法。Pan等[5]阐述了电力系统数字孪生子系统(digital twin of power systems, PSDT)的应用场景,可应用于电网优化设计、电网故障仿真等服务。Agostinelli等[6]专注于数字孪生在智能城市的应用,展示了使用数字孪生技术建模和优化电网的可能性。微电网数字孪生(microgrid digital twins, MGDT)是指微电网(microgrid, MG)的数字表示。Bazmohammadi等[7]提出了建立MGDT的工作流程,并讨论了MGDT未来的发展趋势。Tzanis等[8]在研究分布式能源时,使用数字孪生构建了配电网子系统的物理模型。为了实现基于网络的数字孪生发电厂,Lei等[9]探索了架构、建模、控制算法、规则模型和物理数字孪生控制,并提供了一个案例研究来说明基于网络的数字孪生发电厂。为了更好地利用数字孪生进行精确和适应性仿真,Bjørnskov等[10]提出了一种基于智能应用参考(smart applications reference, SAREF)本体的创新和灵活的能量建模框架,并展示了其在演示案例中不同系统和设备动态仿真中的应用和可行性。Zhang等[11]介绍了数字孪生技术的五层架构,分析了其在状态评估、实时监测、负荷预测等方面的具体应用。数字孪生技术在配电网中的应用所面临的挑战包括传感器、智能算法和建模标准。
智能电网的仿真可以反映到物理实体和网络等多个层面。在物理实体层面上,例如可以仿真智能电网中一个节点,该节点的故障会影响整个电网的运行。在网络通信方面,可以仿真犯罪分子攻击配电通信网络,修改电网的参数,影响其正常运行[12]。Lopez等[13]研究了数字孪生如何发展其上下文感知能力和仿真技术,以预测故障或实时检测网络安全问题。孙毅等[14]探讨了基于IEC 61850的智能配电通信网络仿真平台设计方案。Danilczyk等[15]使用深度学习卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network, CNN)来改进数字孪生环境中的故障检测模块。Bazmohammadi等[7]探讨了数字孪生在微电网故障诊断中的应用。纪鹏志等[16]探讨了基于Transformer深度学习网络的主动配电网多元源荷灾损辨识方法。Vandana等[17]采用数字孪生模拟来准确确定设备故障状态,实现了自我意识、判断、纠错、设备报警等功能。潘思宇等[18]提出了面向配电网故障快速处理的边缘计算单元优化配置方法。
精准的数字孪生状态预测可以为电网优化调度以及控制提供相关参考,对节能减排和分布式能源消纳具有重要意义。为了使得数据的平稳性更强,目前大多数研究会在数据进行处理,如赵辉等[19]提出了一种基于离散小波分解、卷积神经网络和支持向量机的负荷预测模型,通过小波分解对历史数据进行重构,提升了预测精度。赵星宇等[20]提出了一种基于自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解(complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise, CEEMDAN)和时序卷积网络(temporal convolutional network, TCN)、LSTM的混合预测方法TCN-LSTM,CEEMDAN将数据分解为一系列平稳子序列,然后利用LSTM网络建模时间序列信息,得到了更优的预测结果。为了进一步建模多元状态序列间的有效信息,赵星宇等[21]提出了长短期时间序列网络(long short-term memory network, LSTNet)。LSTNet将长短期时间序列网络与注意力机制进行结合,利用注意力机制分配特征权重,降低了设置参数的随机性。在赵星宇等人的基础上,张淑娴等[22]提出了二次模态分解的预测模型。首先,使用CEEMDAN进行信息分解,然后,将分解结果使用变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition, VMD)进行进一步分解,同时使用中心频率法对VMD的结果进行进一步优化,将两个子序列使用LSTM进行预测并将分量结果进行叠加。为了考虑能够影响负荷状态的更多信息,黄冬梅等[23]提出了一种考虑多维特征的预测方法。该方法考虑了多种影响电力负荷的因素,从发展水平、气候条件等多维度建模影响因素,进一步地提升了预测精度。
以上的文献综述表明,数字孪生技术与状态预测是配电网仿真技术的重要发展方向,然而当前的数字孪生状态预测在时间序列预测过程中缺乏多维度影响因子建模。因此,现提出一种基于小波与LSTM的数字孪生状态预测方法,该方法利用小波分解将原始信息进行预处理,然后将多维影响因子进行了建模,并将其与小波分解得到的分量共同加入训练过程,得到了目前的最优预测效果。
