Article(id=1245407858922209604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309852, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702396800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-13, revisedDate=1721923200000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857972126, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857972126, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857972126, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857972126, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2664, endPage=2672, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407860029505883, articleId=1245407858922209604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Bifurcations and Controls of a Discrete-time Predator-prey System with Allee Effect on Prey, columnId=1156262731553563591, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mathematics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the influence of Allee effect on population dynamics, the center theorem and bifurcation theory were used to study the bifurcation of a discrete predator-prey system with Allee effect on prey. The results indicate that an appropriate increase in the growth rate of the prey population will lead to the emergence of predators, the natural enemies of the prey by the transcritical bifurcation; Under the appropriate Allee effect, the system is stable, but if the Allee effect exceeds the critical value the system will undergo a double period flip bifurcation. The bifurcation parameter diagram also shows that as the Allee effect further strengthens, this flip bifurcation will lead to chaos in the system. From a biological perspective, in a certain ecological environment, a species that reproduces to a certain extent will encounter its natural enemies through “natural selection”. An appropriate Allee effect is beneficial for the stability of the predator-prey system, but if the Allee effect of the prey is too strong, it will cause a sharp decrease in predators and an effective restriction of no natural enemies. The prey will undergo a brief surge, exceed the environmental capacity, and then die out. To reduce the adverse effects of the bifurcations on the system, the state feedback is used to control the transcritical bifurcation and facilitate hybrid control to control the flip bifurcation. The numerical simulation results show complete consistency with the theoretical analyses.

, correspAuthors=Li-min ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao WANG, Jia-xin GU, Li-min ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407862042771925, articleId=1245407858922209604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=食饵具有Allee效应的离散捕食-被捕食系统的分岔及控制, columnId=1156262731704558537, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·数学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为探讨Allee效应对种群动态行为的影响,利用中心流形定理与分岔理论,研究了一类食饵具有Allee效应的离散捕食-捕食者系统的分岔。