Article(id=1245407859081589480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403438, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715184000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-09, revisedDate=1720454400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857972163, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857972163, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857972163, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857972163, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2925, endPage=2930, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407859991753457, articleId=1245407859081589480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Machine Learning-based Evaluating Method for the Visual Effect of Roadway Plantscapes in Historic Districts, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Previous studies on visual effects primarily focus on evaluating the overall urban environment, lacking specific research on historical districts within cities. In order to evaluate the visual effects of plantscapes in historic districts, street view images and machine learning methods were used. The ResNeSt model was selected to assess the coordination and health of plantscapes. The results show that the ResNeSt model performs best in classification and regression tasks. Its scores are consistent with expert evaluations and moderately to highly correlated with public evaluations. Additionally, the visual effects of plantscapes are significantly influenced by economic factors, with the visual effect scores of streets outside the historic districts generally higher than those inside. It is concluded that machine learning models are highly effective in evaluating the visual effects of plantscapes in historic districts. This provides a scientific basis for their protection and optimization, with important implications for urban planning and tourism.

, correspAuthors=Hai-hui HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-duo CHEN, Hai-hui HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407865079443488, articleId=1245407859081589480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于机器学习的历史街区道路植物景观视觉效果评价方法, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以往的视觉效果研究主要集中在对城市整体环境的评估,而缺少针对城市内部历史街区的研究。为评价历史街区的植物景观视觉效果,结合街景图像和机器学习方法进行分析。通过比较不同模型的性能,选取了ResNeSt模型应用于植物景观协调程度和健康程度的评价研究中。结果表明,ResNeSt模型在分类和回归任务中性能最佳,其评分结果与专家评分一致,并与公众评分具有中高度相关性。同时,植物景观视觉效果受经济因素影响显著,并且街区外侧道路的视觉效果评分普遍高于内侧道路。可见,机器学习模型在历史街区植物景观视觉效果评价中具有较高的有效性,能够为历史街区植物景观的保护与优化提供科学依据,对城市规划和旅游业具有重要应用价值。

, correspAuthors=胡海辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 胡海辉(1974—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士,教授。研究方向:风景园林规划与设计。E-mail:
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陈奕多(1998—),男,汉族,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风景园林规划与设计。E-mail:

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陈奕多(1998—),男,汉族,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风景园林规划与设计。E-mail:

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陈奕多(1998—),男,汉族,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风景园林规划与设计。E-mail:

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Scoring criteria for degree of plantscape coordination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分 评级标准
3分 协调,建筑风格与植物修剪样式完全一致
2分 一般协调,建筑风格与植物修剪样式部分一致
1分 不协调,建筑风格与植物修剪样式不一致
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873212199505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859081589480, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

植物景观协调程度评分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评分 评级标准
3分 协调,建筑风格与植物修剪样式完全一致
2分 一般协调,建筑风格与植物修剪样式部分一致
1分 不协调,建筑风格与植物修剪样式不一致
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873317057118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859081589480, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Scoring criteria for degree of plantscape health

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评分 评分标准
3分 健康,树冠饱满,无枯死枝条
2分 一般健康,树冠略有缺损,枯死枝条不明显
1分 不健康,树冠缺损严重,枯死枝条明显
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873459663467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859081589480, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

植物景观健康程度评分标准

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评分 评分标准
3分 健康,树冠饱满,无枯死枝条
2分 一般健康,树冠略有缺损,枯死枝条不明显
1分 不健康,树冠缺损严重,枯死枝条明显
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873614852734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859081589480, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Performance of models in image classification tasks

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模型 准确率/% 精度/% 召回率/% F1/%
SIFTHist 77.9 75.9 73.6 73.8
SENet 82.5 84.9 82.5 81.3
ResNeSt 82.4 85.6 82.4 81.2
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图像分类任务中模型的性能

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模型 准确率/% 精度/% 召回率/% F1/%
SIFTHist 77.9 75.9 73.6 73.8
SENet 82.5 84.9 82.5 81.3
ResNeSt 82.4 85.6 82.4 81.2
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873858122389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859081589480, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Performance of models in the degree-of-coordination task

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模型 RMSE
训练集 开发集 测试集
SIFTHist 0.88 1.28 1.31
SENet 0.24 0.84 0.79
ResNeSt 0.23 0.81 0.71
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874009117346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859081589480, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

协调程度任务中模型的性能

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模型 RMSE
训练集 开发集 测试集
SIFTHist 0.88 1.28 1.31
SENet 0.24 0.84 0.79
ResNeSt 0.23 0.81 0.71
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874264969911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859081589480, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Performance of models in the degree-of-health task

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模型 RMSE
训练集 开发集 测试集
SIFTHist 0.63 1.12 1.15
SENet 0.21 0.60 0.64
ResNeSt 0.17 0.53 0.59
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874374021826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407859081589480, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

