Article(id=1245407862084711219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403277, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714924800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-06, revisedDate=1722441600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857972880, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857972880, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857972880, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857972880, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2904, endPage=2913, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407863280087926, articleId=1245407862084711219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Tracer Migration Characteristics of Complex Fractured Rock Mass under Fracture-porosity Dual Media Model, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to further study the connectivity and hydraulic connection between the injection and production wells in geothermal reservoir, a dual media model of fracture-porosity was constructed by using COMSOL Multiphysic.The effects of the aperture of the fissure group in fractured rock mass, the diffusion coefficient of the rock matrix, and the permeability on the tracer breakthrough curve (BTC) at different dip angles with the mainstream direction were analyzed.The results indicate that the convection of water in the fissure is the main factor influencing the concentration migration. With the increase of the fissure aperture, the migration rate and peak concentration of the tracer are enhanced, and the degree of the influence on the tracer migration by the fissure aperture decreases with the increase of the dip angle of the fissure group. The diffusion coefficient and permeability of the rock matrix have a significant impact on the temporal and spatial distribution of the tracer concentration. With the increase of the matrix diffusion coefficient, the delay effect of the tracer migration is elevated. With the increase of the matrix permeability, the anisotropy of the reservoir pressure and concentration distribution is reduced, and the concentration distribution at the outlet boundary becomes more uniform.

, correspAuthors=Zi-jun FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-qi NING, Zi-jun FENG, Qi GAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407870959857971, articleId=1245407862084711219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型下的复杂裂隙岩体示踪传质特性, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为了深入研究地热储层中采灌井间的连通性及水力联系,使用COMSOL Multiphysic构造裂隙-孔隙双重介质数值模型,对深部裂隙岩体渗流及示踪运移进行模拟。分析了裂隙岩体中与主流线方向呈不同倾角的裂隙组的开度、岩体基质的扩散系数和渗透率对示踪剂突破曲线(breakthrough curve,BTC)的影响。结果表明:裂隙内水的对流是影响浓度运移的主要因素;随着裂隙开度增大,示踪剂运移的速率和峰值浓度增大,且示踪剂运移受裂隙开度的影响程度随裂隙组倾角增大而呈减小趋势;岩体基质扩散系数和渗透率对示踪剂的浓度时空分布影响显著;随着基质扩散系数增大,示踪剂迁移的延迟效应提高;随着基质渗透率增大,储层的压力和浓度分布各向异性降低,出口边界处的浓度分布更加均匀。, correspAuthors=冯子军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 冯子军(1983—),男,汉族,安徽阜阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:高温高压岩石力学及地热开发。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/sH3N6awB34SPyT+CV1OYA==, magXml=i/7Ug+hDG36DlJqJvgqrCQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=I69KXrlFldESTYg3Rk4A+g==, pdfFileSize=11077268, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=RPF52GUlLC7qLNI9rbhaPw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=rhfv2ECfod4pLZpDigedCg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

宁佳祺(1999—),男,汉族,山西朔州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地热开发。E-mail:

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宁佳祺(1999—),男,汉族,山西朔州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地热开发。E-mail:

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宁佳祺(1999—),男,汉族,山西朔州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地热开发。E-mail:

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label=Table 1, caption=

Solute transport simulation parameters in fractured rock reservoir

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 表述 取值
bf1 裂隙组1开度 5×10-5 m
bf2 裂隙组2开度 5×10-5 m
Z21 裂隙组1粗糙度 0.5
Z22 裂隙组2粗糙度 0.5
N1 次级裂隙组1数量 15
N2 次级裂隙组2数量 15
ρ 流体密度 1×103 kg/m3
μ 动力黏度 1×10-3 Pa·s
${\varphi }_{m}$ 基质孔隙率 0.1
${\varphi }_{f}$ 裂隙孔隙率 0.7
J 水力梯度 1
km 基质渗透率 1×10-16 m2
αl 水平弥散度 30 m
αm 纵向弥散度 30 m
Xm 基质压缩性 0 1/Pa
χf 流体压缩性 0 1/Pa
), ArticleFig(id=1245407877381338064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862084711219, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