结果表明: 适当增大食饵种群的增长率,会导致系统通过跨临界分岔出现食饵的天敌——捕食者;在适当的Allee效应下,系统是稳定的,但Allee效应超过临界值,系统会发生二倍周期的翻转分岔,分岔参数图还表明随着Allee效应进一步增强,此二倍周期的翻转分岔会导致系统出现混沌。 从生物学的观点来看,在一定的生态环境中,某一物种繁殖到一定程度,会通过“物竞天择”的方式出现其天敌;适当的Allee效应有利于捕食系统的稳定,但食饵Allee效应过强,将造成捕食效能锐减,失去天敌的有效制约,食饵将经历短暂地激增、然后超过环境容纳量而消亡。为减少分岔带给系统的不利影响,利用状态反馈法控制跨临界分岔、利用混合策略控制翻转分岔。数值模拟结果显示与理论分析完全一致。, correspAuthors=张莉敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张莉敏(1982—),女,汉族,河南商丘人,博士,副教授。研究方向:微分方程与动力系统。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=fN2UD6tep7NymqEbY09g7Q==, magXml=CaOtDCEmjXeRsrrq/J+HUg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WlhX26pa+Fk0OLbRG/Tg9w==, pdfFileSize=3241623, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=G9Y4eFvRU1naGjIK9MFX/A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=hMiuxxAcBZtfoQ/YKnKFvw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王涛(1998—),男,汉族,重庆丰都人,硕士研究生。研究方向:动力系统。E-mail:

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食饵具有Allee效应的离散捕食-被捕食系统的分岔及控制
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王涛 , 古佳忻 , 张莉敏 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·数学 2025,25(7): 2664-2672
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·数学 2025, 25(7): 2664-2672
食饵具有Allee效应的离散捕食-被捕食系统的分岔及控制
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王涛 , 古佳忻, 张莉敏*
作者信息
  • 重庆邮电大学理学院, 重庆 400065
  • 王涛(1998—),男,汉族,重庆丰都人,硕士研究生。研究方向:动力系统。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张莉敏(1982—),女,汉族,河南商丘人,博士,副教授。研究方向:微分方程与动力系统。E-mail:
Bifurcations and Controls of a Discrete-time Predator-prey System with Allee Effect on Prey
Tao WANG , Jia-xin GU, Li-min ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309852
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为探讨Allee效应对种群动态行为的影响,利用中心流形定理与分岔理论,研究了一类食饵具有Allee效应的离散捕食-捕食者系统的分岔。结果表明: 适当增大食饵种群的增长率,会导致系统通过跨临界分岔出现食饵的天敌——捕食者;在适当的Allee效应下,系统是稳定的,但Allee效应超过临界值,系统会发生二倍周期的翻转分岔,分岔参数图还表明随着Allee效应进一步增强,此二倍周期的翻转分岔会导致系统出现混沌。 从生物学的观点来看,在一定的生态环境中,某一物种繁殖到一定程度,会通过“物竞天择”的方式出现其天敌;适当的Allee效应有利于捕食系统的稳定,但食饵Allee效应过强,将造成捕食效能锐减,失去天敌的有效制约,食饵将经历短暂地激增、然后超过环境容纳量而消亡。为减少分岔带给系统的不利影响,利用状态反馈法控制跨临界分岔、利用混合策略控制翻转分岔。数值模拟结果显示与理论分析完全一致。
跨临界分岔  /  翻转分岔  /  分岔控制  /  数值模拟

To investigate the influence of Allee effect on population dynamics, the center theorem and bifurcation theory were used to study the bifurcation of a discrete predator-prey system with Allee effect on prey. The results indicate that an appropriate increase in the growth rate of the prey population will lead to the emergence of predators, the natural enemies of the prey by the transcritical bifurcation; Under the appropriate Allee effect, the system is stable, but if the Allee effect exceeds the critical value the system will undergo a double period flip bifurcation. The bifurcation parameter diagram also shows that as the Allee effect further strengthens, this flip bifurcation will lead to chaos in the system. From a biological perspective, in a certain ecological environment, a species that reproduces to a certain extent