Article(id=1245407860268577525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403345, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1722441600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857972447, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857972447, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857972447, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857972447, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2800, endPage=2807, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407861724001062, articleId=1245407860268577525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=The Influence of Pipeline Pressure on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Fire Row Burners, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Wall-mounted furnace heating is one of the main ways of winter heating in northern rural areas. Due to the pressure fluctuation of the gas pipeline, the wall-mounted furnace is prone to combustion instability, and even CO poisoning accidents. In order to reveal the variation law of temperature field and combustion products in gas-fired wall-mounted furnace under the change of pipeline pressure, taking the fire row burner as the research object, the distribution of gas composition at the outlet of the ejector device, the temperature in the combustion chamber, and the concentration of CO and NO in the flue gas at the outlet of the combustion chamber under different pipeline pressures were studied by numerical simulation and experiment. The results show that. ① With the decrease of the gas inlet pressure, the methane concentration at the outlet of the fire increases, and the non-uniformity of methane concentration increases. ② As the gas inlet pressure decreases, the CO mass concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber gradually increases. When the gas inlet pressure is 500 Pa, the CO mass concentration reaches a peak of 25.2 mg/m3, which is higher than the human body CO poisoning accident limit of 23 mg/m3. The mass concentration of NO at the outlet of the combustion chamber increases first and then decreases, reaching a peak of 18.99 mg/m3 at 1 500 Pa. ③ As the gas inlet pressure decreases, the maximum temperature in the combustion chamber increases first and then decreases. The minimum temperature is 1 840 K at 500 Pa. The combustion is not sufficient and the heat generated by combustion is less. It can be seen that the decrease of the pipeline pressure increases the instability of the wall-mounted furnace combustion and the CO concentration also increases significantly. The results can provide some theoretical support for the manufacturers of gas wall-mounted furnaces in enhancing the safety of equipment.

, correspAuthors=Yun-guang JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-tao LI, Jia-jia SONG, Jia-qi ZHANG, Yun-guang JI, Ya-bin XI, Wirsum MANFRED), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407865226244143, articleId=1245407860268577525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=管网压力对火排燃烧器燃烧及排放特性影响, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=壁挂炉供热是北方农村冬季采暖的主要方式之一。由于供气管网压力波动,壁挂炉易于出现燃烧不稳定现象,甚至发生CO中毒事故。为揭示管网压力变动下燃气壁挂炉内温度场及燃烧产物的变化规律,以火排燃烧器为研究对象,通过数值模拟与实验相结合的方法研究了单排燃烧器在不同管道压力下引射装置出口处燃气组分的分布、燃烧室内温度、燃烧室出口烟气中CO及NO浓度的变化规律。结果表明:①随着燃气入口压力减小,火排出口处甲烷浓度随之上升,甲烷浓度不均匀性增强;②随着燃气入口压力减小,燃烧室出口处CO质量浓度逐渐增加,燃气入口压力为500 Pa时,CO质量浓度达到25.2 mg/m3,高于人体CO中毒事故限值23 mg/m3;燃烧室出口处NO质量浓度呈先增加后减少的趋势,在1 500 Pa时达到峰值为18.99 mg/m3;③随着燃气入口压力减小,燃烧室内最高温度先增加后减小,在500 Pa时温度最低为1 840 K,燃烧不充分,燃烧生成的热量少;可见,管网压力变小使壁挂炉燃烧的不稳定性增加且CO浓度也显著变大。本文研究结果可为燃气壁挂炉生产厂家在增强设备安全性方面提供一定的理论支持。, correspAuthors=纪运广, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 纪运广(1972—),男,汉族,河北衡水人,教授。研究方向:工业余能回收、流体传动与控制技术。E-mail: edu.cn。
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李洪涛(1975—),男,汉族,河北定州人,副教授。研究方向:洁净燃烧技术、新能源利用和储能技术。E-mail:

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李洪涛(1975—),男,汉族,河北定州人,副教授。研究方向:洁净燃烧技术、新能源利用和储能技术。E-mail:

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李洪涛(1975—),男,汉族,河北定州人,副教授。研究方向:洁净燃烧技术、新能源利用和储能技术。E-mail:

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Numerical simulation and analysis of the combustion and heat transfer processes for forced-draft water heater[D]. 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The variation of primary air coefficient and excess air coefficient with pressure