裂隙岩体储层中溶质运移模拟参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 表述 取值
bf1 裂隙组1开度 5×10-5 m
bf2 裂隙组2开度 5×10-5 m
Z21 裂隙组1粗糙度 0.5
Z22 裂隙组2粗糙度 0.5
N1 次级裂隙组1数量 15
N2 次级裂隙组2数量 15
ρ 流体密度 1×103 kg/m3
μ 动力黏度 1×10-3 Pa·s
${\varphi }_{m}$ 基质孔隙率 0.1
${\varphi }_{f}$ 裂隙孔隙率 0.7
J 水力梯度 1
km 基质渗透率 1×10-16 m2
αl 水平弥散度 30 m
αm 纵向弥散度 30 m
Xm 基质压缩性 0 1/Pa
χf 流体压缩性 0 1/Pa
), ArticleFig(id=1245407877565887449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862084711219, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of aperture of fracture group 1 on characteristic parameters of breakthrough curves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
裂隙组1
开度/m
峰值浓度/
(mol·m-3)
峰值时间/
d
半高宽/
d
5×10-5 0.000 727 158 480.555
6×10-5 0.000 90 122 391.667
7×10-5 0.001 0 96 340.025
8×10-5 0.001 12 86 306.085
9×10-5 0.001 18 79 286.580
), ArticleFig(id=1245407877683327972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862084711219, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

裂隙组1开度对突破曲线特征参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
裂隙组1
开度/m
峰值浓度/
(mol·m-3)
峰值时间/
d
半高宽/
d
5×10-5 0.000 727 158 480.555
6×10-5 0.000 90 122 391.667
7×10-5 0.001 0 96 340.025
8×10-5 0.001 12 86 306.085
9×10-5 0.001 18 79 286.580
), ArticleFig(id=1245407877830128625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862084711219, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of aperture of fracture group 2 on characteristic parameters of breakthrough curves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
裂隙组2
开度/m
峰值浓度/
(mol·m-3)
峰值
时间/d
半高宽/d
5×10-5 0.000 727 158 480.555
6×10-5 0.000 766 142 451.300
7×10-5 0.000 800 133 433.182
8×10-5 0.000 817 129 422.120
9×10-5 0.000 831 124 410.308
), ArticleFig(id=1245407877968540667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862084711219, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

裂隙组2开度对突破曲线特征参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
裂隙组2
开度/m
峰值浓度/
(mol·m-3)
峰值
时间/d
半高宽/d
5×10-5 0.000 727 158 480.555
6×10-5 0.000 766 142 451.300
7×10-5 0.000 800 133 433.182
8×10-5 0.000 817 129 422.120
9×10-5 0.000 831 124 410.308
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878065008640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862084711219, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of matrix diffusivity on the characteristic parameters of breakthrough curves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纵向弥散
度/m
峰值浓度/
(mol·m-3)
峰值时间/
d
半高宽/
d
15 0.000 738 152 474.000
25 0.000 733 155 478.444
35 0.000 724 158 483.222
45 0.000 719 165 489.111
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878207614991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862084711219, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基质弥散度对突破曲线特征参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纵向弥散
度/m
峰值浓度/
(mol·m-3)
峰值时间/
d
半高宽/
d
15 0.000 738 152 474.000
25 0.000 733 155 478.444
35 0.000 724 158 483.222
45 0.000 719 165 489.111
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878299889690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862084711219, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of matrix permeability on the characteristic parameters of breakthrough curves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基质渗透率/
m2
峰值浓度/
(mol·m-3)
峰值时间/
d
半高宽/
d
1×10-16 0.000 731 162 479.444
3×10-16 0.001 430 111 286.988
5×10-16 0.002 188 88 188.867
7×10-16 0.003 011 69 135.933
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878425718820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407862084711219, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

