Article(id=1245407859396165962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=1715097600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857972239, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857972239, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857972239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857972239, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2825, endPage=2831, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407859945619800, articleId=1245407859396165962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Modeling and Force Estimation of Multi DOFs Rope-driven Micromanipulation Wrist Gripper, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Neurosurgical procedures like cerebral vascular bypass, brain tissue dissection, and neurorrhaphy often lack microsurgical instruments with delicate force perception. To enhance manual precision and tactile force perception during surgery, a novel multi DOFs rope-driven micromanipulation wrist gripper designed was introduced for surgical robots. This wrist gripper was powered by a screw drive controlling six ropes, facilitating dexterous movements at the distal end of miniature instruments. The high gear reduction ratio of the screw drive enhances driving precision, thereby achieving high operational accuracy and stability of the distal wrist gripper. Moreover, a force sensor was integrated between the ropes’ rear end and the screw drive to monitor the tension in the ropes in real time. Based on the tension in the ropes, a computational model for estimating the contact force at the distal end of the wrist gripper was proposed, enabling the perception of external contact forces. Experimental results show that under open-loop control, the average motion tracking error of the wrist gripper is less than 1°, and the maximum mean value of force estimation error is 53.85 mN.

, correspAuthors=Xiang-hui ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Han REN, Gui-bin BIAN, Qiang YE, Rui-chen MA, Zhen LI, Xiang-hui ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407862852272651, articleId=1245407859396165962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=多自由度绳驱微操作腕式夹爪的建模与力估计, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

脑血管搭桥、脑组织解剖、神经吻合等软组织显微手术缺乏微力感知显微手术器械。为了拓展人手操作精度,设计了一种专为手术机器人使用的新型多自由度绳驱微操作腕式夹爪,旨在提高操作精度并增加操作过程中的接触力感知。该腕式夹爪通过丝杠驱动六根绳索实现微型化器械远端的灵巧运动。通过电机直接驱动丝杠的方式提高了绳索驱动精度,从而实现了远端腕式夹爪的操作精度和稳定性。此外,驱动绳索后端与丝杠之间设计有力传感器,实现对绳索张紧力的直接实时监测。基于绳索张紧力提出了对腕式夹爪接触力的计算模型,实现了腕式关节对外界接触力的感知测量。实验结果表明,开环控制下腕式夹爪运动跟踪误差均值<1°,力估计平均值最大为53.85 mN。

, correspAuthors=张向慧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张向慧(1966—),女,汉族,山西运城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机械结构设计、机械振动与冲击。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=XGPg/FgCXE6koIkC7pjQmQ==, magXml=Zlz0cNz9JktTRdzzlNdqXQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8/1uuZSzk81LkreKzdVPrA==, pdfFileSize=7821449, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2YroPVYTHBc/bWF/vascOg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=kIBB7ezheNcnb1MG4H6zJw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

任晗(1999—),男,汉族,江苏扬州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:显微外科手术机器人。E-mail:

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articleId=1245407859396165962, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Motion tracking error statistics

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信号 均值 标准差 中位数 最大值
斜坡信号 0.162 8 0.067 1 0.180 6 0.298 6
梯形波信号 -0.045 6 0.402 2 -0.004 5 0.669 3
多阶梯信号 0.004 3 0.479 7 0.002 7 10.089 2
正弦波信号 -0.750 9 1.040 7 -0.452 0 0.713 8
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运动跟踪误差统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信号 均值 标准差 中位数 最大值
斜坡信号 0.162 8 0.067 1 0.180 6 0.298 6
梯形波信号 -0.045 6 0.402 2 -0.004 5 0.669 3
多阶梯信号 0.004 3 0.479 7 0.002 7 10.089 2
正弦波信号 -0.750 9 1.040 7 -0.452 0 0.713 8
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多自由度绳驱微操作腕式夹爪的建模与力估计
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任晗 1 , 边桂彬 2 , 叶强 2 , 马睿宸 2 , 李桢 2 , 张向慧 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(7): 2825-2831
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(7): 2825-2831
多自由度绳驱微操作腕式夹爪的建模与力估计
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任晗1 , 边桂彬2, 叶强2, 马睿宸2, 李桢2, 张向慧1, *
作者信息
  • 1 北方工业大学机械与材料工程学院, 北京 100114
  • 2 中国科学院自动化研究所多模态人工智能全国重点实验室, 北京 100090
  • 任晗(1999—),男,汉族,江苏扬州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:显微外科手术机器人。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张向慧(1966—),女,汉族,山西运城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机械结构设计、机械振动与冲击。E-mail:
Modeling and Force Estimation of Multi DOFs Rope-driven Micromanipulation Wrist Gripper
Han REN1 , Gui-bin BIAN2, Qiang YE2, Rui-chen MA2, Zhen LI2, Xiang-hui ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100114, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402063
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脑血管搭桥、脑组织解剖、神经吻合等软组织显微手术缺乏微力感知显微手术器械。为了拓展人手操作精度,设计了一种专为手术机器人使用的新型多自由度绳驱微操作腕式夹爪,旨在提高操作精度并增加操作过程中的接触力感知。该腕式夹爪通过丝杠驱动六根绳索实现微型化器械远端的灵巧运动。通过电机直接驱动丝杠的方式提高了绳索驱动精度,从而实现了远端腕式夹爪的操作精度和稳定性。此外,驱动绳索后端与丝杠之间设计有力传感器,实现对绳索张紧力的直接实时监测。基于绳索张紧力提出了对腕式夹爪接触力的计算模型,实现了腕式关节对外界接触力的感知测量。实验结果表明,开环控制下腕式夹爪运动跟踪误差均值<1°,力估计平均值最大为53.85 mN。

