Article(id=1245407861497508638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309896, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702569600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-15, revisedDate=1720454400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857972739, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857972739, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857972739, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857972739, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2962, endPage=2973, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407862873240409, articleId=1245407861497508638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Driving Safety Inspection Method of Highway with Low Index and Complex Alignment in Mountainous Area, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The current safety evaluation standards lack guidance on the alignment design specific to lower-grade highways, such as four-lane and non-standard highways. To address this issue, a method for assessing the driving safety of mountainous highways with low index and complex alignment was proposed. The method involved building a human-vehicle-road system simulation using the CarSIM/TruckSIM simulation software platform, selecting representative car models, and using realing vehicle driving data as simulation parameters to carry out virtual vehicle driving tests. Four categories of indicators, including speed, lateral stability, driver handling, and speed regulation, were used to examine and analyze the compliance of the tested highway’s geometric design, speed coordination, driving operation load, identification of accident-prone sections, and safety of continuous uphill sections. The feasibility of the “human-vehicle-road” simulation method was verified by running virtual simulation driving tests similar to the real-vehicle test, and one four-lane highway and one non-standard highway were selected as examples. The results demonstrate that this method can effectively identify alignment design combinations that are below the limit and inconsistent, as well as road sections with high driver handling loads and poor balance. It can also identify dangerous road sections, corresponding vehicle accident patterns, critical safety speeds, and positions and widths where heavy-duty trucks deviate from the travel lane when passing through hairpin curves. Based on the driving/accident conditions of dangerous road sections, targeted geometric parameter improvement measures can be proposed to enhance the trafficability and stability of vehicles on ordinary mountainous highways with low index and complex alignment, ultimately improving the quality of alignment design and driving safety for low-index highways in mountainous areas.

, correspAuthors=Jin XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-jia LI, Jin XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407871312179546, articleId=1245407861497508638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=山区低指标复杂线形公路行驶安全性检验方法, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

现行安全性评价规范缺乏针对四级、等外公路等低指标公路的线形设计安全性指导,为此提出了一种检验山区低指标复杂线形公路行驶安全性的方法:基于CarSIM/TruckSIM仿真软件平台搭建“人-车-路”系统仿真,选取代表性车型,以实车行驶数据为仿真参数设置依据,开展车辆虚拟行驶试验,利用速度、横向稳定性、驾驶操纵性、速度调控等四类指标,分析被检公路的公路几何设计符合性、速度协调性、驾驶操纵负荷、事故易发路段甄别、连续纵坡路段安全性。通过运行与实车试验相似的虚拟仿真行驶实验验证了“人-车-路”仿真方法的可行性,并且选取了1条四级公路、1条等外公路为实例,结果表明,该方法能有效检验出公路线形设计组合指标超低限的、不协调的线形单元,驾驶操纵负荷较大、均衡性较差的路段,危险路段及对应的车辆事故形态和临界安全速度,重型载重货车通过回头曲线越出行车道的位置及越出宽度;进而可以根据危险路段的行驶/事故状况提出靶向性的几何参数改善措施,增加车辆在山区低指标复杂线形公路行驶的通过性和稳定性,最终达到提高山区低指标公路的线形设计质量和行驶安全性的目的。

, correspAuthors=徐进, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 徐进(1977—),男,汉族,吉林四平人,博士,教授。研究方向:人-车-路协同,道路安全性设计。E-mail:
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李诗佳(1993—),女,汉族,重庆武隆人,博士研究生。研究方向:道路交通安全。E-mail:

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李诗佳(1993—),女,汉族,重庆武隆人,博士研究生。研究方向:道路交通安全。E-mail:

