Article(id=1245407862713856849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307532, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695484800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-24, revisedDate=1723219200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857973029, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857973029, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857973029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857973029, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3064, endPage=3070, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407865456930883, articleId=1245407862713856849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimization of Improved Particle Swarm Fuzzy PID Algorithm for Aeration Control in Wastewater Treatment, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the problems of large lag and nonlinearity in aeration control systems for wastewater treatment. The principles of aeration control systems were analyzed, meanwhile, mathematical model for such systems was established. Based on traditional PID(proportion,integration,differential) control algorithms, particle swarm optimization algorithms, and fuzzy control algorithms, an improved particle swarm optimized fuzzy PID algorithm was proposed to overcome the drawbacks of expert-dependency and lack of dynamic performance in fuzzy PID control. The system was simulated using MATLAB to compare the speed, accuracy, and stability of the three control methods in terms of step response, disturbance rejection, and robustness under model mismatch conditions. The results indicate that the improved particle swarm optimized fuzzy PID algorithm outperforms traditional PID and fuzzy PID control algorithms in terms of step response, disturbance rejection, and robustness. It achieves faster and more stable regulation of dissolved oxygen, thereby enhancing control system performance. The improvement is expected to reduce operational costs at wastewater treatment plants, as well as improve system reliability and economic efficiency.

, correspAuthors=Jin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin YANG, Jin ZHANG, Zhi LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407871064715578, articleId=1245407862713856849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=改进粒子群模糊PID算法对污水处理曝气控制的优化, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=针对污水处理曝气控制系统存在滞后大、非线性的问题,分析了污水处理曝气控制系统的原理,建立了污水处理曝气控制系统的数学模型;并通过对传统比例-积分-微分(proportion,integration,differential,PID) 控制算法、粒子群算法和模糊控制算法的研究,提出了一种改进的粒子群优化模糊PID算法,有效解决了模糊 PID 控制过度依赖专家经验、缺少动态性能的缺点。采用MATLAB 对该系统进行仿真,从阶跃响应、抗干扰性和模型失配情况下的鲁棒性三个方面,对三种不同控制方法的快速性、准确性和稳定性进行比较。结果表明,基于改进的粒子群模糊PID 算法在阶跃响应、抗干扰能力和鲁棒性方面均优于传统PID和模糊PID控制算法,能够更快速、更稳定地实现对溶解氧的高效调节,改善了控制系统性能,有助于降低污水处理厂的运营成本。, correspAuthors=张劲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张劲(1982—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授。研究方向:环保设备。E-mail:
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阳鑫(1998—),男,汉族,湖南娄底人,硕士研究生。研究方向:污水处理智能控制。E-mail:

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China Pulp & Paper Industry, 2019, 40(6): 25-30., articleTitle=Application of fuzzy neural network PID in dissolved oxygen control system of aeration tank, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245407876076909418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862713856849, awardId=2021BCA129, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省科学技术厅重点研发计划(2021BCA129), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245407871375094115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862713856849, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407871387677028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862713856849, companyId=1245407871375094115, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407871391871333, 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language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fuzzy control rules for ΔKPKIKD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
e ec
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
NB PB/NB/PS PB/NB/PS PM/NM/NB PS/NM/NB PS/NS/NB ZO/ZO/NM ZO/ZO/ZO
NM PB/NB/PS PM/NB/PS PM/NM/NB PS/NS/NM PS/NS/NM ZO/ZO/NS NS/ZO/ZO
NS PM/NB/ZO PM/NM/ZO PS/NS/ZO PS/NS/NM ZO/ZO/NS NS/PS/NS NS/PS/ZO
ZO PM/NM/ZO PM/NM/NS PS/NS/NS ZO/ZO/NS NS/PS/NS NM/PM/NS NM/PS/ZO
PS PS/NM/ZO PS/NS/ZO ZO/ZO/ZO NS/PS/ZO NS/PS/ZO NM/PM/ZO NM/PB/ZO
PM PS/ZO/PB ZO/ZO/PB NS/PS/PS NM/PS/PS NM/PM/PS NM/PB/PS NB/PB/PB