will encounter its natural enemies through “natural selection”. An appropriate Allee effect is beneficial for the stability of the predator-prey system, but if the Allee effect of the prey is too strong, it will cause a sharp decrease in predators and an effective restriction of no natural enemies. The prey will undergo a brief surge, exceed the environmental capacity, and then die out. To reduce the adverse effects of the bifurcations on the system, the state feedback is used to control the transcritical bifurcation and facilitate hybrid control to control the flip bifurcation. The numerical simulation results show complete consistency with the theoretical analyses.

transcritical bifurcation  /  flip bifurcation  /  bifurcation control  /  numerical simulation
王涛, 古佳忻, 张莉敏. 食饵具有Allee效应的离散捕食-被捕食系统的分岔及控制. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2664 -2672 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309852
Tao WANG, Jia-xin GU, Li-min ZHANG. Bifurcations and Controls of a Discrete-time Predator-prey System with Allee Effect on Prey[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2664 -2672 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309852
在自然界中,种群自身密度的变化会影响种群的增长率。生态学家Allee发现一种现象,群聚有利于种群的增长, 但过分稀疏或过分拥挤又会阻碍增长,对种群繁殖产生负作用,这种生物现象被称为Allee效应。近年来,Allee效应在传染病动力学、种群生态学及种群生物学等方面有着广泛应用。
Akhtar等[1]、Arim等[2]分析了具有Allee效应的传染病模型的动力学性质。焦乐等[3]对滨海湿地植物种群Allee效应的驱动机制进行了探讨。徐晓雯等[4]研究了晶格河流模型中Allee效应对河流速度的影响。Dong等[5]讨论了具有Allee 效应的浮游动植物模型的动力学性质。Qurban等[6]研究了食植者具有Allee效应的植物—食植者模型的稳定性和分岔。Song等[7]、Chen等[8]分析了具有Allee效应的反映扩散捕食模型的稳定性和斑图。Bi等[9]讨论了具有Allee效应的分数阶捕食系统的空间动力学。Zhang等[10-11]、Chen等[12]则研究了具有Allee效应的离散捕食系统的稳定性与分岔。分岔是一类重要的非线性现象。在机械振动[13]、生物系统[10-12]以及电力系统[14]等领域都存在此类现象。研究系统的分岔有助于掌握系统的动态,理解系统行为的内在机理。在生物学中, 由于分岔和不稳定波动会对生物种群的繁殖产生不利影响, 因而生物系统的分岔控制也是生物动力学研究的一个热点。
Kangalgil[15]提出了一类食饵具有Allee效应的离散捕食系统的分岔及控制。该文阐述了该捕食系统的构建意义,讨论了系统在不动点附近的稳定性并给出Neimark-Sacker分岔存在的临界条件。现在前人的基础上,首先深入讨论系统所有潜在的余维一分岔。利用中心流形定理和分岔理论,不仅给出了分岔发生的临界条件,而且利用简明的系统参数给出分岔发生的非退化条件和横截条件,进而判断出分岔发生的方向和稳定性。其次,根据生物学背景,解释说明分岔所代表的生物学现象和意义,分析Allee效应对系统的影响。随后,为避免分岔对系统产出不稳定影响,利用状态反馈方法和混合策略方法来控制理论分析得到的分岔。最后,利用数值模拟来支持理论分析。
Kangalgil[15]中提出的食饵具有Allee效应的离散捕食-被捕食系统表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{n+1}=a{x}_{n}(1-{x}_{n})-\frac{{x}_{n}}{m+{x}_{n}}{x}_{n}{y}_{n}\\ {y}_{n+1}=\frac{1}{b}{x}_{n}{y}_{n}\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:xnyn分别为食饵与捕食者在时间等于n时的种群数量;非负常数ab分别为食饵的增长率和捕食者的营养转化率;$\frac{{x}_{n}}{m+{y}_{n}}$为Allee效应项, m>0为Allee效应常数。Kangalgil[15]给出了系统[式(1)]非负不动点的存在性及稳定性,并选择食饵的增长率a为分岔参数,研究了系统在正不动点处发生Neimark-Sacker分岔的条件。下面的引理给出了系统[式(1)]所有非负不动点存在的条件。
引理1[15] 假设a>0、b>0时, 则
(1)系统[式(1)]总有一个原点E0(0,0)。
(2) 如果a>1,系统[式(1)]有一个边界点E1$\left(\frac{a-1}{a},0\right)$。
(3)如果a>$\frac{1}{1-b}$和b∈(0,1),系统[式(1)]有一个内部点E2$\left(b,\frac{(m+b)\left[\right(1-b)a-1]}{b}\right)$。
系统[式(1)]在任意点(xn,yn)处的雅可比矩阵为
J(xn,yn)=$\left(\begin{array}{ll}{v}_{1}& -\frac{{x}^{2}}{m+x}\\ \frac{y}{b}& \frac{x}{b}\end{array}\right)$
