Article(id=1245407859970781937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403356, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1722441600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857972376, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857972376, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857972376, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857972376, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3026, endPage=3034, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407861006775050, articleId=1245407859970781937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Fuel Consumption Prediction of General Aviation Aircraft Based on Regression Tree and Random Forest, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The selection of variables affecting fuel consumption in the existing studies usually has no clear criteria, and it is difficult to combine the research results with actual flight. The flight training data of a Cessna 172 was used to predict the fuel consumption during the airborne phase of general aviation trainer aircraft. Firstly, based on the authors’ flight experience as well as correlation analysis, the features that influence fuel flow rate were selected from the pilot’s operational perspective. Secondly, a regression tree model was used to predict fuel flow rate under different flight conditions, correlating the aircraft’s actual flight status with the predicted fuel flow rate, in order to facilitate subsequent research on specific fuel-saving strategies from the flight technique perspective. Finally, a random forest model optimized with hyperparameter tuning was used to predict the fuel flow rate. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the model used is better than that of the existing research results, with a mean absolute error of 0.286 gallon/h, a root mean squared error of 0.496 gallon/h, a residual sum of squares of 0.968 4, and a mean absolute percentage error of 4.00%.
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现有研究中影响燃油消耗的特征值选择通常没有明确标准,研究成果难以与实际飞行相结合。基于塞斯纳172的飞行训练数据对通航教练机空中阶段的燃油消耗做出预测。首先,基于作者的飞行经验以及相关性分析,从飞行员操作角度选择影响燃油流量的特征值。其次,使用回归树模型拟合不同飞行状态下的燃油流量,并将飞机实际飞行状态与燃油流量预测值相对应,便于后期从飞行技术层面研究具体的节油策略。最后,使用经过超参数寻优的随机森林模型对燃油流量做出预测。实验结果表明,本文所使用的模型精度优于现有研究成果,平均绝对误差为0.286 gallon/h,均方根误差为0.496 gallon/h,残差平方和为0.968 4,平均绝对百分比误差为4.00%。
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陈明强(1976—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:视觉导航。E-mail:mq_chen@cafuc.edu.cn。
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陈明强(1976—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:视觉导航。E-mail:mq_chen@cafuc.edu.cn。
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2012: 246-252., articleTitle=New machine learning algorithm: Random forest, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1245407874499850962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, awardId=FZ2020KF09, language=CN, fundingSource=民航飞行技术与飞行安全重点实验室项目(FZ2020KF09), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1245407874617291485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, awardId=FZ2021ZZ06, language=CN, fundingSource=民航飞行技术与飞行安全重点实验室项目(FZ2021ZZ06), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1245407864072811446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407864097977275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, companyId=1245407864072811446, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Flight Technology, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1245407864110560188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, companyId=1245407864072811446, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民用航空飞行学院飞行技术学院, 广汉 618307)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1245407871110852930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Overall workflow, figureFileSmall=oAFFZBuRA3llRICyOEOy1A==, figureFileBig=rCqglgtZif5mBfdhn6eGNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871203127631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