基质渗透率对突破曲线特征参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基质渗透率/
m2
峰值浓度/
(mol·m-3)
峰值时间/
d
半高宽/
d
1×10-16 0.000 731 162 479.444
3×10-16 0.001 430 111 286.988
5×10-16 0.002 188 88 188.867
7×10-16 0.003 011 69 135.933
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裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型下的复杂裂隙岩体示踪传质特性
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宁佳祺 1, 2 , 冯子军 1, 2, * , 高祺 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(7): 2904-2913
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(7): 2904-2913
裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型下的复杂裂隙岩体示踪传质特性
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宁佳祺1, 2 , 冯子军1, 2, * , 高祺1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 太原理工大学矿业工程学院, 太原 030024
  • 2 太原理工大学, 原位改性采矿教育部重点实验室, 太原 030024
  • 宁佳祺(1999—),男,汉族,山西朔州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地热开发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 冯子军(1983—),男,汉族,安徽阜阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:高温高压岩石力学及地热开发。E-mail:
Tracer Migration Characteristics of Complex Fractured Rock Mass under Fracture-porosity Dual Media Model
Jia-qi NING1, 2 , Zi-jun FENG1, 2, * , Qi GAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of In-situ Modified Mining Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403277
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为了深入研究地热储层中采灌井间的连通性及水力联系,使用COMSOL Multiphysic构造裂隙-孔隙双重介质数值模型,对深部裂隙岩体渗流及示踪运移进行模拟。分析了裂隙岩体中与主流线方向呈不同倾角的裂隙组的开度、岩体基质的扩散系数和渗透率对示踪剂突破曲线(breakthrough curve,BTC)的影响。结果表明:裂隙内水的对流是影响浓度运移的主要因素;随着裂隙开度增大,示踪剂运移的速率和峰值浓度增大,且示踪剂运移受裂隙开度的影响程度随裂隙组倾角增大而呈减小趋势;岩体基质扩散系数和渗透率对示踪剂的浓度时空分布影响显著;随着基质扩散系数增大,示踪剂迁移的延迟效应提高;随着基质渗透率增大,储层的压力和浓度分布各向异性降低,出口边界处的浓度分布更加均匀。
裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型  /  示踪运移  /  对流扩散  /  突破曲线

In order to further study the connectivity and hydraulic connection between the injection and production wells in geothermal reservoir, a dual media model of fracture-porosity was constructed by using COMSOL Multiphysic.The effects of the aperture of the fissure group in fractured rock mass, the diffusion coefficient of the rock matrix, and the permeability on the tracer breakthrough curve (BTC) at different dip angles with the mainstream direction were analyzed.The results indicate that the convection of water in the fissure is the main factor influencing the concentration migration. With the increase of the fissure aperture, the migration rate and peak concentration of the tracer are enhanced, and the degree of the influence on the tracer migration by the fissure aperture decreases with the increase of the dip angle of the fissure group. The diffusion coefficient and permeability of the rock matrix have a significant impact on the temporal and spatial distribution of the tracer concentration. With the increase of the matrix diffusion coefficient, the delay effect of the tracer migration is elevated. With the increase of the matrix permeability, the anisotropy of the reservoir pressure and concentration distribution is reduced, and the concentration distribution at the outlet boundary becomes more uniform.