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Journal of Transport Information and Safety, 2020, 38(3): 121-128., articleTitle=A simulation study on skidding accident at ring ramp of cloverleaf interchange in mountain expressway, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407884369047896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=18, issue=2, pageStart=198, pageEnd=205, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=44, authorNames=张晓波, journalName=中国安全生产科学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张晓波. 三岔型枢纽互通事故高发匝道的形成机制与安全提升研究[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2022, 18(2): 198-205., articleTitle=三岔型枢纽互通事故高发匝道的形成机制与安全提升研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407884490682716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=18, issue=2, pageStart=198, pageEnd=205, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Zhang Xiaobo, journalName=Journal of Safety Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Xiaobo. Study on formation mechanism and safety improvement of accident-prone ramp on “T” shape hub interchange[J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2022, 18(2): 198-205., articleTitle=Study on formation mechanism and safety improvement of accident-prone ramp on “T” shape hub interchange, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407884582957409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Andrle S J, Knapp K, Mcdonald T J, journalName=Washington, DC, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Andrle S J, Knapp K, Mcdonald T J, et al. Highway safety design and operation guide[S]. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official (AASHTO), 1997., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407884666843489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=47, authorNames=宗长富, 郭孔辉, journalName=吉林工业大学自然科学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宗长富, 郭孔辉. 汽车操纵稳定性的客观定量评价指标[J]. 吉林工业大学自然科学学报, 2000(1): 1-6., articleTitle=汽车操纵稳定性的客观定量评价指标, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407884754923876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Zong Changfu, Guo Konghui, journalName=Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zong Changfu, Guo Konghui. Objective evaluation index for handling and stability of vehicle[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition), 2000(1): 1-6., articleTitle=Objective evaluation index for handling and stability of vehicle, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245407879067447386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, awardId=CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1516, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1516), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245407879176499300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, awardId=CXQT21022, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市高校创新研究群体项目(CXQT21022), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245407871706444173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407871719027088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, companyId=1245407871706444173, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Traffic & Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407871735804305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, companyId=1245407871706444173, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074)]), AuthorCompany(id=1245407871907770797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407871928742321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, companyId=1245407871907770797, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407871932936626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, companyId=1245407871907770797, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 新疆农业大学交通与物流工程学院, 乌鲁木齐 830052)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1245407874273358520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The plane linear and elevation curvature of the tested road (highway II), figureFileSmall=Ut48ifSFK+YTh/4vjL+kdA==, figureFileBig=OigBD/6AOhil3H2ARaB97A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407874378216131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实车试验道路(公路Ⅱ)平面线形及高程曲率, figureFileSmall=Ut48ifSFK+YTh/4vjL+kdA==, figureFileBig=OigBD/6AOhil3H2ARaB97A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407874642457311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Tested