PB ZO/ZO/PB ZO/ZO/PB NS/PS/PM NM/PM/PM NM/PM/PS NB/PB/PS NB/PB/PB
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875552621371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862713856849, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ΔKPKIKD模糊控制规则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
e ec
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
NB PB/NB/PS PB/NB/PS PM/NM/NB PS/NM/NB PS/NS/NB ZO/ZO/NM ZO/ZO/ZO
NM PB/NB/PS PM/NB/PS PM/NM/NB PS/NS/NM PS/NS/NM ZO/ZO/NS NS/ZO/ZO
NS PM/NB/ZO PM/NM/ZO PS/NS/ZO PS/NS/NM ZO/ZO/NS NS/PS/NS NS/PS/ZO
ZO PM/NM/ZO PM/NM/NS PS/NS/NS ZO/ZO/NS NS/PS/NS NM/PM/NS NM/PS/ZO
PS PS/NM/ZO PS/NS/ZO ZO/ZO/ZO NS/PS/ZO NS/PS/ZO NM/PM/ZO NM/PB/ZO
PM PS/ZO/PB ZO/ZO/PB NS/PS/PS NM/PS/PS NM/PM/PS NM/PB/PS NB/PB/PB
PB ZO/ZO/PB ZO/ZO/PB NS/PS/PM NM/PM/PM NM/PM/PS NB/PB/PS NB/PB/PB
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875724587853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862713856849, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance indicators of different control methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制
算法
阶跃响应 模型失配仿真(扩大开环增益) 模型失配仿真(增加滞后时间)
超调量/% 调节时间/s 超调量/% 调节时间/s 超调量/% 调节时间/s
PID 10.556 24 25.949 35 29.221 45
模糊PID 6.989 21 18.452 35 25.949 45
粒子群模糊PID 1.381 12.5 13.068 22 18.452 27
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875896554330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862713856849, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各控制方法的性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制
算法
阶跃响应 模型失配仿真(扩大开环增益) 模型失配仿真(增加滞后时间)
超调量/% 调节时间/s 超调量/% 调节时间/s 超调量/% 调节时间/s
PID 10.556 24 25.949 35 29.221 45
模糊PID 6.989 21 18.452 35 25.949 45
粒子群模糊PID 1.381 12.5 13.068 22 18.452 27
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改进粒子群模糊PID算法对污水处理曝气控制的优化
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阳鑫 1, 2 , 张劲 1, 2, * , 刘志 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(7): 3064-3070
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(7): 3064-3070
改进粒子群模糊PID算法对污水处理曝气控制的优化
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阳鑫1, 2 , 张劲1, 2, * , 刘志3
作者信息
  • 1 湖北大学资源环境学院, 武汉 430062
  • 2 湖北大学生态文明建设研究院, 武汉 430062
  • 3 湖北省生态环境监测中心站, 武汉 430061
  • 阳鑫(1998—),男,汉族,湖南娄底人,硕士研究生。研究方向:污水处理智能控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张劲(1982—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授。研究方向:环保设备。E-mail:
Optimization of Improved Particle Swarm Fuzzy PID Algorithm for Aeration Control in Wastewater Treatment
Xin YANG1, 2 , Jin ZHANG1, 2, * , Zhi LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
  • 2 Research Institution of Ecological Civilization Construction, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
  • 3 Hubei Provincial Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Wuhan 430061, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307532
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针对污水处理曝气控制系统存在滞后大、非线性的问题,分析了污水处理曝气控制系统的原理,建立了污水处理曝气控制系统的数学模型;并通过对传统比例-积分-微分(proportion,integration,differential,PID) 控制算法、粒子群算法和模糊控制算法的研究,提出了一种改进的粒子群优化模糊PID算法,有效解决了模糊 PID 控制过度依赖专家经验、缺少动态性能的缺点。采用MATLAB 对该系统进行仿真,从阶跃响应、抗干扰性和模型失配情况下的鲁棒性三个方面,对三种不同控制方法的快速性、准确性和稳定性进行比较。结果表明,基于改进的粒子群模糊PID 算法在阶跃响应、抗干扰能力和鲁棒性方面均优于传统PID和模糊PID控制算法,能够更快速、更稳定地实现对溶解氧的高效调节,改善了控制系统性能,有助于降低污水处理厂的运营成本。
粒子群  /  模糊PID控制  /  PID  /  溶解氧

In view of the problems of large lag and nonlinearity in aeration control systems for wastewater treatment. The principles of aeration control systems were analyzed, meanwhile, mathematical model for such systems was established. Based on traditional PID(proportion,integration,differential) control algorithms, particle swarm optimization algorithms, and fuzzy control algorithms, an improved particle swarm optimized fuzzy PID algorithm was proposed to overcome the drawbacks of expert-dependency and lack of dynamic performance in fuzzy PID control. The system was simulated using MATLAB to compare the speed, accuracy, and stability of the three control methods in terms of step response, disturbance rejection, and robustness under model mismatch conditions. The results indicate that the improved particle swarm optimized fuzzy PID algorithm outperforms traditional PID and fuzzy PID control algorithms in terms of step response, disturbance rejection, and robustness. It achieves faster and more stable regulation of dissolved oxygen, thereby enhancing control system performance. The improvement is expected to reduce operational costs at wastewater treatment plants, as well as improve system reliability and economic efficiency.

