Article(id=1245407861120024980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402656, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712851200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-12, revisedDate=1717516800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857972650, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857972650, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857972650, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857972650, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2832, endPage=2840, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407863858905697, articleId=1245407861120024980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Reliability Evaluation Method of Business Process Model Discovery Algorithm, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Process model discovery algorithms are capable of extracting process models from event logs, but different algorithms have varying capabilities in handling event logs. Currently, most research on evaluating these algorithms involves indirect evaluation methods, which have limitations. To address this issue, a method was proposed to directly evaluate the reliability of process model discovery algorithms, using reliability as an important evaluation metric. The original event log was preprocessed to obtain an incremental sub-log collection, the process model discovery algorithm was applied to the incremental sub-logs and the original event log to obtain process models, and the reliability of the business process model discovery algorithm was evaluated through quality assessment. Based on nine public simulation event logs and four real event logs, multiple model discovery algorithms were experimented on from the aspects of weak reliability, noise interference reliability, and strong reliability. The experimental results showed that the reliability values of Heuristic Miner, Inductive Miner-infrequent, Inductive Miner, and Alpha Miner were 4, 3.2, 2.4, and 1.6, respectively. Higher reliability values indicated stronger reliability of the algorithms. Thus, the proposed method can effectively evaluate the reliability of the algorithms.

, correspAuthors=Cong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qing-xin GAO, Cong LIU, Zai-gui ZHANG, Hui-ling LI, Qing-tian ZENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407866799113093, articleId=1245407861120024980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=业务流程模型挖掘算法可靠性评价方法, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

流程模型挖掘算法能够从事件日志中挖掘流程模型,不同流程模型挖掘算法处理事件日志的能力不同。目前,大量涉及流程模型挖掘算法评价的工作大都是间接评价,而间接评价存在局限性。针对这一问题,将可靠性作为模型挖掘算法的重要直接评价指标,提出一种模型挖掘算法可靠性评价的方法,用于直接评价模型挖掘算法的性能。该方法对原始事件日志进行增量预处理以得到增量子日志集合;使用模型挖掘算法对增量子日志和原始事件日志进行处理,得到流程模型;最后,通过质量评估对业务流程模型挖掘算法的可靠性进行评价。基于公开的9个仿真事件日志和4个真实事件日志,从弱可靠性、噪声干扰可靠性和强可靠性3个方面对多个模型挖掘算法进行实验,实验结果表明:Heuristic Miner、Inductive Miner-infrequent、Inductive Miner和Alpha Miner可靠性值依次为4、3.2、2.4和1.6,可靠性值越高,算法的可靠性越强。可见本文方法能够有效地评价算法的可靠性。

, correspAuthors=刘聪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘聪(1990—),男,汉族,山东淄博人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:流程挖掘,人工智能。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=XLWtTV5Cy5RclBlLeOZ1tw==, magXml=LuEqpVGi2DIU/DwGoigF4A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=1rgoRFjpmTv7uEkk2jTYjw==, pdfFileSize=8858894, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=KD7k+h2hpQVhz5t3DaV2TA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QaxJlZOeTX200VHwB6RbAQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

高庆鑫(2000—),男,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流程挖掘,流程仿真。E-mail:

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高庆鑫(2000—),男,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流程挖掘,流程仿真。E-mail:

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高庆鑫(2000—),男,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流程挖掘,流程仿真。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861120024980, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=质量评估)], refs=[Reference(id=1245407874281751114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861120024980, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=46, issue=3, pageStart=643, pageEnd=656, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=刘聪, 李会玲, 曾庆田, journalName=计算机学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘聪, 李会玲, 曾庆田, . 跨组织业务流程模型挖掘与质量评估[J]. 计算机学报, 2023, 46(3): 643-656., articleTitle=跨组织业务流程模型挖掘与质量评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407874378220118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407861120024980, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=46, issue=3, pageStart=643, pageEnd=656, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Liu Cong, Li Huiling, Zeng Qingtian, journalName=Journal of Computer Science, refType=null, 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Overview of the experimental log