vehicle and data-acquisition device, figureFileSmall=EXxyh6vsDdXdr65bC1QDLQ==, figureFileBig=fEN+ZjfL12geRchMZrCECA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407874789257963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图2, caption=试验车辆及数据采集设备, figureFileSmall=EXxyh6vsDdXdr65bC1QDLQ==, figureFileBig=fEN+ZjfL12geRchMZrCECA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407874944447223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The peak acceleration distribution characteristics of the passenger car at the hairpin curves from the real vehicle test, figureFileSmall=AadLlFwF+zy5ZYE3T8svxA==, figureFileBig=pOh6yJLRzyv/W66xjzAKCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407875066082054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图3, caption=小客车实车试验回头曲线路段峰值加速度分布特征, figureFileSmall=AadLlFwF+zy5ZYE3T8svxA==, figureFileBig=pOh6yJLRzyv/W66xjzAKCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407875204494098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Simulation verification results of “driver-vehicle-road” system, figureFileSmall=2NVXIV0B6fmqNeciGp/1Lw==, figureFileBig=N7z6tk3Emtp8iz7a5i+vkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407875321934629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图4, caption=“人-车-路”系统仿真验证结果, figureFileSmall=2NVXIV0B6fmqNeciGp/1Lw==, figureFileBig=N7z6tk3Emtp8iz7a5i+vkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407875447763759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The plane / vertical alignment of highway Ⅰ, figureFileSmall=0LMvtCQ40JFWL9FI6i1Orw==, figureFileBig=L3L1UEdihV5+YcA7vAaVsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407875586175806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图5, caption=公路Ⅰ平面/纵断面线形, figureFileSmall=0LMvtCQ40JFWL9FI6i1Orw==, figureFileBig=L3L1UEdihV5+YcA7vAaVsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407875720393547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The inspected vehicle models, figureFileSmall=XDK7zuANvpjy+IYqvYL5dg==, figureFileBig=26YqoDrh4yO1lxonvmtKaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407875879777114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图6, caption=检验车型, figureFileSmall=XDK7zuANvpjy+IYqvYL5dg==, figureFileBig=26YqoDrh4yO1lxonvmtKaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407875993023332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The running situation of the truck at the hairpin curve’s inner lane, figureFileSmall=czcb4NcSNBKW07SYOyn6BA==, figureFileBig=uP6Kr5sysrsGJOrOfDlmIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876093686637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图7, caption=工程车回头曲线弯道内侧车道通行情况, figureFileSmall=czcb4NcSNBKW07SYOyn6BA==, figureFileBig=uP6Kr5sysrsGJOrOfDlmIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876206932856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The running situation of the truck at the hairpin curve’s outer lane, figureFileSmall=s1zhiWtM1THtv7N6tPuOiA==, figureFileBig=TqnHmRykaisD5fcBRc5McQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876353733506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图8, caption=工程车回头曲线弯道外侧车道通行情况, figureFileSmall=s1zhiWtM1THtv7N6tPuOiA==, figureFileBig=TqnHmRykaisD5fcBRc5McQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876517311376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The driving speed of vehicles at Highway Ⅰ, figureFileSmall=TpFvgnkS2nIcUU791S0eRA==, figureFileBig=YKZE9lFmOIxBhhmAdPIxSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876672500632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图9, caption=公路Ⅰ上的车辆行驶速度, figureFileSmall=TpFvgnkS2nIcUU791S0eRA==, figureFileBig=YKZE9lFmOIxBhhmAdPIxSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876857050022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=The driving speed of vehicles at