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燃气入
口压力P/Pa
甲烷体
积流量
Qf/(m3·h-1)
一次空气
体积流量
Q1/(m3·h-1)
二次空气
体积流量
Q2/(m3·h-1)
一次空气量
V1/m3
一次空气
系数α1
二次空气量
V2/m3
二次空气
系数α2
总过量空
气系数αz
2 500 0.992 6.069 5.568 6.143 0.65 5.611 0.59 1.23
2 000 1.045 5.489 5.554 5.250 0.55 5.312 0.56 1.11
1 500 1.070 5.226 5.484 4.882 0.51 5.123 0.54 1.05
1 000 1.089 4.098 5.473 3.762 0.40 5.024 0.53 0.92
500 1.115 3.954 5.468 3.545 0.37 4.903 0.52 0.89
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875359683365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860268577525, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

一次空气系数和过量空气系数随压力变化规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃气入
口压力P/Pa
甲烷体
积流量
Qf/(m3·h-1)
一次空气
体积流量
Q1/(m3·h-1)
二次空气
体积流量
Q2/(m3·h-1)
一次空气量
V1/m3
一次空气
系数α1
二次空气量
V2/m3
二次空气
系数α2
总过量空
气系数αz
2 500 0.992 6.069 5.568 6.143 0.65 5.611 0.59 1.23
2 000 1.045 5.489 5.554 5.250 0.55 5.312 0.56 1.11
1 500 1.070 5.226 5.484 4.882 0.51 5.123 0.54 1.05
1 000 1.089 4.098 5.473 3.762 0.40 5.024 0.53 0.92
500 1.115 3.954 5.468 3.545 0.37 4.903 0.52 0.89
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875468735283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860268577525, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

List of main equipment of experimental system

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序号 设备名称 型号 参数
1 风机 JDR-738-542A 最大风量:1.5 m3/min
2 烟气
分析仪
testo350 量程:402 mg/m3
分辨率:0.134 mg/m3
3 壁挂炉
热水器
JSQ24-C 额定热负荷:24 kW
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875590370110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407860268577525, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验系统主要设备一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 设备名称 型号 参数
1 风机 JDR-738-542A 最大风量:1.5 m3/min
2 烟气
分析仪
testo350 量程:402 mg/m3
分辨率:0.134 mg/m3
3 壁挂炉
热水器
JSQ24-C 额定热负荷:24 kW
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管网压力对火排燃烧器燃烧及排放特性影响
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李洪涛 1 , 宋佳佳 1 , 张佳琦 1 , 纪运广 1, * , 席亚宾 2 ,
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(7): 2800-2807
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(7): 2800-2807
管网压力对火排燃烧器燃烧及排放特性影响
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李洪涛1 , 宋佳佳1, 张佳琦1, 纪运广1, * , 席亚宾2,
作者信息
  • 1 河北科技大学机械工程学院, 石家庄 050018
  • 2 广东粤电大亚湾综合能源有限公司, 惠州 516082
  • 3 德国亚琛工业大学发电技术研究所, 亚琛 52056
  • 李洪涛(1975—),男,汉族,河北定州人,副教授。研究方向:洁净燃烧技术、新能源利用和储能技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 纪运广(1972—),男,汉族,河北衡水人,教授。研究方向:工业余能回收、流体传动与控制技术。E-mail: edu.cn。
The Influence of Pipeline Pressure on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Fire Row Burners
Hong-tao LI1 , Jia-jia SONG1, Jia-qi ZHANG1, Yun-guang JI1, * , Ya-bin XI2, Wirsum MANFRED3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
  • 2 Guangdong Yuedian Dayawan Comprehensive Energy Co., Ltd., Huizhou, 516082, China
  • 3 Institute of Power Generation Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403345
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壁挂炉供热是北方农村冬季采暖的主要方式之一。由于供气管网压力波动,壁挂炉易于出现燃烧不稳定现象,甚至发生CO中毒事故。为揭示管网压力变动下燃气壁挂炉内温度场及燃烧产物的变化规律,以火排燃烧器为研究对象,通过数值模拟与实验相结合的方法研究了单排燃烧器在不同管道压力下引射装置出口处燃气组分的分布、燃烧室内温度、燃烧室出口烟气中CO及NO浓度的变化规律。结果表明:①随着燃气入口压力减小,火排出口处甲烷浓度随之上升,甲烷浓度不均匀性增强;②随着燃气入口压力减小,燃烧室出口处CO质量浓度逐渐增加,燃气入口压力为500 Pa时,CO质量浓度达到25.2 mg/m3,高于人体CO中毒事故限值23 mg/m3;燃烧室出口处NO质量浓度呈先增加后减少的趋势,在1 500 Pa时达到峰值为18.99 mg/m3;③随着燃气入口压力减小,燃烧室内最高温度先增加后减小,在500 Pa时温度最低为1 840 K,燃烧不充分,燃烧生成的热量少;可见,管网压力变小使壁挂炉燃烧的不稳定性增加且CO浓度也显著变大。本文研究结果可为燃气壁挂炉生产厂家在增强设备安全性方面提供一定的理论支持。
燃烧学  /  火排燃烧器  /  压力变动  /  燃烧特性  /  烟气组分

