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A large number of loess landfills have been generated by the Pingshan land formation project carried out in Lanzhou area, which has a large safety hazard due to its low compaction and lack of necessary protection, resulting in the extensive development of geologic hazards such as loess caves, landslides, and so on. The pore microstructure of in-situ loess landfill with different water content was quantitatively studied through scanning electron microscope and Image J software, combined with fractal theory, the pore type, number, area, and change rule of the number of dimensions of the pore of the landfill loess with different water content was obtained, and the dynamic relationship between the pore structure and the wetting of loess and development of the caves were preliminarily analyzed. The results show that: with the increase of water content, the number and area of large and medium-sized hollow pores gradually decrease, while the number and area of small hollow pores decrease, but the area of small hollow pores increase, and the collapse of large and medium-sized hollow pores is the main reason for wet subsidence and deformation of loess; the pore dimension number of landfill topsoil has a linear negative correlation with water content, and a positive correlation with wet subsidence; the average pore dimension number of in-situ topsoil is 1.251, and the average pore structure is 1.251. The average pore dimension is 1.251; based on the characteristics of cave development in loess landfill, it is proposed that the protection treatment should be carried out in three aspects, such as the construction of drainage ditches, the reinforcement of caves, and the protection of slopes. The research results can provide theoretical support for the engineering construction and geologic disaster prevention and control research in Lanzhou landfill loess area.

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王之君(1980—),男,汉族,甘肃武威人,博士,副教授。研究方向:流域水土保持、泥沙灾害机理与防治。E-mail:。

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2 兰州理工大学白银新材料研究院, 白银 730900, bio={"content":"

王之君(1980—),男,汉族,甘肃武威人,博士,副教授。研究方向:流域水土保持、泥沙灾害机理与防治。E-mail:。

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王之君(1980—),男,汉族,甘肃武威人,博士,副教授。研究方向:流域水土保持、泥沙灾害机理与防治。E-mail:。

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The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2021, 32(6): 41-52., articleTitle=A review on loess subsurface-erosion mechanism and it`s hazard effects, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245407879335882863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861937910575, awardId=42167043, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42167043), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245407879453323382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861937910575, awardId=20YF8ND141, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省重点研发计划(20YF8ND141), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245407879558180990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861937910575, awardId=2023ZDYF-03, language=CN, fundingSource=甘肃省科学院重点科技研发项目(2023ZDYF-03), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245407879684010118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861937910575, awardId=2024ZDZX-02, 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ArticleFig(id=1245407878551547952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861937910575, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical property index of landfill loess

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含水
率/%		 天然密度/
(g·cm-3)		 塑限/% 液限/% 饱和导水率/
(cm·min-1)
1~8 1.35~1.45 16 26 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878673182777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861937910575, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

堆填黄土物理性质指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水
率/%		 天然密度/
(g·cm-3)		 塑限/% 液限/% 饱和导水率/
(cm·min-1)
1~8 1.35~1.45 16 26 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878765457474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861937910575, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pore classification criteria of loess

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔隙分类 架空孔隙 镶嵌
孔隙		 单元体
内孔隙
大架空
孔隙		 中架空
孔隙		 小架空
孔隙
孔径界限/μm >200 50~200 5~50 0.1~5 <0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878895480908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861937910575, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

黄土孔隙分类标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔隙分类 架空孔隙 镶嵌
孔隙		 单元体
内孔隙
大架空
孔隙		 中架空
孔隙		 小架空
孔隙
孔径界限/μm >200 50~200 5~50 0.1~5 <0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1245407879033892950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861937910575, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Pore fractional dimension of landfill loess at different water content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率/% 1 2 6 8
分维数 1.289 1.246 1.226 1.241
), ArticleFig(id=1245407879168110690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861937910575, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同含水率下堆填黄土孔隙分维数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
含水率/% 1 2 6 8
分维数 1.289 1.246 1.226 1.241
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兰州地区堆填黄土微观孔隙结构特征
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王之君 1, 2 , 马彦杰 1, 3 , 张座雄 1, 3 , 刘兴荣 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(7): 2703-2711
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(7): 2703-2711
兰州地区堆填黄土微观孔隙结构特征
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王之君1, 2 , 马彦杰1, 3, 张座雄1, 3, 刘兴荣3
作者信息
  • 1 兰州理工大学能源与动力工程学院, 兰州 730050
  • 2 兰州理工大学白银新材料研究院, 白银 730900
  • 3 甘肃省科学院地质自然灾害防治研究所, 兰州 730000

