Article(id=1245407860608316158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402263, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711728000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-30, revisedDate=1716307200000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857972528, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857972528, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857972528, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857972528, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2673, endPage=2682, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407861271016214, articleId=1245407860608316158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis of Factors Affecting Soil Organic Carbon Density in Anhui Province Based on Structural Equation Modelling, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Research on the factors affecting soil organic carbon density is of great significance for regulating climate change and sustainable agricultural development. Previous studies have mainly explored the relationship between various factors (e.g., climate, altitude, soil physicochemical properties, etc.) and the influence of soil organic carbon density, but less involved in the interaction relationship between factors. Typical soil profiles were collected in Anhui Province to estimate the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) in the 0~10 cm, 10~20 cm, 20~30 cm and 30~100 cm soil horizons. The structural equation model was used to analyze the effects of climate, elevation, vegetation, soil water content, human activities and other environmental factors on SOCD. The results are as follows. In the 0~30 cm soil layer, SOCD show a gradually decreasing trend, and the average SOCD in the 0~10 cm, 10~20 cm and 20~30 cm soil layers were 2.09, 1.63 and 1.10 kg/m2, respectively. The average SOCD of 30~100 cm soil layer is 4.46 kg/m2. The spatial distribution of SOCD in the province gradually increased from north to south. The SOCD of 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm soil layer is higher than 5.00 kg/m-2, mainly distributed in the Jianghuai hilly downland and the Riverine Plain. The areas with SOCD higher than 3.00 kg/m2 in the 20~30 cm soil layer were distributed in the South Anhui hilly region. The high SOCD values of 30~100 cm are mainly distributed in the South Anhui hilly region. In the structural equation model of 0~10 cm, 10~20 cm and 20~30 cm soil layer, land use has the largest positive influence on SOCD, and the influence coefficients are 0.22, 0.20 and 0.22, respectively. The average annual temperature has the largest negative influence on SOCD, and the influence coefficients are -0.04 and -0.03. Annual rainfall was the most significant in 30~100 cm soil layer, but land use and NDVI were not significantly affected (p>0.05). Topography affects SOCD through four paths: land use, NDVI, annual precipitation and average annual temperature. Human footprint affected SOCD through NDVI, and the effect on NDVI reached a very significant level (p<0.001). The structural equation model established in this study initially explained the relationship between different environmental factors, and provid a theoretical basis for SOCD regulation and agricultural sustainable development.

, correspAuthors=Ming-song ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin-yu GU, Ming-song ZHAO, Xin-yu LI, Ao QI, Zong-de JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407863603049358, articleId=1245407860608316158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于结构方程模型的安徽省土壤有机碳密度影响因素分析, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=研究土壤有机碳密度的影响因素,对调节气候变化、农业可持续发展等具有重要意义。以安徽省为例,估算0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~100 cm土层的土壤有机碳密度(soil organic carbon density, SOCD),运用结构方程模型分析气候、地形、植被、土壤含水量、人类活动等环境因子对SOCD的影响。结果表明:①在0~30 cm土层中SOCD呈现逐渐降低的趋势,0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm 3个土层的SOCD平均值分别为2.09、1.63和1.10 kg/m2;30~100 cm土层的SOCD平均值为4.46 kg/m2;②全省土壤有机碳密度空间分布呈自北向南方向逐渐增长趋势。0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层SOCD高于5.00 kg/m2的区域主要分布在江淮丘陵区和沿江平原区;20~30 cm土层SOCD高于3.00 kg/m2的区域呈点状分布在皖南丘陵山区;30~100 cm SOCD的高值主要分布在皖南山地丘陵区;③在0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层的结构方程模型中,土地利用对SOCD的正向影响最大,影响系数分别为0.22、0.20、0.22,年均温对SOCD的负向影响最大,影响系数为-0.04、-0.03、-0.03。30~100 cm土层中受到年降雨量的影响最大,但土地利用和归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)的影响并不显著(p>0.05)。地形通过土地利用、NDVI、年降水量和年均温4个路径影响SOCD。人类足迹通过NDVI影响SOCD,对NDVI的影响达到极显著水平(p<0.001)。本研究构建的结构方程模型初步说明了不同环境因子之间的关系,对SOCD的调节和农业可持续发展提供了理论依据。, correspAuthors=赵明松, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 赵明松(1983—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,副教授。研究方向:土壤时空变异、数字土壤制图。E-mail:
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谷欣逾(1999—),女,汉族,江苏徐州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:数字土壤制图。E-mail:

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2 Key Laboratory of Aviation-aerospace-ground Cooperative Monitoring and Early Warning of Coal Mining-induced Disasters of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan 232001, China
3 Coal Industry Engineering Research Center of Collaborative Monitoring of Mining Area’s Environment and Disasters, Huainan 232001, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1245407864664208373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, authorId=1245407864416744407, language=CN, stringName=谷欣逾, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 安徽理工大学空间信息与测绘工程学院, 淮南 232001
2 矿山采动灾害空天地协同监测与预警安徽省教育厅重点实验室, 淮南 232001
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谷欣逾(1999—),女,汉族,江苏徐州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:数字土壤制图。E-mail:

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density in Anhui Province in 2021, figureFileSmall=gGCvooLnArAYp8MIhaGUaQ==, figureFileBig=IXWBM65LjRU70X0DKwoXsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871643529605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2021年安徽省土壤有机碳密度影响因素概念模型, figureFileSmall=gGCvooLnArAYp8MIhaGUaQ==, figureFileBig=IXWBM65LjRU70X0DKwoXsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871794524570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon density in Anhui Province, figureFileSmall=0VrqouVSusH2i6ttVxZ1fA==, figureFileBig=BGrDuanoKybPMs9F4fIqhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871903576492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=CN, label=图3, caption=安徽省土壤有机碳密度的空间分布图, figureFileSmall=0VrqouVSusH2i6ttVxZ1fA==, figureFileBig=BGrDuanoKybPMs9F4fIqhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872029405630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Statistical values of soil organic carbon density for each soil type in Anhui Province, figureFileSmall=L83wR7bm7zkEhwKCCQRNzw==, figureFileBig=iohiWqb2aly6R7ioFqTGWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872151040463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=CN, label=图4, caption=安徽省各土壤类型的土壤有机碳密度统计值

不同字母表示差异显著(p<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=L83wR7bm7zkEhwKCCQRNzw==, figureFileBig=iohiWqb2aly6R7ioFqTGWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872251703774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Structural equation modelling of factors influencing changes in soil organic carbon density, figureFileSmall=KfwXbAZDdBDiunXuOQpeNA==, figureFileBig=o2zMxGn1x2JCRo49sROVKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872364950003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=CN, label=图5, caption=土壤有机碳密度变化影响因素的结构方程模型

SOCD1表示深度0~10 cm的土壤有机碳密度,SOCD2表示深度10~20 cm的土壤有机碳密度,SOCD3表示深度20~30 cm的土壤有机碳密度,SOCD4表示深度30~100 cm的土壤有机碳密度;绿色线表示正向影响,红色线表示负向影响;实线表示显著(p < 0.05),虚线表示不显著(p>0.05);*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,***表示p<0.001

, figureFileSmall=KfwXbAZDdBDiunXuOQpeNA==, figureFileBig=o2zMxGn1x2JCRo49sROVKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872486584833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Description of environment factor data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子 项目 空间分辨率/m 数据来源
气候 年均降水量 1 000 国家地球系统科学数据中心
(http://www.geodata.cn/)
年均温度
地形 海拔 30 地理空间数据云
(https://www.gscloud.cn/)
坡度 30
坡向 30
植被 归一化植
被指数
500 Earthdata(https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search)
人为
因素
土地利用 90 中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心
(https://www.resdc.cn)