显微外科  /  绳索驱动  /  腕式夹爪  /  动力学

Neurosurgical procedures like cerebral vascular bypass, brain tissue dissection, and neurorrhaphy often lack microsurgical instruments with delicate force perception. To enhance manual precision and tactile force perception during surgery, a novel multi DOFs rope-driven micromanipulation wrist gripper designed was introduced for surgical robots. This wrist gripper was powered by a screw drive controlling six ropes, facilitating dexterous movements at the distal end of miniature instruments. The high gear reduction ratio of the screw drive enhances driving precision, thereby achieving high operational accuracy and stability of the distal wrist gripper. Moreover, a force sensor was integrated between the ropes’ rear end and the screw drive to monitor the tension in the ropes in real time. Based on the tension in the ropes, a computational model for estimating the contact force at the distal end of the wrist gripper was proposed, enabling the perception of external contact forces. Experimental results show that under open-loop control, the average motion tracking error of the wrist gripper is less than 1°, and the maximum mean value of force estimation error is 53.85 mN.

microsurgery  /  rope-driven  /  wrist gripper  /  dynamics
任晗, 边桂彬, 叶强, 马睿宸, 李桢, 张向慧. 多自由度绳驱微操作腕式夹爪的建模与力估计. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2825 -2831 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402063
Han REN, Gui-bin BIAN, Qiang YE, Rui-chen MA, Zhen LI, Xiang-hui ZHANG. Modeling and Force Estimation of Multi DOFs Rope-driven Micromanipulation Wrist Gripper[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2825 -2831 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402063
显微手术是在高倍率体式显微镜下对软组织进行的精细操作。显微操作包括血管、淋巴管和神经的吻合、软组织剥离以及游离皮瓣组织的缝合。外科医生双手持器械,通过显微镜观察手术视野开展复杂操作[1-3]。不同于其他手术术式,显微外科手术是一项应用广泛的普外科手术。其中,微小血管的吻合是最具挑战性的任务之一。以直径 1 mm的血管为例,外科医生需要缝合 6~8 针。一般人手的操作精度约为 0.1 mm[4] 。而人手会伴有不自主的生理震颤,频率约为 20 Hz[5],振幅约为 0.097 3 mm,这可能会影响显微外科手术的安全性。人手的精确度水平和生理震颤限制了显微外科手术实现更精确操作较小组织的能力。因此通过机器人提升人手的操作精度,提升手术效率和安全性是一项可行的方案[6-7]