Wall-mounted furnace heating is one of the main ways of winter heating in northern rural areas. Due to the pressure fluctuation of the gas pipeline, the wall-mounted furnace is prone to combustion instability, and even CO poisoning accidents. In order to reveal the variation law of temperature field and combustion products in gas-fired wall-mounted furnace under the change of pipeline pressure, taking the fire row burner as the research object, the distribution of gas composition at the outlet of the ejector device, the temperature in the combustion chamber, and the concentration of CO and NO in the flue gas at the outlet of the combustion chamber under different pipeline pressures were studied by numerical simulation and experiment. The results show that. ① With the decrease of the gas inlet pressure, the methane concentration at the outlet of the fire increases, and the non-uniformity of methane concentration increases. ② As the gas inlet pressure decreases, the CO mass concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber gradually increases. When the gas inlet pressure is 500 Pa, the CO mass concentration reaches a peak of 25.2 mg/m3, which is higher than the human body CO poisoning accident limit of 23 mg/m3. The mass concentration of NO at the outlet of the combustion chamber increases first and then decreases, reaching a peak of 18.99 mg/m3 at 1 500 Pa. ③ As the gas inlet pressure decreases, the maximum temperature in the combustion chamber increases first and then decreases. The minimum temperature is 1 840 K at 500 Pa. The combustion is not sufficient and the heat generated by combustion is less. It can be seen that the decrease of the pipeline pressure increases the instability of the wall-mounted furnace combustion and the CO concentration also increases significantly. The results can provide some theoretical support for the manufacturers of gas wall-mounted furnaces in enhancing the safety of equipment.