傅里叶变换、小波变换都是信号领域进行信号处理的流行工具。傅里叶变换得益于其能将信号从时间维度转化为频域维度的能力,成为了进行复杂信号处理的重要工具。然而,由于傅立叶变换难以对频率与时间变化关系进行刻画,使得经过处理的信号失去了时间信息,从而无法准确刻画时间上的突变。小波变换在其基础上进行了改进,通过更改变换基的方式,增强了其建模频率和时间信息的能力。其具体公式为
ψa,b(t)=$\frac{1}{\sqrt{a}}$ψ$\left(\frac{t-b}{a}\right)$, a,b∈R
式(1)中:ψ为母小波;a为尺度因子;b为平移因子;t为时间变量。
为了更好地分析数据孪生中的设备的状态值的预测,采用了离散小波变换(discrete wavelet transform, DWT)将信号分解成不同尺度和频率。具体来说,首先将a进行指数化扩张,即
a=${a}_{0}^{m}$, m∈Z,a0≠1
式(2)中:对于长度较宽的小波,通过采用更大的空隙(步长)进行适配,即
b=nb0${a}_{0}^{m}$, b0>0,n∈Z
式(3)中:b0为基本平移步长;n为平移的离散级别,因此,由式(1)~式(3)可得,离散小波函数的函数公式为
ψm,n(k)=${a}_{0}^{-\frac{m}{2}}$ψ ${a}_{0}^{-m}$(k-nb0${a}_{0}^{m}$) , m,n∈Z
式(4)中:k为小波平移的离散位置索引;ψ为信号。因此,DWT可以表示为
DWT(m,n)=<f,ψm,n>
=${a}_{0}^{-\frac{m}{2}}\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }$f(k)ψ*(${a}_{0}^{-m}$k-nb0)
式(5)中:ψ*表示母小波ψ(t)的复共轭 (complex conjugate)。经过DWT的变换,可以将状态值时序数据进行分解,如图1所示。
以96点状态值数据为例,通过上述的小波变换,可以转化为48点高频系数、48点低频系数。这些系数转化为了频域同时保留了时间信息,可以作为新的特征用于后续的训练之中。
LSTM是在循环神经网络(recurrent neural network, RNN)基础上进行扩展的一种神经元结构,它改变了RNN自身对于长期时间记忆的不足,通过引入神经元内部多个状态信息,从而保留住训练过程中的长期以及短期信息,解决了梯度消失的问题。其结构如图2所示。
在LSTM中主要通过构造3个不同的状态记忆体对训练过程中的数据状态进行保留,他们被称为候选细胞状态、细胞状态、隐藏状态,它们也被称为门,即包括输入门、输出门、遗忘门。通过这些门控单元,信息可以有选择地通过。首先,遗忘门接收上一时刻的隐藏状态ht-1和当前时刻的输入xt,利用sigmoid 函数输出一个在 0 ~1 的数字,代表信息的保留程度。表达式为
ft=σg(Wfxt+Ufht-1+bf)
然后,将ht-1xt传入输入门,利用输入门更新输入信息it,表达式为
it=σg(Wixt+Uiht-1+bi)
同时,利用tanh函数得到候选记忆细胞,表达式为
$\tilde{c}_{t}=\sigma_{c}\left(W_{c} x_{t}+U_{c} h_{t-1}+b_{c}\right)$
接着,将上一时刻的细胞状态和遗忘门相乘的结果与输入门和候选值相乘(☉)的结果相加,得到新的细胞状态ct,即
$c_{t}=f_{t} \odot c_{t-1}+i_{t} \odot \tilde{c}_{t}$,
最后,将ht-1xt传入输出门,利用sigmod函数得到输出ot,即
ot=σg(Woxt+Uoht-1+bo)
则,当前时刻的输出值可以表示为
ht=otσh(ct)
式(11)中:WU代表可学习参数;b代表偏置。
在状态预测任务中,输入的维度为相关状态的长度,以96点状态数据为例,可以根据连续7 d(7×96)的状态数据预测1 d(1×96)点数据,因此,LSTM的输入的维度为7×96,最终输出的维度为1×96。
在数字孪生状态预测的过程中,温度因素对用电模式的显著影响不容忽视。相对一般的温度来说,高温与低温天气会导致状态的显著改变。具体可以表现为,低温状态增加了供暖需求,高温刺激了空调和风扇的使用,相应地提高了日用电压力。因此,在数字孪生模拟中,预测模型需要考虑到状态以及天气等外部信息。因此,状态预测是一个多元状态预测的过程。
为了在数字孪生系统中精确模拟数据的时间序列变化,本文中构建了一个结合小波变换与LSTM的状态预测算法;选择一组包含96个维度的用电状态数据以及天气数据作为基础数据集,旨在实现精准的多元状态预测。
本文中提出的多元状态预测模型采用小波变换技术对电力状态时间序列数据进行细致拆分,从而获得稳定性更高的频率分量数据,即高频部分和低频部分。不同于传统时间序列的分解方法,小波变换通过对时频域的精细化处理,显著减少了原始数据波动对结果的干扰,确保了分解后数据的平稳性。这些平稳的数据作为LSTM模型的输入,能有效减少模型固有的延迟效应,提升多元预测的准确度。此算法的实际部署可以大幅提升预测精度,从而为电力系统运营提供支持,助力工作人员制定更科学的电力分配计划。融合小波分解的LSTM多元状态预测流程如图3所示。