健康程度任务中模型的性能

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模型 RMSE
训练集 开发集 测试集
SIFTHist 0.63 1.12 1.15
SENet 0.21 0.60 0.64
ResNeSt 0.17 0.53 0.59
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基于机器学习的历史街区道路植物景观视觉效果评价方法
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陈奕多 , 胡海辉 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(7): 2925-2930
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(7): 2925-2930
基于机器学习的历史街区道路植物景观视觉效果评价方法
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陈奕多 , 胡海辉*
作者信息
  • 东北农业大学园艺园林学院, 哈尔滨 150030
  • 陈奕多(1998—),男,汉族,内蒙古赤峰人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风景园林规划与设计。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 胡海辉(1974—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士,教授。研究方向:风景园林规划与设计。E-mail:
Machine Learning-based Evaluating Method for the Visual Effect of Roadway Plantscapes in Historic Districts
Yi-duo CHEN , Hai-hui HU*
Affiliations
  • College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403438
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以往的视觉效果研究主要集中在对城市整体环境的评估,而缺少针对城市内部历史街区的研究。为评价历史街区的植物景观视觉效果,结合街景图像和机器学习方法进行分析。通过比较不同模型的性能,选取了ResNeSt模型应用于植物景观协调程度和健康程度的评价研究中。结果表明,ResNeSt模型在分类和回归任务中性能最佳,其评分结果与专家评分一致,并与公众评分具有中高度相关性。同时,植物景观视觉效果受经济因素影响显著,并且街区外侧道路的视觉效果评分普遍高于内侧道路。可见,机器学习模型在历史街区植物景观视觉效果评价中具有较高的有效性,能够为历史街区植物景观的保护与优化提供科学依据,对城市规划和旅游业具有重要应用价值。

机器学习  /  街景图像  /  视觉效果  /  历史街区  /  GIS

Previous studies on visual effects primarily focus on evaluating the overall urban environment, lacking specific research on historical districts within cities. In order to evaluate the visual effects of plantscapes in historic districts, street view images and machine learning methods were used. The ResNeSt model was selected to assess the coordination and health of plantscapes. The results show that the ResNeSt model performs best in classification and regression tasks. Its scores are consistent with expert evaluations and moderately to highly correlated with public evaluations. Additionally, the visual effects of plantscapes are significantly influenced by economic factors, with the visual effect scores of streets outside the historic districts generally higher than those inside. It is concluded that machine learning models are highly effective in evaluating the visual effects of plantscapes in historic districts. This provides a scientific basis for their protection and optimization, with important implications for urban planning and tourism.

