Article(id=1245407863380751230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403589, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715702400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-15, revisedDate=1722441600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857973189, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857973189, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857973189, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857973189, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2943, endPage=2950, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407864051839923, articleId=1245407863380751230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Mechanical Characteristics of Impact Damage of Flowing Ice on Gate Piers under Ice-water Coupling, columnId=1156262735643005297, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Hydraulic Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the winter water transfer process of the Northwest cold region long-distance water transfer project, channels and hydraulic structures such as gate piers are frequently subjected to damage from flowing ice impacts. To safeguard the stability and security of winter water transfer operations, it is imperative to investigate the mechanical response characteristics of gate piers under the influence of flowing ice impact. ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software was employed to establish a refined finite element model of the gate pier under ice-water coupling conditions using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) fluid-solid interaction method. The accuracy and validity of the numerical model are were verified by comparing the impact forces of flowing ice against relevant standards. The mechanical response characteristics of flowing ice on the gate pier by varying models such as the ice-water coupling model, additional mass model, fluid-free model, and flowing ice characteristics (velocity and compression strength)was explored. The findings indicated that the impact damage from flowing ice on the gate pier primarily occurs at the collision contact area between flowing ice and the gate pier. The presence of the water medium significantly mitigates the damage caused by flowing ice, emphasizing its viscous effects. Comparing different collision condition models, the additional mass model exhibits the highest impact force and X-direction displacement peak values, followed by the fluid-free model, with the fluid-solid coupling model showing the least impact, thereby suggesting the suitability of the additional mass model for simulation calculations and structural design. Furthermore, the result revealed that both the peak and mean impact forces increase with higher flow ice velocities and compression strengths, underscoring the importance of considering these factors in impact force assessments. Practical measures such as installing ice stopping ropes are recommended to mitigate flow ice impact forces and ensure structural safety in real-world applications.

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西北寒冷地区长距离输调水工程冬季输水过程中渠道及河道中修建的闸墩等水工建筑物经常受到流冰的撞击破坏影响,为保障冬季输水的稳定性及安全性,需进行冰水耦合作用下流冰对闸墩的撞击破坏力学特性响应研究。应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件,基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian,ALE)流固耦合方法建立了冰-水耦合作用下流冰撞击闸墩的精细化有限元模型,并通过相关规范对流冰撞击力进行对比,验证了冰材料数值模型的准确性及有效性。以冰-水耦合模型、附加质量模型、无流体模型和流冰特性(流冰速度、流冰压缩强度)为变量,探究流冰对闸墩的力学特性响应规律。研究结果表明:流冰对闸墩的撞击破坏影响主要集中在流冰-闸墩碰撞接触区域,且水介质的黏滞作用显著降低了流冰对闸墩的损伤破坏;对于不同模型碰撞工况下流冰撞击时的闸墩力学特性,附加质量模型计算得到的撞击力和x方向位移峰值最大,无流体模型次之,流固耦合模型最小,表明附加质量模型进行仿真计算更有利于结构设计,而流固耦合模型能更真实模拟流冰-闸墩相互作用进程。流冰撞击力峰值和均值均随着流冰速度及压缩强度的增大而增大,表明流冰速度和流冰压缩强度对撞击力的影响不容忽视。因此,在实际工程中可设置拦冰索等措施以降低流冰撞击力确保结构安全。

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司才龙(1984—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:水工结构安全性。E-mail:

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司才龙(1984—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:水工结构安全性。E-mail:

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司才龙(1984—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:水工结构安全性。E-mail:

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Parameters of concrete material model

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参数 数值
质量密度r0/(kg·m-3) 2 500
计算控制参数 0
计算控制参数 0
率效应开关 1
预损伤 0
侵蚀系数 1.1
系数恢复参数 10
盖帽选项 0
抗压强度/MPa 29
骨料粒径/m 0.02
单位制 4
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混凝土材料模型参数

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参数 数值
质量密度r0/(kg·m-3) 2 500
计算控制参数 0
计算控制参数 0
率效应开关 1
预损伤 0
侵蚀系数 1.1
系数恢复参数 10
盖帽选项 0
抗压强度/MPa 29
骨料粒径/m 0.02
单位制 4
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878526382124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863380751230, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Ice material parameters