    • 王之君(1980—),男,汉族,甘肃武威人,博士,副教授。研究方向:流域水土保持、泥沙灾害机理与防治。E-mail:。

Characteristics of Microscopic Pore Structure of Landfill Loess in Lanzhou Region
Zhi-jun WANG1, 2 , Yan-jie MA1, 3, Zuo-xiong ZHANG1, 3, Xing-rong LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
  • 2 Baiyin New Materials Research Institute, Lanzhou University of Technology, Baiyin 730900, China
  • 3 Geological Hazards Prevention Institute, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402536
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摘要
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兰州地区开展平山造地工程产生了大量黄土堆填场,因其压实度低,缺乏必要防护,导致黄土洞穴、滑坡等地质灾害广泛发育,具有较大安全隐患。通过扫描电镜和Image J软件对不同含水率原状堆填黄土的孔隙微观结构进行定量研究,结合分形理论,获取了不同含水率下堆填黄土的孔隙类型、数量、面积、分维数变化规律,并初步分析了孔隙结构与黄土湿陷、洞穴发育的动态关系。结果表明:堆填黄土随含水率增大,大、中架空孔隙数量、面积占比逐渐减小,而小架空孔隙数量占比虽有所下降,但面积占比呈增大趋势,大、中架空孔隙坍塌是其产生湿陷变形的主要原因;堆填黄土的孔隙分维数与含水率呈线性负相关关系,与湿陷性呈正相关关系,原状堆填黄土平均孔隙分维数为1.251;基于黄土堆填场洞穴发育特点,提出应从修建排水沟渠、加固洞穴、边坡防护等3方面进行防护处理。研究成果可为兰州堆填黄土区工程建设及地质灾害防治研究提供理论支撑。
堆填黄土  /  孔隙结构  /  扫描电镜  /  黄土湿陷  /  分形理论

A large number of loess landfills have been generated by the Pingshan land formation project carried out in Lanzhou area, which has a large safety hazard due to its low compaction and lack of necessary protection, resulting in the extensive development of geologic hazards such as loess caves, landslides, and so on. The pore microstructure of in-situ loess landfill with different water content was quantitatively studied through scanning electron microscope and Image J software, combined with fractal theory, the pore type, number, area, and change rule of the number of dimensions of the pore of the landfill loess with different water content was obtained, and the dynamic relationship between the pore structure and the wetting of loess and development of the caves were preliminarily analyzed. The results show that: with the increase of water content, the number and area of large and medium-sized hollow pores gradually decrease, while the number and area of small hollow pores decrease, but the area of small hollow pores increase, and the collapse of large and medium-sized hollow pores is the main reason for wet subsidence and deformation of loess; the pore dimension number of landfill topsoil has a linear negative correlation with water content, and a positive correlation with wet subsidence; the average pore dimension number of in-situ topsoil is 1.251, and the average pore structure is 1.251. The average pore dimension is 1.251; based on the characteristics of cave development in loess landfill, it is proposed that the protection treatment should be carried out in three aspects, such as the construction of drainage ditches, the reinforcement of caves, and the protection of slopes. The research results can provide theoretical support for the engineering construction and geologic disaster prevention and control research in Lanzhou landfill loess area.