particle swarm optimization (PSO)  /  fuzzy PID control  /  PID  /  dissolved oxygen
阳鑫, 张劲, 刘志. 改进粒子群模糊PID算法对污水处理曝气控制的优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 3064 -3070 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307532
Xin YANG, Jin ZHANG, Zhi LIU. Optimization of Improved Particle Swarm Fuzzy PID Algorithm for Aeration Control in Wastewater Treatment[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 3064 -3070 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307532
在国家提出“深入推进环境污染防治”的背景下,环境污染治理特别是水污染治理尤为重要。A2/O(anaerobic-anoxic-oxic)工艺是目前在城镇污水处理广泛应用的污水处理工艺。在A2/O工艺曝气池中,曝气过少,导致水中溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)偏低,丝状菌将会大量繁殖导致污泥膨胀。反之,过量的曝气,多余的溶解氧会通过好氧池中的硝化液回流到缺氧池和厌氧池中,影响缺氧区的反硝化脱氮和厌氧区的释磷,且耗能增大[1]。因此,曝气控制是决定污水处理能否达到排放标准的关键环节,同时曝气环节也是污水处理中能耗最大的部分。研究曝气控制对于提升污水处理效果和降低污水处理厂的运营成本具有重要意义。
污水中的溶解氧会受着进水的pH、进水水质、温度和进水量的影响,导致氧转移率和微生物的需氧量发生变化[2]。因此,氧在水中的溶解过程有着非线性、时变和大滞后等特点。由Zhao等[3]提出的用比例积分微分(proportion,integration,differential,PID)控制器控制曝气,至今仍有很多污水厂在用[4]。它具有算法简单、稳定性好、适用范围广等特点,但其灵活性和控制精度不高,越来越难达到现代化的控制要求。
Zhang等[5]为实现自适应过程性能,采用自适应遗传算法(adaptive genetic algorithm,AGA)调节活性污泥曝气PID控制器参数,发现该算法可实现满意的活性污泥处理过程曝气控制响应。Saravana等[6]通过基准模拟模型(benchmark simulation model No.1,BSM1)框架中加入模糊逻辑控制器,并进行了模拟研究,发现这个方案不仅提高了整个控制系统的效能,还改善了出水水质。张根宝等[7]研究了可以自动调整参数的模糊PID控制系统,通过引入调整因子自动调节曝气机频率,从而提高控制溶解氧(demand oxygen, DO)的稳定性。模糊PID控制虽然可以通过模糊规则来改善传统PID中比例增益KP、积分增益KL、微分增益KD不能实时调节的缺点,但是模糊PID的量化因子、比例因子一般固定不变,或者需要人工微调。
Kennedy等[8]提出了模仿鸟类捕食行为的粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization, PSO)算法,可以通过粒子群优化算法对模糊PID的量化因子和比例因子进行优化,但是标准的粒子群算法容易陷入局部最优。因此,现对粒子群优化算法的惯性权重和学习因子部分进行了改进,以平衡全局搜索和局部搜索能力,提高搜索全局最优的能力。