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参数 数值
材料密度/ (kg·m-3) 910
剪切模量/ GPa 2.2
屈服应力/ MPa 2.1
塑性模量/ GPa 4.26
体积模量/ GPa 5.26
塑性失效应变 7.81×10-4
截断应力/ MPa -4
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冰材料参数

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参数 数值
材料密度/ (kg·m-3) 910
剪切模量/ GPa 2.2
屈服应力/ MPa 2.1
塑性模量/ GPa 4.26
体积模量/ GPa 5.26
塑性失效应变 7.81×10-4
截断应力/ MPa -4
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878765457473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863380751230, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Material model parameters for water and air media

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参数 空气介质 水介质
密度 1.184 5 998.21
截断压力 -10 -1×105
黏度系数 1.745 6×10-5 8.684×10-4
常数C 1 647
常数S1 1.921
常数S2 -0.096
系数C4 0.4
系数C5 0.4
常数 0.35
初始内能E0 /J 2.53×105 2.895×105
初始相对体积V0 1.0 1.0
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水介质与空气介质材料模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 空气介质 水介质
密度 1.184 5 998.21
截断压力 -10 -1×105
黏度系数 1.745 6×10-5 8.684×10-4
常数C 1 647
常数S1 1.921
常数S2 -0.096
系数C4 0.4
系数C5 0.4
常数 0.35
初始内能E0 /J 2.53×105 2.895×105
初始相对体积V0 1.0 1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1245407879038087255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863380751230, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistics of ice-gate pier impact force and displacement under different models

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模型 撞击力
峰值/kN
撞击力
均值/kN
x方向
位移峰值/mm
附加质量模型 476.9 87.7 0.23
流固耦合模型 425.5 75.3 0.19
无流体模型 436.3 76.1 0.22
), ArticleFig(id=1245407879176499301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407863380751230, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同模型下流冰-闸墩撞击力及位移统计

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模型 撞击力
峰值/kN
撞击力
均值/kN
x方向
位移峰值/mm
附加质量模型 476.9 87.7 0.23
流固耦合模型 425.5 75.3 0.19
无流体模型 436.3 76.1 0.22
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冰-水耦合作用下流冰对闸墩的撞击破坏力学特性响应
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司才龙 1 , 贾治元 1 , 贡力 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025,25(7): 2943-2950
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025, 25(7): 2943-2950
冰-水耦合作用下流冰对闸墩的撞击破坏力学特性响应
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司才龙1 , 贾治元1, 贡力2
作者信息
  • 1 甘肃省水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司, 兰州 730000
  • 2 兰州交通大学土木工程学院, 兰州 730070
  • 司才龙(1984—),男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:水工结构安全性。E-mail:

Mechanical Characteristics of Impact Damage of Flowing Ice on Gate Piers under Ice-water Coupling
Cai-long SI1 , Zhi-yuan JIA1, Li GONG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Gansu Water Resources and Hydropower Survey and Design Research Institute Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2 Department of Civil Engineering, LanzhouJiao tong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403589
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西北寒冷地区长距离输调水工程冬季输水过程中渠道及河道中修建的闸墩等水工建筑物经常受到流冰的撞击破坏影响,为保障冬季输水的稳定性及安全性,需进行冰水耦合作用下流冰对闸墩的撞击破坏力学特性响应研究。应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件,基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian,ALE)流固耦合方法建立了冰-水耦合作用下流冰撞击闸墩的精细化有限元模型,并通过相关规范对流冰撞击力进行对比,验证了冰材料数值模型的准确性及有效性。以冰-水耦合模型、附加质量模型、无流体模型和流冰特性(流冰速度、流冰压缩强度)为变量,探究流冰对闸墩的力学特性响应规律。研究结果表明:流冰对闸墩的撞击破坏影响主要集中在流冰-闸墩碰撞接触区域,且水介质的黏滞作用显著降低了流冰对闸墩的损伤破坏;对于不同模型碰撞工况下流冰撞击时的闸墩力学特性,附加质量模型计算得到的撞击力和x方向位移峰值最大,无流体模型次之,流固耦合模型最小,表明附加质量模型进行仿真计算更有利于结构设计,而流固耦合模型能更真实模拟流冰-闸墩相互作用进程。流冰撞击力峰值和均值均随着流冰速度及压缩强度的增大而增大,表明流冰速度和流冰压缩强度对撞击力的影响不容忽视。因此,在实际工程中可设置拦冰索等措施以降低流冰撞击力确保结构安全。