combustion science  /  fire row burner  /  pressure fluctuation of pipeline  /  combustion characteristic  /  flue gas composition
李洪涛, 宋佳佳, 张佳琦, 纪运广, 席亚宾. 管网压力对火排燃烧器燃烧及排放特性影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2800 -2807 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403345
Hong-tao LI, Jia-jia SONG, Jia-qi ZHANG, Yun-guang JI, Ya-bin XI, Wirsum MANFRED. The Influence of Pipeline Pressure on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Fire Row Burners[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2800 -2807 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403345
为解决北方供暖季大量散煤燃烧引起的雾霾现象,中国在2017年政府主导并大力推行“煤改气”和“煤改电”的能源转型政策,使得燃气壁挂炉在北方农村地区得到大量推广[1-3]。鉴于壁挂炉属于一种相对新型的燃烧设备,得到了生产厂家和专家学者的重视,其主要的关注点在于提高设备的经济性和安全性。在经济性方面:Tajwar等[4]在烟道中加入扁平、圆锥形、翅片形和带刀丝网形等不同形状的挡板,燃烧效率和热效率最高可提高20%和32.4%;Sedeh等[5]提出了两种折流板设计,利用折流板来操控流场从而影响温度场,两种设计方案分别使得燃气热水器热效率提高了4.2%和6.4%;易洪斌等[6]采用数值模拟的方法对强鼓式燃气热水器燃烧器进风部分的结构进行了优化改进,使燃烧状况得以改善,优化后的产品热效率提高了1.06%。在安全性方面:陈立等[7]对不同的气流入口条件下低旋流燃烧时的火焰稳定性进行了研究,得到当气流入口处于较宽的情况下,低旋流燃烧器能保持火焰锋面稳定,且回火概率低;李昊民[8]研制出一种具有部分预混燃烧器的燃烧系统,该系统也具备较好的燃烧效果和污染物排放低的特点;Ma等[9]采用数值计算方法研究了炉排结构对燃烧效果的影响。尚未发现由于用户集中用气时管网压力变动对壁挂炉燃烧器安全方面的研究。
实际应用中,燃气壁挂炉通常布置在独立且通风较好的厢房内。笔者曾对一起壁挂炉CO中毒事件进行了调查,当管网压力为2 000 Pa时,CO浓度为6.17 mg/m3,远低于CO中毒浓度23 mg/m3,不会发生CO中毒事故,而医学证明确实发生了CO中毒事故,经鉴定专家现场考察分析认为管网压力变动是引起CO中毒发生的最大可能,但无相应的文献和实验数据支持。为此,现通过数值模拟和实验相结合的研究方法研究压力变动下燃气壁挂炉炉内流场变化、燃烧情况以及烟气组分变化规律,以期为燃气壁挂炉的设计及使用提供理论依据。
以单组火排燃烧器为研究对象用来简化数值计算量,其结构简图如图1所示,该燃烧器分为两部分,上部分为燃烧室,下部分为引射室,两者通过引射室的出口为分界面,该分界面有16组火孔。其中,燃烧室尺寸为150 mm×110 mm×19 mm;引射室的引射气流为燃气,燃气入口直径为1.5 mm, 被引射的介质为一次空气,一次空气入口直径为9.8 mm。燃气与一次空气先在引射装置内混合,混合后的气体向上流至分界面,再由分界面流出,经点火在燃烧室内燃烧。为了更好地反映实际运行工况和简化计算过程,本文提出了一种新式的建模和计算方法,即以引射室出口为分界面,将火排燃烧器分为两个部分,首先,采用冷态模拟得到该分界面的出口流速,然后,将该分界面的出口流速作为燃烧计算的入口条件。
采用RNG k-ε(k为湍流动能,ε为湍流耗散率)湍流模型,辐射传热过程采用DO辐射模型[10],燃烧采用部分预混燃烧模型。燃烧过程采用模式简单、计算量少的六步反应动力学模型[11]。因燃气中不含氮元素,因此,只涉及热力型和快速型NOx生成机理。在大多数的燃烧过程中,燃烧产物中NO的含量占整个NOx含量的95%[12],所以在研究过程中主要考虑NO的生成,其中热力型NO的生成采用Zeldovich机理[13],快速型NO的生成采用Fenimore机理[14]。采用二阶迎风格式对质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程和组分守恒方程进行离散[15]
数值模拟采用的质量守恒、动量守恒、组分守恒和能量守恒方程如下。
(1)质量守恒方程为
${\frac{\partial }{\partial x}}_{i}$(ρui)=0
式(1)中:ρ为密度,kg/m3;ui为流体速度,m/s;i为直角坐标系的xyz 3个方向。
(2)动量守恒方程为
$\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}$(ρuiuj)=-$\frac{\partial P}{\partial {x}_{i}}$+$\frac{\partial {\tau }_{ij}}{\partial {x}_{j}}$+ρg