machine learning  /  street view image  /  visual effect  /  historic district  /  GIS
陈奕多, 胡海辉. 基于机器学习的历史街区道路植物景观视觉效果评价方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2925 -2930 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403438
Yi-duo CHEN, Hai-hui HU. Machine Learning-based Evaluating Method for the Visual Effect of Roadway Plantscapes in Historic Districts[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2925 -2930 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403438
在城市发展的过程中,大多数区域强调经济的发展,对历史街区的规划不够重视[1]。历史街区结合了传统特色、文化特色和地方特色,深深植根于当地的城市记忆中。在规划的过程中,历史街区往往与其他区域采用了相似的规划,而那些适用于现代建筑的规划并不能很好地适用于历史建筑[2],这导致历史街区的植物景观视觉效果受到了一定程度的影响。
在过去,一些研究试图对城市内部的植物景观视觉效果进行评估,例如在微观尺度上对单一的树木个体进行评估[3],以及在宏观尺度上分析植物景观在城市中的作用[4]。关于在研究中所利用的分析方法,分析被试在观察植物图像过程中的生理与心理反应曾经是主流的研究方法[5],而最近几年利用机器学习技术对植物景观图像进行评估成为了研究热门[6]。机器学习技术已经在有关城市植物景观视觉效果的研究中证明了有效性,但在具有地方特色的区域尚未开展研究,如历史街区。
21世纪以来人们做了很多关于衡量历史街区视觉效果的研究,而随着计算机技术的发展,最近几年更甚。Zhao等[7]采用了基于地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)的多准则评价(multi-criteria evaluation,MCE)方法,以可见度、潜在用户数量和非凡性3个特征构建了综合模型,并评估了历史街区的视觉敏感度。同样是基于GIS,Yang等[8]在前人的基础上加入了兴趣点(point of interest,POI)大数据进行综合评价,并对评估方法中的视觉、生态和文化敏感性之间的关系进行了分析。在深度学习方面,Yin等[9]构建了一个历史核心街景数据集,并利用语义分割的方法对历史街区的景观特征进行提取。Wang等[10]采用专家评分的方法对历史街区内建筑的色彩进行了分析,衡量了不同建筑类型之间的视觉舒适度差异。
目前,植物景观视觉效果的评估研究可以分为两个主要领域,基于心理感受的主观评价和基于物理质量的客观评分。主观评价方面,使用风景照片作为视觉刺激来模拟环境的现场体验并捕捉人类的反应[11],以及通过心理物理学方法构建评价模型,对植物景观的美景度进行预测[12]等是目前较为常见的研究方法。
然而,在大多数的研究中,主观评价并不能作为唯一的评价方法,其需要结合客观评分构成完整的评价过程。客观评价方面,对问卷数据进行定量分析仍然是当前大多数研究的第一选择[13]。而生理测量仪器为此类研究开辟了新的方向,曾应用于医学和其他领域的脑电技术[14]和眼动追踪[15],现已用于景观评估研究。尤其以可穿戴式眼动仪为主,为研究人员们提供了大量的数据,可用于分析视觉注意力并揭示人类对景观的感知[16]。随着计算机技术的发展,机器学习已逐渐被应用于植物景观的评估研究中,如通过对图像进行语义分割计算绿视率,为绿化模式提供优化方案[17]。此外,对于具有丰富色彩的植物景观,提取植物颜色数据进行分析可以测量不同视觉尺度下植物色彩景观的最佳视觉感知[18]
综上所述,街景图像和机器学习相结合可以对植物景观的视觉效果进行评价,在基于历史街区视觉效果的研究中,相关研究主要以评价街区整体为主,对于植物景观作为主体的研究较少;在有关植物景观视觉效果的研究中,相关研究主要是采用生理测量或语义分割的方法,而利用机器学习进行回归分析的方法并不多见。
本研究结合街景图像和机器学习,通过专家评分训练机器学习模型,分析模型评分与专家评分、公众评分之间的相关程度,探讨机器学习模型的有效性和影响模型性能的原因,并探究历史街区道路植物景观视觉效果的空间分布情况。
与其他区域相比,历史街区内的建筑具有独特性,更易于识别。哈尔滨历史街区具有百余年的历史,拥有独具特色的建筑和植物景观。本研究以哈尔滨市历史街区为研究对象,8个历史街区覆盖面积约3.684 3 km2
从OpenStreetMap中下载哈尔滨市历史街区路网,基于百度地图开放平台采集街景图像。按照50 m间隔设置街景图像采样点,利用百度街景应用程序编程接口(application programming interface, API)中的服务参数,进行街景图片的裁剪,具体参数设置为width=1 024,height=512,heading=90 270。通过以上方法获取了19 013张图像。历史街区的路网如图1所示。
在计算机视觉领域,有许多与图像评价相关的方法。现选择3个模型评估它们的性能,分别是传统的尺度不变特征转换(scale-invariant feature transform, SIFT)直方图[19]和两个比较先进的深度卷积网络,即SENet[20]和ResNeSt[21]。模型在评估过程中结合迁移学习,将在ImageNet数据集上预训练的模型应用在本研究中。迁移学习是指把具有大量带标签数据的源领域知识迁移到带标签数据不足的目标域中, 可以提高机器学习在本研究的预测和分类效果[22]
(1)图像分类:由于本研究所选择的图像更强调由植物和建筑共同组成的立面,故通过图像分类从道路植物景观图像中辨别非道路植物景观图像,以筛选出不合格的图像。模型评估采用F1评分,计算公式为
$R=\frac{TP}{TP+FN}$
$P=\frac{TP}{TP+FP}$
${F}_{1}=2\frac{PR}{P+R}$
式中:R为召回率;P为精确率;TP(真阳性)表示模型正确的预测为合格图像的数量;FN(假阴性)表示模型错误的预测为不合格图像的数量;FP(假阳性)表示模型错误的预测为合格图像的数量。