Highway Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=3xedfcTdrIbz+gzuL4gM4g==, figureFileBig=vv3OHLVzrQMbP4cPPl7rRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407876974490547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图10, caption=公路Ⅱ上的车辆行驶速度, figureFileSmall=3xedfcTdrIbz+gzuL4gM4g==, figureFileBig=vv3OHLVzrQMbP4cPPl7rRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877083542458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Lateral stability of vehicles running at free variable speed on Highway II, figureFileSmall=ZWk6xZcFKrbSH62rH2sI0Q==, figureFileBig=3tV/H6Al4c4Bzp9kIePHRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877196788677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图11, caption=公路Ⅱ上车辆自由变速行驶横向稳定性, figureFileSmall=ZWk6xZcFKrbSH62rH2sI0Q==, figureFileBig=3tV/H6Al4c4Bzp9kIePHRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877343589323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=The driving maneuvering parameters of the simulation vehicles on Highway II, figureFileSmall=nU+PqjFeABrL/HDxM5+p3Q==, figureFileBig=/G/orzvuIe+bo9EnUStHTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877477807060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图12, caption=检验车辆在公路Ⅱ上的驾驶操纵参数, figureFileSmall=nU+PqjFeABrL/HDxM5+p3Q==, figureFileBig=/G/orzvuIe+bo9EnUStHTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877599441888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=The driving status of truck at hairpin curve labeled C1-9 (R=15 m) on Highway I, figureFileSmall=pD9IeUvXPP0giXUIV4CGxA==, figureFileBig=rx10yWfZzPIE6uWSs3FeWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877721076717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图13, caption=工程车在公路Ⅰ回头曲线C1-9(R=15 m)的行驶状态, figureFileSmall=pD9IeUvXPP0giXUIV4CGxA==, figureFileBig=rx10yWfZzPIE6uWSs3FeWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407877851100148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=The driving status of trailer at hairpin curve labeled C2-1 (R=20.35 m) on Highway II, figureFileSmall=PTSy8mfR8lmwEkhwd3uo9w==, figureFileBig=BPcDGrsWguEGkPkeGGnEOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407878014678013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图14, caption=半挂车在公路Ⅱ回头曲线C2-1(R=20.35m)的行驶状态, figureFileSmall=PTSy8mfR8lmwEkhwd3uo9w==, figureFileBig=BPcDGrsWguEGkPkeGGnEOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407878123728902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=The running status of truck at the continuous long downhill on Highway I, figureFileSmall=3npkBJEU72RwPw7dGi6tmQ==, figureFileBig=cmbu9BB0J22Rd+MvHa+aTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407878232780816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=图15, caption=工程车在公路Ⅰ-连续长大下坡路段运行状况, figureFileSmall=3npkBJEU72RwPw7dGi6tmQ==, figureFileBig=cmbu9BB0J22Rd+MvHa+aTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407878333444124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameter setting of driver model simulation condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行驶
方向
仿真
类型
vxmax/
(km·h-1)
axmax/
(m·s-2)
abmax/
(m·s-2)
aRmax/
(m·s-2)
aLmax/
(m·s-2)
上坡
方向
高速 80 1.76 1.67 3.91 3.86
中速 65 1.42 1.05 3.17 3.11
低速 50 1.04 0.31 2.55 2.34
下坡
方向
高速 90 1.11 2.87 3.44 3.62
中速 70 0.80 2.28 2.77 2.83
低速 50 0.49 1.73 2.14 1.93
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878438301735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

驾驶人模型仿真工况参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行驶
方向
仿真
类型
vxmax/
(km·h-1)
axmax/
(m·s-2)
abmax/
(m·s-2)
aRmax/
(m·s-2)
aLmax/
(m·s-2)
上坡
方向
高速 80 1.76 1.67 3.91 3.86
中速 65 1.42 1.05 3.17 3.11
低速 50 1.04 0.31 2.55 2.34
下坡
方向
高速 90 1.11 2.87 3.44 3.62
中速 70 0.80 2.28 2.77 2.83
低速 50 0.49 1.73 2.14 1.93
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878538965038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Some inspection parameters and standards of highway alignment design quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验内容 检验参数 检验标准
速度一
致性
运行速度
差(Δv)
$\left|\Delta v\right|$<20 km/h,线形协调性好;$\left|\Delta v\right|$>20 km/h,线形协调性不良[4]
横向稳
定性
轨迹偏移
Lat)
横向位置:ΔLat<ΔW,车辆行驶未超出行车道,ΔW计算公式见式(1)
横向力
系数差
(umax-u)
侧滑指标:umax-u<-0.04,车辆不会侧滑;-0.04≤umax-u<0.01,车辆轻微侧滑倾向;umax-u≥0.01,车辆严重侧滑倾向[30];umax,u计算公式见式(2)、式(3)
垂直载荷
转移率(LTR)