人类足迹 1 000 scientific data(https://www.nature.com/sdata/)
), ArticleFig(id=1245407872612413965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

环境因子数据描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因子 项目 空间分辨率/m 数据来源
气候 年均降水量 1 000 国家地球系统科学数据中心
(http://www.geodata.cn/)
年均温度
地形 海拔 30 地理空间数据云
(https://www.gscloud.cn/)
坡度 30
坡向 30
植被 归一化植
被指数
500 Earthdata(https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search)
人为
因素
土地利用 90 中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心
(https://www.resdc.cn)
人类足迹 1 000 scientific data(https://www.nature.com/sdata/)
), ArticleFig(id=1245407872809546273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical values of organic carbon density of soils in Anhui Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面
深度/cm
有机碳密度/(kg·m-2) 变异
系数
最小值 最大值 平均值 标准差
0~10 0.16 6.29 2.09 0.88 0.42
10~20 0.04 6.19 1.63 0.83 0.50
20~30 0.10 4.50 1.10 0.66 0.60
30~100 0.33 17.91 4.46 2.42 0.54
), ArticleFig(id=1245407872935375410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

安徽省土壤的有机碳密度的统计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面
深度/cm
有机碳密度/(kg·m-2) 变异
系数
最小值 最大值 平均值 标准差
0~10 0.16 6.29 2.09 0.88 0.42
10~20 0.04 6.19 1.63 0.83 0.50
20~30 0.10 4.50 1.10 0.66 0.60
30~100 0.33 17.91 4.46 2.42 0.54
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873077981763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Tests of structural equation model fitting results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合
指标
评估
标准
评估值
0~10 cm 10~20 cm 20~30 cm 30~100 cm
CFI > 0.90 0.981 0.974 0.982 0.978
RMSEA < 0.08 0.070 0.079 0.066 0.069
SRMR < 0.05 0.036 0.036 0.035 0.036
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873220588115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

结构方程模型拟合结果检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合
指标
评估
标准
评估值
0~10 cm 10~20 cm 20~30 cm 30~100 cm
CFI > 0.90 0.981 0.974 0.982 0.978
RMSEA < 0.08 0.070 0.079 0.066 0.069
SRMR < 0.05 0.036 0.036 0.035 0.036
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873354805859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of factors influencing organic carbon density in each soil layer in structural equation modelling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层深度/cm 影响因子 直接效应 间接效应 总效应
0~10 土地利用 0.22 0 0.22
NDVI 0.17 0 0.17
地形 0.06 -0.05 0.01
人类足迹 0.08 -0.07 0.01
年均温 -0.04 -0.02 -0.06
年降水量 0.20 0.04 0.24
10~20 土地利用 0.20 0 0.20
NDVI 0.15 0 0.15
地形 0.07 -0.02 0.05
人类足迹 0.08 -0.01 0.07
年均温 -0.03 -0.03 -0.06
年降水量 0.13 0.01 0.14
20~30 土地利用 0.22 0 0.22
NDVI 0.12 0 0.12
地形 0 0.09 0.09
人类足迹 0.02 -0.01 0.01
年均温 -0.03 -0.06 -0.09
年降水量 0.11 -0.01 0.10
30~100 土地利用 0.08 0 0.08
NDVI 0.02 0 0.02
地形 0 0.02 0.02
人类足迹 0 0.03 0.03
年均温 -0.02 0.05 0.03
年降水量 0.10 0.02 0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873493217904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860608316158, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

结构方程模型中各土层有机碳密度影响因素的影响效应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层深度/cm 影响因子 直接效应 间接效应 总效应
0~10 土地利用 0.22 0 0.22
NDVI 0.17 0 0.17
地形 0.06 -0.05 0.01
人类足迹 0.08 -0.07 0.01
年均温 -0.04 -0.02 -0.06
年降水量 0.20 0.04 0.24
10~20 土地利用 0.20 0 0.20
NDVI 0.15 0 0.15
地形 0.07 -0.02 0.05
人类足迹 0.08 -0.01 0.07
年均温 -0.03 -0.03 -0.06
年降水量 0.13 0.01 0.14
20~30 土地利用 0.22 0 0.22
NDVI 0.12 0 0.12
地形 0 0.09 0.09
人类足迹 0.02 -0.01 0.01
年均温 -0.03 -0.06 -0.09
年降水量 0.11 -0.01 0.10
30~100 土地利用 0.08 0 0.08
NDVI 0.02 0 0.02
地形 0 0.02 0.02
人类足迹 0 0.03 0.03
年均温 -0.02 0.05 0.03
年降水量 0.10 0.02 0.12
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基于结构方程模型的安徽省土壤有机碳密度影响因素分析
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谷欣逾 1, 2, 3 , 赵明松 1, 2, 3, * , 李欣雨 1 , 祁奥 1 , 姜宗德 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(7): 2673-2682
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(7): 2673-2682
基于结构方程模型的安徽省土壤有机碳密度影响因素分析
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谷欣逾1, 2, 3 , 赵明松1, 2, 3, * , 李欣雨1, 祁奥1, 姜宗德1
作者信息
  • 1 安徽理工大学空间信息与测绘工程学院, 淮南 232001
  • 2 矿山采动灾害空天地协同监测与预警安徽省教育厅重点实验室, 淮南 232001
  • 3 矿区环境与灾害协同监测煤炭行业工程研究中心, 淮南 232001
  • 谷欣逾(1999—),女,汉族,江苏徐州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:数字土壤制图。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 赵明松(1983—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,副教授。研究方向:土壤时空变异、数字土壤制图。E-mail:
Analysis of Factors Affecting Soil Organic Carbon Density in Anhui Province Based on Structural Equation Modelling
Xin-yu GU1, 2, 3 , Ming-song ZHAO1, 2, 3, * , Xin-yu LI1, Ao QI1, Zong-de JIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geomatics, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Aviation-aerospace-ground Cooperative Monitoring and Early Warning of Coal Mining-induced Disasters of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Huainan 232001, China
  • 3 Coal Industry Engineering Research Center of Collaborative Monitoring of Mining Area’s Environment and Disasters, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402263
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研究土壤有机碳密度的影响因素,对调节气候变化、农业可持续发展等具有重要意义。以安徽省为例,估算0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~100 cm土层的土壤有机碳密度(soil organic carbon density, SOCD),运用结构方程模型分析气候、地形、植被、土壤含水量、人类活动等环境因子对SOCD的影响。结果表明:①在0~30 cm土层中SOCD呈现逐渐降低的趋势,0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm 3个土层的SOCD平均值分别为2.09、1.63和1.10 kg/m2;30~100 cm土层的SOCD平均值为4.46 kg/m2;②全省土壤有机碳密度空间分布呈自北向南方向逐渐增长趋势。0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层SOCD高于5.00 kg/m2的区域主要分布在江淮丘陵区和沿江平原区;20~30 cm土层SOCD高于3.00 kg/m2的区域呈点状分布在皖南丘陵山区;30~100 cm SOCD的高值主要分布在皖南山地丘陵区;③在0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层的结构方程模型中,土地利用对SOCD的正向影响最大,影响系数分别为0.22、0.20、0.22,年均温对SOCD的负向影响最大,影响系数为-0.04、-0.03、-0.03。30~100 cm土层中受到年降雨量的影响最大,但土地利用和归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)的影响并不显著(p>0.05)。地形通过土地利用、NDVI、年降水量和年均温4个路径影响SOCD。人类足迹通过NDVI影响SOCD,对NDVI的影响达到极显著水平(p<0.001)。本研究构建的结构方程模型初步说明了不同环境因子之间的关系,对SOCD的调节和农业可持续发展提供了理论依据。
土壤有机碳密度  /  结构方程模型  /  空间分布  /  影响因素  /  安徽省

Research on the factors affecting soil organic carbon density is of great significance for regulating climate change and sustainable agricultural development. Previous studies have mainly explored the relationship between various factors (e.g., climate, altitude, soil physicochemical properties, etc.) and the influence of soil organic carbon density, but less involved in the interaction relationship between factors. Typical soil profiles were collected in Anhui Province to estimate the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) in the 0~10 cm, 10~20 cm, 20~30 cm and 30~100 cm soil horizons. The structural equation model was used to analyze the effects of climate, elevation, vegetation, soil water content, human activities and other environmental factors on SOCD. The results are as follows. In the 0~30 cm soil layer, SOCD show a gradually decreasing trend, and the average SOCD in the 0~10 cm, 10~20 cm and 20~30 cm soil layers were 2.09, 1.63 and 1.10 kg/m2, respectively. The average SOCD of 30~100 cm soil layer is 4.46 kg/m2. The spatial distribution of SOCD in the province gradually increased from north to south. The SOCD of 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm soil layer is higher than 5.00 kg/m-2, mainly distributed in the Jianghuai hilly downland and the Riverine Plain. The areas with SOCD higher than 3.00 kg/m2 in the 20~30 cm soil layer were distributed in the South Anhui hilly region. The high SOCD values of 30~100 cm are mainly distributed in the South Anhui hilly region. In the structural equation model of 0~10 cm, 10~20 cm and 20~30 cm soil layer, land use has the largest positive influence on SOCD, and the influence coefficients are 0.22, 0.20 and 0.22, respectively. The average annual temperature has the largest negative influence on SOCD, and the influence coefficients are -0.04 and -0.03. Annual rainfall was the most significant in 30~100 cm soil layer, but land use and NDVI were not significantly affected (p>0.05). Topography affects SOCD through four paths: land use, NDVI, annual precipitation and average annual temperature. Human footprint affected SOCD through NDVI, and the effect on NDVI reached a very significant level (p<0.001). The structural equation model established in this study initially explained the relationship between different environmental factors, and provid a theoretical basis for SOCD regulation and agricultural sustainable development.