landfill loess  /  pore structure  /  SEM  /  loess collapsibility  /  fractal theory
王之君, 马彦杰, 张座雄, 刘兴荣. 兰州地区堆填黄土微观孔隙结构特征. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2703 -2711 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402536
Zhi-jun WANG, Yan-jie MA, Zuo-xiong ZHANG, Xing-rong LIU. Characteristics of Microscopic Pore Structure of Landfill Loess in Lanzhou Region[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2703 -2711 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402536
正文
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近年来,中国黄土高原的城市化进程加快,黄土区以沟壑丘陵为主,地形破碎,沟道纵横,严重制约当地的城市建设与经济发展。为应对这一困境,西北诸多城市采用“平山造地”“挖山填沟”等工程措施,拓展城市用地,缓解人地矛盾[1-2]。兰州作为典型的河谷城市,受“两川夹一河”的地形限制,可利用土地空间不足,涌现大量“平山造地”工程项目,也伴随着大量黄土弃渣的出现,随意堆填在山洪沟道内,形成大范围的黄土堆填场[3]。此类堆填场主要由黄土构成,同时伴有少量碎石和渣体,一般级配不良、孔隙大、结构松散、属低压实度土体,其物理特性明显不同于天然原状黄土,可称之为堆填黄土。
堆填黄土为人工扰动黄土,其结构性有所减弱,但湿陷性并未丧失。湿陷性是黄土的典型特征,也是导致黄土区地质灾害频发的原因之一。如甘肃黑方台就是引水灌溉诱发黄土湿陷的典型地区,其湿陷总量达5.9 m[4],同时诱发台缘发生大规模滑坡[5]。已有研究发现黄土遇水导致微观孔隙结构发生改变是产生宏观湿陷变形的根本原因[6-7]。邵显显等[8]基于扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和压汞法(mercury intrusion porosimetry,MIP),分析了不同压实度黄土的增湿变形特性及其微观结构关系,得出当压实度大于90%时,黄土内部孔隙尺寸远小于颗粒尺寸,湿陷变形能力减弱;Wei等[9]通过分析黄土的三维孔隙网格特征,指出渗透性和渗透性与黄土的孔隙几何形状有关;Wei等[10]基于连续X射线断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)图像,在三维空间中定性和定量地表征了黄土的微观结构和参数,并分析了黄土湿陷过程中的微结构演化,表明黄土的湿陷性来源于微观结构和成分特征;葛苗苗等[11]在水力耦合条件下,对压实黄土的细观变形机制进行了探讨,大孔隙塌陷是非饱和黄土产生湿陷的主要原因;徐世民等[12]基于MATLAB和IPP法对黄土孔隙微观结构进行研究,认为黄土微结构与其地域、深度、气候条件存在密切关联。目前,黄土孔隙结构与湿陷性相关关系研究已取得诸多进展,而工程堆填黄土微观孔隙结构研究相对关注度较低。因此,开展堆填黄土微观结构的定性及定量化分析,是将微观结构特性应用到黄土结构模型、解释宏观力学现象的重要一步,有助于更好地阐释工程堆填黄土地质灾害的灾变行为和物理机制。