侧翻指标:LTR≤20%车辆不会侧翻;20%<LTR≤60%,车辆轻微侧翻倾向;LTR > 60%,车辆严重侧翻倾向[29], LTR计算公式见式(4)
驾驶操
纵负荷
方向盘
转速
(${\stackrel{·}{\delta }}_{sw}$)
小客车安全阈值:${\stackrel{·}{\delta }}_{sw,car}$≤57(°)/s;大货车安全阈值:${\stackrel{·}{\delta }}_{sw,truck}$≤90(°)/s;方向盘转速超过阈值易引发驾驶人情绪紧张[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878639628343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

公路线形设计质量部分检验参数及标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检验内容 检验参数 检验标准
速度一
致性
运行速度
差(Δv)
$\left|\Delta v\right|$<20 km/h,线形协调性好;$\left|\Delta v\right|$>20 km/h,线形协调性不良[4]
横向稳
定性
轨迹偏移
Lat)
横向位置:ΔLat<ΔW,车辆行驶未超出行车道,ΔW计算公式见式(1)
横向力
系数差
(umax-u)
侧滑指标:umax-u<-0.04,车辆不会侧滑;-0.04≤umax-u<0.01,车辆轻微侧滑倾向;umax-u≥0.01,车辆严重侧滑倾向[30];umax,u计算公式见式(2)、式(3)
垂直载荷
转移率(LTR)
侧翻指标:LTR≤20%车辆不会侧翻;20%<LTR≤60%,车辆轻微侧翻倾向;LTR > 60%,车辆严重侧翻倾向[29], LTR计算公式见式(4)
驾驶操
纵负荷
方向盘
转速
(${\stackrel{·}{\delta }}_{sw}$)
小客车安全阈值:${\stackrel{·}{\delta }}_{sw,car}$≤57(°)/s;大货车安全阈值:${\stackrel{·}{\delta }}_{sw,truck}$≤90(°)/s;方向盘转速超过阈值易引发驾驶人情绪紧张[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878744485951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The basic parameters of the inspected vehicle models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仿真车型 小客车 大客车 三桥工
程车
六轴铰链式半挂车
牵引车 挂车
车身长度/mm 4 850 7 490 9 345 7 050 13 750
车身宽度/mm 1 845 2 600 2 438 2 480 2 480
车身高度/mm 1 705 2 920 3 200 3 200 2 700
空载车身质量/kg 1 610 7 430 8 045 6 595 7 570
整备车身质量/kg 25 49
发动机最大功率/kW 150 175 225 330
), ArticleFig(id=1245407878870315079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861497508638, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

检验车型基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仿真车型 小客车 大客车 三桥工
程车
六轴铰链式半挂车
牵引车 挂车
车身长度/mm 4 850 7 490 9 345 7 050 13 750
车身宽度/mm 1 845 2 600 2 438 2 480 2 480
车身高度/mm 1 705 2 920 3 200 3 200 2 700
空载车身质量/kg 1 610 7 430 8 045 6 595 7 570
整备车身质量/kg 25 49
发动机最大功率/kW 150 175 225 330
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山区低指标复杂线形公路行驶安全性检验方法
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李诗佳 1 , 徐进 1, 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(7): 2962-2973
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(7): 2962-2973
山区低指标复杂线形公路行驶安全性检验方法
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李诗佳1 , 徐进1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
  • 2 新疆农业大学交通与物流工程学院, 乌鲁木齐 830052
  • 李诗佳(1993—),女,汉族,重庆武隆人,博士研究生。研究方向:道路交通安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 徐进(1977—),男,汉族,吉林四平人,博士,教授。研究方向:人-车-路协同,道路安全性设计。E-mail:
Driving Safety Inspection Method of Highway with Low Index and Complex Alignment in Mountainous Area
Shi-jia LI1 , Jin XU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Traffic & Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2 School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309896
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现行安全性评价规范缺乏针对四级、等外公路等低指标公路的线形设计安全性指导,为此提出了一种检验山区低指标复杂线形公路行驶安全性的方法:基于CarSIM/TruckSIM仿真软件平台搭建“人-车-路”系统仿真,选取代表性车型,以实车行驶数据为仿真参数设置依据,开展车辆虚拟行驶试验,利用速度、横向稳定性、驾驶操纵性、速度调控等四类指标,分析被检公路的公路几何设计符合性、速度协调性、驾驶操纵负荷、事故易发路段甄别、连续纵坡路段安全性。通过运行与实车试验相似的虚拟仿真行驶实验验证了“人-车-路”仿真方法的可行性,并且选取了1条四级公路、1条等外公路为实例,结果表明,该方法能有效检验出公路线形设计组合指标超低限的、不协调的线形单元,驾驶操纵负荷较大、均衡性较差的路段,危险路段及对应的车辆事故形态和临界安全速度,重型载重货车通过回头曲线越出行车道的位置及越出宽度;进而可以根据危险路段的行驶/事故状况提出靶向性的几何参数改善措施,增加车辆在山区低指标复杂线形公路行驶的通过性和稳定性,最终达到提高山区低指标公路的线形设计质量和行驶安全性的目的。

道路工程  /  低指标公路  /  道路安全  /  线形检验  /  “人-车-路”仿真

The current safety evaluation standards lack guidance on the alignment design specific to lower-grade highways, such as four-lane and non-standard highways. To address this issue, a method for assessing the driving safety of mountainous highways with low index and complex alignment was proposed. The method involved building a human-vehicle-road system simulation using the CarSIM/TruckSIM simulation software platform, selecting representative car models, and using realing vehicle driving data as simulation parameters to carry out virtual vehicle driving tests. Four categories of indicators, including speed, lateral stability, driver handling, and speed regulation, were used to examine and analyze the compliance of the tested highway’s geometric design, speed coordination, driving operation load, identification