fracture-pore dual media model  /  tracer migration  /  convection and diffusion  /  breakthrough curve
宁佳祺, 冯子军, 高祺. 裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型下的复杂裂隙岩体示踪传质特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2904 -2913 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403277
Jia-qi NING, Zi-jun FENG, Qi GAO. Tracer Migration Characteristics of Complex Fractured Rock Mass under Fracture-porosity Dual Media Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2904 -2913 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403277
当前全球环境污染问题和能源枯竭危机日益加重,深部地热资源作为一种存储量大,稳定性高,对环境友好的清洁性能源,受到了各国研究者的重点关注[1-3]。相较于常规储层,天然深部热储多为裂缝性储层,呈现出显著的非均质性和各向异性。其内部流体流动过程尤为复杂,难以通过野外露头调查全面揭示。因此,在有限的地质测量数据基础上,通过深入分析裂隙网络统计分布规律,构建一套能够有效模拟天然裂隙储层流体流动特性的渗流及传质模型显得至关重要[4-5]
目前,针对裂隙岩体储层的流体流动的数学模型主要包括等效连续介质模型、离散裂缝网络模型以及裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型[6-7]。等效连续介质模型以流量等效为原则,把裂隙岩体等效为连续介质,用连续介质理论描述渗流方程[8]。然而,该模型忽略了裂隙岩体的压力和浓度的局部变化,不能很好地刻画裂隙的特殊导水作用。而基于离散裂隙网络模型的理论[9],岩体本身被视为不透水介质,地下水的流体流动及传质只能通过具有不同倾角和走向的裂隙网络来实现。裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型作为一种不连续体模型,具有重要的实用价值[10]。该模型由Renard[11]、 Warren等[12]提出,认为裂隙岩体中的流体流动分为两个部分:裂隙介质和孔隙介质。流体只能在裂隙中进行流动,基质是流体流动的源,裂隙与基质系统之间的流动存在着压力差。Kuwahara等[13]首次基于流体动力学,利用连续性方程与纳维斯托克斯方程作为控制方程,推导了流体流经裂隙及基质介质的宏观动量方程,为裂隙-孔隙介质模型的应用提供了思路。孙若凡等[14]在致密油藏流体流动特征的基础上,考虑了原油在基质内的椭圆流动以及裂缝内的近径向流动,将两个流动区域进行耦合建立了两区渗流模型,为致密油藏开发的压裂施工提供指导。牛骏等[15]通过耦合嵌入式离散裂缝模型和扩展有限元建立了一种适用于裂缝性页岩油藏的流固耦合高效数值模拟方法,在准确刻画水力裂缝对渗流场和应力场的影响时,通过对裂缝进行显式降维处理,大大降低了网格划分的复杂度。熊峰等[16]基于孔隙Darcy渗流和裂隙Forchheimer渗流耦合特性,推导了渗流方程有限体积的数值格式,对裂隙-孔隙双重介质非线性渗流问题提供了理论指导。双重介质模型在探究裂缝分布对压力和浓度场的影响,以及岩体基质中孔隙与裂隙间的流体流动与质量交换方面,相较于连续介质模型和离散裂隙网络模型,展现出了显著的优势。因此有必要对该模型进行深入研究,使其在实际工程中得到广泛应用。
示踪技术在地下水水文学、水污染控制,热储工程及核废料储存等多个领域均得到了广泛应用[17-19]。在地热开发过程中,通过在热储采灌井间进行示踪测试,可以获取到不同形态的浓度突破曲线及其一系列特征参数,包括见剂时间、峰值时间、峰值浓度、半高宽及波峰形态等,提供了关于示踪剂在地热储层内部流动路径及连通程度的重要信息[20]。然而,当前对于突破曲线的解译主要基于一维条件下的优势管道模型[21-22],该模型忽略了溶质在基质中的迁移,只考虑在管道内发生对流及扩散。这限制了对溶质在地下裂隙岩体中迁移机制的全面理解。尽管通过对突破曲线进行参数反演,可以获取到优势管道的流动速度、通道长度、储层弥散度、横截面积等关键参数,但这种方法却未能充分考虑裂隙岩体中裂隙的长度、分布密度、走向、倾向等几何属性,以及由此构成的裂缝网络的分布形态,连接程度和交互方式,以及基质特性参数对浓度突破曲线形态及其特征参数的影响。因此,需要进一步的研究,以全面,深入理解示踪溶质在地下裂隙岩体中的运移机理。