当前,对于黄土工程堆积体相关研究主要集中在坡面侵蚀产沙方面。耿绍波等[13]对近10年的相关文献进行调研,系统总结了工程堆积体土壤侵蚀的主要影响因素;纪丽静等[14]利用室内降雨试验,对比分析了土质与土石质堆积体的水力侵蚀过程差异;张乐涛等[15]基于野外模拟径流冲刷试验,对不同工程措施及其组合对坡面径流的减沙效应进行了研究;杨涛等[16]通过人工模拟降雨试验,分析了黄土塬坡面侵蚀灾变演化规律,并讨论了坡面径流侵蚀的生态防治技术;牛耀彬等[17]、齐星圆等[18]研究了不同雨强、坡度、坡长对坡面细沟形态发育过程的影响。当前研究多集中工程堆积体侵蚀发育过程的宏观现象,而从微观孔隙结构角度出发的机理性研究较少,鲜有孔隙结构与黄土湿陷、洞穴相关联系的报道。
为此,现利用扫描电镜获取兰州地区不同含水率堆填黄土的孔隙结构,并利用Image J软件结合分形理论对孔隙结构进行定量分析,以期从微观视角阐释堆填黄土产生湿陷变形过程,进而为黄土区工程建设安全及水土流失治理提供参考,对工程建设及地质灾害防治具有重大意义。
1 研究区域
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兰州市主城区(主要包括城关区、七里河区、安宁区和西固区)东起桑园峡,西至宣家沟(西柳沟),地域狭长,沟壑发。据调查统计主城区内面积大于0.1 km2的泥石流沟道共发育105条,其中,72条沟道内有不同程度的人工堆放的渣土,工程弃渣场总面积达4.47 km2,已成为当前兰州市山洪泥石流沟道中主要的固体物质补给源[19]。在极端降雨作用下,极易引发黄土泥石流灾害,不仅对附近居民生命财产安全造成巨大威胁、破坏当地生态环境,还可能沿支沟入汇黄河,输入大量泥沙,影响黄河流域生态健康。
如图1(a)所示,碱水沟位于城关区青白石,是黄河一级支沟,流域面积约为1.18 km2,呈“树枝状”,主沟道长度约为2.41 km,沟床比降约为52.06‰,流域高差约为250 m,谷坡坡度一般为30°左右,谷坡断面呈“V”字形。碱水沟下游地带主要为侵蚀堆积沟谷地貌,发育有I、II级沟台地,台面高出沟床2~10 m。近年来,沟内受平山造地工程影响,台面破坏较严重,部分地段呈断续平台,沟道内堆填黄土场面积较大(约0.2 km2),厚度深(15~40 m),如图1(b)。如图1(c)所示,受降雨和周围居民果园灌溉影响,堆填黄土场地内已出现多个大型黄土洞穴、滑坡,若处理不当,极易诱发滑坡、泥石流等灾害。以碱水沟流域内堆填黄土场为研究对象,开展堆填黄土孔隙结构与湿陷性相关研究,对区域工程堆填黄土场地水土流失及防灾减灾具有重要意义。
2 研究方法
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2.1 样品采样分析
如图1(a)所示,经野外调查选取碱水沟流域堆填黄土采样点4处:1号(36°4'35″N,103°55'03″E)、2号(36°4'31″N,103°54'56″E)、3号(36°4'27″N,103°54'36″E)、4号(36°4'27″N,103°54'35″E),共采集原状土样4份。为尽可能获取天然原状土样,首先剥去表层风化土壤,然后水平朝向两侧开挖50 cm左右,将采集的土样削成方形土块,并用保鲜膜和透明胶带密封保存[20]。同时,为避免运输过程中的碰撞,将采集的土样装入泡沫箱内,运输至实验室阴凉处小心存放,并取采集的原状土样利用烘干法测其含水率。
2.2 扫描电镜试验
将取回土样小心切割成10 mm×10 mm×2 mm的薄片,土样原状未扰动一面朝上置于金属样品台,并利用黏合剂粘紧底部,然后放在真空蒸发器内喷镀一层金粉,以提高样品的导电性,改善成像质量。如图2所示,使用甘肃省科学院地质自然灾害防治研究所的JSM-6510型电子显微镜对每份土样进行连续4个放大倍数SEM图像拍摄,分别为×100、×200、×500和×1 000,观测不同倍数下黄土孔隙结构特征。
2.3 Image J软件分析