soil organic carbon density  /  structural equation model  /  spatial distribution  /  influence factors  /  Anhui Province
谷欣逾, 赵明松, 李欣雨, 祁奥, 姜宗德. 基于结构方程模型的安徽省土壤有机碳密度影响因素分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2673 -2682 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402263
Xin-yu GU, Ming-song ZHAO, Xin-yu LI, Ao QI, Zong-de JIANG. Analysis of Factors Affecting Soil Organic Carbon Density in Anhui Province Based on Structural Equation Modelling[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2673 -2682 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402263
土壤有机碳密度(soil organic carbon density, SOCD)是土壤质量和全球碳循环的重要指标,陆地中碳固存是缓解气候变化的一个有效的途径[1]。土壤碳库是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库,全球1 m深土壤碳库最多能达到1 500 Gt,是大气碳库的2倍,陆地上植被碳库的3倍,是生物碳库大小的4倍[2]。气候、地形、土壤的理化性质等对土壤有机碳密度的影响已有大量研究。土壤的组成和结构复杂,且环境因子对土壤有机碳密度的作用强度不同,在大区域中这种关系更加明显。气候因素,如降水量和温度,可以直接或间接的影响土壤中有机物的分解、积累和保持。常帅等[3]在对锡林郭勒草原土壤有机碳研究表明:速效氮、降水量和温度是影响不同植被土壤有机碳的主要因素。王瑾等[4]对4种不同气候区土壤有机碳研究指出,有机碳的周转主要受到气候因素的制约。人类活动也会对土壤有机碳产生较大的影响,有研究表明,福建省沿海地区与内陆地区人类活动的差异是其土壤有机碳空间分布出现规律性特征的主要原因[5],这表明土壤有机碳密度的空间分布和影响因素存在地域差异[6-9]
土壤有机碳密度受区域内气温、湿度、地形和人类活动等多种因素的影响,传统的线性模型难以处理它们的复杂关系。结构方程模型(structural equation model, SEM)作为回归模型的推广,可以同时分析多个因素对土壤有机碳密度的直接或间接影响程度以及各个因素之间的因果关系。近年来,SEM已被应用于区域土壤有机碳的空间分布和特征研究[10]。Zhao等[11]利用SEM对黄土高原地区土壤有机碳密度影响因素进行了研究,证明了SEM在处理复杂因素关系的适用性;Liu等[12]也利用SEM研究地中海半干旱地区不同理化性质的土壤有机碳。众多研究证明SEM能够清晰表现出因子之间的相互影响和制约关系[13],在构建空间数据关系方面效果更好。
安徽省地形地貌复杂,主要分为山区、丘陵区、平原和水域。山区主要分布在南部和西部,中部和北部地区为丘陵区,是中国整个南北差异的缩影[14],因此对于土壤有机碳密度的空间影响因素也呈现多样性。
由于第二次土壤普查时间已经久远,且对土壤剖面的有机碳影响因素研究较少。本研究以安徽省为研究区域,利用2021年采集的397个土壤剖面,估算0~100 cm各土层土壤有机碳密度及其空间分布,建立结构方程模型并分析影响因子,估算安徽省的土壤有机碳密度,研究空间分布和影响因素,为土壤肥力管理和固碳潜力等研究提供科学依据[15]
安徽省地处中国的中东部(114°54'E~119°37'E,29°41'N~34°38'N)毗邻长江三角洲,长江和淮河贯穿其中,地形地貌复杂,以丘陵、山地为主,地势西南高,东北低,总面积1.40×107 km2,全省划分为5个地理区,分别为淮河中游平原区、江淮丘陵区、沿江平原区、皖西山地丘陵区和皖南山地丘陵区,平均海拔在120 m(图1)。季节变化明显,处于亚热带与暖温带的过度地区,全省年平均温度14~17 ℃,年降雨量平均在800~1 200 mm。主要耕作土壤类型为:潮土、砂姜黑土、水稻土和黄褐土等[16],其中水稻土和砂姜黑土分布最广,所占省内耕地面积最大。