式(2)中:v1=$\frac{-2a{x}^{3}+\left[\right(-4m+1)a-y]{x}^{2}}{{(m+x)}^{2}}$+$\frac{-2m\left[\right(m-1)a+y]x+a{m}^{2}}{{(m+x)}^{2}}$。
在本文中,对系统[式(1)]所有非负不动点的所有潜在的余维一分岔进行探讨,并选Allee效应为分岔参数,研究系统在正不动点处发生翻转分岔的条件。最后,利用状态反馈和混合策略来控制理论分析得到的分岔。
E1代入式(2), 得到特征值为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\left.{\lambda }_{1}\right|}_{{E}_{1}}=2-a\\ {\left.{\lambda }_{2}\right|}_{{E}_{1}}=\frac{a-1}{ab}\end{array}\right.$
显然,当a=$\frac{1}{1-b}$, b∈(0,1)时, 特征值${\left.{\lambda }_{2}\right|}_{{E}_{1}}$=1。
通过分析系统[式(1)]在不动点处雅可比矩阵的特征值, 可以对该不动点处可能发生的分岔进行预判, 这便于后续对分岔存在性进行研究。定理1表明, 系统在不动点E1处可以发生跨临界分岔。
定理1a=$\frac{1}{1-b}$、b∈$\left(0,\frac{2}{3}\right)$∪$\left(\frac{2}{3},1\right)$、m>0时,系统[式(1)]在不动点E1处发生跨临界分岔。在$\left({E}_{1},\frac{1}{1-b}\right)$的小邻域内, 当a>$\frac{1}{1-b}$时出现稳定不动点E2。当a>$\frac{1}{1-b}$$\left(或a<\frac{1}{1-b}\right)$ 时, 不动点E1不稳定 (或稳定)。
证明 对系统[式(1)]做如下可逆变换:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}x_{n}=\tilde{x}_{n}+\frac{b(b-1)}{m+b} \tilde{y}_{n}+\frac{a-1}{a} \\a=\delta_{n}+\frac{1}{1-b} \\y_{n}=\tilde{y}_{n}\end{array}\right.$
式(4)中:$\tilde{x}_{n}, \tilde{y}_{n}$代表系统[式(1)]两个新的状态变量;δn充分小,代表对控制参数a的扰动。
则系统[式(1)]变换为
$\left(\begin{array}{l}\tilde{x}_{n+1} \\\delta_{n+1} \\\tilde{y}_{n+1}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{2 b-1}{b-1} & 0 & 0 \\0 & 1 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{l}\tilde{x}_{n} \\\delta_{n} \\\tilde{y}_{n}\end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{c}g_{1}\left(\tilde{x}_{n}, \tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right) \\0 \\g_{2}\left(\tilde{x}_{n}, \tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right)\end{array}\right)$
$\left\{\begin{aligned}g_{1}\left(\tilde{x}_{n}, \tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right)= & \frac{1}{b-1} \tilde{x}_{n}^{2}-\tilde{x}_{n} \delta_{n}+e_{1} \tilde{x}_{n} \tilde{y}_{n}+e_{2} \tilde{y}_{n}^{2}+ \\& e_{3} \delta_{n} \tilde{y}_{n}+O\left(\left|\tilde{x}_{n}\right|+\left|\tilde{y}_{n}\right|+\left|\delta_{n}\right|\right)^{3} \\g_{2}\left(\tilde{x}_{n}, \tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right)= & \frac{1}{b-1} \tilde{x}_{n} \tilde{y}_{n}+\frac{b-1}{m+b} \tilde{y}_{n}^{2}+ \\& \frac{(b-1)^{2}}{b} \tilde{y}_{n} \delta_{n}\end{aligned}\right.$
式(6)中:
e1=$\frac{m-(1-m)b}{{(m+b)}^{2}}$;
e2=$\frac{[{b}^{2}+(2m-1)b-m](1-b)b}{{(m+b)}^{3}}$;
e3=$\frac{\left[2\right.{b}^{3}+(3m-2){b}^{2}+(1-3m)b+m\left]\right(1-b)}{{(m+b)}^{2}}$。
根据中心流形定理[16],系统[式(5)]有如下中心流形:$ W_{\mathrm{c}}(0)=\left\{\left(\tilde{x}_{n}, \tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right) \in \mathbf{R}^{3} \mid \tilde{x}_{n}=h\left(\tilde{y}_{n}\right.\right. , \left.\left.\delta_{n}\right), h(0,0)=0, D h(0,0)=0\right\} $,其中, δn足够小,且D为一阶微分算子。假设
$\begin{aligned}h\left(\tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right)= & a_{1} \tilde{y}_{n}^{2}+a_{2} \tilde{y}_{n} \delta_{n}+a_{3} \delta_{n}^{2}+ \\& O\left[\left(\left|\tilde{y}_{n}\right|+\left|\delta_{n}\right|\right)^{3}\right]\end{aligned}$