整体工作流程, figureFileSmall=oAFFZBuRA3llRICyOEOy1A==, figureFileBig=rCqglgtZif5mBfdhn6eGNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871484146032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Changes in altitude, ground speed and pitch during a flight training, figureFileSmall=yaWUuv4Nl9sAtQYXuf1sGw==, figureFileBig=t5pX5eDXkdZKNhG5gAE1BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871639335300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
某次飞行训练的高度、地速、俯仰变化, figureFileSmall=yaWUuv4Nl9sAtQYXuf1sGw==, figureFileBig=t5pX5eDXkdZKNhG5gAE1BQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871756775831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
A pairplot between the respective variable and the dependent variable 1 gallon=3.785 4 L;1 ft=0.304 8 m
, figureFileSmall=WmuIaCZ3ZKjVBKxsB6HqLw==, figureFileBig=SPQJfMva7PyoahSfNWknxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871903576491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
各自变量与因变量之间的两两关系, figureFileSmall=WmuIaCZ3ZKjVBKxsB6HqLw==, figureFileBig=SPQJfMva7PyoahSfNWknxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872033599937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Schematic diagram of random forest principle, figureFileSmall=mmGWXJYMpPUomcpSN4fniQ==, figureFileBig=6MwwjnCtBHxnDYUOt8DrcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872159429071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
随机森林原理示意图, figureFileSmall=mmGWXJYMpPUomcpSN4fniQ==, figureFileBig=6MwwjnCtBHxnDYUOt8DrcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872285258209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Hyperparameter heat map, figureFileSmall=qTTH3hmdzxmpdpdZU7oIMw==, figureFileBig=ErVQ+bU3kz6sxWTBbw2J/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872415281654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
超参数热图, figureFileSmall=qTTH3hmdzxmpdpdZU7oIMw==, figureFileBig=ErVQ+bU3kz6sxWTBbw2J/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872520139266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
MSE values of the model corresponding to different hyperparameter, figureFileSmall=4pagcxk5vkW52Hg7rl2vHA==, figureFileBig=Cqdk+8WD68KRcu6YhzdetQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872666939923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同超参数所对应模型MSE值, figureFileSmall=4pagcxk5vkW52Hg7rl2vHA==, figureFileBig=Cqdk+8WD68KRcu6YhzdetQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872796963359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Regression tree model results, figureFileSmall=xrwnvQU3VrSYFB3af0vGzw==, figureFileBig=csmi2V85JWtXO63bNnUJcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872889238061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
回归树模型结果, figureFileSmall=xrwnvQU3VrSYFB3af0vGzw==, figureFileBig=csmi2V85JWtXO63bNnUJcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407872977318458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Independent variable contribution, figureFileSmall=DU9h5sS4x7HEbp+XsYP04w==, figureFileBig=WZPjkayOCRLEUlhnRuBpzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407873090564676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
自变量贡献度, figureFileSmall=DU9h5sS4x7HEbp+XsYP04w==, figureFileBig=WZPjkayOCRLEUlhnRuBpzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407873233171031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Main flight parameters recorded by G1000
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | 参数 | 来源 | 英文缩写 | 单位 |
飞行 参数 | 平均海平面气压高度 | 直接测量 | AltMSL | ft |
| 真空速 | 衍生参数 | TAS | kt |
| 地速 | 衍生参数 | GndSpd | kt |
| 垂直速度 | 衍生参数 | VSpd | kt |
| 俯仰角 | 直接测量 | Pitch | (°) |
| 横滚角 | 直接测量 | Roll | (°) |
| 指示空速 | 衍生参数 | IAS | kt |
发动机 参数 | 发动机转速 | 直接测量 | E1 RPM | r/min |
| 气缸排气温度 | 直接测量 | E1 EGT1 | °F |
| 燃油流量 | 直接测量 | E1 FFlow | gallon/h |
| 滑油压力 | 直接测量 | E1 Oilp | psi |
导航通 信参数 | 航线角 | 直接测量 | CRS | (°) |
| 磁航向 | 衍生参数 | HDG | (°) |
| 航迹角 | 直接测量 | TRK | (°) |
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873359000162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
G1000记录的主要飞行参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | 参数 | 来源 | 英文缩写 | 单位 |