土壤数据来源于2021年土壤剖面调查。根据流域结合母质类型的分布情况,以及亚类综合考虑布设点位,覆盖安徽省全部土壤类型。采集时根据样点数和各土壤类型面积计算出网格大小,并根据实际情况适当调整网格的起始经纬度,避免过多网格线落在道路或河流上,共计397个土壤剖面。由于按照土壤发生层采集,各层土壤厚度不同,本研究使用深度加权将土层分为0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~100 cm,分别估算各土层土壤有机碳密度含量,并绘制有机碳密度空间分布图。
土壤是气候、地形、植被和人为因素等因素长期综合作用形成的自然历史复合体,因此本研究选择气候、地形、植被和人为因素因子作为环境因子用于土壤有机碳密度的建模。数据均为栅格格式的空间数据,数据描述如表1所示。利用ArcGIS10.5软件,并使用安徽省界进行掩膜处理,获取研究区环境因子数据集。
植被因子中,NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)是利用最大值合成法将逐月的NDVI合成长时间序列的数据得到年最大值影像。人类足迹数据反映了人类活动对区域内土地的影响[17]。当人类足迹值小于1时,表示完全没有人类改造的地区;值小于4,表示相对没有人类改造的地区;值大于4,该区域受到人类改造较大[18]
土壤有机碳密度的计算公式[16]
SOCD=$\sum _{i=1}^{n}$(1-θi)ρiCiTi/100
式(1)中:SOCD表示土壤有机碳密度,kg/m2;n为采集的土壤层数;θi为直径大于2 mm的砾石的体积的百分比含量,%;ρi为土壤的密度,g/cm3;Ci为每一层土壤有机碳的含量,g/kg;Ti为采集的每层土壤厚度,cm。
结构方程模型探索和验证理论模型,评估变量之间的因果关系,能够替代多重回归、通径分析、因子分析、协方差分析等方法,清晰地分析出一个指标对总体的影响力以及每个指标之间的相互关系。
本研究的目标是分析影响安徽省土壤有机碳密度分布的相关因素,并对其影响因子之间的关系进行假设和验证。由于土壤有机碳是指不同形式存在于土壤中的全部含有碳的有机物的合称,因此除了能够影响植被覆盖方式和状况的气候因素以及地形因素,人为因素也起到了不同程度的影响,而植被的生长状况也影响着土壤有机碳密度。人类对于土地的利用,对于地形所造成的变化也能间接影响到土壤有机碳密度的变化,温度和降雨也会对植物的生长产生影响,进而对土壤有机碳密度产生影响,这些都说明了土壤有机碳密度跟这些因素有着直接和间接的关联,因此将这些因素归纳并构建出图形化的概念模型(图2)。
本研究利用397个剖面数据,计算出0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm和30~100 cm土层的土壤有机碳密度,使用基于土壤学专业知识(pedological professional knowledge-based,PKB)的方法和ArcGIS绘制出不同土层深度土壤有机碳密度的空间分布。采用结构方程模型对土壤有机碳密度进行分析,选择比较拟合指数(comparative fit index,CFI)、近似误差均方根(root mean square error of approximation,RMSEA)和标准化均方根误差(standardized residual mean root,SRMR)3个指标来评价结构方程模型的拟合效果。CFI数值处于0~1,越靠近1拟合度越高,CFI > 0.9时拟合度可以接受;RMSEA数值越小越好,当数值小于0.08时模型拟合可以接受;SRMR数值越小越好,当SRMR < 0.05拟合效果可以接受。模型的构建和修正均在AMOS 24中进行。
表2为安徽省2021年土壤有机碳密度各土层的统计结果,0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳密度均值依次为2.09、1.63和1.10 kg/m2,变异系数为42.11%、50.92%和60.00%,且随着深度的增加,有机碳密度均值逐渐减少。20~30 cm土层的变异程度最大,0~10 cm土层的变异程度最小。
图3为安徽省土壤有机碳密度空间分布图。从整体看,土壤有机碳密度空间分布自北向南方向呈现逐渐增长趋势。0~10 cm土层的土壤有机碳密度主要在1.25~2.50 kg/m2区间,分布在淮河中游平原区,占总面积的61.10%;大于5.00 kg/m2区域主要分布在江淮丘陵区。10~20 cm的土层土壤有机碳密度主要分布在1.25~2.50 kg/m2,占总面积的50.88%;大于5.00 kg/m2区域,呈斑块状分布于江淮丘陵区和沿江平原区。20~30 cm土层中,土壤有机碳密度主要分布在0.75~1.50 kg/m2,占全省的50.94%;高于2.25 kg/m2的区域呈点状分布于江淮丘陵区和皖南山地丘陵区。30~100 cm的土壤有机碳密度主要介于3.00~6.00 kg/m2,占总面积的44.54%。