对于机器人手术器械的设计主要分为两种思路,其中一种是使用现有的镊式手术器械(镊子、持针器、剪刀等)。通过制动设备,该设备驱动手术器械实现更高精度、稳定地使用现有手术器械。因此器械远端仅有一个自由度,需要将该设备搭载于机械臂上,通过机械运动模拟人双臂开展手术操作。Jang等[8] 工作者使用形状记忆合金设计开发了两款可驱动手术器械设备。Zareinia等[9] 开发了一款用于显微外科的具备力感知能力的双极镊。Microsure推出一款仿人双臂持镊手术机器人MUSA[10]
另一种是设计具备腕式结构的夹爪器械,该类器械远端有3个自由度,能够模拟人手腕部的自由度,操作灵巧,具备执行复杂的手术操作能力。2007年,达芬奇机器人完成首例显微外科吻合手术[11-12],其独有的 Endo Wrist 器械使用金属线缆实现对3个腕式夹爪的驱动。腕式结构带来的多自由度可模拟人手进行灵巧的操作,有效避免了手术过程中游离皮瓣受损,提高了手术的成功率[13-17]。Symani手术机器人的器械Nano Wrist 是目前世界上已发布的最小的商用腕式夹爪,直径为3 mm。该器械转为显微外科手术场景对腕式夹爪进行了专门的设计[18-20]
实现腕式夹爪的主要结构是独立驱动夹爪的两个夹指绕同一个轴旋转,两个夹爪相互配合实现夹爪的开合与绕该轴旋转方向的调整。再实现两夹指及其共同的转轴绕另一个与夹指转轴垂直的轴旋转,则可实现3个自由度,模拟人手腕进行灵巧操作。虽然通过该思路设计器械自由度相比镊式器械更多,但也需要通过机械臂拓展自由度,才能实现模拟人手,从而开展手术操作。此外,科研人员们也提出众多实现腕式夹爪的新构型。Johnson等[21]整合折纸技术,直径为3 mm的腕式夹爪,该设计灵感来源于被称为“Choppers”的折纸图案。此外,Dearden[22]、Grames[23]还提出了基于圆柱形挠性枢轴(cross-axis flexural pivot, CCAFP)的单自由度腕部机构[22]和采用齿轮传动代替销轴接头的腕式器械设计[23]
基于显微外科手术执行人手缝合1 mm及以下的微小血管并打出外科结固定的高精度复杂操作需求提出一种绳索驱动多自由度的具备接触力估计能力的微操作腕式夹爪。通过角度跟踪实验和接触力估计实验分别评估了该夹爪的跟踪精度、运动平稳性和估计力的准确性。综上,与其他同类研究相比,本文的研究特点如下。
(1)提出一种新型三自由度腕式夹爪设计方法
该夹爪创新地设计双丝杠开环绳索驱动方式,通过在电机与驱动绳索之间增加丝杠,将单圈内电机编码器的分辨率映射至丝杠导程上,实现了单个导程范围内具备电机编码器单圈的分辨率。提高了绳索驱动的分辨率,实现对夹爪关节的高分辨率驱动。
(2)提出了一种基于动力学的夹爪接触力估计
模型,该模型考虑了在通过绳索张紧力估计夹爪接触力时夹爪自身动能和势能对估计结果的影响。模型输入为夹爪驱动电机的速度、绳索张紧力和夹爪受力位置,输出为夹爪夹持力和俯仰力的值。
本文中提出的微操作腕式夹爪的双丝杠开环驱动方式可提高绳索驱动的分辨率具备提供更精细的手术操作能力,同时腕式夹爪的多自由度使其具备模仿人手进行灵巧操作,融合腕式器械与镊式器械的优点,为医生提供更精细灵巧操作的潜力。同时,对夹爪接触力的感知能力在未来可用于医生术中操作时的力反馈,增强医生操作时的沉浸感。预期将简化医生手术操作学习过程,使临床医生利用该器械探索高精度手术操作,促进患者治疗效果。
图1所示,本文中提出的多自由度绳驱动微操作腕式夹爪具备R1、R2、R3共3个自由度。其中R1、R2自由度共用一条旋转轴,为该夹爪的旋转关节,两个自由度相互配合可以实现夹爪的夹持和夹爪开口方向的旋转。R3自由度对应的旋转轴与R1、R2自由度的旋转轴相互正交,可实现夹爪开口所在平面垂直方向的旋转。
每个自由度均通过一组带力传感器的双丝杠开环绳索结构实现对绳索的驱动。该驱动结构在丝杠与远端自由度关节之间的驱动绳索上布置了力传感器,可实时测量每根驱动绳索的张紧力。
图2所示为本文中提出的多自由度绳驱微操作腕式夹爪结构。电机通过滚珠丝杠拉动绳索,滚珠丝杠的滑块与驱动绳索件通过力传感器连接。
通过两枚固定轴将腕结构压接固定于操作臂上,腕结构的侧壁上分布有凸起的格挡板,将驱动绳索格挡开,避免了绳索发生缠绕。腕轴穿过掌结构和腕滑轮压入腕结构两侧孔中,腕滑轮嵌入在掌结构的槽中,二者可绕腕轴转动。