数值模拟  /  流固耦合  /  力学特性  /  撞击力  /  水介质

In the winter water transfer process of the Northwest cold region long-distance water transfer project, channels and hydraulic structures such as gate piers are frequently subjected to damage from flowing ice impacts. To safeguard the stability and security of winter water transfer operations, it is imperative to investigate the mechanical response characteristics of gate piers under the influence of flowing ice impact. ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software was employed to establish a refined finite element model of the gate pier under ice-water coupling conditions using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) fluid-solid interaction method. The accuracy and validity of the numerical model are were verified by comparing the impact forces of flowing ice against relevant standards. The mechanical response characteristics of flowing ice on the gate pier by varying models such as the ice-water coupling model, additional mass model, fluid-free model, and flowing ice characteristics (velocity and compression strength)was explored. The findings indicated that the impact damage from flowing ice on the gate pier primarily occurs at the collision contact area between flowing ice and the gate pier. The presence of the water medium significantly mitigates the damage caused by flowing ice, emphasizing its viscous effects. Comparing different collision condition models, the additional mass model exhibits the highest impact force and X-direction displacement peak values, followed by the fluid-free model, with the fluid-solid coupling model showing the least impact, thereby suggesting the suitability of the additional mass model for simulation calculations and structural design. Furthermore, the result revealed that both the peak and mean impact forces increase with higher flow ice velocities and compression strengths, underscoring the importance of considering these factors in impact force assessments. Practical measures such as installing ice stopping ropes are recommended to mitigate flow ice impact forces and ensure structural safety in real-world applications.