此时,$h\left(\tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right)$必须满足关系式
$\begin{array}{l}h\left\{\tilde{y}_{n}+g_{2}\left[h\left(\tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right), \tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right], \delta_{n}\right\}= \\\quad \frac{2 b-1}{b-1} h\left(\tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right)+g_{1}\left[h\left(\tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right), \tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right]\end{array}$
式(8)中:$g_{1}\left(\tilde{x}, \tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right), g_{2}\left(\tilde{x}_{n}, \tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right)$由式(6)求出。将式(5)和式(7)代入式(8)中, 得
a1=$\frac{[{b}^{2}+(2m-1)b-m]{(b-1)}^{2}}{{(m+b)}^{3}}$,a3=0,
a2=$\frac{\left[2\right.{b}^{3}+3{b}^{2}m-2{b}^{2}+(1-3m)b+m]{(b-1)}^{2}}{{(m+b)}^{2}b}$。
由此得到式(7)的中心流形, 并将系统[式(5)]限制在中心流形上,写成映射的形式为
$\begin{array}{l}\tilde{y}_{n+1} \mapsto F\left(\tilde{y}_{n}, \delta_{n}\right)=\tilde{y}_{n}+\frac{b-1}{m+b} \tilde{y}_{n}^{2}+ \\\frac{(b-1)^{2}}{b} \tilde{y}_{n} \delta_{n}+O\left[\left(\left|\tilde{y}_{n}\right|+\left|\delta_{n}\right|\right)^{3}\right]\end{array}$
b∈$\left(0,\frac{2}{3}\right)$∪$\left(\frac{2}{3},1\right)$、m>0条件下, 得到$\begin{array}{l}\hat{F}(0,0)=0, \frac{\partial \hat{F}(0,0)}{\partial \tilde{y}_{n}}=1, \frac{\partial^{2} \hat{F}(0,0)}{\partial \tilde{y}_{n}^{2}}=\frac{2(b-1)}{m+b}<0,\left(-\frac{\partial^{2} \hat{F}(0,0)}{\partial \tilde{y}_{n}^{2}} / \frac{\partial^{2} \hat{F}(0,0)}{\partial \tilde{y}_{n} \partial b_{*}}\right)=\frac{2 b}{(1-b)(m+b)}>0\end{array}$。
E0代入式(2),得到特征值${\left.{\lambda }_{1}\right|}_{{E}_{0}}$=a和${\left.{\lambda }_{2}\right|}_{{E}_{0}}$=0,当a=1时特征值${\left.{\lambda }_{1}\right|}_{{E}_{0}}$=1。采用类似定理1的证明方法,得到系统在E0发生跨临界分岔的定理2。
定理2a=1时, 系统[式(1)]在不动点E0处发生跨临界分岔。 在(E0,1)的小领域内, 当a>1时出现稳定不动点E1。 当a>1 (或a<1) 时,不动点E0不稳定 (或稳定)。
为方便后面讨论,定义如下函数曲线:
$\begin{array}{ll}{a}_{1}\left(b\right)=\frac{1}{1-b},& {a}_{2}\left(b\right)=\frac{3}{3b-1},\\ {a}_{3}\left(b\right)=\frac{5}{1+b},& {a}_{4}\left(b\right)=\frac{5}{1-b}。\end{array}$
并定义如下平面区域:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} D_{1}:\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{1}{3}<b<\frac{4}{9} \\ a_{4}(b)<a<a_{2}(b) \end{array}\right. \\ D_{2}:\left\{\begin{array} { l } { \frac { 1 } { 3 } < b < \frac { 4 } { 9 } } \\ { a _ { 3 } ( b ) < a < a _ { 4 } ( b ) } \end{array} \cup \left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{4}{9}<b<\frac{2}{3} \\ a_{3}(b)<a<a_{2}(b) \end{array}\right.\right. \end{array}\right.$
同时定义:在(b,a)∈D1D2范围内有
H=17+(b3-9b2+5b-1)a3+(37b2-14b+3)a2+(13-55b)a≠0
E2代入式(2),得到特征多项式为
F(λ)=λ2++S
式(12)中:
$\begin{array}{l}Q=\frac{\lambda [a{b}^{2}-2b+m(a-3\left)\right]}{m+b};\\ S=\frac{-2{b}^{2}a-a(m-1)b+m}{m+b}。\end{array}$
将多项式(12)看做以λ为变量的二次函数,则:在引理1 (3) 的条件a>a1(b)和b∈(0,1)下,可得F(1)=(1-b)a-1>0。
$m=-\frac{b[(3 b-1) a-3]}{a(b+1)-5} \triangleq m_{k}$