为了实现通过驱动绳索的张紧力估计多自由度绳驱微操作腕式夹爪与外界的接触力,对该夹爪进行动力学建模。图3所示了微操作腕式夹爪动力学系统,是本章的研究对象。krCk为拉杆、挂钩、直线导轨动子、结构件等组成的运动单元在坐标系k下的质心坐标;其中,1rC1为掌部结构在其坐标系1下的质心坐标;2-1rC2-1为夹指1在其坐标系2-1下的质心坐标;2-2rC2-2为夹指2在其坐标系2-2下的质心坐标;2-1rF2-1为夹指1的受力点位置,所受力为2-1F2-1;2-2rF2-2为夹指2的受力点位置,所受力为2-2F2-2
下面对微操作腕式夹爪系统中与力传感器直接相连的部分和远端的运动部件组成的动力学系统进行研究。虽然目前假设驱动绳索是在拉力的作用下不发生弹性形变和蠕变的理想线缆,仅需使用关节空间对应的3个角度作为广义坐标,但是为了方便后续工作中补偿驱动绳索的弹性形变和蠕变,在动力学建模过程中对广义坐标进行扩展。考虑绳索发生弹性形变和蠕变的场景,选取的广义坐标系为
q=[θ1 θ2-1 θ2-2 X1,1 X1,2 X2-1,1X2-1,2 X2-2,1 X2-2,2]T
式(1)中:θ=[θ1 θ2-1 θ2-2]T分别表示掌部结构、夹指1、夹指2绕其对应轴旋转的角度;X=[X1-1 X1-2X2-2,2]T分别表示六根绳索的位移量。
微操作腕式夹爪的关节可抽象为一个关节臂机器人构型,利用关节臂机器人动力学分析方法对其进行动能的计算。
(1)掌部结构动能为
T1=$\frac{1}{2}$tr$\left[\frac{{\partial }^{0}{A}_{1}}{\partial {\theta }_{1}}{J}_{1}\frac{\partial {(}^{0}{A}_{1}{)}^{T}}{\partial {\theta }_{1}}\right]{\stackrel{·}{\theta }}_{1}^{2}$
式(2)中:0A1为从坐标系0变换到坐标系1的齐次变换矩阵;J1为掌部结构的惯性张量矩阵;运算tr(·)的意义为对矩阵求迹,即求矩阵主对角线元素的和。
(2)夹指1和夹指2的动能为
T2-j=$\frac{1}{2}\left[\begin{array}{ll}{\stackrel{·}{\theta }}_{1}& {\stackrel{·}{\theta }}_{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll}{h}_{\mathrm{1,1}}& {h}_{\mathrm{1,2}-j}\\ {h}_{2-j,1}& {h}_{2-j,2-j}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{·}{\theta }}_{1}\\ {\stackrel{·}{\theta }}_{2}\end{array}\right]$
式(3)中:hmn为机器人的惯性参数,组成机器人的惯性矩阵,可表示为
hmn=tr$\left[\frac{{\partial }^{0}{A}_{2-j}}{\partial {\theta }_{m}}{J}_{2-j}\frac{\partial {(}^{0}{A}_{2-j}{)}^{T}}{\partial {\theta }_{n}}\right]$
式(4)中:j=1或2,m=1或2-j,n=1或2-j;T2-1T2-2分别表示夹指1和夹指2的动能;0A2-10A2-2分别表示坐标系0到坐标系2-1的齐次变换矩阵、坐标系0到坐标系2-2的齐次变换矩阵;J2-1J2-2分别为夹指1和夹指2的惯性张量。
(3)拉杆、挂钩、直线导轨动子、结构件等运动单元动能为
$T_{X}=\frac{1}{2} \dot{\boldsymbol{X}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{m} \otimes \boldsymbol{I}_{6 \times 6}\right) \dot{\boldsymbol{X}}$
式(5)中:I6×6为6行6列的单位矩阵;m为驱动空间对应的六个运动单元的质量,其形式为
$\begin{array}{c}m={\left[\begin{array}{lll}{m}_{\mathrm{1,1}}& {m}_{\mathrm{1,2}}& {m}_{2-\mathrm{1,1}}\end{array}\begin{array}{lll}{m}_{2-\mathrm{1,2}}& {m}_{2-\mathrm{2,1}}& {m}_{2-\mathrm{2,2}}\end{array}\right]}^{T}\end{array}$