采用改进的粒子群算法优化模糊PID的量化因子和比例因子,使其对PID控制中的比例、积分、微分参数进行动态调节,以提高对溶解氧的控制精度,解决模糊 PID 控制过度依赖专家经验、缺少动态性能的缺点,从而改善控制系统性能。以MATLAB为平台,对传统的PID控制、模糊PID控制和改进的粒子群模糊PID进行模拟仿真,比较三者控制方法的超调量和调节时间,并且模拟进水的溶解氧发生变化以及模型失配后的调节情况。
A2/O是包含有厌氧区、缺氧区和好氧区的活性污泥工艺,属于污水生物处理方法。A2/O工艺主要通过微生物的分解代谢和合成代谢,对污水中的污染物质进行分解和转化,从而净化水质[9]
在A2/O工艺中,主要通过控制器控制变频器去调节风机转速,从而控制好氧区的溶解氧含量。曝气量控制系统示意图如图1所示。好氧区的溶解氧经溶解氧传感器测量变送后反馈回输入端。控制器根据溶解氧设定值DOset和反馈信号DOout求差后得到偏差e和偏差变化率ec,经过Mamdani模糊推理后,得到PID控制器的三个微调参数ΔKP、ΔKI和ΔKD[10]。将KPKIKD参数微调后,控制器将改变输出的电压模拟信号U,并送入变频器,根据U的大小调节调节变频器的输出频率F,进而改变控制气泵的转速V,即可改变单位时间输气量Q的大小,最终实现对A2/O好氧区溶解氧的控制。
通过变频调节鼓风机转速改变好氧池中溶解氧浓度是一个复杂的、时变的滞后系统。在污水处理曝气控制系统中,由鼓风机和变频器组成的简单二阶模型作为被控对象,其曝气环境可以等效为二阶惯性系纯滞后环节[11],其传递函数为
G(s)=$\frac{1}{{s}^{2}+2s+0.625}$e-3s
式(1)中:s为拉普拉斯变换中的复变量,它表示系统的频率响应。
连续控制系统的理想PID控制规律为
u(t)=KPe(t)+KI${\int }_{0}^{t} $e(t)dt+KD$\frac{de\left(t\right)}{dt}$
式(2)中:KP为比例增益;KI为积分增益;KD为微分增益;u(t)为输出信号;e(t)为给定值与测量值差值。
模糊逻辑控制器主要包括模糊化、模糊推理和反模糊化(清晰化)三个部分。先通过对溶解氧设定值与实际值的比较,得到溶解氧偏差e与偏差变化率ec,对eec分别乘一个量化因子KeKec量化到模糊论域中,输入变量eec和输出变量ΔKP、ΔKI和ΔKD的论域都选为[-6,6],并用{NB(负大),NM(负中), NS(负小),ZO(零),PS(正小),PM(正中),PB(正大) }7个模糊语言值表示。
根据专家与技术人员经验,制定溶解氧偏差e与偏差变化率ec发生不同变化时ΔKPKIKD模糊控制规则。建立如表1所示的模糊控制规则表。
在MATLAB中输入模糊控制表后,可以通过“View”选项卡下的 “Surface”功能得到三个调整参数的控制曲面,如图2所示。
根据模糊控制规则表,采用Mamdani推理算法进行模糊推理,再利用面积重心法对模糊推理的输出值进行反模糊化,得到反模糊化值。将反模糊化值乘以比例因子,转化为实际变化量,得到模糊控制器的KPKIKD实际输出值。三个调整参数输入PID控制器中,改变比例、积分和微分增益,从而调节PID输出。
模糊控制PID可以通过模糊规则来控制传统PID中KPKIKD不能实时调节的缺点,但是其控制规则和隶属度函数过度依赖专家经验,且模糊控制的比例、量化因子也不可调节。选择通过PSO算法来弥补以上缺点。
粒子群优化算法是一种寻找全局最优解的优化型算法[12],该算法通过多次迭代,不断寻找局部最优解,直到达到全局最优解。粒子拥有位置属性和速度属性,并通过目标函数确定自己的适应度。将根据群体中历史最优位置和个体历史最优位置,不断调整速度和位置,以期望能够找到更优的解。每进行一次迭代, 粒子都通过粒子位置更新公式和粒子速度更新公式进行更新。
标准的POS算法粒子更新公式为
Vi,j+1=ωVi,j+c1r1(pbest,i-Xi,j)+
c2r2(gbest,i-Xi,j)
Xi,j+1=Xi,j+Vi,j+1