则有F(-1)=0, 当(b,a)∈D1D2a4(b)时,有mk>0。进一步当aa4(b)时,S≠1。 从而可知,当(b,a)∈D1D2,m=mk 时,在E2处有λ1=-1和λ2≠-1<1。下面的定理表明, 在此条件下,系统[式(1)]在不动点E2处发生翻转分岔。
定理3 假设式(11)成立, 当m=mk,(b,a)∈D1D2时, 系统[式(1)]在不动点E2处发生翻转分岔, 其中D1D2由式(10)给出,Hmk分别由式(11)和式(13)给出。
证明 对系统[式(1)]做如下变换:
$\left\{\begin{aligned}x_{n}= & \tilde{\chi}_{n}+\frac{b[(b+1) a-5]}{4+(4 b-4) a} \tilde{\gamma}_{n}+b \\m= & \tilde{m}_{*}+m_{k} \\y_{n}= & -\frac{[a(b-1)+1]^{2}}{b[a(b+1)-5]} \tilde{\chi}_{n}+\tilde{\gamma}_{n}+ \\& \frac{(m+b)[a(1-b)-1]}{b}\end{aligned}\right.$
从而可得
$\begin{aligned} \left(\begin{array}{l} \tilde{\chi}_{n+1} \\ \tilde{m}_{*} \\ \tilde{\gamma}_{n+1} \end{array}\right)= & \left(\begin{array}{ccc} -1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{(b-1) a+3}{2} \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{l} \tilde{\chi}_{n} \\ \tilde{m}_{*} \\ \tilde{\gamma}_{n} \end{array}\right)+ \\ & \left(\begin{array}{c} \tilde{k}_{1}\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{\gamma}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right) \\ 0 \\ \tilde{k}_{2}\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{\gamma}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right) \end{array}\right) \end{aligned}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\tilde{k}_{1}\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{\gamma}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right)=d_{1} \tilde{\chi}_{n}^{2}+d_{2} \tilde{\chi}_{n} \tilde{m}_{*}+d_{3} \tilde{\chi}_{n} \tilde{\gamma}_{n}+ \\d_{4} \tilde{\gamma}_{n} \tilde{m}_{*}+d_{5} \tilde{\gamma}_{n}^{2}+O\left[\left(\left|\tilde{\chi}_{n}\right|+\tilde{\gamma}_{n}+\left|\tilde{m}_{*}\right|\right)^{3}\right] \\\tilde{k}_{2}\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{\gamma}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right)=d_{6} \tilde{\chi}_{n}^{2}+d_{7} \tilde{\chi}_{n} \tilde{m}_{*}+d_{8} \tilde{\chi}_{n} \tilde{\gamma}_{n}+ \\d_{9} \tilde{\gamma}_{n} \tilde{m}_{*}+d_{10} \tilde{\gamma}_{n}^{2}\end{array}\right.$
式(16)中:
d1=$\frac{[11+({b}^{2}+4b-1){a}^{2}+6(1-4b\left)a\right]}{[5+(b-1\left)a\right]b[1+(b-1\left)a\right]}$;
d2=$\frac{[a{(b+1)-5]}^{2}}{\left[a\right(b-1)+1]b\left[a\right(b-1)+5]}$;
d3=$\frac{\left[a\right(b+1)-5][6+(3{b}^{2}+b){a}^{2}+(2-15b\left)a\right]}{2\left[a{(b-1)+1]}^{2}\right[a(b-1)+5]}$;
d4=$\frac{ab{(ab+a-5)}^{2}}{2\left[a{(b-1)+1]}^{2}\right[a(b-1)+5]}$;
d5=$\frac{\left[a{(b+1)-5]}^{2}b\right[1+(5{b}^{2}-2b+1){a}^{2}-2(1+3b)a]}{16\left[a\right(b-1)+5][a{(b-1)+1]}^{3}}$;
d6=$\frac{[6+2(3b-1){a}^{2}+(2-5b\left)a\right][1+(b-1\left)a\right]}{[5+(b-1\left)a\right]\left[\right(b+1)a-5]{b}^{2}}$;
d7=$\frac{2(a-5)[1+(b-1\left)a\right]}{[5+(b-1\left)a\right]{b}^{2}}$;
d8=$\frac{27+(5{b}^{2}+4b-1){a}^{2}+(6-32b)a}{[20+4(b-1\left)a\right]b}$;
d9=$\frac{{(ab+a-5)}^{2}}{4b\left[a\right(b-1)+5]}$;
d10=$\frac{[21+(5{b}^{2}-2b+1){a}^{2}-2(b+3\left)a\right]\left[a\right(b+1)-5]}{16\left[a\right(b-1)+1]\left[a\right(b-1)+5]}$。