式(2)中:j为直角坐标系的xyz 3个方向;τ为应力,Pa;P为静态压力,Pa;g为重力加速度,m/s2
(3)组分守恒方程为
$\nabla\left(\rho u_{i} c_{s}\right)=\nabla\left[D_{s} \nabla\left(\rho c_{s}\right)\right]$
式(3)中:cs为组分s的体积浓度,N·s/m2;Ds为组分s的扩散系数,m2/s。
(4)能量守恒方程为
$\nabla\left(\rho u_{i} T\right)=\nabla\left(\frac{k}{c_{p}} \nabla T\right)$
式(4)中:T为微元体内的温度;k为流体内的导热系数,W/(m2·K);cp为流体的比热容,J/(kg·K)。
利用Fluent Meshing对引射室和燃烧室分别进行网格划分,网格类型都为结构化多面体网格,并对引射室燃气入口、一次空气入口、出口和燃烧室入口进行局部加密。考虑网格无关性后,确定最终引射室和燃烧室网格数目分别为1 021 985和1 679 048。网格划分如图2所示。
(1)燃料:数值计算过程中,认为燃气的主要成分为甲烷,其低位热值为35.41 MJ/m3,密度为0.716 kg/m3
(2)氧化剂:选择空气作为氧化剂,其由N2和O2组成,标准态下密度为1.293 kg/m3,N2和O2的体积比为79∶21。采用两次进风方式,一次空气入口为引射室入口环形端面,二次空气入口为引射室出口分界面(见图1)。
(3)过量空气系数计算方法为
V0=9.52VCH4
αi=$\frac{{V}_{i}}{{V}_{0}}$
αz=α1+α2
式中:V0为理论空气量,m3/s;VCH4为甲烷量,m3/s;αi为空气系数;Vi为实际空气量,m3/s;αz为总过量空气系数;α1为一次空气系数;α2为二次空气系数。
(4)流量:从仿真软件Fluent中的Reports模块中得到引射室出口分界面混气平均流速和甲烷体积分数,可以求得引射室出口甲烷体积流量、一次空气体积流量和二次空气体积流量,公式为
Qi=abv
式(8)中:Qi为体积流量,m3/h;a为火孔长,m;b为火孔宽,m; v为流速,m/s。
(1)入口设定:燃气与空气的混合气体假设为理想气体,鉴于国标规定,管网压力一般为1 000~3 000 Pa,本文中将入口压力取值范围设定为500~2 500 Pa,步长为500 Pa;燃气入口采用质量流量入口,根据式(9)和式(10)计算,质量流量取值分别为0.14、0.20、0.25 、0.29、0.32 kg/h;一次空气和二次空气入口设置为压力入口,表压力为0。
(2)出口设定:出口处进行排烟,通常配有引风机,压力为-20 Pa。
(3)壁面设定:燃烧室的窄壁面与燃烧室外部进行换热,温度设为398 K,燃烧室的宽壁面设定为不与外界换热,设置为绝热壁面。
单个喷嘴体积流量Lg[16]计算公式为
Lg=0.003 6μd2$\sqrt{\frac{H}{S}}$
式(9)中:Lg为喷嘴体积流量,m3/h;μ为喷嘴流量系数;d为喷嘴直径,mm;S为燃气相对密度;H为喷嘴前燃气压力,Pa。
燃料质量流量qg计算公式为
qg=ρgLg
式(10)中:qg为燃料质量流量,kg/h;ρg为燃料密度,kg/m3
为检验所采用的数值计算方法的可靠性,根据文献[17]的实验数据对模型进行验证,验证结果如图3所示。由图3看出,模拟数据和实验数据呈现相似的变化趋势,只在高温区误差较大,但相对误差小于10%,基本能够满足工程技术的要求,从而验证了模型计算方法的可靠性。
根据式(5)~式(8)计算出甲烷体积流量、一次空气体积流量、二次空气体积流量、一次空气量、二次空气量、一次空气系数、二次空气系数和总过量空气系数,结果如表1所示。由表1可看出。
(1)随燃气入口压力减小,甲烷体积流量随之增加,一次空气体积流量逐渐减小,二次空气体积流量逐渐减小,但二次空气量变化较小,二次空气对燃烧的影响不大,因为二次风受引风机的影响。
(2)当燃气入口压力小于1 500 Pa时,过量空气系数小于1,甲烷燃烧所需空气不足,易导致燃烧不充分,使得产生大量CO,易发生CO中毒事故。
图4为燃气压力变动下火排出口处甲烷质量浓度图,从图4中可以看出两个特点。
(1)随着燃气入口压力减小,火排出口处甲烷浓度随之上升,由于甲烷浓度增高使得不完全燃烧产物CO增加的可能性加大。
(2)当燃气入口压力降低时,火排出口处甲烷浓度不均匀性增强,尤其是火排在远离引射口端的甲烷浓度明显上升,鉴于此,火焰的燃烧状况易于产生不稳定性。
为了评判燃气的完全燃烧程度,对燃烧室内烟气的成分CO进行了定量分析。计算结果如图5所示,由图5看出:
(1)随着管网压力的降低,CO浓度一直增大,当燃气入口压力大于1 500 Pa时,其增大幅度不明显;当燃气入口压力小于1 500 Pa时,其变化的速度明显增强,尤其当管网压力由1 000 Pa变至500 Pa时,其CO质量浓度增加一倍,超过了CO质量浓度安全限值23 mg/m3