向量$\stackrel{·}{X}$为向量X对时间的导数;算子运算$\boldsymbol{m} \otimes \boldsymbol{I}_{6 \times 6}$的功能是将向量m转化为一个6行6列矩阵,矩阵主对角线元素为向量m中元素,其余均为零。
综上,该系统的总动能为
T=T1+T2-1+T2-2+TX
定义世界坐标系为{x0, y0, z0};重力在世界坐标系下的齐次向量表示为 b0g=[0, 0, -g, 0]T,g为重力加速度。
则系统中各部件的重力势能可表示为
Vk=-mkb0gT0AkkrCk
式(8)中:k=1、2-1、2-2时,Vk表示了掌部结构、夹指1、夹指2的重力势能;k = 1,1、1,2、2-1,1、2-1,2、2-2,1、2-2,2时,Vk分别代表了六组拉杆、挂钩、直线导轨动子、结构件等组成的运动单元的势能。
系统总势能可表示为
V=V1+V2-1+V2-2+V1,1+V1,2+V2-1,1+V2-1,2+V2-2,1+V2-2,2
定义力传感器测得的力值Fsensor
0Fsensor=$\left[\begin{array}{lll}{ }^{0}{F}_{sensor\mathrm{1,1}}^{T}& { }^{0}{F}_{sensor\mathrm{1,2}}^{T}& { }^{0}{F}_{sensor2-\mathrm{1,1}}^{T}\end{array}\right.{\left.\begin{array}{lll}{ }^{0}{F}_{sensor2-\mathrm{1,2}}^{T}& { }^{0}{F}_{sensor2-\mathrm{2,1}}^{T}& { }^{0}{F}_{sensor2-\mathrm{2,2}}^{T}\end{array}\right]}^{T}$
则可算得主动力做的虚功为
δW=${\sum _{j=1}^{2}}^{0}$FT2-jδ0rF2-j+0FTsensorδ0rsensor
可得广义坐标系q对应的广义力为
Q=$\frac{\delta W}{\delta q}$
综上,利用第二类拉格朗日方程可以根据所求的动能、势能、主动力列出,为
L=T-V
$\frac{d}{dt}\left(\frac{\partial L}{\partial \stackrel{·}{q}}\right)$-$\frac{\partial L}{\partial q}$=Q
根据式(14),结合力传感器的观测值、受力位置和方向信息,可求解绳驱微操作腕式夹爪受外力的大小。
根据结构特点,本文提出的绳驱微操作腕式夹爪具备运动稳定、精度高等优点。该夹爪的关节能够实现高精度平稳运动的原因在于其驱动结构通过丝杠实现高减速比环节,此处的设计中电机通过带动微型丝杠,丝杠的滑块拉动线缆。丝杠的导程为1 mm,即电机转动1圈线缆被拉动1 mm。传统的驱动方式为电机直接通过绞盘拉动线缆,以绞盘直径10 mm为例,电机转动一圈线缆被拉动约62.8 mm,则实现了大于60倍的减速。其优势在于提高了线缆驱动的分辨率,实现了夹爪关节更稳定的运动。此外,由于高减速比环节的存在,减小了误差的传递。电机驱动绳索时的高速度运动,避免了电机低速运行时的稳定性不足和振动的缺点。因此能够实现器械末端夹爪的高精度稳定运动。为了验证该夹爪在精度和运动稳定性方面的优势,设计了运动跟踪实验,运动跟踪实验系统如图4(a)所示。
在设计实验时选择通过线激光传感器对微操作腕式夹爪的偏转角度的进行测量。电脑向微操作腕式夹爪发送控制信号,通过控制电机实现器械远端夹爪夹持一张白色硬纸片偏转一定角度。线激光传感器(LJ-V 7060,日本 KEYENCE公司)将线激光打在该白色硬纸片上,并接收白色硬纸片反射的信息计算出白色硬纸片偏转的角度。这是微操作腕式夹爪偏转的角度。通过传感器控制器(LJ-V 7001 日本 KEYENCE公司),将测量的信号返给电脑并记录。将控制夹爪发生偏转的源信号与先激光传感器采集的测量信号的比较误差,作为评估该微操作腕式夹爪的精度标准。并将该误差的离散程度,即方差作为评估该器械运动稳定程度的衡量标准。
线激光传感器将线激光打在被测物体表面,是一个有限长度的由稠密激光点排列组成的激光线段,可测得传感器头部距离所有稠密点的距离。则线激光传感器测量偏转角度的原理可参见图4(b)。选取两个间距为d的激光点,在当前时刻两激光点测得的距离为a1b1。下一时刻被测物发生偏转,两激光点测得的距离为a2b2。则可计算出该过程中被测物发生偏转的角度为
θ=arctan$\left[\frac{d({a}_{2}-{b}_{2}+{b}_{1}-{a}_{1})}{{d}^{2}+({a}_{2}-{b}_{2})({a}_{1}-{b}_{1})}\right]$