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事件日志 轨迹数 变体数 活动数 轨迹长度
最小值 平均值 最大值
Synthetic log1 200 44 23 3 6 11
Synthetic log2 166 166 27 3 8 11
Synthetic log3 161 161 54 6 11 17
Synthetic log4 2 000 1 561 15 6 31 259
Synthetic log5 200 149 20 5 29 253
Synthetic log6 300 104 15 2 5 26
Synthetic log7 1 000 851 18 11 14 32
Synthetic log8 1 000 411 18 5 7 10
Synthetic log9 200 44 23 3 6 11
BPIC_2012_A
日志
13 087 32 20 6 11 20
BPIC_2012_O
日志
5 015 169 14 8 17 78
ICP日志 12 391 1 411 70 5 5 11
MCRM日志 956 212 22 7 12 38
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实验日志概述

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事件日志 轨迹数 变体数 活动数 轨迹长度
最小值 平均值 最大值
Synthetic log1 200 44 23 3 6 11
Synthetic log2 166 166 27 3 8 11
Synthetic log3 161 161 54 6 11 17
Synthetic log4 2 000 1 561 15 6 31 259
Synthetic log5 200 149 20 5 29 253
Synthetic log6 300 104 15 2 5 26
Synthetic log7 1 000 851 18 11 14 32
Synthetic log8 1 000 411 18 5 7 10
Synthetic log9 200 44 23 3 6 11
BPIC_2012_A
日志
13 087 32 20 6 11 20
BPIC_2012_O
日志
5 015 169 14 8 17 78
ICP日志 12 391 1 411 70 5 5 11
MCRM日志 956 212 22 7 12 38
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Reliability assessment results

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流程模型
挖掘算法
弱可靠
性分值
(排名×比重)
噪声干扰
可靠性分值
(排名×比重)
强可靠
性分值
(排名×比重)
可靠
性值
Alpha Miner 0.8(4×0.2) 0.3(1×0.3) 0.5(1×0.5) 1.6
Inductive Miner 0.8(4×0.2) 0.6(2×0.3) 1(2×0.5) 2.4
Inductive Miner-
infrequent
0.8(4×0.2) 0.9(3×0.3) 1.5(3×0.5) 3.2
Heuristic Miner 0.8(4×0.2) 1.2(4×0.3) 2(4×0.5) 4
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可靠性评价结果

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流程模型
挖掘算法
弱可靠
性分值
(排名×比重)
噪声干扰
可靠性分值
(排名×比重)
强可靠
性分值
(排名×比重)
可靠
性值
Alpha Miner 0.8(4×0.2) 0.3(1×0.3) 0.5(1×0.5) 1.6
Inductive Miner 0.8(4×0.2) 0.6(2×0.3) 1(2×0.5) 2.4
Inductive Miner-
infrequent
0.8(4×0.2) 0.9(3×0.3) 1.5(3×0.5) 3.2
Heuristic Miner 0.8(4×0.2) 1.2(4×0.3) 2(4×0.5) 4
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业务流程模型挖掘算法可靠性评价方法
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高庆鑫 1 , 刘聪 1, 2, * , 张在贵 3 , 李会玲 4 , 曾庆田 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(7): 2832-2840
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(7): 2832-2840
业务流程模型挖掘算法可靠性评价方法
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高庆鑫1 , 刘聪1, 2, * , 张在贵3, 李会玲4, 曾庆田2
作者信息
  • 1 山东理工大学计算机科学与技术学院, 淄博 255000
  • 2 山东科技大学计算机科学与工程学院, 青岛 266590
  • 3 济南浪潮数据技术有限公司, 济南 250100
  • 4 山东理工大学电气与电子工程学院, 淄博 255000
  • 高庆鑫(2000—),男,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流程挖掘,流程仿真。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘聪(1990—),男,汉族,山东淄博人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:流程挖掘,人工智能。E-mail:
Reliability Evaluation Method of Business Process Model Discovery Algorithm
Qing-xin GAO1 , Cong LIU1, 2, * , Zai-gui ZHANG3, Hui-ling LI4, Qing-tian ZENG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
  • 2 College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 3 Jinan Inspur (Jinan Data) Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China
  • 4 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402656
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流程模型挖掘算法能够从事件日志中挖掘流程模型,不同流程模型挖掘算法处理事件日志的能力不同。目前,大量涉及流程模型挖掘算法评价的工作大都是间接评价,而间接评价存在局限性。针对这一问题,将可靠性作为模型挖掘算法的重要直接评价指标,提出一种模型挖掘算法可靠性评价的方法,用于直接评价模型挖掘算法的性能。该方法对原始事件日志进行增量预处理以得到增量子日志集合;使用模型挖掘算法对增量子日志和原始事件日志进行处理,得到流程模型;最后,通过质量评估对业务流程模型挖掘算法的可靠性进行评价。基于公开的9个仿真事件日志和4个真实事件日志,从弱可靠性、噪声干扰可靠性和强可靠性3个方面对多个模型挖掘算法进行实验,实验结果表明:Heuristic Miner、Inductive Miner-infrequent、Inductive Miner和Alpha Miner可靠性值依次为4、3.2、2.4和1.6,可靠性值越高,算法的可靠性越强。可见本文方法能够有效地评价算法的可靠性。