(2)随着管网压力降低,燃烧室内平均NO质量浓度呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当管网压力大于1 500 Pa时,随管网压力降低,NO质量浓度略有增加,其原因在于随着燃气入口压力减小,燃烧室内总体过量空气系数减小;当管网压力小于1 500 Pa,随管网压力降低,NO质量浓度迅速降低,其原因在于燃烧室内总体过量空气系数小于1,发生不完全燃烧现象,呈现还原性氛围,抑制了NO的生成。综合考虑燃烧效率和环保的因素,当管网压力为2 000 Pa时,此时处于一个相对较好的燃烧状态。
为分析管网压力变动对燃烧稳定性的影响,以温度作为评价标准,研究了燃烧室内的温度变化规律,其研究结果如图6所示。由图6可以看出:
(1)管网压力的变化明显会影响到燃烧室内的温度,当管网压力大于1 500 Pa时,随管网压力降低,燃烧室内最高温度升高,主要由于总体过量空气系数接近于1,在1.05时温度最高。
(2)当管网压力小于1 500 Pa时,高温区域面积明显减小,管网压力由1 500 Pa降至500 Pa时,燃烧室内最高温度由1 984 K降至1 840 K,降温幅度约为7%,其原因在于管网压力降低,引射得空气量减少,使得燃烧不充分现象出现,燃烧生成的热量减少而引起的。
为了验证数值模拟的结果,搭建了实验测试平台,其示意图如图7所示。主要包括燃气壁挂炉主体、连接的管路及测试仪表,具体的设备型号见表2。由图7看出:
(1)壁挂炉燃气入口压力的控制通过压力调节阀实现。
(2)壁挂炉采用平衡通风方式,烟囱采用双通套管,套管内侧为烟气流通通道,套管外侧为空气流通通道,风机布置在壁挂炉上部,与套管内侧烟管相连,由于风机产生的负压,使得空气沿套管外侧进入壁挂炉内。
(3)烟气采样装置布置在双通套管内侧出口处。
首先,打开截止阀,压力调节阀处于全开位置,启动壁挂炉,调整压力调节阀,使得入口压力维持2 500 Pa,当壁挂炉燃烧20、40、60 min时,分别记录烟气分析仪所采数据;然后,调整压力调节阀开度,使得壁挂炉入口燃气压力分别为2 000、1 500、1 000、500 Pa时,重复上述记录过程。
图8为上述实验方案的实测值与模拟值的对比图,其中,由于测量时存在一定的误差,本文中采用了3次测量的平均值作为实测数据。由图8可以看出:
(1)CO质量浓度的实测值略低于模拟值,这是由于烟气中的CO在接触到外界空气时,其中一少部分CO会被迅速氧化。
(2)NO质量浓度的实测值与模拟值基本相同,但略低于模拟值。这是由于在实际应用中燃烧室气密性无法做到绝对密封且实际燃烧可能混合不充分,导致燃烧室内温度低,使得NO生成量略低。综合来看,模拟结果与实验数据差异较小,均在10%以内,可证明仿真模拟研究规律的正确性。
由本文研究可知,燃气壁挂炉的燃烧状况不仅与燃料种类和燃烧器结构有关,还与管网压力有关,当管网压力低于1 500 Pa时,烟气中CO的含量明显升高,为了避免用户发生CO中毒事故,不建议将壁挂炉安装在卧室和起居室以及与卧室或起居室直接连通的区域,而应当安装在通风条件良好、便于废气顺畅排放的设备间或阳台间。
为了得到管网压力变动对燃气壁挂炉燃烧特性的影响,提出了一种冷态模拟得到该分界面的出口流速,然后,将该分界面的出口流速作为燃烧计算的入口条件的数值计算方法,得到以下结论。
(1)火排出口处甲烷浓度随着管网压力的减小呈现出上升的趋势,且在远离引射口端的甲烷浓度上升趋势更明显,造成火排出口处甲烷浓度两端偏差增大,增强了燃烧器燃烧的不稳定性。
(2)燃烧室出口处CO质量浓度随着管网压力的减小也呈现出上升的趋势,且当燃气入口压力低于1 500 Pa时,其升高的趋势明显增加,当燃气入口压力降至500 Pa时,CO质量浓度达到25.2 mg/m3,超过了人体CO中毒事故限值23 mg/m3,易于发生CO中毒事故。
(3)燃烧室出口处NO质量浓度随着管网压力的减小呈现先上升后降低的趋势,当管网压力大于1 500 Pa时,其略有增加,当管网压力低于1 500 Pa时,其迅速降低,发生不完全燃烧现象,呈现还原性氛围,抑制了NO的生成。
(4)燃烧室内最高温度随着管网压力的减小呈现先上升后降低的趋势,当管网压力大于1 500 Pa时,其升高趋势缓慢;当管网压力低于1 500 Pa时,其降低幅度明显。鉴于管网压力变化,导致引射空气量变化,使得燃烧产热量、烟气成分和烟气量发生变化,炉内温度也随之变化。
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403345
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
  • 修回日期:2024-08-01
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河北省引进国外智力项目(2022YZ007)
作者信息
    1 河北科技大学机械工程学院, 石家庄 050018
    2 广东粤电大亚湾综合能源有限公司, 惠州 516082
    3 德国亚琛工业大学发电技术研究所, 亚琛 52056

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* 纪运广(1972—),男,汉族,河北衡水人,教授。研究方向:工业余能回收、流体传动与控制技术。E-mail: edu.cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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