numerical simulation  /  fluid-structure interaction  /  mechanical properties  /  impact force  /  water medium
司才龙, 贾治元, 贡力. 冰-水耦合作用下流冰对闸墩的撞击破坏力学特性响应. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2943 -2950 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403589
Cai-long SI, Zhi-yuan JIA, Li GONG. Mechanical Characteristics of Impact Damage of Flowing Ice on Gate Piers under Ice-water Coupling[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2943 -2950 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403589
冰凌问题是中国北方寒冷地区较常出现的冰情现象,流凌形成一般经过结冰期、封冻期、流冰期3个阶段[1]。在开河流冰期间,流冰在水流的拖拽下在河道中输移扩散,对河道中修建的闸墩等工程产生了撞击威胁,长期的撞击会形成损伤积累效应,降低水工建筑物的使用寿命,引发工程事故[2-3]。因此,开展流冰对闸墩等水工建筑物撞击破坏力学机理的研究迫在眉睫。
国内外学者对流凌引发的一系列问题展开了大量的研究。其研究手段主要有缩尺试验和数值模拟。其中试验研究可靠性高,但试验研究成本高,耗时长,且只能得到少量数据,因此应用范围有限。而随着计算机硬件和非线性有限元技术的迅速发展,数值仿真技术在处理船-冰、冰-结构相互问题有显著的优势[4]。在船-冰相互作用研究方面,曲悦含等[5]利用流固耦合方法实现了船体-浮冰-海水的耦合作用,分析了不同碰撞影响参数对船冰碰撞冰载荷的影响;Zhang等[6]运用CFD-DEM(computational fluid dynamics & discrete element method)组合方法研究了全尺度船-冰相互作用过程;Kim等[7]研究了破冰过程中船舶水动力对冰阻力的影响。可以看出,学者们已对船-冰相互作用开展了大量的研究。而在冰-混凝土结构相互作用研究方面,Gong等[8]开展0.3 m3小尺度流冰对输水隧洞的撞击破坏机理研究;贾治元等[9]开展了450 m3大尺度冰排对桥墩撞击挤压的数值模拟研究。但通过Deng等[10]对黄河冰的观测结果,发现河冰长宽大多都在3.8~4.5 m之间且尺寸大多呈不规则形状。综上所述,目前关于小尺度流冰和大尺度冰排对水工结构的碰撞研究较多,但关于中等尺度大小流冰对水工结构撞击影响的研究较少。
此外,闸墩等水工建筑物一般在有水环境下运行,这种运行方式使其涉及两相流运动和流体与固体的相互作用,而目前对冰-混凝土结构相互作用的研究大多都未考虑水动力效应。事实上,水的动力效应使得碰撞过程极其复杂,Liu等[11]采用数值模拟方法,对船-冰碰撞过程中水动力效应所伴随的影响进行了分析;贾子琛等[12]设计了海冰与固定圆柱体之间水动力相互作用的试验,并采用CFD-FEM方法研究了水动力作用对海冰与固定圆柱体碰撞过程的影响。上述研究均发现流体介质在船-冰碰撞过程中有着显著的影响。
鉴于此,基于非线性有限元数值模拟软件,采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian, ALE)流固耦合方法对冰-水耦合作用下中等尺度大小流冰对闸墩的力学特性展开了研究,以期为西北干寒地区闸墩等水工建筑物的防冰破冰提供理论支撑和技术参考。
流冰-闸墩相互作用属于强迫振动问题。考虑沙漏阻尼后,根据达朗贝尔原理,建立流冰-闸墩撞击过程中的动力学方程为
$M\ddot{Ü}\left({t}_{n}\right)=P\left({t}_{n}\right)-{F}^{int}\left({t}_{n}\right)+H\left({t}_{n}\right)-C\stackrel{·}{U}\left({t}_{n}\right)$
式(1)中:M为质量矩阵;Ü(tn)为tn时刻节点的加速度列阵;P(tn)为外力向量列阵;Fint(tn)为内力矢量;H(tn)为沙漏阻尼向量;C为阻尼矩阵;$\stackrel{·}{U}\left({t}_{n}\right)$为节点速度列阵;U(tn)为位移列阵。