(2)专家评分:考虑到评分工作的规模(每个专家需要对数百张图像进行评分),本研究邀请10名接受过景观专业培训5年以上的研究生对街景图像进行评分。模型评估采用均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)评分,即
$RMSE=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum _{i=1}^{n}({\stackrel{\wedge }{y}}_{i}-{y}_{i}{)}^{2}}$
式(4)中:${\stackrel{\wedge }{y}}_{i}$yi分别为每张图像的机器评分和专家评分。
景观的视觉效果基于观察者对可见景观特征的心理感知[23]。Jahani等[24]总结了确定景观视觉效果的四个主要标准, 即自然性[25]、多样性[26]、生动性和维护性[27]、安全性[28]。基于此标准,考虑到计算机识别图像的局限性,选取植物景观协调程度和植物景观健康程度作为评价指标。
本研究中的植物景观协调程度强调植物在外观上的修剪样式和建筑风格的协调程度。评价植物景观协调程度高低的标准为植物在外观上的修建样式与周围建筑的风格是否一致,如表1所示。
选择的植物景观健康程度强调植物外观所呈现的生长情况,评价植物景观健康程度高低的标准包括叶色是否正常、树冠是否缺失等,如表2所示。
表3可知,深度学习模型SENet和ResNeSt的性能优于传统的SIFT模型。表4表5展示了模型在其他两项任务上的性能。与分类任务类似,深度学习模型优于SIFT模型。ResNeSt在协调程度任务和健康程度任务上均表现了最佳的性能。基于这些结果,本文中选择ResNeSt模型进行应用。
为了更好地评估模型的能力,将机器评分结果与专家评分结果进行了对比。如图2所示,分析结果生成了效果良好的内插线,说明在分数变化的趋势上,专家评分和机器评分是一致的。然而,协调程度任务的内插线斜率要比健康程度任务小,这说明在评价低质量的图像方面,健康程度模型的效果要比协调程度模型更加出色。
为了验证所提出评价方法的有效性,在各历史街区随机抽取了若干图像,邀请了135位非专业人士对这些图像进行评分,以收集公众对这两种视觉效果的意见,并将结果与机器评分进行比较,计算了机器评分和公众评分之间的斯皮尔曼相关系数。如图3所示,这两种视觉效果的机器评分和公众评分之间具有中度偏高的相关性。在协调程度方面,Spearman’s r=0.647,p<0.01,健康程度方面,Spearman’s r=0.602,p<0.001。
关于分析的结果是否有效,可以参考类似的研究。Ordonez等[29]采用了类似的方法,他们将模型在同一城市进行训练和测试,以及在一个城市进行训练并在不同城市进行测试,并对安全性、独特性和财富这3个人类感知分数在上述两个场景中的表现进行了相关性分析。结果表明模型能够很好地预测感知分数,皮尔逊相关系数范围为0.4~0.7,证明了本研究的模型评价与公众评价之间具有较好的相关性。
通过计算每个路段的平均得分,制作了这两种视觉效果的评分地图,如图4图5所示。
为了能更直观地观察历史街区中各个区域的视觉效果,制作了这两种视觉效果的条形图,如图6图7所示。
由于训练样本的局限性,这两种视觉效果的数值并不一定真实反映了历史街区的现状,但条形图中数值的高低反映了各历史街区之间视觉效果的差距。
在协调程度评分方面,文庙评分最高,并且极乐寺的评分也处于中上水平,这说明哈尔滨市内的中国传统寺庙有着较高的植物景观协调程度,植物景观与寺庙建筑之间相得益彰。中央大街和道外传统商市的评分较低,这可能是因为这两个地区都是与商业有关的区域,这些区域在发展过程中由于重视经济而忽略了植物景观整体的协调程度。从图6中可以看出,平均分在2分以上的街区都是非商业区域,它们在城市中具有祭祀、旅游、休闲等功能,而2分以下的区域都是承载着经济属性的商业区域。这也说明了经济水平高的地区在城市发展过程中容易忽略植物景观的协调程度。
在健康程度评分方面,评分情况与协调程度类似。非商业区域有着较高的分数,而商业区域的分数普遍较低。本研究认为经济因素是造成这些商业区域健康程度评级低的主要原因,这些区域的经济发展主要依靠写字楼、餐厅、购物广场等商业建筑,植物景观视觉效果的好坏并不影响经济发展。而反观其他区域,旅游、休闲等功能使它们必须重视植物景观的视觉效果,因为这跟它们的经济收入有一定的关系。
从地图中可以看到,这两种视觉效果评分较高的道路大多位于街区外侧,而街区内侧道路的评分普遍较低,这说明在城市发展过程中,城市主干道两侧的植物景观与内部支路相比更受到重视。
本研究基于机器学习的技术手段对历史街区的道路植物景观进行评价,通过比较三个机器学习模型的性能,选择了在图像分类任务和专家评分任务中表现最好的模型进行应用。通过将机器评分和专家评分进行对比,发现机器评分与专家评分之间具有相似的规律。在验证阶段,机器评分与公众评分之间具有中度偏高的相关性(在协调程度方面,Spearman’s r =0.647,健康程度方面,Spearman’s r =0.602),这表明机器模型的评价与公众的评价之间具有一致性。通过计算评分结果,制作了植物景观视觉效果的地图和条形图,分析后发现各历史街区自身所承载的功能影响了植物景观视觉效果的高低,而经济因素可能是主要的原因。
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2021E006)
  • 黑龙江省艺术科学规划项目(2023B112)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403438
  • 接收时间:2024-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-09
  • 修回日期:2024-07-09
基金
黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2021E006)
黑龙江省艺术科学规划项目(2023B112)
作者信息
    东北农业大学园艺园林学院, 哈尔滨 150030

通讯作者:

* 胡海辉(1974—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士,教授。研究方向:风景园林规划与设计。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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