流程挖掘  /  模型挖掘算法  /  事件日志  /  可靠性评价  /  质量评估

Process model discovery algorithms are capable of extracting process models from event logs, but different algorithms have varying capabilities in handling event logs. Currently, most research on evaluating these algorithms involves indirect evaluation methods, which have limitations. To address this issue, a method was proposed to directly evaluate the reliability of process model discovery algorithms, using reliability as an important evaluation metric. The original event log was preprocessed to obtain an incremental sub-log collection, the process model discovery algorithm was applied to the incremental sub-logs and the original event log to obtain process models, and the reliability of the business process model discovery algorithm was evaluated through quality assessment. Based on nine public simulation event logs and four real event logs, multiple model discovery algorithms were experimented on from the aspects of weak reliability, noise interference reliability, and strong reliability. The experimental results showed that the reliability values of Heuristic Miner, Inductive Miner-infrequent, Inductive Miner, and Alpha Miner were 4, 3.2, 2.4, and 1.6, respectively. Higher reliability values indicated stronger reliability of the algorithms. Thus, the proposed method can effectively evaluate the reliability of the algorithms.

process mining  /  model discovery algorithm  /  event log  /  reliability evaluation  /  quality measure
高庆鑫, 刘聪, 张在贵, 李会玲, 曾庆田. 业务流程模型挖掘算法可靠性评价方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2832 -2840 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402656
Qing-xin GAO, Cong LIU, Zai-gui ZHANG, Hui-ling LI, Qing-tian ZENG. Reliability Evaluation Method of Business Process Model Discovery Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2832 -2840 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402656