首先,在数据采集阶段,针对数据集中的缺失值进行处理。由于本文中所用数据集仅有少量连续的数据缺失,因此,采用了均值插补法,即利用相邻两周内的数据来计算缺失值的均值并填补。经过这一处理步骤后,数据集的结构表达式为
O=$\left(\begin{array}{llll}{o}_{11}& {o}_{12}& \dots & {o}_{1n}\\ {o}_{22}& {o}_{22}& \dots & {o}_{2n}\\ ︙& ︙&  & ︙\\ {o}_{m1}& {o}_{m2}& \dots & {o}_{mn}\end{array}\right)$
式(12)中:oij为第i天第j个时段的用电状态;m 为数据集所覆盖的总天数;n为每天收集的数据点数。在本实验设定中,每15 min收集一次数据,一天总计96个数据点。
随后,对状态数据和温度数据应用小波分解,得到相应的高频和低频系数表达式为
A=$\left(\begin{array}{llll}{a}_{11}& {a}_{12}& \dots & {a}_{1k}\\ {a}_{21}& {a}_{22}& \dots & {a}_{2k}\\ ︙& ︙&  & ︙\\ {a}_{m1}& {a}_{m2}& \dots & {a}_{mk}\end{array}\right)$=$\left(\begin{array}{l}{A}_{1}\\ {A}_{2}\\ ︙\\ {A}_{m}\end{array}\right)$
D=$\left(\begin{array}{llll}{d}_{11}& {d}_{12}& \dots & {d}_{1k}\\ {d}_{21}& {d}_{22}& \dots & {d}_{2k}\\ ︙& ︙&  & ︙\\ {d}_{m1}& {d}_{m2}& \dots & {d}_{mk}\end{array}\right)$=$\left(\begin{array}{l}{D}_{1}\\ {D}_{2}\\ ︙\\ {D}_{m}\end{array}\right)$
式中:AiDi 分别为第 i 天数据经过小波分解后得到的高频和低频系数数据;m为数据集的总天数;k 为分解后小波系数的维度。由于实验中选用了 Daubechies 2 (db2) 小波进行分解,考虑到 db2 滤波器的长度为4,以及数据集维度为96,所以经过计算得知系数维度为49。
之后,对得到的高频和低频系数数据进行标准化处理,确保数据值在一个特定的范围内。进一步地,将数据转换为适合LSTM处理的训练集格式,以低频系数数据为例,其格式为
X=$\left(\begin{array}{l}{X}_{1}\\ {X}_{2}\\ ︙\\ {X}_{t}\end{array}\right)$
Xi=(Ai-21,Ai-14,Ai-7,Ai-6,Ai-5,…,Ai-1,AiI)
Y=$\left(\begin{array}{l}{A}_{1}\\ {A}_{2}\\ ︙\\ {A}_{t}\end{array}\right)$=$\left(\begin{array}{l}{Y}_{1}\\ {Y}_{2}\\ ︙\\ {Y}_{t}\end{array}\right)$
式中:t表示所在训练集合中的时序长度;XiYi分别表示训练集中的自变量以及因变量,为了更好表示多因素,上述公式中Ai代表状态数据,即待预测的状态相关数据;而AiI则与天气中的温度数据相关,代表数据集中状态时刻对应的天气数据。对于相关的参数标号,Ai-21Ai-14Ai-7、…、Ai-1则分别代表当前预测之日之前的三周数据,分别代表前21 d、前14 d以及前7 d的数据。
具体的算法伪代码如下。
为了更好地针对当前数据特点,构造了相关LSTM模型,并分别对高频部分、低频部分进行预测,通过获取到中间预测值训练形成LSTM高频模型和LSTM低频模型,最后通过获得的预测值,进行小波的重构,进而形成最终预测的值。
本文所用数据集来自湖北省的用电状态数据(表1),并包含A、B、C和D共4个区域的温度时序数据,温度时序数据每隔15 min采集一次,时间范围从2018-01-01—2022-07-08,即实验数据集包括1 650 d内的96点状态数据(1 650×96)。且这些数据完整性较好,经过相关处理,质量较高,可用作数据集。
由于数据集存在着一定的缺失,因此,需要对数据进行预处理:对于连续天的缺失,在此使用均值插补法来填充,即使用缺失值前后的半个月同一时刻的数据均值进行填充;对于零星存在的缺失值,使用临近值直接进行填充。
在原始数据输入模型前,通过小波分解将用电状态数据和温度数据分解成高低频系数,在经过归一化处理之后以预测当天的前21 d、14 d和过去7 d的用电状态数据和预测当天温度系数数据(实际应用中,为电力系统或者与电力系统有相关合作的系统中预测的温度数据)作为训练集,以预测的当天的用电状态数据作为因变量,加入算法模型中进行训练,如表2所示。