流冰与闸墩的碰撞过程中周围水的影响通过定义任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)流固耦合(FSI)算法来解决。在该算法中对流体(水、空气)和固体(流冰、桥墩)的网格分别采用Euler网格和Lagrange网格,利用*CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID实现流体与固体的耦合,并且通过罚函数法在耦合界面处传递流体与固体的相互作用力。
附加质量法的原理是在建模时不考虑流体介质模型,而将水动力作用以附加质量的形式附加到流冰上。目前附加质量法在船-船、船-冰碰撞方面研究较多。本文中参考Song等[13]对冰-结构附加质量法的研究,通过增大流冰材料密度来达到附加质量的目的,附加质量系数参考郑霄阳等[14]的研究,选取流冰总质量的 0.05倍进行附加质量的计算,并进行转换,公式为
ρ=(1+mx)ρ0
式(2)中: ρ为经过附加质量后的流冰密度,kg/m3;mx为附加质量系数;ρ0为初始流冰密度,kg/m3
闸墩类型以频繁发生冰凌灾害的引洮供水二期工程中修建的某闸墩为例。引洮供水工程是从洮河流域调水到甘肃省中部干旱地区,用于解决该地区农业灌溉以及人畜饮水等用水问题的重大水利工程。该工程主要包括闸墩、暗渠、陡坡、倒虹吸等水工建筑物,其中总干渠长95.091 km,总干渠设计引水流量20 m3/s,加大引水流量为22.5 m3/s[15]
在数值分析中,选取单个墩体进行有限元求解计算。在流冰-闸墩撞击过程中,闸墩混凝土表面会发生损伤变形。因此对于闸墩材料的选择应具有塑性变形,混凝土材料模型选用连续面盖帽材料模型Mat CSCM (continuous surface cap model)[16],模型参数如表1所示。对闸墩前端网格加密划分,网格尺寸设置为0.1 m。
流冰模型根据Deng等[10]对黄河冰的观测结果。有限元计算中将各种不规则的河冰简化为正方体,流冰尺寸选取为4 m×4 m×0.3 m,冰体单元网格设置为0.1 m,冰材料模型采用各向同性弹性失效模型 (*MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_FAILURED)[17],冰材料模型参数如表2所示。同时,由于流冰撞击闸墩结构具有随机性,故对流冰的自由度不进行约束。根据于天来等[18]对河冰应变速率的研究,天然河道冰的韧脆破坏分界点的应变率在4.76×10-5~9.52×10-4 s-1之间,故采用应变率作为冰的失效准则。
为准确模拟流体作用下流冰对闸墩的碰撞作用,使流场尽可能地贴近真实情况,选取12.8 m×10 m×3.5 m和12.8 m×10 m×1 m的长方体水域和空气域,网格尺寸均设置为0.2 m×0.2 m×0.2 m,采用本构模型Null和状态方程Polynomial来描述流体样变形特性[19],两者参数设置如表3所示。
流冰-闸墩碰撞过程中,在重力作用下流冰会出现沉降现象,为避免出现上述现象,本文所采用的方法是利用*INITIAL_HYDROSTATIC_ALE、*CONTROL_ALE关键字协同施加静水压力对流冰产生浮力,并通过设置质量阻尼(*DAMPING_PART_MASS)减小压力波形震荡,以此使流冰处于竖向平衡状态。从图1中可以清楚地看到压力初始化完成后分层明显,是由于计算开始后水体在重力作用下迅速向下进行水压初始化达到正常水压数值,进而导致水压初始化完成后分层明显。从图2中可以看到,同一深度下压力值基本保持稳定,在0、1.5、2.5、3.5 m水深处通过数值模拟计算所得到静水压力值分别为1.02×105、1.13×105、1.21×105、1.30×10Pa,而通过静水压力公式推算得到的静水压力值分别为1.01×105、1.16×105、1.25×105、1.35×10Pa,其平均误差为4.39%。上述结果表明本文所使用的流体模型能够较为准确的模拟流冰-闸墩相互作用过程。
水介质中流冰对闸墩的撞击是一个非线性动力响应过程,该文运用非线性有限元数值模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立数值仿真模型,如图3所示。首先采用ANSYS/HYPERMESH软件建立三维模型并进行网格划分;其次利用LS-PREPOSR软件进行关键字的修改,将流冰-闸墩接触算法设置为对称罚函数法,接触类型分别设置为自动面面接触 (automatic surface-to-surface contact,ASTS)和侵蚀单面接触(eroding single-sided contact,ESS),分别用以检测流冰-闸墩之间的接触和流冰与流冰单元之间的接触,为避免碰撞接触时发生初始穿透,设置流冰-闸墩法向距离为0.005 m。此外,在流固耦合模型中还需定义欧拉单元的边界条件和初始条件,对水域、空气域设置无反射边界条件,模拟无限的流域来忽略反射波的影响。为了使流冰在流体介质中的运动不受影响,将水域沿y正方向的自由度进行约束,其余部分定义为流体自由出入边界,并对闸墩底部xyz 3个方向的自由度进行约束。考虑到实际工程中流冰对闸墩的碰撞影响主要为x方向,且风速影响较小。因此,本次模拟忽略风速影响,选用冰初速度为x负方向,为冰提供动力,设置完成后利用动力学分析命令输出K文件;最后采用LS-DYNA显示动力学求解软件进行求解计算。