根据中心流形定理[16], 系统[式(15)]存在中心流形:$\begin{array}{l} W_{\mathrm{c}}(0)=\left\{\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{\gamma}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right) \in \mathbf{R}^{3} \mid \tilde{\gamma}_{n}=h\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n},\right.\right.\left.\left.\tilde{m}_{*}\right), h(0,0)=0, D h(0,0)=0\right\} \end{array}$。
假设
$\begin{aligned}h\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right)= & a_{1} \tilde{\chi}_{n}^{2}+a_{2} \tilde{\chi}_{n} \tilde{m}_{*}+a_{3} \tilde{m}_{*}^{2}+ \\& O\left[\left(\left|\tilde{\chi}_{n}\right|+\left|\tilde{m}_{*}\right|\right)^{3}\right]\end{aligned}$
则中心流形$h\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right)$必须满足:
$\begin{array}{l}h\left\{-\tilde{\chi}_{n}+\tilde{k}_{1}\left[\tilde{\chi}_{n}, h\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right), \tilde{m}_{*}\right], \tilde{m}_{*}\right\}= \\\quad \frac{(b-1) a+3}{\tilde{k}_{2}\left[\tilde{\chi}_{n}^{2}, h\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right], \tilde{m}_{*}\right)}\end{array}$
式(18)中:$\tilde{k}_{1}\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{\gamma}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right), \tilde{k}_{2}\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{\gamma}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right)$由式(16)给出,比较两端系数可得
$\begin{array}{l}{a}_{1}=\frac{(4-12b){a}^{2}+(60b-24)a-12}{({a}^{2}{b}^{2}-{a}^{2}+10a-25){b}^{2}},\\ {a}_{2}=\frac{4[1+(-1+b\left)a\right](5-a)}{\left[5\right.+{(b-1)a]}^{2}{b}^{2}},{a}_{3}=0。\end{array}$
将系统 (15) 限制在中心流形上可得
$\begin{aligned}\tilde{\chi}_{n+1} & \mapsto F\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right)=-\tilde{\chi}_{n}+d_{2} \tilde{\chi}_{n} \tilde{m}_{*}+d_{1} \tilde{\chi}_{n}^{2}+ \\& c_{1} \tilde{\chi}_{n}^{3}-c_{2} \tilde{\chi}_{n}^{2} \tilde{m}_{*}-c_{3} \tilde{\chi}_{n} \tilde{m}_{*}^{2}+ \\& O\left[\left|\left(\tilde{\chi}_{n}, \tilde{m}_{*}\right)\right|^{4}\right]\end{aligned}$
式(19)中:d1d2由式(16)给出,同时
c1=-$\frac{2{m}_{1}{m}_{2}}{\left[5\right.+{(b-1)a]}^{2}{b}^{2}\left[1\right.+{(b-1)a]}^{2}}$,
c2=$\frac{4{m}_{3}\left[\right(b+1)a-5]}{\left[5\right.+{(b-1)a]}^{3}{b}^{2}\left[1\right.+{(b-1)a]}^{2}}$,
c3=$\frac{2(a-5)[a{(b+1)-5]}^{2}a}{\left[5\right.+{(b-1)a]}^{3}b[1+(b-1\left)a\right]}$;
m1=(3b2+b)a2+(2-15b)a+6,
m2=(3b-1)a2+3(2-5b)a+3,
m3=3(b-1)b2a4-(15b3-17b2-6b+1)a3-3(2b2+12b-1)a2+(30b+13)a-15。
当(b,a)∈D1D2H≠0时,可得
${\left.\left(\frac{{\partial }^{2}F}{\partial {\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{n}\partial {\stackrel{~}{m}}_{*}}+\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial F}{\partial {\stackrel{~}{m}}_{*}}\frac{{\partial }^{2}F}{\partial {\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{n}^{2}}\right)\right|}_{\left(\mathrm{0,0}\right)}$=$\frac{[a{(b+1)-5]}^{2}}{b\left[a\right(b-1)+5]\left[a\right(b-1)+1]}$≠0,