Image J软件可用于处理、分割、参数测量计算、分类统计与分析功能,众多学者将其应用于岩土工程研究中[21]。基于前期扫描电镜试验获取的堆填黄土微观结构SEM图像,利用Image J软件对黄土微观孔隙结构进行定量分析。在进行孔隙结构定量分析之前,首先要确定合适的放大倍数。当放大倍数过小时,虽统计范围较大,但图像过于紧密,颗粒与孔隙难以有效区分,易导致最终结果误差偏大;放大倍数过大时,虽图像清晰,但视野区域较小,代表性不足[22]。依据前人研究成果[20],本文中选取200倍数下SEM图像进行孔隙结构定量分析。利用Image J图像处理软件,对图像进行比例尺标定、灰度值选择、锐化平滑处理等操作,进而分析其微观孔隙分布特征。合理选择灰度阈值是保证分析数据可靠的关键。由于不同区域、不同土体结构的差异巨大,目前学界尚未形成通用的阈值选取方法。将SEM图像的灰度变化范围十等分,以不同分隔节点作为阈值(t),即0、0.1、0.2、…、1.0(t=1.0时图片全黑),由此观察其对孔隙提取的影响。图3为不同阈值下黄土微观结构特征。由图3可知,随着选取阈值的提高,孔隙占比也在不断提高。经试验测定综合比对表明:t=0.6时,与原图符合较好,图像清晰好识别,故下文分析均取0.6为灰度阈值。
2.4 孔隙分维数计算原理
分形理论已广泛应用于土壤孔隙结构的研究中,其原理[23]为:假设三维空间内存在有限的点组成的集合,N是用来覆盖集合内所有点所需的半径为R的球体的最小个数,则N和R之间的函数关系式为
N(R)~R-D
两边同时取自然对数,则
D=lnN(R)/ln(1/R)
土体微观结构的孔隙周长与面积之间存在关系
lnP=$\frac{D}{2}$lnA+C
式(3)中:P为孔隙周长;A为孔隙面积;D为土样的孔隙分维数;C为常数。
3 结果分析
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3.1 堆填黄土物理性质指标
碱水沟原状堆填黄土取样测得含水率范围在1%~8%,塑限为16%,液限为26%,饱和导水率约为0.03 cm/min(表1)。黄土主要以粉黏粒为主,级配良好。用环刀法测得堆填黄土的干密度在1.38~1.45 g/cm3。由于堆填黄土受工程扰动,结构较为松散,孔隙度大,土质较为均匀,含少量植物根系,并发育虫孔。原状堆填黄土粒径级配曲线如图4所示。
3.2 堆填黄土孔隙微观结构特征
为便于观察土体孔隙结构特征,选择较高倍数电镜扫描图像(×500、×1 000)进行分析。如图5(a)所示,1%含水率原状土样,团状颗粒居多,颗粒表面附着少量胶结物质,以点-点、点-面的支架接触为主。粒间孔隙较大,胶结程度较差,因此结构稳定性较差,湿陷性较强。如图5(b)所示,2%含水率原状土样,仍以团粒为主,但单粒数量增加,以点-面、边-面的支架接触为主,胶结程度显著增加,大孔隙数量显著减少,粒间孔隙度下降,结构稳定性有所增加。如图5(c)所示,6%含水率原状土样,粒状颗粒开始增多,以点-面,边-面的支架接触为主,颗粒排列更加紧密,颗粒表面吸附较多胶结物质,粒间孔隙直径普遍小于颗粒直径,结构趋于稳定,湿陷性减弱。如图5(d)所示,8%含水率原状土样,以单粒为主,颗粒表面附着大量胶结物质,以边-面,面-面接触为主,支架间孔隙较小,数量多,颗粒排列较为紧密,因此结构相对稳定。
通过上述分析表明:碱水沟流域堆填原状黄土随含水率的增加,其大、中架空孔隙逐渐坍塌,孔隙率下降,孔隙结构趋于稳定,宏观表现为发生较大范围的湿陷变形,同时大颗粒表面胶结物质增加,其黏聚力有所增加。
3.3 堆填黄土孔隙结构定量分析
3.3.1 孔隙结构定量分析结果
为定量描述堆填黄土的孔隙大小分布,根据孔隙的长轴直径大小及前人的研究成果[24],将孔隙分为3种5类:大架空孔隙指互相连通的大孔隙;中架空孔径明显大于周围黄土颗粒;小架空孔隙与周围土粒大小相当;镶嵌孔隙则小于周围土粒大小,不易发生变形;单元体内孔隙,多分布于颗粒胶结物质内部,具体分类标准见表2。Image J软件处理后SEM图像仍存在一定噪点,因此为减小误差可忽略小于1 μm孔径的分布情况。依据表2的分类标准对Image J软件分析数据进行各含水率原状黄土孔隙结构按照数量、面积进行分类统计,如图6、图7所示。