飞行 参数 | 平均海平面气压高度 | 直接测量 | AltMSL | ft |
| 真空速 | 衍生参数 | TAS | kt |
| 地速 | 衍生参数 | GndSpd | kt |
| 垂直速度 | 衍生参数 | VSpd | kt |
| 俯仰角 | 直接测量 | Pitch | (°) |
| 横滚角 | 直接测量 | Roll | (°) |
| 指示空速 | 衍生参数 | IAS | kt |
发动机 参数 | 发动机转速 | 直接测量 | E1 RPM | r/min |
| 气缸排气温度 | 直接测量 | E1 EGT1 | °F |
| 燃油流量 | 直接测量 | E1 FFlow | gallon/h |
| 滑油压力 | 直接测量 | E1 Oilp | psi |
导航通 信参数 | 航线角 | 直接测量 | CRS | (°) |
| 磁航向 | 衍生参数 | HDG | (°) |
| 航迹角 | 直接测量 | TRK | (°) |
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873497412209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Raw data table
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| 当地时间 | 纬度/ (°) | 经度/ (°) | 高度/ ft | 气压/ inHg | 外界大 气温度/(°) | 真空速/ kt | 地速/ kt | 垂直速度/ (ft·m-1) | 俯仰/ (°) | 横滚/ (°) | 航向/ (°) | 航迹/ (°) |
| 10:09:07 | 30.469 49 | 105.614 0 | 894.4 | 30.36 | 11.8 | 30.24 | 30.93 | -101.05 | 10.48 | -0.52 | 307.9 | 306.4 |
| 10:09:08 | 30.469 59 | 105.613 9 | 893.4 | 30.36 | 11.8 | 32.21 | 33.8 | -75.26 | 11.05 | -0.62 | 308.1 | 306.6 |
| 10:09:09 | 30.469 68 | 105.613 7 | 893.4 | 30.36 | 11.8 | 33.77 | 36.54 | -49.16 | 11.2 | -0.67 | 307.8 | 306.8 |
| 10:09:10 | 30.469 79 | 105.613 5 | 893.4 | 30.36 | 11.8 | 35.31 | 39.09 | -20.21 | 11.11 | -0.56 | 307.7 | 306.6 |
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原始数据表
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| 当地时间 | 纬度/ (°) | 经度/ (°) | 高度/ ft | 气压/ inHg | 外界大 气温度/(°) | 真空速/ kt | 地速/ kt | 垂直速度/ (ft·m-1) | 俯仰/ (°) | 横滚/ (°) | 航向/ (°) | 航迹/ (°) |
| 10:09:07 | 30.469 49 | 105.614 0 | 894.4 | 30.36 | 11.8 | 30.24 | 30.93 | -101.05 | 10.48 | -0.52 | 307.9 | 306.4 |
| 10:09:08 | 30.469 59 | 105.613 9 | 893.4 | 30.36 | 11.8 | 32.21 | 33.8 | -75.26 | 11.05 | -0.62 | 308.1 | 306.6 |
| 10:09:09 | 30.469 68 | 105.613 7 | 893.4 | 30.36 | 11.8 | 33.77 | 36.54 | -49.16 | 11.2 | -0.67 | 307.8 | 306.8 |
| 10:09:10 | 30.469 79 | 105.613 5 | 893.4 | 30.36 | 11.8 | 35.31 | 39.09 | -20.21 | 11.11 | -0.56 | 307.7 | 306.6 |
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Pearson correlation coefficient
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| 参数 | 发动机转速 | 垂直速度 | 俯仰 | 真空速 | 表速 | 地速 | 横滚 | 高度 |
| Pearson相关性系数 | 0.819 3 | 0.778 6 | 0.634 9 | 0.137 3 | 0.131 8 | 0.103 4 | 0.082 0 | 0.065 7 |
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Pearson相关系数
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| 参数 | 发动机转速 | 垂直速度 | 俯仰 | 真空速 | 表速 | 地速 | 横滚 | 高度 |
| Pearson相关性系数 | 0.819 3 | 0.778 6 | 0.634 9 | 0.137 3 | 0.131 8 | 0.103 4 | 0.082 0 | 0.065 7 |
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Flight parameter values under different flight conditions
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| 飞行状态 | 爬升 | 平飞 | 平飞增速 | 下降 | 进近着陆 |
燃油流量/ (gallon·h-1) | 13.1 | 7~8 | 10.2 | 4.2 | 1.3 |
发动机转速/ (r·min-1) | 2 350 | 1 950~2 050 | 2150 | 1 250~1 700 | <1 200 |
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不同飞行状态下飞行参数值
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| 飞行状态 | 爬升 | 平飞 | 平飞增速 | 下降 | 进近着陆 |
燃油流量/ (gallon·h-1) | 13.1 | 7~8 | 10.2 | 4.2 | 1.3 |
发动机转速/ (r·min-1) | 2 350 | 1 950~2 050 | 2150 | 1 250~1 700 | <1 200 |
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874231415473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859970781937, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Model validation metrics
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| 使用方法 | MAE/ (gallon·h-1) | RMSE/ (gallon·h-1) | MAPE/% | R2 |
| 本文回归树 | 0.786 | 1.030 | 11.42 | 0.865 1 |
| 本文随机森林 | 0.286 | 0.496 | 4.00 | 0.968 4 |
| 回归树[14] | 1.244 | — | — | — |
| SS-ANOVA[14] | 1.086 | — | — | — |
| 回归树[15] | 1.359 | 1.881 | 6.30 | — |
| 神经网络[15] | 1.210 | 1.651 | 14.14 | — |
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模型验证指标
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| 使用方法 | MAE/ (gallon·h-1) | RMSE/ (gallon·h-1) | MAPE/% | R2 |
| 本文回归树 | 0.786 | 1.030 | 11.42 | 0.865 1 |
| 本文随机森林 | 0.286 | 0.496 | 4.00 | 0.968 4 |
| 回归树[14] | 1.244 | — | — | — |
| SS-ANOVA[14] | 1.086 | — | — | — |
| 回归树[15] | 1.359 | 1.881 | 6.30 | — |
| 神经网络[15] | 1.210 | 1.651 | 14.14 | — |
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