of accident-prone sections, and safety of continuous uphill sections. The feasibility of the “human-vehicle-road” simulation method was verified by running virtual simulation driving tests similar to the real-vehicle test, and one four-lane highway and one non-standard highway were selected as examples. The results demonstrate that this method can effectively identify alignment design combinations that are below the limit and inconsistent, as well as road sections with high driver handling loads and poor balance. It can also identify dangerous road sections, corresponding vehicle accident patterns, critical safety speeds, and positions and widths where heavy-duty trucks deviate from the travel lane when passing through hairpin curves. Based on the driving/accident conditions of dangerous road sections, targeted geometric parameter improvement measures can be proposed to enhance the trafficability and stability of vehicles on ordinary mountainous highways with low index and complex alignment, ultimately improving the quality of alignment design and driving safety for low-index highways in mountainous areas.

road engineering  /  low-index highway  /  road safety  /  linear inspection  /  driver-vehicle-road simulation
李诗佳, 徐进. 山区低指标复杂线形公路行驶安全性检验方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2962 -2973 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309896
Shi-jia LI, Jin XU. Driving Safety Inspection Method of Highway with Low Index and Complex Alignment in Mountainous Area[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2962 -2973 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309896
道路交通安全与公路线形设计质量有较大关系,中国公路设计规范要求公路的平面、纵断面、横断面应符合各技术指标的规定值,还应考虑各技术指标组合后公路线形是否满足车辆安全、顺适行驶的基本要求。因此,为了避免平、纵、横指标组合最不利的线形设计,保证车辆行驶安全性,规范要求各级公路应采用运行速度方法对公路线形的连续性、协调性、一致性进行检验。
低指标公路(三级、四级、等外公路)里程数量庞大,据中国交通运输部统计表明,2023年中国低指标公路里程占总里程约86%,其中四级公路占73.8%,三级公路占9.1%,等外公路占3.1%。山地地区地势陡峭、峰峦起伏,为了顺应山区的地势条件,山区低指标公路往往具有复杂的线形特征,表现为平曲线比例高、曲线半径小转角大、纵坡坡度大、连续纵坡坡度长;常见回头曲线、连续急弯坡、连续长大纵坡等高风险路段,艰险路段更易出现平、纵、横参数符合各指标最低限的超低限组合设计。近年来,山区低指标公路常发生侧翻、坠崖等引发人员伤亡的重特大交通事故[1-2],使得低指标公路交通安全问题逐渐受到关注。同时,随着山区农村公路、山区旅游公路和高速公路、铁路项目进场道路(等外公路)的修建,山区低指标公路数量持续上升,相关交通安全问题亟待改善。
目前,中国公路线形设计以《公路线形设计规范》JTG D20—2017[3]为规范指导,适用高速公路、一级~四级公路;安全性评价以《公路项目安全性评价规范》 JTG B05—2015[4]为实践准则,适用高速公路、一级~三级公路,即不适用于设计速度40 km/h及以下的公路安全性评价。可见,等外公路线形设计无规范指导,四级、等外公路安全性评价无统一准则。因此,开展山区低指标复杂线形公路安全性评价检验研究对山区低指标公路交通安全改善具有重要意义。
现有公路安全性评价方法主要包括采用运行速度法分析线性协调性,车辆轨迹法预测车辆行驶轨迹,“人-车-路”系统仿真模拟法评价线形协调性和交通安全设施等。
利用运行速度预测模型评价平直路段、平曲线路段、纵坡路段、弯坡组合路段线形的连续性和协调性是公路线形设计安全性的重要手段之一。 Castro等[5]使用雷达测量仪采集了哥伦比亚农村公路切线和曲线起点、曲中、曲线终点位置的小客车瞬时速度,建立了从切线到曲线的运行速度变化模型;Malaghan等[6-7]利用全球定位系统获取了小客车/货车在印度双车道公路切线到曲线的连续速度,并建立了切线、曲线、切线到曲线的速度预测模型;徐进等[8]开展实车试验采集了车辆在回头曲线路段的行驶速度,建立了回头曲线入弯、弯中和出弯三个阶段的运行速度模型;袁华智等[9]采集了山区二级公路弯坡组合路段特征断面的小型车速度,基于非线形回归方法建立了多因素条件下的曲线终点和曲线出口路段小型车速度预测模型;张弛等[10]以坡度、坡长、车辆比功率、初始运行速度为变量构建了6轴铰接列车在高速公路上坡路段的运行速度预测模型;陈立辉等[11]基于坡度、破长、坡比等因素建立了高速公路连续下坡路段的大货车运行速度预测模型。
国内外学者还对不同路段车辆行驶加/减速度特性开展了研究。Echaveguren等[12]发现曲线半径值影响小客车的加/减速度,建立了小客车加/减速度模型;Hu等[13]揭示了平曲线长度与车辆加/减速度之间的关系,并构建不相关回归模型估计车辆的加/减速度;张志清等[14]分析了小半径圆曲线的横向加速度特性,表明横向加速度在圆缓点达到最大值;Xu等[15]采集了山区双车道公路小客车、大客车、重型卡车的加/减速度,基于道路几何特征构建了加/减速度模型,标定了山区双车道公路运行速度模型的加/减速度参数。
车辆轨迹特性研究主要聚焦于曲线路段的横向相对位置、横向偏移量和影响因素;譬如Thomas等[16]揭示了车辆驶入曲线路段时轨迹会向曲线内侧偏移的现象;Glennon等[17-18]发现圆曲线半径、车辆入弯速度和初始位置对行驶轨迹有显著影响;Spacek[19]以车辆距路缘线的相对位置为指标,确定了理想、正常、切弯、修正、摇摆和漂移等6种车辆轨迹模式;蒋生珍[20]、杨轸等[21-22]分别研究了山区双车道公路上弯坡组合路段参数、弯道回旋线长度、缓和曲线长度对车辆转向行驶轨迹的影响。
“人-车-路”系统仿真方法检验车辆行驶安全性是基于车辆动力学仿真软件(如ADAMS、TruckSIM、CarSIM等)进行二次开发,建立道路模型、车辆模型、驾驶人模型开展虚拟行驶仿真实验;根据仿真输出汽车行驶安全性参数评价公路线形设计优劣。Ambroz等[23-24]建立了三维交通仿真系统,可模拟车辆在不同道路条件、驾驶行为下的行驶状态;任秀欢等[25]、彭其渊等[26]给出了系统仿真检验车辆行驶安全问题的研究方法、实验方案及衡量指标。黄晓明等[27]利用仿真手段研究了匝道路面摩擦系数与匝道坡度的关系。李诗佳[28]、张晓波等[29]通过仿真手段分别还原了苜蓿叶型互通、三岔型互通事故高发匝道的事故风险,并基于车辆行驶稳定性分析了行驶安全性和舒适性,评价了路段线形设计合理性,并对事故路段提出改善建议。
现有以数据统计为手段建立车辆速度预测模型、轨迹预测模型进而评价公路行驶安全性的研究,其评价对象通常是线形条件较好的高速公路和双车道公路(一级~三级),较少有以四级公路、等外公路为对象的相关研究。现有采用3D虚拟仿真技术手段检验公路线形研究,仿真参数多采用仿真软件默认值或根据经验设置,缺少实车行驶数据作为依据支撑仿真参数设置。
此外,以小客车为车辆模型的相关研究较为完善,但以大客车和重载货车为车辆模型的相关研究较少;尤其是载重货车的研究应用场景主要是高速公路和平面线形良好的连续纵坡双车道公路,缺乏以四级、等外公路这类平面线形复杂、指标低的山区纵坡路段为应用场景的相关研究。
“人-车-路”系统仿真是基于道路模型、车辆模型、驾驶人模型综合求解车辆的动力学状态,其求解结果可用于公路安全评价;确保求解结果的可靠性是采用仿真方法评价公路安全性的前提,因此,有必要开展仿真方法可行性验证。