由图6、图7和Image J分析数据可知,含水率1%时,累积孔隙面积达58 521.3 μm2,其中大架空孔隙数量只有一个,但面积占比最高约占41.7%,镶嵌孔隙数量最多,但面积占比最小约占7.4%。含水率2%时,累积孔隙面积为6 970.8 μm2,中架空孔隙面积占比最高,达48.1%,总孔隙数量较1%含水率大幅减小;含水率6%时,累积孔隙面积为16 195.9 μm2,小架空孔隙数量占比下降,但面积占比大幅提升至约74.0%;含水率8%时,累积孔隙面积为18 638.4 μm2,小架空孔隙数量占比进一步下降,面积占比进一步提升。综上所述,堆填黄土的各类孔隙百分含量不很稳定,按孔隙数量统计大架空孔隙占比很少,但其面积占比较大,最高可达总孔隙面积的40%左右。而镶嵌孔隙则刚好相反,虽数量占比达70%左右,但面积占比较低。从不同含水率孔隙数量可以看出,随含水率的增大,镶嵌孔隙数量呈增大趋势,这与图5黄土扫描电镜观测规律相似,孔隙结构趋于稳定。若按面积占比进行分析,随含水率增加,小架空孔隙面积逐渐增加,说明在水分作用下,大、中架空孔隙发生了破坏,转化为更多的小架空孔隙,产生较大湿陷变形,其宏观表现为黄土湿陷。
3.3.2 孔隙分维特征
提取Image J软件计算出的图像孔隙面积、孔隙周长数据,然后代入式(3)便可计算出碱水沟堆填黄土的孔隙分维数。如图8所示,不同含水率堆填黄土的SEM图像与孔隙的面积和周长具有较好的相关性。由式(3)可知,孔隙分维数为图8中拟合曲线斜率的2倍,计算汇总得不同含水率堆填黄土孔隙分维数见表3。由表3可知,随含水率增加,孔隙分维数整体呈减小趋势,但由于天然含水率变化区间较小,因此分维数变化值较小,其平均孔隙分维数为1.251,极差为0.063。
4 讨论
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4.1 含水率、孔隙分维数与堆填黄土湿陷性关系
孔隙分维数表征孔隙结构的复杂程度,随含水率增大,堆填黄土大,中架空孔隙坍塌,转化为较为规则稳定的小孔隙,孔隙分维数必然也随之降低。本研究获取的原状堆填黄土含水率变化区间较小,尚不能完整表征含水率与孔隙分维数之间的变化规律。因此,通过文献调研兰州地区重塑黄土的孔隙分维数与含水率资料[12,25],绘制如图9所示的含水率与孔隙分维数关系图。由图9可知,堆填黄土的孔隙分维数与其含水率呈线性负相关关系,且相关性较高。显然,孔隙分维数不会随含水率增加而持续减小,当含水率增大到某一临界值时,黄土的大、中孔隙基本坍塌完全,孔隙结构趋于稳定,孔隙分维数也会趋于稳定[26],此时土体湿陷性也几乎完全丧失。湿陷系数是用来表征土体湿陷性的重要指标。文献[27]表明,黄土的孔隙分维数与湿陷系数呈正相关性,即孔隙分维数越小,土体湿陷性越弱。据此,分析含水率、孔隙分维数、湿陷性三者关系如图10所示。
在水动力作用下,含水率越大,其对应的孔隙分维数越低,同时也改变了黄土的孔隙结构分布,产生湿陷变形;湿陷后的堆填黄土孔隙分维数随之降低,因此孔隙分维数也可用于比较同一类土体不同含水率下的湿陷性。
4.2 孔隙微观结构、黄土湿陷及黄土洞穴发育关系
黄土的孔隙结构与其湿陷性具有密切关联,黄土的湿陷变形主要由其支架孔隙(大、中架空孔隙)的坍塌破坏引起[20,28],这与本文的研究结论相似。随着含水量的增加,大、中架空孔隙失稳坍塌为结构更加稳定的小孔隙,同时土粒之间的胶结物质增加,粒间黏聚力增大,也会导致土体的湿陷性降低[29],二者共同作用下,使得黄土遇水迅速坍塌、湿陷。湿陷变形由湿陷体积变形和剪切变形两部分组成[30],野外堆填黄土场主要为自重湿陷,无外荷载作用下,多为湿陷体积变形[31]。堆填黄土为扰动土,天然含水率较低时,存在面积占比较大的大架空孔隙,其坍塌产生的变形是初期湿陷变形的主要来源,但此状态极度不稳定;在降雨作用下,大架空孔隙迅速转化为较小的孔隙。地表局部湿陷产生的凹槽便于雨水的汇积,增大了土水接触面积,同时,雨水沿着堆填黄土的大中孔隙流动形成优势径流,逐步发生潜蚀,发育为各类黄土洞穴。