基于裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型,旨在构建二维条件下模拟地下裂隙岩体储层的数值模型,深入研究裂隙岩体储层中示踪剂溶质的渗流与传质机理。具体而言,研究首先建立针对裂隙介质和岩体基质的溶质运移数学模型,并分别推导沿裂隙轴线方向和基质法线方向的一维解析解。在此基础上,运用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,构建单裂隙-基质溶质运移数值模型,研究裂隙介质内溶质浓度沿裂隙的运移距离和基质域内与垂直扩散距离的关系,并通过与解析解对比验证模型的准确性。随后,研究采用Monte-Carlo方法,构建二维条件下的离散裂隙网络,并建立裂隙岩体的二维裂隙-基质双重介质数值模型。通过该模型,本研究可以深入探讨呈不同倾角的各裂隙组开度、基质扩散系数及渗透率等因素对储层范围内浓度及压力分布的影响,并分析出口边界处示踪剂溶质突破曲线的形态及其特征参数的变化。整体而言,本研究能够丰富地下裂隙岩体储层中渗流传质的理论体系,为实际深部地下裂隙型储层的示踪实验解译提供理论指导。
溶质在裂隙岩体储层中的迁移受到多种因素的共同作用,包括裂隙介质内部水的对流和纵向扩散,裂缝壁面的吸附效应,基质介质的吸附与扩散过程,以及溶质自身可能发生的反应衰变等。当溶质为研究储层采灌井之间连通程度的示踪剂时,可以只考虑沿裂隙的对流和基体扩散,忽略弥散和吸附,以及溶质的衰变效应。考虑裂隙中溶质的质量平衡和基质孔隙中溶质的质量平衡,在裂隙-基质系统中,溶质迁移行为可通过两个相互关联的一维方程式精确描述[23-24],其中,方程式(1)适用于裂隙介质,式(2)适用于多孔基质。这种相互耦合的效应通过确保沿裂隙面的通量与浓度的连续性得以实现。
$\nu \frac{\partial {c}_{f}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial {c}_{f}}{\partial t}+\frac{q}{b}=0, 0\le x$
式(1)中:x为沿裂隙方向的坐标; t为时间;cf(x,t)为沿裂隙面的浓度解; 2b为裂缝宽度; ν为裂缝内的流体流速;q为裂隙-基质之间的扩散通量。
$-D\frac{{\partial }^{2}{c}_{m}}{\partial {z}^{2}}+\frac{\partial {c}_{m}}{\partial t}=0, b\le z$
式(2)中:z为垂直于裂隙方向的坐标; cm(x,t)为沿基质方向的浓度;D为溶质在基质中的水动力弥散系数,进一步表示为
D=αLν+D*
式(3)中:αL为弥散度; D*为分子在水中的扩散系数。
裂隙-基质方程的耦合项由扩散通量来提供,表达式为
$q=-\theta D{\left.\frac{\partial {c}_{m}}{\partial z}\right|}_{z=b}$
沿裂隙面的边界条件为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{c}_{f}(0,t)={c}_{0}\\ {c}_{f}(\infty,t)=0\\ {c}_{f}(x,t)=0\end{array}\right.$
沿基质面的边界条件为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{c}_{m}(x,b,t)={c}_{f}(x,t)\\ {c}_{m}(\infty,z,t)=0\\ {c}_{m}(x,z,0)=0\end{array}\right.$
该微分方程组的解析解为
$\frac{{c}_{f}}{{c}_{0}}=erfc\left[\frac{\frac{{t}_{w}}{b}\frac{{D}_{e}}{{D}_{a}^{0.5}}}{2(t-{t}_{w}{)}^{0.5}}\right]$
$\frac{{c}_{m}}{{c}_{0}}=erfc\left[\frac{\left(\frac{{t}_{w}}{b}\right)\left(\frac{{D}_{e}}{{D}_{a}^{0.5}}\right){+}^{z-}\frac{b}{{D}_{a}^{0.5}}}{2(t-{t}_{w}{)}^{0.5}}\right]$
式中:De为有效扩散系数,其与分子扩散系数的关系为De1.6D*;Dm为基质扩散系数, 其与分子扩散系数的关系为Dm0.6D*;tw为平均运移时间,${t}_{w}=x/\stackrel{-}{\nu }$;Da为表观扩散系数,定义为
${D}_{a}=\frac{{D}_{e}}{\theta +{\rho }_{m}{K}_{m}}$
式(9):ρm为当基质密度;Km为分布系数。基质中没有发生延迟反应或者吸附时, ρmKm=0,此时,Da=Dm
采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件构建数值模型。COMSOL是一款基于有限元法的多物理场仿真软件,通过耦合不同物理场间的相同参数,实现数值计算[25-26]。本文研究需要耦合和数值调用不同物理场,COMSOL软件能够满足这些需求。在验证模型中,使用其内部的稀物质传递模块,建立考虑沿裂隙的对流和基体扩散的单裂隙-基质溶质运移数值模型。