向CarSIM/TruckSIM道路模块导入道路中心线平面坐标、道路中心线高程、非道路中心线高程即可生成三维虚拟数字道路模型。本文中获取相关道路数据的途径有两种:一是从现有道路设计资料数据表格中直接提取;二是在道路设计资料不完善、无法直接获取数据的条件下,利用纬地道路设计软件对道路平曲线、纵断面、横断面设计复现后提取。
CarSIM/TruckSIM是基于多刚体机械系统动力学的车辆仿真软件,车辆模型由车体、转向、传动、制动、轮胎、悬架、空气动力学等七大系统模型组成,使用者可以根据实际需求调整模型的相关参数。基于被检验公路的服务目的和交通组成建立仿真车辆动力学模型,包括小客车、大客车、六轴铰链式半挂车、三桥工程车等。
驾驶人模型包括转向模型和速度模型。为确保车辆在行车道中间位置,转向模型设置为车辆跟随车道中线行驶。速度模型设置有两种,一是恒定目标速度模型;二是路径预瞄速度控制模型,即驾驶人模型根据车辆前方道路线形条件、当前车辆速度及仿真加速度参数等综合因素控制车辆速度,该速度模型更符合实际的自然驾驶行为状态。
为了验证“人-车-路”系统仿真模型的运行结果是否贴近自然驾驶的行为状态,开展小客车在低指标复杂线形公路行驶的实车试验,采集车辆的连续运行速度、加速度数据,提取分析车辆在艰险路段(回头曲线)的峰值加速度分布特征,将其作为驾驶人模型的加速度参数设置依据,开展与实车试验道路一致的虚拟行驶试验,输出仿真结果与实车运行状态对比分析。
试验道路选择重庆市彭水县境内G211国道路段,该路段为双车道四级公路,全长15.4 km,设计速度20 km/h;最大纵坡9%,平均坡度约5.2%;曲线半径R为20.03~500 m,平曲线比例52.16%;车道宽度3.25 m;图1为试验道路平面线形及高程曲率。试验车辆车型别克GL8[图2(a)];试验数据采集设备华测导航仪[图2(b)];试验驾驶人共20名,男女比例3∶1,驾驶人年龄分布22~48岁,平均年龄29.95岁,驾龄分布12~30年,平均驾龄12年,驾驶里程分布1.8×104~20×104 km,平均里程8.4×104 km;被试人在天气良好的条件下根据自己的驾驶习惯操作试验车辆按照试验路线(试验道路起点-终点-起点)驾驶1~2次。
提取小客车在山区艰险路段回头曲线处上坡/下坡方向的峰值加速度(包括纵向峰值加速度、制动峰值减速度、左转向峰值加速度、右转向峰值加速度),以区间0.3 m/s2绘制频数分布直方图,并将峰值加速度按升序排列绘制累积频率曲线,如图3所示。上坡方向转向峰值加速度大于下坡方向,上坡/下坡方向右转向峰值加速度直方分布呈“M”形双峰分布,上坡方向右转向峰值加速度主要分布区间2.55~3.91 m/s2,双峰峰值分别为2.95、3.7 m/s2;下坡方向右转向峰值加速度主要分布区间2.14~3.44 m/s2,双峰峰值分别为2.45、3.10 m/s2。左转向峰值加速度基本呈正态分布,上坡方向主要分布区间0.35~3.86 m/s2,峰值3.10 m/s2;下坡方向主要分布区间1.93~3.62 m/s2,峰值2.80 m/s2。上坡方向纵向峰值加速度高于制动峰值减速度,峰值加速度主要分布区间1.04~1.76 m/s2,且分布曲线存在两处显著的坡峰,对应值分别为1.2、1.68 m/s2;峰值减速度主要分布区间0.31~1.67 m/s2,且分布较为均衡。下坡方向峰值加速度与制动峰值减速度错开分布,峰值加速度明显小于峰值减速度;峰值加速度基本呈正右偏态分布,主要分布区间0.49~1.11 m/s2,分布峰值0.79 m/s2;峰值减速度主要分布范围1.73~2.87 m/s2,分布峰值2.6 m/s2
为了验证“人-车-路”系统仿真模型实验结果的可行性,搭建了与实车试验相似的“人-车-路”系统虚拟模型,车辆模型是与别克GL8动力相似的SUV型小客车,道路模型是线形特征1∶1复现公路Ⅱ的3D虚拟道路,驾驶人模型是依据实车试验中车辆的行驶速度、峰值加速度分布特征设置仿真工况参数,包括最高速度vxmax、最大纵向加速度axmax、最大制动减速度abmax、最大右转向加速度aRmax、最大左转向加速度aLmax。开展SUV型小客车在公路 Ⅱ 上坡方向和下坡方向的高速、中速、低速虚拟行驶试验,将峰值加速度85th、50th、15th分位值分别设置为高速、中速、低速虚拟行驶试验中驾驶人模型的加速度参数,驾驶人模型参数设置见表1。仿真实验结束后提取小客车的虚拟行驶速度数据与实车试验速度数据重叠绘制到同一坐标系下,如图4所示,图中虚拟行驶速度曲线的变化趋势和变化范围与实车试验速度曲线基本相似,表明“人-车-路”系统仿真结果可靠,该仿真方法具有可行性。
根据山区低指标复杂线形公路的设计特点和事故特点,检验内容确定为公路线形设计符合性、车辆行驶速度协调性、驾驶操纵负荷、事故易发路段甄别、重载载重货车连续纵坡路段行驶安全性等5项。采用4类指标来检验分析低指标公路的线形设计质量,评价各种车型的行驶安全性;第1类是速度指标,包括以指定目标速度(固定值)定速行驶速度和跟随道路线形自由变速行驶速度;第2类是横向稳定性指标,轨迹偏移、横向力系数差、垂直荷载转移率,用于评价车辆横向位置、侧滑和侧翻倾向;第3类是操纵负荷指标,比如方向盘转角及转速,方向盘转角δw曲线能直接呈现出沿路线的转向任务分布情况,方向盘转速${\stackrel{·}{\delta }}_{w}$能描述驾驶操纵负荷水平和驾驶人精神紧张程度;第4类是速度调控指标,节气门开度和轮胎制动压力。部分检验参数及标准见表2
车身侧向余量计算公式为
ΔW=$\frac{1}{2}$(Wroad-Wcar)
式(1)中:WroadWcar分别为车道宽度和车身宽度。
最大横向力系数计算公式为
umax=0.33-2.69×10-3v+0.84×10-5v2
运行速度下的理论横向力系数计算公式为
u=$\frac{{v}^{2}}{127R}$-ih
式(3)中:R为圆曲线半径;ih为道路超高横坡度。
垂直载荷转移率计算公式为
LTR=$\left|\frac{\sum _{i=1}^{n}({F}_{ri}-{F}_{li})}{\sum _{i=1}^{n}({F}_{ri}+{F}_{li})}\right|$
式(4)中:FriFli为右侧和左侧车垂直反向作用力;n为车轴总数;i为车轴序号。
参照实车试验数据设置小客车的仿真参数(速度、加速度),参照文献[15]设置大客车、大货车的仿真参数,开展多种仿真工况的虚拟仿真行车实验,仿真结束后输出并计算车辆的关键运行参数,从速度协调性、行驶稳定性、驾驶操纵负荷等多方面检验公路线形设计质量、行驶安全性。
公路Ⅰ是勐醒至江城至绿春高速公路SJ4标进场道路6,全长13.325 km,等外公路,公路设计速度15 km/h,最大纵坡14%,平均纵坡2.6%,圆曲线半径R范围10~400 m,均值半径$\stackrel{-}{R}$=58.34 m,平曲线比例70.22%;公路包含AB两段,A段是新建道路,桩号K0+000~K7+600,长度7.6 km,双向单车道,路基宽度4.5 m,土路肩宽度0.25 m,行车道宽度4.0 m;B段为改建路段,桩号K7+600~K13+324.93,长度5.725 km,双向两车道,路基宽度6.5 m,硬路肩宽度0.25 m,行车道宽度3.0 m。
公路Ⅰ的平面/纵断面线形如图5所示。
公路Ⅱ是实车试验道路,道路关键信息见前文。
公路Ⅰ是进场道路,服务于山区高速公路工程修建,主要用途是运输建设材料、建筑垃圾和满足工程人员出行需求;公路Ⅱ是国道干线,主要用途是运输城镇物资和满足城镇居民出行。因此,选择小客车、三桥工程车作为公路Ⅰ的检验车型,选择小客车、大客车、六轴半挂车作为公路Ⅱ的检验车型。检验车型如图6所示,检验车型参数见表3
检验车型以设计速度为指定目标速度、以行车道中线为目标轨迹开展车道定速巡航试验,检验公路平面、纵断面、横断面参数设计及组合是否满足车辆以设计速度安全通行的要求。
公路 Ⅰ 检验结果表明,小客车能够以设计速度(15 km/h)平稳通行,但工程车无法以设计速度通过回头曲线(R=10 m),工程车在回头曲线弯道内侧车道行驶时失去横向稳定性,车辆驶入外侧车道后继而驶出路面,与外侧车道防护栏发生碰撞,车辆行驶轨迹如图7(a)所示;横向偏移量能反映车辆在公路上的横向位置,图7(b)是工程车由内侧车道过弯冲出路面的横向偏移情况;工程车在回头曲线弯道外侧车道行驶时,右前车轮越出行车路面,如图8(a)所示,工程车位于回头曲线外侧车道(宽度3.0 m)正中间位置时,车身侧向余量0.281 m,从图8(b)能看到,工程车向右偏移值大于侧向余量;即回头曲线(R=10 m)内/外侧车道均不满足工程车安全行驶需求。
公路Ⅱ的虚拟行驶试验结果表明,检验车型能够以设计速度(20 km/h)通过公路Ⅱ,即公路Ⅱ几何设计基本符合小客车、大客车、六轴半挂车以设计速度行驶的安全通行需求。
检验车型根据公路线形条件调节运行速度开展自由变速行驶试验,检验公路线形连续性/一致性的设计好坏,同时评价分析车辆自由变速行驶下的横向稳定性。
公路Ⅰ自由变速行驶试验中,小客车最高运行速度被设置为50~55 km/h,工程车最高运行速度被设置为30 km/h,图9所示为公路Ⅰ上2种检验车型自由变速行驶的运行速度,从图9中能看出,小客车全线运行速度变化十分频繁,速度下降幅值大、趋势陡,多处相邻线元运行速度差超过阈值20 km/h,甚至部分急弯路段的运行速度差超过30 km/h或40 km/h,表明小客车在公路Ⅰ上自由变速行驶的速度协调性差,驾驶人需要不断操控脚踏板调整车辆运行速度,即脚部操纵负荷较大,部分位置出现急刹(速度差超过40 km/h)也易造成驾驶精神状态紧张,不利于行驶安全性。