流程挖掘[1-3]主要包括流程模型挖掘、合规性检查、流程改进3个方面。除此之外,流程挖掘还包括流程预测[4-6]和业务流程自动化[7]等子领域。其中,模型挖掘是最具挑战性的流程挖掘任务之一,可以在不使用任何先验信息的情况下从事件日志中发现流程模型,受到国内外众多学者的关注。在过去的二十几年中,国内外学者已经提出了多种业务流程模型挖掘算法,如Alpha Miner[8]、Heuristic Miner[9]、Inductive Miner[10]、Inductive Miner-infrequent[11]、Split Miner[12]等。随着模型挖掘算法的不断发展和应用,对算法性能的评价工作也变得越来越重要,目前,算法性能评价工作大都通过拟合度、精确度、简洁度和泛化度等间接评价指标来评价算法性能[13]。具体而言,这些指标能够通过评估挖掘得到的模型与事件日志之间的匹配程度来评价流程模型的质量,进而间接评价模型挖掘算法的性能。虽然间接评价指标能够在一定程度上评价算法的性能,但大多数评价指标都是粗粒度的,存在片面评价、忽略语义信息以及不考虑过程行为等较多局限性。
针对上述局限,为了更全面、准确地评价模型挖掘算法的性能,提出可靠性指标作为流程模型挖掘算法的一个重要直接评价指标,并提出一种模型挖掘算法的可靠性评价方法。该方法可从多个方面直接评价流程模型挖掘算法在处理不同事件日志时保证挖掘模型质量的能力。本文方法首先对事件日志进行增量预处理[14]得到一组信息丰富程度不同的增量子日志,并且在噪声干扰可靠性评价实验阶段向这些增量子日志中添加不同干扰程度的噪声轨迹,得到含有噪声的增量子日志。然后,选取Alpha Miner、Inductive Miner、Heuristic Miner以及Inductive Miner-infrequent 4种经典的模型挖掘算法进行弱可靠性评价实验、噪声干扰评价实验和强可靠性评价实验,以更准确地得到模型挖掘算法的可靠性。最后,在13个公开数据集上进行实验验证。
下面主要介绍后续业务流程模型挖掘算法可靠性评价方法所用到的相关知识。首先介绍基础知识,其次介绍实验所用4种模型挖掘算法的特点。
定义1 (事件,轨迹,轨迹变体,事件日志)[15] 井假设A是一个集合,表示空集,A*表示定义在集合S上所有任意长度有限序列的集合。B(A)表示集合A所有多集的集合。轨迹σA*是一系列的活动(也称为事件)LB(A*)是一个事件日志,|L|表示事件日志L中轨迹条数,如果多个轨迹活动序列完全相同,则称其为一个轨迹变体。
例如,La=[<a, b, d, e, f, g>2,<a, c, d, e, f, g>4,<a, b, d, f, e, g >3,<a, c, d, f, e, g>]是一个事件日志,其中该日志包含10条轨迹,共有4个轨迹变体和7个活动。
定义2 (流程模型挖掘)[16]UM是所有流程模型的集合,一个流程挖掘方法是指从一个事件日志LB(A*)映射到一个流程模型pmUM的函数γ,即γ(L)=pm
模型挖掘算法将业务流程中事件日志记录的数据进行了形式化表示,能够将事件日志转换为由标记的Petri网[17-18]、BPMN、Process Tree等表示的流程模型,能直观地分析业务流程中存在的问题。
选取四种经典的业务流程模型挖掘算法进行可靠性评价实验,下面对4种算法的特点进行介绍。
(1)Alpha Miner:该算法通过定义4种活动之间的关系发现流程模型,该算法假定事件日志是完整的,即所有可能的直接跟随关系都存在,其主要优点是原理清晰和计算简单,主要缺点是无法处理带有短循环结构、重复任务、不可见任务以及非自由选择结构等复杂结构的事件日志,且无法处理包含噪声的事件日志。
(2)Heuristic Miner:该算法结合Alpha Miner和直觉规则。通过启发式规则推断流程模型的直接后继关系。优点是可以较好地处理噪声、并且支持挖掘流程模型中的所有常见构造(即顺序、选择、并行、循环、不可见任务和某些类型的非自由选择结构),缺点是容易误删低频有效行为且无法处理重复任务。