不同土壤类型的土壤有机碳密度含量存在一定差异,随着土层深度的增加,各土壤类型的土壤有机碳密度呈现减少趋势。0~10 cm土层中石灰土的土壤有机碳的密度平均值最高,为2.74 kg/m2,较潮土显著高1.45倍,其与红壤、黄壤、黄棕壤、砂姜黑土和水稻土差异不显著。10~20 cm土层也呈相似规律,石灰土的土壤有机碳密度平均值(2.44 kg/m2)较水稻土(1.74 kg/m2)显著高1.40倍。20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳密度的平均值最高为石灰土(2.00 kg/m2),分别较砂姜黑土(1.23 kg/m2)、潮土(0.92 kg/m2)和粗骨土(0.88 kg/m2)显著高1.62、2.17和2.27倍。30~100 cm土层中各土壤类型的土壤有机碳密度平均值比其他三层土层的土壤有机碳密度均值高(图4)。
表3为结构方程模型拟合指标结果,模型的评估指数较为理想,可以反映出安徽省土壤有机碳密度与影响因子的关系。
各影响因素对于土壤有机碳密度的结构方程模型见图5。0~10 cm的土层,土地利用、NDVI、年均温、年降水量均有显著影响,影响系数分别为0.22(p<0.01)、0.12(p<0.05)、-0.04(p<0.001)、0.20(p<0.001),其中年均温对土壤有机碳密度的影响为负,年均温越高,土壤有机碳密度就越低,土地利用对土壤有机碳密度的正向影响最大。10~20 cm的土层,NDVI、土地利用、年均温和年降水量对土壤有机碳密度的影响显著,影响系数分别是0.15、0.20、-0.03和0.13。20~30 cm的土层中,NDVI和年均降水量对土壤有机碳密度的影响呈显著正相关,人类足迹和土地利用的影响并不显著。30~100 cm土层中,土壤有机碳密度受到年降水量(0.10)的影响最大,NDVI和土地利用对土壤有机碳密度的影响不显著(p > 0.05)。
为了进一步阐明各因子对土壤有机碳密度的影响机制,还统计分析了各土层土壤有机碳密度影响因子的直接效应、间接效应和总效应(表4),总效应是指直接效应与间接效应之和。0~10 cm土层中年降水量(0.24)对土壤有机碳密度的总效应最大,地形的总效应与人类足迹的总效应相同;10~20 cm的土层中,土地利用的总效应最大,年均温的总效应与人类足迹的总效应相似,但两者产生的效果相反;20~30 cm土层里,土地利用(0.22)的总效应最大,年均温的间接效应(-0.06)是直接效应(-0.03)的2倍;30~100 cm土层里,年均温和年降水量既有直接效应也有间接效应,年降雨量是影响土壤有机碳密度的主要因素。
植被作为土壤生态系统中有机碳的重要来源,通过根系分泌物和凋落物的分解等方式将光合作用生成的有机物输入土壤,从而影响土壤有机碳密度[19]。近年来,大部分研究中使用NDVI作为植物生长的指标[20-21],当植物覆盖率增加,其凋落物作为土壤有机碳的主要输出源也随之增加,进而影响土壤有机碳密度。
研究发现,在0~30 cm的土层中,NDVI对土壤有机碳密度呈显著相关性,土层越深,有机碳密度均值越低。申楷慧等[22]研究表明植被因子是影响土壤有机碳密度的主要因素,并且受植被根系及分泌活动影响,随着土壤深度的增加土壤有机碳密度逐渐减少,这与本研究的结果相似。植被根系的深度也会影响土壤有机碳密度,曹丽花等[23]对于森林和草地土壤有机碳的研究结果显示,草地植物根系主要在0~20 cm层次中,表层的土壤溶解性有机碳向下转移使深层土壤的有机碳更加稳定。邵志豪等[24]的研究结果也表明植物根系是影响土壤有机碳密度的关键因素,其对深层土壤属性也具有影响。降雨量也会通过影响植被生长进而影响土壤有机碳含量,降雨导致植被根系的周边生物量增多,碳素的输入也越大,提高了土壤有机碳的含量。
自然因素中,特别是温度和降雨量,是土壤有机碳储量的最重要因素。温度升高有助于提高微生物的活动速率,促进有机物的分解,从而降低土壤中有机碳的含量,但相反,温度较低会降低土壤有机碳的循环,从而导致土壤有机碳的增加[25]。由于降雨导致植被根系的周边生物量增多,碳素的输入也越大,提高了土壤有机碳的含量[26];但强降雨会引起土壤的侵蚀,对土壤有机碳密度产生影响。土壤侵蚀使得一些土壤有机碳产生矿化,使土壤有机碳密度减少[27]
本研究中温度与各层土壤有机碳密度都为负相关(图5),但这个结果与张妍等[28]在河南的研究结论并不相同,该研究结果发现年均温与土壤有机碳密度呈正相关系,这样的差异可能是因为研究区域的地理位置有所差异或取样点数量的原因。降雨量在各土层中对土壤有机碳密度均呈正影响,降雨有助于提高微生物的活动速率,促进有机物的分解,使土壤有机碳密度增加,这与李成等[29]的研究结果一致。此外,在30~100 cm的土壤有机碳密度因素分析中,降雨量成为影响土壤有机碳密度的最大正向影响因素,这与楚梦玮等[30]研究结果一致,降水作为主要的生态控制因子,影响植被的长势与凋落物分解,进而与土壤有机碳密度显著相关[31]