式中:Vi,j+1Xi,j+1代表第i个粒子、第j+1次迭代的速度和位置;pbest,igbest,i分别为第i次的当前最佳位置和全局的最优位置;ω为惯性权重,控制前一速度对当前粒子速度的影响[13];r1r2为0~1的随机数;c1c2为粒子的学习因子,一般初始值取2。
在粒子群优化算法中,惯性权重是控制粒子搜索过程的重要参数。一般情况下,惯性权重采用线性递减策略。但是,线性递减的惯性权重会导致粒子在后期对全局最优解的搜索能力减弱[14]。因此,研究采用凹函数模型的动态惯性权重[15]来改善算法的性能。这种动态惯性权重递减策略可以更适合粒子搜索过程,平衡算法的全局搜索和局部搜索能力。其计算公式为
ω(t)=$\frac{{\omega }_{max}-{\omega }_{min}}{\sqrt{2\pi }}$exp$\left[-\frac{t\text{'}}{{T}_{max}}({\omega }_{max}-{\omega }_{min}{)}^{2}\right]$
式(5)中:ωmaxωmin分别为权重的最大、最小值;t'为当前迭代次数;Tmax为最大迭代次数。
学习因子c1c2分别代表个体最优解和全局最优解对粒子的影响程度,表征着粒子自身认知度和社会认知度[16]。在迭代初期,应更多关注粒子的自我认知,以粒子自身经验为主,防止粒子过早收敛,陷入早熟。因此c1设置较大,c2设置较小;在迭代后期,应更多地关注粒子的社会认知,c2要设置较大,同时,应降低粒子的自我认知,c1应设置较小,防止陷入局部最优。选择的学习因子优化公式为
c1=c1max-(c1max-c1min)sin$\left[\frac{\pi }{2}\left(1-\frac{t\text{'}}{{T}_{max}}\right)\right]$
c2=c2min+(c2max-c2min)sin$\left[\frac{\pi }{2}\left(1-\frac{t\text{'}}{{T}_{max}}\right)\right]$
式中:c1maxc1minc2maxc2min分别为学习因子的最大、最小值。
针对于曝气控制过程中模糊PID控制的缺点,对模糊PID控制过程中的模糊化的量化因子(KeKec)和反模糊化的比例因子(KPKIKD)进行动态优化。具体的寻优过程如下:
(1)初始化种群,设定粒子群参数。首先设定寻优种群的基本参数,包括设定迭代次数上限、种群数量、搜索维度等基本参数,以及学习因子和惯性因子的初值和上下限。同时,在搜索范围内初始化粒子的位置和速度。
(2)进行适应度计算。本文中采用实际工程中广泛应用的时间误差绝对值积分(integral of absolute value of time error,ITAE)积分准则。ITAE积分准则有着能够综合评价系统的动、静态性能,且对参数具有良好的选择性,因此是一种实用性很强的指标,能够完成对粒子的适应度值计算。之后根据适应读值的大小衡量解的优越性,更新粒子最优和全局最优。
(3)更新每个粒子的速度和位置。按式(5)~式(7)更新惯性权重值和学习因子,最后代入式(3)、式(4)更新每个粒子的速度和位置。
(4)判断终止。以最大迭代数次或者搜索到满足最小适应值阈值的最佳位置为判断条件,终止程序,如果不满足条件,则跳转到步骤(2)继续进行寻优。
在通过MATLAB软件上,对经典PID、模糊PID控制算法、改进粒子群模糊PID曝气系统的Matlab进行仿真,其中改进的粒子群模糊PID模型如图3所示。
设置曝气池的最佳曝气为2.0 mg/L,初始溶解氧为0,对阶跃响应与抗干扰性进行了仿真,并模拟了当模型发生失配时的情况,其中阶跃响应与抗干扰性结果曲线如图4所示,模型失配仿真图像如图5所示,并建立各控制方法的性能指标如表2所示。
从阶跃响应对比图与阶跃响应的性能指标可以看出,改进的粒子群模糊PID与PID和模糊PID相比,超调量和调节时间均有大幅减少,具有最佳的控制效果。由于受到污水处理中进水水质的影响,溶解氧容易发生变化,故进行干扰性测试。通过在40 s时对模型加入干扰信号,模拟好氧区溶解氧从稳定的2.0 mg/L变到1.5 mg/L的控制情况。