在本次实验中采用了4种不同的源信号,分别指导器械远端夹爪进行偏转角度的跟踪,旨在全面展现该器械的精度与稳定性。让夹爪的偏转角度模拟这4种源信号,以便从多个角度评估器械的性能。
实验的结果如图5表1所示。实验结果分析可知产生误差的原因有以下3项:①在斜坡信号的起始点和梯形波信号的拐点位置,都有明显的延迟现象,是误差产生的主要原因;②对于阶梯信号其误差在阶跃变化的位置出现了显著的极值,是最大误差值会明显高于其他类型信号的原因;③正弦波信号的跟踪波形出现了畸变,导致其误差均值显著高于其他波形误。
在进行角度跟踪实验时,发现在模拟斜坡信号开始阶段和梯形波信号的拐点处出现了延迟现象,这直接导致了跟踪误差。这种延迟的根本原因是在斜坡信号初始时刻,夹爪的速度需要从零瞬间加速,这在理论上要求电机瞬间提供无限大的加速度以实现速度的急剧变化。然而,实际中的电机无法达到无穷大的加速度,导致了从静止到启动过程中存在一定的加速时间,从而使得跟踪信号(即测量信号)与原始信号之间出现了短暂的时间延迟,进而产生误差。对于梯形波信号而言,情况相似,在拐点处速度的突变同样受到了电机物理限制的影响,造成了延迟误差。
在模拟阶跃信号的过程中,出现误差峰值。这是因为在阶跃信号的变化点,理论上需要瞬间达到无限大的速度,无限大的加速度,造成了极短的延迟并引发误差尖峰。
模拟正弦信号时,测量信号出现了明显的畸变,进而导致误差。原因是尽管驱动线缆已被张紧,但仍存在一定的弹性,而与之配合的不锈钢夹爪质量也不能忽视。不锈钢夹爪与驱动线缆共同构成了一个质量-弹簧-阻尼系统。系统跟踪正弦波信号时,对其施加了正弦波形的强迫振动,在系统中产生了轻微的共振现象,导致测量信号的波形发生了畸变,从而引起了明显的误差。
为了通过动力学模型解算微操作腕式夹爪所受接触力,本文设计了力感知评估实验进行验证。实验平台如图6(a) 所示。在实验中,操作人员通过电脑控制微操作腕式夹爪,让其夹持一端固定的弹性绳索,绳索的另一端则连接到力传感器上,如图6(b) 所示。随后,实验控制计算机发送信号给器械所在的平台,使其匀速竖直上升、下降。
在此过程中,系统以20 Hz的频率同步记录了包括内置力传感器的信号、电机编码器的位置信号以及连接到弹性绳索的外部力传感器的信号数据。然后这些采集到的数据被导入到动力学模型中,估计出夹爪受到的力。如图7为力感知实验结果,图中黑色曲线为估计值,是通过驱动绳索张紧力解算出显微外科手术器械远端腕式夹爪受的外力。图8为力感知实验结果误差分析,统计了六组实验误差的均值、中位数,并将实验中的异常值表明。六组实验数据的误差值均在±50 mN 区间内波动。
设计了一种具备力感知能力的绳驱微操作腕式夹爪,其具有精度高、运动平稳的特点和接触力感知能力。建立了基于绳索张力直接测量的动力学模型实现对腕式夹爪接触力的感知计算。开展了对四种波形信号的运动跟踪实验,实验结果显示开环控制下跟踪误差均值均小于1°,标准差最大约为1.04°,表明微操作腕式夹爪具备较高的跟踪精度和较好的运动平稳性。接触力感知实验统计误差均值在±60 mN 之间,表明了通过驱动绳索张力实现夹爪接触力感知计算的有效性。后续将开展更多样的实验,完善接触力感知模型,采集更全面的位置数据、力数据实现实时、高精度的力感知研究工作。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62027813)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402063
  • 接收时间:2024-03-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-22
  • 修回日期:2024-05-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(62027813)
作者信息
    1 北方工业大学机械与材料工程学院, 北京 100114
    2 中国科学院自动化研究所多模态人工智能全国重点实验室, 北京 100090

通讯作者:

* 张向慧(1966—),女,汉族,山西运城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机械结构设计、机械振动与冲击。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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