嵌入水平裂缝的裂隙岩体模型如图1所示。模型尺寸为10 m(x)× 5 m(z), 裂缝区域宽度为30 μm。该区域的上下边界为无通量边界,溶质从裂缝左侧以恒定浓度注入,从右侧自由流出。裂缝内流体的流速ν0=7.5×10-7 m/s, 基质内流速为0。孔隙率θ=0.01, 分子扩散系数D*=1.6×10-9m2/s。裂隙处的初始边界条件为${c}_{f}(0,t)=1mol/{m}^{3}, {c}_{m}(x,z,0)=0。$
在该数值模型中,裂隙区域和基质区域被视为一个非均质介质的两个部分,在这一非均质系统中溶质运移都受控于对流-弥散方程。裂隙与基质界面处浓度梯度较大,因此必须保证界面处网格剖分足够细从而使数值误差在允许范围内。在该模型中,使用自由三角形网格对模拟区域进行离散,网格单元最大尺寸以及单元增长速率分别设置为1.4和1.3,三角形网格总数量为20 637个。
在该模型中,研究了在不同时间下(5、7、10年),在裂隙介质内浓度沿裂隙方向的溶质运移距离x(m)以及在基质域内对应点处(x0=2 m)沿垂直扩散距离z(m)的关系曲线,并与解析解[式(7)、式(8)]进行对比,验证了模型的正确性。不同时间内浓度沿裂隙面及沿基质垂直扩散的浓度模拟解及解析解如图2图3所示。
考虑到天然裂隙分布的复杂性与随机性,为在有限的地质测量数据基础上获得更准确的模拟结果,采用Monte-Carlo模拟技术生成与实际岩体裂隙分布一致的随机裂隙网络被证明为一种高效且可行的方法[27]。在本研究中,设定储层的尺寸范围为50 m×50 m。在此范围内,依据均匀随机分布函数、幂律分布以及Fisher分布来确定裂隙网络中每个裂隙的中心点坐标、长度取值以及倾角分布[28-29]。这样的处理方式可以更精确地描述和预测岩体的裂隙特征。
对于幂律分布,裂隙长度变量x的概率密度函数表达式为
$f\left(x\right)=\frac{\alpha -1}{{x}_{min}}{\left(\frac{x}{{x}_{min}}\right)}^{-\alpha }$
式(10)中:α为幂律分布的幂指数,其值大小决定了幂律分布的形状。
当裂隙组中每个单裂隙长度服从幂律分布时,通过给定裂隙组模型中裂隙的数量N, 并给定裂隙组中最小长度Lmin和最大长度Lmax, 以及给定分形维数Df,即可确定裂隙组中每个单裂隙的长度。已给定两组裂隙组的数量为N,长度服从分形分布,范围在15~20 m, 分形维数为1.4,从而给定了储层内裂隙组中每条裂隙的长度大小。
地质调查表明,裂隙方位通常在一个或多个方向上形成集群。Fisher分布用于描述沿主方向偏离的分布规律。Fisher分布的概率密度函数描述了与椭圆方向平均角度的角度偏差θ,表达式为
$f\left(\theta \right)=K\frac{sin\theta {e}^{Kcos\theta }}{{e}^{K}-{e}^{-K}}$
式(11)中:K为Fisher常数。
通过指定裂隙组的平均倾角θ和分散系数K。则该裂隙组的每个裂隙其方位分布遵循Fisher分布。该模型中,两个裂隙组的方向服从Fisher分布,倾角分别为45°和135°,分散系数取值为20,从而给定了储层内裂隙组中每条裂隙的倾角及走向。
天然裂缝因其壁面的不规则性,孔径各异且几何形状错综复杂。在此情况下,将裂缝简化为平行板模型,忽略其粗糙壁面和曲折流动路径的影响,进而可能过度估计了裂缝中的流体速度。为科学评估裂缝的粗糙程度,引入了节理粗糙度系数、分形维数D和参数Z2等量化指标[30-31]。Dimadis等[32]针对Z2参数相关的裂缝开度问题,提出了一个校正模型。通过对比渗流试验所测得的流速数据,验证了该模型的实用性和准确性。相关数学表达式为
$b=\frac{B}{1+{Z}_{2}^{2.25}}$
式(12)中:b为等效水力裂隙开度,m; B为机械水力开度,m。
图4所示,该二维示意图为储层内采灌井之间的裂隙岩体储层剖面模型。在该储层中的流体受水力梯度为J的压力差而产生流动,流动规律满足达西定律。示踪剂溶质从左侧回灌井边界处流入储层,从右侧开采井边界处流出,其余边界均为无通量边界。
初始模型参数取值如表1所示,鉴于示踪剂溶质具有良好的稳定性,不易被岩层吸附,因此在模拟过程中,可以忽略溶质与基质及裂缝壁面之间的化学反应或吸附现象,只考虑质在裂隙介质和基质域内的对流与扩散行为。裂隙网络主导着储层内的流体压力分布及示踪剂运移,使得储层内非均质性增加,显著影响着储层的压力分布及浓度运移(图5)。
图6所示为示踪剂在800 d内,倾角与主流线方向分别呈45°、135°的裂隙组,在不同的开度条件下,出口边界处的浓度突破曲线。随着裂隙开度的增大,曲线形态变陡峭,滞后性降低,峰值增大,且峰值时间提前到来。裂隙网络作为溶质迁移的主要运移通道,当裂隙开度增大时,裂隙岩体储层的渗透率提高,裂隙介质内沿主流线方向的水的对流作用增强,从而使得溶质运移速度加快,浓度峰值能够更早的到达出口边界处;溶质在储层范围内沿其他方向的稀释程度随着裂隙网络内水的对流作用增加而降低,使得出口边界处的浓度峰值增大。