此外,为验证所建模型的准确性,本文中计算了流冰速度为1.5 m/s,流冰压缩强度为2.136 MPa碰撞工况下流冰-闸墩撞击力,撞击力时程曲线见图4。根据《水工建筑物抗冰冻设计规范》[20]中流冰撞击力计算公式计算所得到撞击力为441 kN。这与有限元计算结果的峰值425.5 kN误差仅为3.51%,表明本文所建立的模型能较为准确地模拟流冰-闸墩相互作用过程。
本文中首先对流冰速度为1.5 m/s,流冰压缩强度为2.136 MPa碰撞工况下流冰-闸墩相互作用进行研究。
为明晰水介质对流冰-闸墩碰撞过程的影响,分别建立了附加质量模型、流固耦合模型、无流体模型。图5图6分别给出了不同模型下的撞击力时程曲线和不同模型下的x方向位移时程曲线。
图5中可以看出,3种模型下的撞击力时程曲线均呈现出十分复杂的强非线性特征,出现多个波峰和波谷,有效地体现了冰体出现失效的非线性特征。从图5中还可以看出,不同模型下的撞击力峰值出现时间具有显著差别,附加质量模型和无流体模型下的峰值出现时间均为0.010 s,而流固耦合模型下的峰值出现时间为0.017 s,出现上述现象的原因是流冰与闸墩结构接触碰撞之前,流冰需要克服“水垫效应”做功,致使碰撞时刻出现滞后现象。由表4可以看出,无流体模型和流固耦合模型计算得到的撞击力峰值和均值计算结果较为接近,差别不超过 5%,而附加质量模型计算得出的撞击力峰值和均值较大。上述结果表明通过附加质量法计算得到的结果偏大,更有利于结构设计,而流固耦合模型由于将动水作用考虑在内,能更真实地模拟流冰-闸墩相互作用过程。
图6可知,3种模型下的x方向位移时程曲线轨迹基本相似,均呈现出3个阶段:第一阶段流冰持续挤压碰撞,x方向位移时程曲线进入加载阶段;第二阶段由于建模时流冰较小和水介质的阻尼作用,流冰表现出轻微的反弹,x方向位移时程曲线呈现出卸载特征;第三阶段为0.047 s后,闸墩接触区混凝土x方向位移稳定在0.05 mm左右,表明此时闸墩接触区混凝土发生塑性变形。但由表 4 可知,附加质量模型计算得到的x方向位移峰值较大,无流体模型次之,流固耦合模型最小,表明水介质的黏滞作用有效降低了流冰对闸墩结构的损伤。
图7进一步给出了3种模型下的闸墩结构x方向位移云图。从图7中可以看出,闸墩结构接触碰撞区x方向位移云图存在着高损伤区域,且随着时间的前进位置不断发生改变,产生这一现象的原因是流冰-闸墩碰撞过程中冰单元不断超越弹性阶段,发生失效破坏。同时以上结果也表明,流冰对闸墩结构的损伤主要集中流冰-闸墩碰撞接触区域,因此在实际工程中应设置合理的防撞装置防治流冰对闸墩等水工建筑物长时间的撞击破坏。
为准确模拟水介质中流冰-闸墩碰撞过程,图8给出了流固耦合模型下的流冰-闸墩三维碰撞图。从图8中可以看出,在0.005 96 s时等效应力峰值为5.636×105 Pa,此时流冰-闸墩还未发生接触,出现应力的原因是流冰近场逼近闸墩过程中,水介质会因受到挤压而预先产生高压力场,该压力场会对闸墩结构产生瞬态高压力载荷。在0.010 s时流冰-闸墩发生接触碰撞,此时等效应力峰值达到了1.390×107 Pa,其后在0.301、0.500 s,等效应力峰值分别为7.504×106、2.296×10Pa,呈现近似下降趋势,这是因为随着流冰持续碰撞挤压,流冰内部已发生损伤破坏,致使应力峰值不断下降。从图8 中还可以看出,流冰对闸墩的撞击损伤主要集中在接触区,远离接触区的影响较小,这和3.1.1节x方向位移云图分析基本一致。
为研究水介质中不同流冰速度对闸墩的力学特性。取流冰压缩强度为2.136 MPa,结合西北干寒地区冬季河流流速,选取0.5、1.0、1.5 、2.0、2.5 m/s 5种速度工况进行流冰与闸墩的碰撞模拟分析。
图9给出了不同流冰速度V下的撞击力时程曲线。可以发现,不同撞击力F时程曲线的相同之处在于均呈现出很强的随机波动现象;不同之处在于撞击力峰值出现时间存在显著的差异,随着流冰速度的增大峰值出现时间不断提前。进一步对图9曲线峰值和均值进行了统计并曲线拟合,由图10可知,0.5、1.0、1.5 、2.0、2.5 m/s 5种工况下撞击力峰值分别为381.3、401.8、425.5、459.0、489.0 kN,撞击力均值分别为54.7、68.8、75.2、91.3、100.8 kN,随着流冰速度的增加而增大,即流冰速度越快撞击力越大,这是由于流冰速度的增加会导致流冰与闸墩碰撞时动量增加,致使撞击力呈现出近似于F=aV+b的线性函数关系。因此,在实际工程中,应采用拦冰索等措施降低流冰速度以确保闸墩结构安全。