(3)Inductive Miner:该算法是一个可扩展框架,其目的是发现块结构的流程模型,这些模型是可靠的。Inductive Miner具有高保真度,被认为适用于处理复杂模型抽象中事件记录的可变性,如:频率分析、偏差和欺诈检测、时间和瓶颈分析等。但是该算法无法处理噪声且在流程树转换为Petri网的过程中,不可见变迁数量增多,导致流程模型的精确度降低。
(4)Inductive Miner-infrequent:该算法在Inductive Miner的基础上,引入不常见行为过滤器,将轨迹频次考虑在内,用于区分频繁和不频繁行为,在三个层面上应用行为过滤器,相比于Inductive Miner,能更精准地发现流程模型,且能够处理事件日志中的噪声,但是该算法无法处理非自由选择结构。
下面首先介绍业务流程模型挖掘算法可靠性的定义及评价方法,然后介绍了评价方法的工具实现。
可靠性是业务流程模型挖掘算法的一种重要直接评价指标,下面将介绍可靠性指标及评价方法概述图。
定义3 (可靠性) 可靠性反映了业务流程模型挖掘算法在处理不同事件日志时能够保证挖掘模型质量的一种能力。即事件日志质量越高、包含的信息越丰富时,挖掘得到的模型质量也应该越高。更具体地说,可靠性进一步细分为强可靠性和弱可靠性,强可靠性为流程模型挖掘算法在处理真实的、含有复杂结构的事件日志时,能够保证挖掘模型质量的能力。弱可靠性是指业务流程模型挖掘算法在处理符合其自身算法特点的事件日志时,能够保证挖掘模型质量的能力。
业务流程模型挖掘算法的可靠性评价方法共包含3个步骤,方法框架图如图1所示。
(1)事件日志预处理:采用增量日志预处理方法,通过设置增量次数,得到增量子日志集合,通过该预处理方法,可以将事件日志划分为信息丰富程度不同的增量子日志。其中根据实验需求,通过随机添加噪声的方式,设置噪声轨迹的比例,向增量子日志中添加不同干扰强度的噪声,进而得到含有不同噪声比例的增量子日志集合,用于评价流程模型挖掘算法的噪声干扰可靠性。
(2)挖掘流程模型:原始事件日志经过日志预处理得到增量子日志集合后,对原始事件日志以及增量子日志集合中的每个增量子日志应用相应的模型挖掘算法进行模型挖掘,得到原始模型以及每个增量阶段的子模型。
(3)质量评估:将步骤(2)得到的流程模型选取合适的质量评估指标进行质量评估,本文使用基于上下文的流程模型相似度和Fmea两种质量评估指标。
本文方法首先对事件日志进行预处理,将其划分为一个含有若干增量子日志的增量子日志集合。具体而言:①将原始事件日志的全部轨迹变体构造为事件日志A,非轨迹变体构成事件日志B;②将日志A和日志B分别均等划分为n份(n为增量的次数,本文默认为10),得到轨迹变体日志集合Aset(其中包含日志A1, A2,…, An)和非变体日志集合Bset(其中包含日志B1,B2,…, Bn);③将日志A1与日志B1组合构成增量子日志L1,在L1的基础上,加入Aset中的A2Bset中的B2构成增量子日志L2。依次类推得到增量子日志L3,L4,…,Ln,最终得到含有若干增量子日志的增量子日志集合。这样的划分方式是为了确保在增量选取轨迹的同时尽可能保证有新的轨迹加入。在评价算法的噪声干扰可靠性时,通过设置添加噪声的比例,实现向增量子日志中添加不同程度的噪声,进而得到含有噪声的增量子日志集合。
增量划分事件日志能够更好地观察模型挖掘算法在处理信息丰富程度不同的事件日志时所得到模型质量的变化情况,可以更好地将事件日志预处理和模型挖掘的各阶段结合,从而更有效地评价算法的可靠性。
原始事件日志L经过步骤(1)得到增量子日志集合L1,L2,…,Ln(n为子日志的个数),分别将原始事件日志L和增量子日志L1,L2,…,Ln应用模型挖掘算法得到原始流程模型和子流程模型,得到原始流程模型M以及若干子流程模型Mi(i∈{1,2,…,n})。
本文方法使用了两种模型质量评估指标,在进行不同的可靠性评价实验时,可以根据所处理事件日志的类型选择模型质量的评价指标。对于仿真事件日志,由于可以获得原始模型和子模型,所以采用基于上下文的模型相似度作为模型评估指标;对于真实事件日志,由于无法获得原始模型,使用Fmea[19]作为模型评估指标。下面将详细介绍这两种质量评估指标。