工程车以最高限速30 km/h开展公路Ⅰ虚拟行驶试验,全线运行速度区间10~45 km/h。路段①:0~5.3 km为长大下坡路段,工程车车速基本维持在32 km/h,行驶至急弯、回头曲线路段车速下降,速度差10~15 km/h。路段②:4.9~5.3 km(K8+452至K8+048)是连续急弯坡组合路段,纵坡坡度为14%(360 m)+5.5%(40 m),坡底是短直坡(39 m)后接回头曲线C1-4(R=10 m);工程车先是受重力坡向分力影响速度提升至42 km/h,而后驶入回头弯前紧急减速至21 km/h,速度差21 km/h。路段③:5.4~6 km、12~12.4 km路段是坡度为12%的上坡路段,工程车速度由32 km/h下降至约10 km/h,速度差超过22 km/h。可见,工程车在山区低指标道路本身行驶速度低,运行速度协调性好坏主要受纵断面线形条件影响,坡度14%、坡度12%使得工程车速度难以控制在目标范围内,破坏了运行速度协调性。
公路Ⅱ自由变速行驶试验中,小客车最高运行速度被设置为60 km/h,大客车和半挂车最高运行速度被设置为50 km/h。图10所示为公路Ⅱ上3种检验车型自由变速行驶的运行速度,图中标注了3处路段,其中A1路段内含有6处距离相近的回头曲线,A2、A3路段内分别含有2处相邻的回头曲线。小客车在A1~A3路段内运行速度差为30~40 km/h,大客车和半挂车在A1~A3路段内运行速度差为20~30 km/h,速度协调性较差,而车辆在其余路段的运行速度差小于等于20 km/h,速度协调性较好;可见,回头曲线路段破坏了车辆的运行速度协调性。
小客车横向失稳易侧滑,大客车、半挂车等大型车辆横向失稳易侧翻;利用横向力系数差μmax-μ/荷载转移率LTR能有效衡量车辆侧滑/侧翻风险。图11所示为公路Ⅱ上车辆自由变速行驶的横向稳定性参数曲线,小客车在一般弯道的横向力系数差μmax-μ>0.01,不会侧滑;在回头曲线及半径R<36 m的急弯处μmax-μ<-0.04,具有较高的侧滑风险,且小客车在C1(桩号K8+969,圆曲线R=80 m)处发生甩尾;大客车、半挂车仅在4.9 km处的荷载转移率LTR>60%,具有较高的侧翻风险。
方向盘转角/方向盘转速是驾驶员方向盘操作输入的体现,其曲线变化幅值及波动频率能有效衡量驾驶人手部驾驶操作负荷。图12所示为公路Ⅱ上车辆自由变速行驶的驾驶操纵参数曲线,方向盘转角方面,大型车辆(大客车、半挂车)在曲线路段的方向盘转角幅值大于小客车,且曲线半径越小,幅值差异越明显,表明在相同圆曲线路段条件下,大型车辆对转向输入需求高于小客车,尽管大客车和半挂车车型存在一定差异,但相近速度下的转向需求也是相近的。小客车在C1处发生甩尾,方向盘转角明显高于其他车型及路段,检查公路平面线形发现,C1处圆曲线R=80 m前接300 m的直线路段,线形条件突变是小客车在C1处横向失稳的主要原因,建议缩短C1圆曲线R=80 m前直线距离,同时增加大半径圆曲线路段,抑制车速提升。方向盘转速方面,小客车在C1处甩尾时方向盘转速达到410°/s,远超安全阈值57°/s;同时,大客车在B1处、半挂车在T1、T2处的方向盘转速轻微超过安全阈值90°/s,容易引发驾驶人紧张情绪,增加体力支出;建议从公路线形平面设计角度出发,采用增大圆曲线半径、延长缓和曲线、减小平曲线转角等措施,降低山区低指标公路驾驶人驾驶操纵负荷。
为了甄别车辆事故易发路段,确定极限工况下的车辆事故形态,明确事故易发路段的最大安全通行速度。检验车型以恒定目标速度为变量开展多次虚拟行驶试验,恒定目标速度以设计速度为基础,每次试验速度增加2 km/h,直至车辆发生事故,试验结束。
前文已明确工程车无法通过公路Ⅰ回头曲线(R=10 m),此处不再对其进行甄别。经多次虚拟行驶试验发现工程车在回头曲线(R=15 m)路段存在行车安全隐患,并且弯道外侧车道的行车风险高于内侧车道(外侧车道易发生路侧碰撞)。因此,本文中以工程车在公路Ⅰ回头曲线(C1-9,R=15 m)外侧车道的行驶状况为例展开分析(图13)。工程车速度为21 km/h时,横向偏移量约为0.35 m(超过外侧余量0.281 m),荷载转移率低于25%;可见,在回头曲线(R=15 m)外侧车道处,工程车发生路侧碰撞事故的风险高于侧翻事故;因此,以不发生路侧碰撞事故确定工程车最大安全通行速度为19 km/h。
公路Ⅱ同样以大型车辆在回头曲线外侧车道的行驶状况为例展开分析。半挂车(车宽2.48 m)位于回头曲线C2-1外侧车道(宽度3 m)正中间位置时,车身侧向余量0.26 m。图14所示为半挂车在回头曲线C2-1(R=20.35 m)处不同速度的行驶状态。半挂车速度为34 km/h时,运行参数曲线中断,LTR达到100%,半挂车发生侧翻;速度为30~32 km/h时,LTR超过安全阈值60%,车体存在较大的侧翻风险,ΔLat低于侧向余量0.26 m,表明半挂车在回头曲线外侧车道处的侧翻风险高于路侧碰撞风险。因此,以不发生侧翻事故确定半挂车最大安全通行速度为28 km/h。通过对比极限工况下重型货车在回头曲线外侧车道处的事故形态,可以发现回头曲线半径较小(R=15 m)时,重型货车更易发生路侧碰撞事故;回头曲线半径较大(R≥20 m)时,重型货车速度相对较高,更容易发生侧翻事故。
低指标公路货车超载现象严重,为了模拟重载货车超载运行的真实情况,检验低指标公路连续纵坡路段的行驶安全性。仿真工况以车货整备质量(满载100%)为基准,设置货车总质量为满载75%、100%、125%、150%分别开展自由变速虚拟行驶试验。受重力坡向分力影响,重载货车载货越多在连续下坡路段的速度控制难度越大,越容易失速发生交通事故;因此,下面主要对重载货车在连续长大下坡路段的行驶安全性展开分析。
公路Ⅰ桩号K13+325至K7+941为连续长大下坡路段,包含回头曲线C1-9~C1-4,其中回头曲线C1-9半径为15 m,其余回头曲线半径R=10 m;回头曲线C1-4接近坡底位置。为了确保工程车在回头曲线(R=10 m)处安全通行,仿真工况设置工程车在回头曲线(R=10 m)处沿道路平面设计中线行驶,即工程车有一半车身侵占对向车道。工程车满载150%、125%行驶至C1-4处冲出道路,仿真停止。图所示为工程车满载125%~75%条件下在连续长大下坡路段行驶的运行状态,在进入纵坡坡度14%之前(0~4.9 km)工程车速度均能得到较好控制,各载荷条件下的行驶速度一致[图15(a)],轮胎制动压力随着载重的增加而增加[图15(b)],低速(约16 km/h)通过急弯或回头曲线后会踩踏节气门以获得期望速度[图15(c)]。进入纵坡坡度14%路段后,工程车受载荷影响,车速明显增大且难以控制,满载125%时车速上升至45 km/h,而后即便轮胎制动压力达到最大值10 MPa,也无法在进入回头曲线C1-4前及时降低车速至安全值。工程车在5.4~6 km上坡路段节气门全开,满载75%、100%对应的爬坡速度分别为10、8 km/h;单独开展工程车在该上坡路段的虚拟行驶试验得到满载125%、150%对应的爬坡速度为6.3、5.4 km/h;若载重继续增加,即便节气门全开也无法爬坡行驶,并且会出现溜车。
图15(d)是工程车的荷载转移率LTR,工程车满载75%、100%、125%均因为行驶速度明显大于稳定32 km/h,使得LTR>60%,并且存在严重的侧翻风险;行驶速度小于等于稳定速度32 km/h时,有多处路段存在轻微侧翻风险(20%<LTR≤60%),表明工程车横向稳定性一般。
(1)目前,低指标公路(四级、等外公路)安全性缺乏没有统一、有效的评价方法。针对山区低指标复杂线形公路行驶安全性提出了一种直观、可信、有效的检验方法。
(2)检验方法采用人-车-路系统仿真模型,为了验证模型的可行性,开展山区低指标公路实车试验,采用系统仿真模型模拟实车试验,输出虚拟仿真行驶数据与实车试验行驶数据相对比,确定人-车-路系统模型能有效仿真模拟车辆的真实行驶状态。
(3)检验方法以实际数据为依据设置人-车-路系统仿真参数,开展代表性车型虚拟行驶试验,输出或计算得到速度、横向稳定性、驾驶操纵性、速度调控等4类指标,进而去分析评价公路线形设计符合性、速度协调性、驾驶操纵负荷、事故易发路段甄别、重载货车连续纵坡路段安全性等5项检验内容。
(4)选择1条已建四级公路和1条拟建等外公路作为实例,结果表明本文方法能够为已建、新建、拟建道路确定风险路段和致因,进而风险路段几何参数改进提供靶向性的建议。
  • 重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1516)
  • 重庆市高校创新研究群体项目(CXQT21022)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309896
  • 接收时间:2023-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-15
  • 修回日期:2024-07-09
基金
重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1516)
重庆市高校创新研究群体项目(CXQT21022)
作者信息
    1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
    2 新疆农业大学交通与物流工程学院, 乌鲁木齐 830052

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* 徐进(1977—),男,汉族,吉林四平人,博士,教授。研究方向:人-车-路协同,道路安全性设计。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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