为研究水介质中不同温度流冰对闸墩的力学特性,取流冰速度为1.5 m/s,流冰压缩强度f根据当地水文站实测降水和蒸发资料推得冬季平均气温在-7 ℃左右,最低气温为-29 ℃,参考王庆凯等[21]对流冰压缩强度与温度研究得到的关系${f}_{F}=0.767\times ln\left|T\right|+0.591$,设置温度T为=-7.5、-12.5、-17.5、-22.5、-27.5 ℃等5种温度工况,即对应流冰压缩强度f分别为2.136、2.528、2.789、2.979、3.133 MPa进行流冰与闸墩碰撞仿真模拟分析。
图11给出了不同流冰压缩强度工况下的撞击力时程曲线。可以发现,不同撞击力时程曲线的均呈现出强非线性特征。进一步对图11曲线峰值和均值进行了统计并曲线拟合,由图12可知,2.136、2.528、2.789、2.979、3.133 MPa五种压缩强度工况下撞击力峰值分别为425.5、470.8、536.2、627.1、718.6 kN,撞击力均值分别为75.2、78.1、75.2、88.4、127.8 kN,随着流冰压缩强度的增加而增大, 即流冰压缩强度越大撞击力越大。同时发现当流冰压缩强度在2.136~2.789 MPa区间时,撞击力增长幅度较小;当流冰压缩强度大于2.789 MPa时,撞击力增长较为明显,表明环境温度的变化对流冰撞击力的影响不容忽视,其关系拟合曲线为F=af2+bf+c。因此,在实际工程中,应及时关注冬季气温变化以掌握流冰压缩强度改变引起的撞击力变化,采取针对性的防冰措施保证结构安全。
本文采用非线性有限元数值模拟软件,基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)流固耦合方法建立了冰-水耦合作用下流冰撞击闸墩的精细化有限元模型,对流冰与闸墩的撞击过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,所采用的方法较好地模拟了流冰与桥墩的相互作用过程,通过规范验证、冰-水耦合作用下流冰-闸墩相互作用分析、不同流冰特性(流冰速度、流冰压缩强度)流冰-闸墩相互作用分析,得到了以下结论。
(1) 在不同模型碰撞工况下。附加质量模型计算得到的撞击力和x方向位移峰值最大,无流体模型次之,流固耦合模型最小,表明附加质量模型进行仿真计算更有利于结构设计,而流固耦合模型由于将碰撞过程中的水介质考虑在内,能够更真实的模拟流冰-闸墩相互作用过程。同时还发现流冰对闸墩结构的损伤主要集中流冰-闸墩碰撞接触区域,且水介质的存在有效降低了流冰对闸墩结构的损伤。
(2) 在保持流冰压缩强度不变的情况下,只改变流冰速度,流冰速度与撞击力峰值和均值均呈现近似线性函数的关系,主要原因是流冰与闸墩碰撞时动量增加所导致的。此外,不同流冰速度相邻撞击力峰值差值分别为20.5、23.7、33.5、30 kN, 不同流冰速度相邻撞击力均值差值分别为14.1、6.4、16.1、9.5 kN,幅值变化明显。因此,在实际工程中,应采用拦冰索等措施降低流冰动量以确保结构安全。
(3) 在保持流冰速度不变的情况下,只改变流冰压缩速度,流冰压缩速度与撞击力峰值和均值均呈现近似多项式函数的关系,且同时发现当流冰压缩强度在2.136~2.789 MPa区间时,撞击力增长幅度较小;当流冰压缩强度大于2.789 MPa时,撞击力增长较为明显。在实际工程中环境温度越低,流冰压缩强度越大,因此应及时关注冬季气温变化以掌握流冰压缩强度改变引起的撞击力变化,采取针对性的防冰措施在输水过程中降低流冰对闸墩结构的碰撞破坏作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51969011)
  • 甘肃省科技计划(21JR7RA30)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403589
  • 接收时间:2024-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-15
  • 修回日期:2024-08-01
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国家自然科学基金(51969011)
甘肃省科技计划(21JR7RA30)
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    1 甘肃省水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司, 兰州 730000
    2 兰州交通大学土木工程学院, 兰州 730070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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