改进的粒子群模糊PID仍然能稳定达到目标值,调节时间比模糊PID少8.6 s,减少了37.4%的调节时间,并且没有超调与震荡现象,因此改进粒子群模糊PID的自适应能力和抗干扰能力比PID和模糊PID强。
由于污水中的溶解氧会受进水的pH、进水水质、温度和进水量的影响,导致曝气系统的模型实时发生变化。所以,为保证曝气控制系统的稳定性,要求控制系统能够根据曝气系统实际模型的变化来调整其控制参数[17]。在模型仿真时,可以适当改变控制对象数学模型中的开环增益、滞后时间和时间参数等参数,模拟曝气系统非线性、时变和大滞后等特点。现将曝气系统的开环增益扩大 20%,进行仿真,得到不同控制策略下的系统输出曲线,如图5 (a)所示。
所有控制方法的超调量和调节时间都有大幅度变化,传统PID算法和模糊PID算法出现明显的震荡现象,而改进的粒子群模糊PID有着明显的优化,超调量更小的同时,没有震荡现象,且改进粒子群模糊PID的调节时间为22 s,较PID和模糊PID减少了37.1%的调节时间,有着更快的调节速度。
污水处理曝气系统是一个具有很大不确定性以及变化性的系统。由于溶解氧传感器必须长时间浸泡在水中,易受到污水的腐蚀钝化,对测量滞后时间有较大影响。故而污水处理曝气系统控制方法必须要有着较强的鲁棒性来减少硬件老化对控制效果产生的影响。现假设系统的传递函数不变,但滞后时间发生变化,增加1 s延迟时间,变为
G(s) =$\frac{1}{{s}^{2}+2s+0.625}$e-4s
再次进行仿真,仿真结果如图5 (b)所示。同样,所有控制方法的超调量和调节时间都有大幅度变化,总体而言模糊PID较传统PID有所优化,但是优化幅度不大。但是改进粒子群模糊PID的超调量与传统PID和模糊PID相比分别减少了10.746%和7.479%的超调,且震荡幅度大幅减小。此外,改进粒子群模糊PID的调节时间为27 s,较PID和模糊PID减少了40%的调节时间,有着更快的调节速度。
因此从模型失配仿真结果可以得出:改进的粒子群模糊PID较PID与模糊PID更能适应污水处理厂进水水质变化的干扰,鲁棒性好,并且有着更快的调节速度,能够达到生产要求的控制精度。
相比传统PID控制算法和模糊PID控制,改进的粒子群模糊PID在超调量、调节时间、抗干扰能力和鲁棒性上有着明显的优势。改进的粒子群模糊 PID能够对模糊PID控制中的比例、量化因子参数进行动态调节,有效解决了模糊 PID 控制过度依赖专家经验的缺点。此外通过改善算法搜索全局最优的能力,提高了对A2/O工艺好氧区溶解氧的控制精度和响应速度,改善了控制系统性能,具有较高的实用性。该方法的应用研究对解决污水处理时曝气控制效果不佳的问题提供了一种解决方案,并且有助于降低污水处理厂的运营成本。
  • 湖北省科学技术厅重点研发计划(2021BCA129)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2307532
  • 接收时间:2023-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-24
  • 修回日期:2024-08-10
基金
湖北省科学技术厅重点研发计划(2021BCA129)
作者信息
    1 湖北大学资源环境学院, 武汉 430062
    2 湖北大学生态文明建设研究院, 武汉 430062
    3 湖北省生态环境监测中心站, 武汉 430061

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* 张劲(1982—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,副教授。研究方向:环保设备。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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