(1)基于上下文的流程模型相似度:本文使用的基于上下文的流程模型相似性度度量方法是基于模型拓扑结构的相似性度量方法,通过提取流程模型当前节点的上下文多元信息特征来比较模型之间的相似程度,来弥补单一的基于流程模型任务标签或其他建模元素计算模型相似度的不足,因此能在严格比较模型拓扑结构相似度的同时,提高模型相似性计算的准确率与效率。
(2)Fmea值:首先计算流程模型的经典质量评估指标F(fitness)[20]P(precision)[21],为了均衡这两个指标,本文中引入Fmea值,最终通过Fmea值来评价模型的好坏。Fmea值被定义为FP的调和平均值,具体表达式为
Fmea(L,M)=$\frac{2F(L,M)P(L,M)}{F(L,M)+P(L,M)}$
式(1)中:F(L, M)为从样本事件日志中发现的流程模型M相对于原始事件日志L的拟合度,量化流程模型再现事件日志中记录轨迹的拟合度;P(L, M)为从样本事件日志中发现的流程模型相对于原始事件日志的精确度,量化在流程模型中能够重演但在事件日志中看不到的行为和生成事件日志中记录轨迹的能力。
开源流程挖掘工具平台ProM6为流程挖掘提供了一个完全可插拔的实验环境。它可以通过添加插件进行扩展,该工具和所有的插件都是开源的。本文提出的业务流程模型挖掘算法可靠性评价方法已作为插件在ProM6中实现,该工具的快照如图2所示。
下面介绍模型挖掘算法可靠性评价实验所使用事件日志数据集以及从弱可靠性、噪声干扰可靠性以及强可靠性3个方面进行实验的结果。
实验部分共使用了13个公开数据集(包括9个公开仿真数据集和4个公开真实数据集),表1详细说明了这些事件日志的主要统计数据信息。
各个数据集的说明如下:
(1)Synthetic log 1/2/3:只包含简单的选择并发结构,不包含短循环、重名任务以及非自由选择结构,用于评价Alpha Miner的弱可靠性。
(2)Synthetic log 4/5/6:通过随机流程树生成的数据集,这些事件日志为通过流程树生成的事件日志,生成的日志可以很好地被Inductive Miner和Inductive Miner-infrequent处理,用于评价Inductive Miner和Inductive Miner-infrequent的弱可靠性。
(3)Synthetic log 7/8/9:不含重名任务的事件日志,用于评估Heuristic Miner的弱可靠性。
(4)BPIC_2012_A/O:源自荷兰一家金融机构的个人贷款申请流程。
(5)ICP:源自荷兰一家保险公司的传入文档处理。
(6)MCRM:源自荷兰一家制造公司的数据。
本文通过弱可靠性评价模型挖掘算法在处理符合算法自身特点事件日志时的可靠性,通过噪声干扰可靠性评价模型挖掘算法在处理含有噪声事件日志时的可靠性,通过强可靠性评价模型挖掘算法在处理真实事件日志时的可靠性。
为更直观地展示模型挖掘算法的可靠性强弱程度,本文将和强可靠性、噪声干扰可靠性和弱可靠性强弱进行量化。对可靠性强弱进行排名积分,可靠性最强的算法计4分,分值依次递减,最弱的算法计1分。由于上述3种可靠性的重要程度不同,因此对3种可靠性按照重要程度进行赋值。其中,算法在处理真实事件日志时表现出的可靠性最为重要,在噪声干扰下,算法能够正确处理事件日志的重要性仅次于强可靠性[14],所以强可靠性占比50%,噪声干扰可靠性占比30%,弱可靠性占比20%。最终对3种可靠性结果进行求和计算得到最终的评价结果。
本实验评价模型挖掘算法的弱可靠性,选取了9个公开的仿真事件日志,具体实验如下:
(1)采用Alpha Miner处理Synthetic log1~Synthetic log3日志。
(2)采用Inductive Miner和Inductive Miner-infrequent(阈值为0.2)处理Synthetic log4~Synthetic log6日志。
(3)采用Heuristic Miner处理Synthetic log7~Synthetic log9日志。