黄土洞穴是中国黄土高原广泛发育的一种特殊微地貌景观,它是一种地质灾害,也会诱发滑塌、泥石流等地质灾害的发生和发展。兰州地区是典型的黄土洞穴发育区[32],黄土湿陷区与黄土洞穴发育区高度重合[33]。黄土易潜蚀的特性(以湿陷性影响最大),是影响黄土洞穴发育的3大基本条件之一,也是黄土洞穴发育的物质基础[34]。因此,孔隙结构、黄土湿陷、黄土洞穴,三者耦合关系如图11所示。
堆填黄土孔隙结构松散,遇水产生较大的湿陷变形,产生小型的陷穴,在降雨、灌溉、径流补充作用下,土水接触面积增大,陷穴向周围扩展、掏空底部土体;同时孔隙结构也影响着雨水的入渗速率,堆填黄土孔隙率较大,入渗速率较快,径流沿优势通道入渗,沿程侵蚀松散土体,因此黄土洞穴向深部发育速度较快。如图12所示,堆填黄土场区域受降雨作用,仅历时42 d便发育出两处较大落水洞,存在较大滑坡隐患。
针对以上黄土洞穴发育特点,可从以下3个方面进行工程治理[33]。①修建排水沟渠:水分沿陷穴入渗是洞穴发育的起点,因此应在堆填场台面修建排水沟渠或地下盲沟,将汇积的雨水及时排走;②加固洞穴:对于已经发育成型的较大洞穴应及时加固,采用钢筋混凝土喷涂、灌浆、加固网片等方式,增强洞穴周围的土体的稳定性,减少洞穴坍塌和崩塌的风险;③边坡防护:靠近台缘发育的黄土洞穴,可能诱发滑坡灾害,可采用护坡,坡面植草等方式进行边坡防护。
5 结论
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兰州地区平山造地工程中形成的堆填黄土,其孔隙结构特征具有一定的特殊性,而黄土的孔隙结构与黄土湿陷、洞穴等宏观力学行为存在密切关联,开展相关研究对于当地黄土工程建设及地质灾害防治具有重要意义。基于扫描电镜试验与Image J定量分析了不同含水率原状堆填黄土的孔隙微观结构,初步得到以下结论。
(1)SEM及Image J分析结果表明:随含水率增大,大、中架空孔隙数量、面积占比逐渐减小,而小架空孔隙数量占比虽有所下降,但面积占比呈增大趋势,表明大、中架空孔隙坍塌是产生黄土湿陷变形的主要原因。
(2)基于分形理论,得出了不同含水率原状堆填黄土的孔隙分维数,其平均分维数为1.251,且孔隙分维数与含水率呈线性负相关关系,与湿陷性呈正相关关系。
(3)结合黄土堆填场洞穴发育特点,提出应从修建排水沟渠、加固洞穴、边坡防护等3个方面进行灾害防治。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(42167043)
  • 甘肃省重点研发计划(20YF8ND141)
  • 甘肃省科学院重点科技研发项目(2023ZDYF-03)
  • 甘肃省科学院重大专项项目(2024ZDZX-02)
文献
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402536
  • 接收时间：2024-04-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-30
  • 出版时间：2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期：2024-04-09
  • 修回日期：2024-07-21
基金
国家自然科学基金(42167043)
甘肃省重点研发计划(20YF8ND141)
甘肃省科学院重点科技研发项目(2023ZDYF-03)
甘肃省科学院重大专项项目(2024ZDZX-02)
作者信息
    1 兰州理工大学能源与动力工程学院, 兰州 730050
    2 兰州理工大学白银新材料研究院, 白银 730900
    3 甘肃省科学院地质自然灾害防治研究所, 兰州 730000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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