之后只使用LSTM、小波分解结合最小绝对值收敛和选择算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, LASSO)、季节-趋势分解(seasonal-trend decomposition using loess, STL)结合LSTM等模型进行预测,与使用了小波分解的LSTM进行比较,最后根据指标验证预测效果的精准性。
为验证本文提出的模型的准确性,选择来自电力系统的真实数据集进行实验,通过选定的指标均方误差(mean square error, MSE)与平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error, MAPE)大小证明小波分解结合LSTM算法模型的精准性。
选取的基线模型如下。
(1)小波分解-LASSO模型:单变量状态预测使用的算法,通过比对可以验证小波分解结合LSTM算法的在多元状态预测上的准确性。
(2)LSTM算法:用于验证小波分解降低数据波动性之后对于LSTM算法预测效果的提升。
(3)STL-LSTM算法:STL算法作为一种常用的时间序列分解方法,通过实验对比可以验证小波分解降低数据波动性的优越性。
根据上述描述输入测试部分的数据来获取预测数据,将经过小波重构后得到的实际状态预测数据与实际状态数据进行比对,以MAPE作为评判指标,选择2022-07-01—2022-07-08的实际预测效果进行展示,结果如图4所示。
具体状态预测指标结果对比如表3所示。
通过图4表3可知,小波分解与LSTM结合的方法预测准确性较好,在8 d的状态预测中,6 d的预测效果较其他基线模型有提升,且相比于只使用LSTM以及STL和LSTM组合使用,小波分解与LSTM组合使用的效果提升较为显著,因此充分说明了该方法的可行性。
然而,在7月2日的数据中,小波分解与LASSO相结合的方法较本文方法更优,如图5所示。
图5可知,小波分解与LSTM结合的方式在7月2日整体效果不是很理想。然而,经观察发现,在数据较为平滑的前30个数据点,即用电行为较少且比较稳定的深夜和清晨,小波分解与LASSO的组合预测效果较好,但在用电状态数据波动性比较大的后66个数据点,即用电行为最多且较不稳定的时间段,小波分解与LSTM的预测效果更好。具体数据如表4所示。展示了7月2日不同用电情况下的平均绝对百分比误差。
表4可知,LSTM在波动性数据的预测处理方面展现出显著优势,相较于LASSO模型,其预测效果更佳。然而,对于呈现出平滑特性的用电状态数据,LASSO模型所模拟的线性函数更贴近其实际变化趋势。此外,由于所选取的影响因素相对较少,
模型可能仍受到固有的滞后性影响,这在一定程度上限制了预测的准确性。
同时,从图5表4中可知,小波分解与LSTM相结合的方法相较于单独使用LSTM的预测效果更佳。在大多数情况下,这种组合方法都能提供准确可靠的预测结果。为了进一步提升预测性能,还可以考虑将小波分解与LSTM以及小波分解与LASSO通过线性加权融合法、分类器、评分系统等多种方法实现组合预测。这将有助于构建一个更为强大和灵活的预测框架,以应对不同特性和复杂度的用电状态数据。
为了验证本文所提模型的效果,还在通用设备制造、商业综合体等领域数据进行了实验,实验结果如图6所示。
本文方法在以上领域数据状态预测均获得了优秀的效果,证明了本文所提模型具备较强的泛化性。
为实现针对多元状态的精准预测,便于支撑数字孪生系统的构建,提出了一种融合小波分解的LSTM多元状态预测模型,首先通过小波分解将状态时间序列分解为高低频系数数据,然后通过LSTM算法进行训练和预测,最终得到精准的预测结果,在实验中在真实数据集中通过与小波分解结合LASSO、LSTM和STL-LSTM算法进行对比最终验证了这一方法的有效性,辅助数字孪生系统的仿真。
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403421
  • 接收时间:2024-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-09
  • 修回日期:2024-07-09
基金
国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5400-202255154A-1-1-ZN)
作者信息
    1 中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 北京 100192
    2 国网江西省电力科学研究院, 南昌 330096
    3 东方电子股份有限公司, 烟台 264011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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