弱可靠性评价实验结果如图3所示,从结果中可以发现,4种算法在处理符合算法特点的事件日志时,随着增量子日志中日志信息的增加,所得模型相似度整体呈现上升趋势。但是,由于不同算法的特点和事件日志的特征不同,在某些增量阶段得到的模型相似度会保持不变。例如,当事件日志中含有的轨迹变体数量较少时,进行增量划分无法保证每次增量得到的增量子日志都有新的轨迹加入,因此每个增量阶段的子日志中都有可能缺乏新的轨迹信息。此时,挖掘得到的模型会与前一个增量阶段得到的模型相同,因此两个增量阶段的模型相似度相同。虽然不同算法在处理不同事件日志时呈现出不同的上升趋势,但最终得到的模型相似度都能达到1。表明4种模型挖掘算法都具有较好的弱可靠性,同时积4分。
本实验评价模型挖掘算法在噪声干扰下的可靠性。首先对经过日志增量预处理的增量子日志进行噪声干扰,得到含有噪声的增量子日志。本文中采用删除事件、添加事件和交换事件3种添加噪声方式进行随机混合,作为添加噪声的方法,同时为了得到含有不同噪声强度的子日志,选取了3种强度的噪声对事件日志进行干扰,分别是5%、10%、15%。最终,得到的噪声干扰可靠性结果如图4~图7所示。
噪声干扰可靠性评价的实验结果表明,在处理含有噪声的事件日志时,随着噪声干扰强度的增强,Alpha Miner和Inductive Miner从含有噪声的事件日志中所挖掘得到的模型相似度的值出现大幅度降低,其中通过Alpha Miner挖掘得到的模型相似度的值降低幅度最大,Inductive Miner次之,表明这两种算法无法处理噪声,因而在噪声干扰下表现出较差的可靠性。相比之下,Heuristic Miner和Inductive Miner-infrequent在处理含有噪声的事件日志时表现出较好的噪声干扰可靠性,其中通过Heuristic Miner挖掘得到的模型相似度的值下降幅度最小,Inductive Miner-infrequent次之。随着噪声轨迹的加入和噪声强度的增强,噪声增量子日志的信息已经不再完整,因此得到的模型相似度出现小幅度降低。在相同噪声干扰强度下,在部分增量阶段得到的模型相似度呈现上下波动趋势,这是因为每个增量阶段都会有随机混合噪声轨迹加入,新加入的噪声轨迹可能恰好为原始事件日志中所存在的轨迹,因此可能出现模型相似度增加的情况。但整体上,Heuristic Miner和Inductive Miner-infrequent保持很强的抗噪声趋势。实验表明Heuristic Miner和Inductive Miner-infrequent可以处理噪声,在噪声干扰下,两种算法也能表现出较好的可靠性,4种算法的噪声干扰可靠性强弱顺序为Heuristic Miner、Inductive Miner-infrequent、Inductive Miner、Alpha Miner。
本实验评价模型挖掘算法的强可靠性。选取了4个公开的真实事件日志进行实验并选取Fmea值作为模型的质量评估指标,由于真实事件日志比较复杂,无法准确得到原始流程模型,无法用基于上下文的模型相似度作为模型评估指标,因此采用Fmea值作为模型质量评估指标评估模型质量更为可靠。对同一个事件日志分别采用Alpha Miner、Inductive Miner、Heuristic Miner以及Inductive Miner-infrequent进行挖掘,得到不同算法处理相同真实事件日志时的Fmea值以评价不同模型挖掘算法在处理相同真实事件日志时所表现出的可靠性。图8所示为采用3种模型挖掘算法处理BPIC_2012_A日志、BPIC_2012_O日志、ICP日志以及MCRM日志得到的实验结果。
实验结果表明,在处理真实事件日志时,由于真实事件日志所含结构类型较多且较复杂,4种模型挖掘算法处理事件日志得到的结果存在较大差异,Heuristic Miner算法所得模型的Fmea值最高,其次是Inductive Miner-infrequent和Inductive Miner,通过Alpha Miner所得模型的Fmea值最低,表明在处理真实事件日志时,Heuristic Miner表现出较好的强可靠性,Inductive Miner-infrequent和Inductive Miner的强可靠性次之,而Alpha Miner强可靠性最差。值得注意的是,图中的Alpha Miner算法在处理ICP日志和MCRM日志得到的Fmea=0,这是因为Alpha Miner不能处理含有重名任务、短循环结构和非自由选择结构等特点的事件日志,而ICP日志以及MCRM日志中含有较多Alpha Miner无法处理的结构,所以采用Alpha Miner处理该日志时得不到正确的Petri网模型。