地形对土壤有机碳密度也具有显著影响,随着海拔增加,温度降低,降雨量增加,植物根系生物量增加,从而影响土壤有机碳密度。以往的研究结果中也表明地形对土壤有机碳密度呈显著的正向影响[32-33],与本研究结果一致。海拔越高也具有更多的光照,这也让植物光合作用更强,进而对土壤有机碳密度产生正向影响(路径系数为0.06、0.07),也表明模型中地形通过影响土壤含水量、人类足迹、NDVI、年均温和年降水量对土壤有机碳密度有间接影响。30~100 cm土层中地形对土壤有机碳密度的间接影响较小,与Zhao等[11]研究结果一致,推测可能是因为土层过深,自然因素对土壤有机碳密度的影响较小。
人类相关活动也同样对土壤有机碳密度有影响。大多研究中使用土地利用方式来代表人类活动[34-35],人类对土地的利用不同,对土壤有机碳密度的影响也不同。一般来说,在不受到人为因素影响时,土壤中养分含量增加。在区域内气候条件差异不大,经过长期的人为的管理后,土壤有机碳密度会产生不同的变化。不同的土地利用方式会对土壤的肥力和理化性质产生影响,从而影响土壤有机碳密度。
研究结果表明,0~30 cm土层中人类活动对土壤有机碳密度为正向影响,各土层中土地利用对土壤有机碳密度为正向影响,这与何志伟等[36]和Zhao等[11]研究结果一致。此外,土层越深,人类活动对土壤有机碳密度的影响系数越小,主要由于0~10 cm土层与10~20 cm和20~30 cm的土层相比,受到人类耕作的影响相对较大,导致其对土壤有机碳密度影响较大[11]。而人类活动造成的影响并不显著,这与Zhao等[11]在黄土高原的研究结果不同,该研究表明人类活动对土壤有机碳有显著的正向影响,造成这种差异可能是与研究区域的土壤理化性质和气候情况有关。
本研究通过选取397个土壤样点的四层深度的土层进行研究,利用结构方程模型对影响安徽省的土壤有机碳密度的因子进行分析,得到如下结论。
(1)安徽省0~10、10~20、20~30和30~100 cm土壤有机碳密度均值分别为2.09、1.63、1.10、4.46 kg/m2,范围在0.04 ~17.91 kg/m2
(2)土壤有机碳密度空间分布呈由北到南逐渐增加的趋势,0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤有机碳密度的高值主要分布在江淮丘陵区和沿江平原区;20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳密度高值呈点状分布在皖南丘陵山区;30~100 cm SOCD的高值主要分布在皖南山地丘陵区,低值分布在淮河中游平原区。
(3)在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层中土地利用是影响土壤有机碳密度的主要因素,NDVI的影响其次;30~100 cm土壤中年降水量为主要影响因素,而年均温产生负向影响,地形通过土地利用、NDVI、年降水量和年均温对土壤有机碳密度产生影响;人类对地区的改造对植被的覆盖造成影响,间接对土壤有机碳密度产生影响。
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(2208085MD88)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402263
  • 接收时间:2024-03-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-30
  • 修回日期:2024-05-22
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安徽省自然科学基金(2208085MD88)
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    1 安徽理工大学空间信息与测绘工程学院, 淮南 232001
    2 矿山采动灾害空天地协同监测与预警安徽省教育厅重点实验室, 淮南 232001
    3 矿区环境与灾害协同监测煤炭行业工程研究中心, 淮南 232001

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* 赵明松(1983—),男,汉族,安徽淮南人,博士,副教授。研究方向:土壤时空变异、数字土壤制图。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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