图7揭示了裂隙组1和裂隙组2的开度变化对突破曲线特征参数的影响趋势。观察裂隙组1的数据(表2),当其开度提升至9×10-5 m时,峰值浓度提升显著,提高了62.3%,而峰值时间则缩短了50%,半高宽也相应减少了40%。 对于裂隙组2(表3),其峰值浓度上升了14.3%,峰值时间缩短了21.5%,半高宽减少了14.6%。 这些数据表明,与主流线方向呈不同倾角的裂隙组参数,对储层内的溶质运移具有不同的影响程度。随着倾角的增大,一方面,裂隙内水的对流作用减弱,导致溶质运移速度减慢;另一方面,与主流线成大倾角的裂隙组会增加溶质运移方向的各项异性,增加溶质运移至死端裂隙的概率。因此,大倾角裂隙组的裂隙开度变化对出口边界处浓度突破曲线的影响程度相对较低。
图8所示为运移时间为200 d时,在不同弥散度αm(15,25,35,45 m)下的溶质运移分布图。由式(3)可知,基质的扩散系数与弥散度为正比关系,弥散度增大时,基质扩散系数随之增大,溶质沿非主流线方向扩散增加。
图9表4所示,随着弥散度的增大,突破曲线形态变缓,峰值降低,曲线滞后性增大。说明了随着岩体基质扩散系数的增大,减缓了溶质迁移的过程,并削弱了穿透曲线的峰值,增大了示踪剂在储层范围内的稀释程度。
图10描绘了在运移时间为200 d的情况下,不同基质渗透率km(1×10-16, 3×10-16, 5×10-16, 7×10-16m2)下的溶质运移分布图。由图10可知,随着基质渗透率的增加,储层内溶质的运移速度加快,使得在相同的时间内,峰值浓度面推进的距离增加。此外,由于渗透率的变化,储层内由于裂隙网络导致的浓度分布的各向异性性有所降低,沿主流线方向的浓度峰值面推进更加均匀。在图11中,进一步观察可以发现,随着渗透率的提升,出口处沿边界线方向的浓度分布变得更加均匀。
图12展示了不同基质渗透率下的溶质突破曲线。显然,随着基质渗透率的增加,溶质到达峰值时间明显缩短。进一步观察可以发现,随着渗透率的提升,溶质突破曲线的形态由宽峰逐渐转变为尖峰,峰值显著增大,曲线滞后程度显著降低,突破曲线的特征参数随基质渗透率变化如表5所示。这表明溶质在储层范围内沿主流线方向的稀释程度降低。综上所述,基质渗透率的变化对溶质在裂隙岩体中的传输行为具有显著影响。
本研究基于裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型,构建了二维裂隙岩体储层数值模型,探讨了示踪剂溶质在裂隙储层中的传质机制。分析了裂隙组开度、扩散系数及渗透率对储层内浓度与压力分布的影响,并研究了出口边界处示踪剂溶质突破曲线的形态及其特征参数变化。结果表明:
(1)裂隙网络内水的对流主导溶质运移。随着裂隙开度增大,对流加快,示踪剂运移的突破曲线前移,形态变窄,示踪剂运移的速率及峰值浓度增大;当裂隙组与主流线方向倾角越小时,裂隙开度对储层内的溶质运移影响越大。
(2)随着基质弥散度增大,溶质运移的各向异性增强,非主流线方向扩散增加,导致储层内示踪剂稀释程度增大。因此,出口边界处的浓度突破曲线峰值降低,曲线滞后性增大。
(3)随着基质渗透率增大,溶质在基质域内的运移速度加快,并且降低了由裂隙网络导致的浓度分布非均质性,使得沿出口线方向的浓度分布更加均匀。
本文提出的数值模型对研究裂隙岩体中示踪剂迁移规律有重要意义,但还需进一步完善和优化。未来的工作重点包括:构建更接近天然裂隙网络的储层模型,关注模型在不同地质条件下的适用性,为示踪剂迁移研究提供有效方法支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52122405)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403277
  • 接收时间:2024-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-06
  • 修回日期:2024-08-01
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国家自然科学基金(52122405)
作者信息
    1 太原理工大学矿业工程学院, 太原 030024
    2 太原理工大学, 原位改性采矿教育部重点实验室, 太原 030024

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* 冯子军(1983—),男,汉族,安徽阜阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:高温高压岩石力学及地热开发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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