算法可靠性值等于弱可靠性分值、噪声干扰可靠性分值和强可靠性分值之和。4种模型挖掘算法的可靠性评价结果如表2所示。通过最终的可靠性评价结果可以看出,综合弱可靠性、噪声干扰可靠性和强可靠性三方面的评价实验结果进行分析,Heuristic Miner的可靠性最强,其次是Inductive Miner-infrequent然后是Inductive Miner,Alpha Miner的可靠性最差。
针对现有的业务流程模型挖掘算法的间接评价指标所存在的局限性,本文定义了可靠性指标,作为一种直接评价模型挖掘算法的指标,同时提出了一种可靠性评价方法。该评价方法已作为插件在开源流程挖掘工具平台ProM 6中实现,并在9个仿真事件日志数据集和4个真实事件日志数据集上进行弱可靠性、噪声干扰可靠性和强可靠性三方面实验,得到Heuristic可靠性值为4,Inductive Miner-infrequent可靠性值为3.2,Inductive Miner可靠性值为2.4,Alpha可靠性值为1.6,实验结果表明Heuristic Miner可靠性最强,Alpha Miner可靠性最弱,证明本文方法能够有效地评价业务流程模型挖掘算法的可靠性。
本文可靠性指标在评价模型挖掘算法时需要通过增量处理,然后对每个增量阶段的模型质量进行评价,存在耗时较长的局限性。未来,将从如下三个方面进行深入研究。
(1)本文方法并未对事件日志的特征进行详细的总结分析,在今后工作中,进一步研究事件日志的特点对模型挖掘算法可靠性产生的影响。
(2)本文只选取了4种模型挖掘算法进行可靠性评价实验,在今后工作中,可以采用本文方法进一步评价其他模型挖掘算法的可靠性,例如,Alpha++ Miner[22]、ILP Miner[23]及Split Miner等。
(3)结合机器学习[24-25]优化评价方法的参数,降低评价时间,使其更高效。
  • 科技部科技创新2030—“新一代人工智能”重大项目(2022ZD0119501)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52374221)
  • 山东省泰山学者工程专项基金(ts20190936)
  • 山东省泰山学者工程专项基金(tsqn201909109)
  • 山东省自然科学基金优秀青年基金(ZR2021YQ45)
  • 山东省高等学校青创科技计划创新团队项目(2021KJ031)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402656
  • 接收时间:2024-04-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-12
  • 修回日期:2024-06-05
基金
科技部科技创新2030—“新一代人工智能”重大项目(2022ZD0119501)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52374221)
山东省泰山学者工程专项基金(ts20190936)
山东省泰山学者工程专项基金(tsqn201909109)
山东省自然科学基金优秀青年基金(ZR2021YQ45)
山东省高等学校青创科技计划创新团队项目(2021KJ031)
作者信息
    1 山东理工大学计算机科学与技术学院, 淄博 255000
    2 山东科技大学计算机科学与工程学院, 青岛 266590
    3 济南浪潮数据技术有限公司, 济南 250100
    4 山东理工大学电气与电子工程学院, 淄博 255000

通讯作者:

* 刘聪(1990—),男,汉族,山东淄博人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:流程挖掘,人工智能。E-mail:
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