${\left.\left(\frac{1}{3!}\frac{{\partial }^{3}F}{\partial {\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{n}^{3}}+\frac{1}{2}{\frac{{\partial }^{2}F}{\partial {\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{n}^{2}}}^{2}\right)\right|}_{\left(\mathrm{0,0}\right)}$=$\frac{H}{[5+(b-1\left)a\right][1+{(b-1)a]}^{2}{b}^{2}}$≠0。
式中:D1D2H分别由式(10)和式(11)式给出, 根据文献[17]定理9.5.4,可以得到当(b,a)∈D1D2,m=mk时, 系统[式(1)]在E2处发生翻转分岔。
同理,将E1代入式(2)中可得
${\left.F\left(1\right)\right|}_{{E}_{1}}$=$\frac{(a-1)[1+(b-1\left)a\right]}{ab}$。
由已知a>1可知,当b≥1时, ${\left.F\left(1\right)\right|}_{{E}_{1}}$>0。当a<a1(b)和0<b<1时,也有${\left.F\left(1\right)\right|}_{{E}_{1}}$>0。 当a=3时,有${\left.F(-1)\right|}_{{E}_{1}}$=0。 进一步当b≠-$\frac{2}{3}$时,有${\left.S\right|}_{{E}_{1}}$≠1。 这意味着E1处的${\left.{\lambda }_{1}\right|}_{{E}_{1}}$=-1和${\left.{\lambda }_{2}\right|}_{{E}_{1}}$≠-1<1。 采取类似定理3的证明方法,得到如下定理:
定理4a=3, m>0和b≥1时, 系统[式(1)]在不动点E1处发生翻转分岔。
在本节采用混合控制策略来控制在E2E1处产生的翻转分岔,采用状态反馈控制来延迟E1处产生的跨临界分岔。对系统[式(1)]使用混合控制策略, 得到控制系统为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{n+1}=\alpha \left[a{x}_{n}(1-{x}_{n})-\frac{{x}_{n}}{m+{x}_{n}}{x}_{n}{y}_{n}\right]+(1-\alpha ){x}_{n}\\ {y}_{n+1}=\alpha \left(\frac{1}{b}{x}_{n}{y}_{n}\right)+(1-\alpha ){y}_{n}\end{array}\right.$
式(20)中:0<α<1。 控制系统[式(20)]与原始系统[式(1)]有相同的不动点。 系统[式(1)]将在α=1时与控制系统[式(20)]重合。 通过计算, 得到E2处的雅可比矩阵为
$\tilde{\boldsymbol{J}}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{[1+(1-a) \alpha] m-a b^{2} \alpha+b}{m+b} & -\frac{\alpha b^{2}}{m+b} \\-\frac{[1+(b-1) a](m+b) \alpha}{b^{2}} & 1\end{array}\right)$。
$\stackrel{~}{J}$的特征多项式为
$\tilde{F}(\lambda)=\lambda^{2}+\tilde{Q} \lambda+\tilde{S}$
式(21)中:
$\begin{aligned}\tilde{Q}= & \frac{[(a-1) \alpha-2] m+a b^{2} \alpha-2 b}{m+b} ; \\\tilde{S}= & -\left\{(m+b)[a(b-1)+1] \alpha^{2}+\left[a b^{2}+(a-\right.\right. \\& \text { 1) } m] \alpha-b-m\} /(m+b)\end{aligned}$
当(b,a)∈D1D2和0<α<1时,为简化后续表示, 记
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}k=1+(b-1)a0\\ p=k{\alpha }^{2}+2(a-1)\alpha -4\\ {\alpha }_{1}=\frac{1-a+\sqrt{{a}^{2}+4ab-6a+5}}{k}\in \left(\mathrm{0,1}\right)\\ \begin{array}{l}{\alpha }_{2}=\frac{4}{-k}\left\{\begin{array}{l}1, (b,a)\in {D}_{1}\\ 1, (b,a)\in {D}_{2}\end{array}\right.\\ {\alpha }_{0}=\sqrt{{\alpha }_{2}}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{-k}}\left\{\begin{array}{l}1, (b,a)\in {D}_{1}\\ 1, (b,a)\in {D}_{2}\end{array}\right.\end{array}\\ G=16+{k}^{2}{\alpha }^{4}+2k(a-1){\alpha }^{3}+\\   4\left[\right(1-2b)a+{a}^{2}b-1]{\alpha }^{2}-16a\alpha b\end{array}\right.$
当(b,a)∈D1D2,显然a>a3(b),从而可得
α1-α2=$\frac{5-a+\sqrt{{a}^{2}+4ab-6a+5}}{k}$<0。
$\begin{aligned}\tilde{H}= & 32+k^{3} \alpha^{6}+2(a-1) k^{2} \alpha^{5}+ \\& 2\left(a^{2}-2 a b-1\right) k \alpha^{4}-4(a-1) \times \\& {\left[\left(2 b^{2}-b\right) a^{2}+(2 b-1) a+1\right] \alpha^{3}+} \\& {\left[\left(4 b^{2}-b\right) a^{2}+a b\right] 8 \alpha^{2}+} \\& 16[(1-4 b) a-1] \alpha \neq 0\end{aligned}$
由于$\tilde{F}(1)=-\alpha^{2}[1+(b-1) a]$,在引理1 (3) 的条件a>a1(b)和b∈(0,1)下, 有$\tilde{F}(1)>0$当(b,a)∈D1D2,α∈(0,α1)∪(α1,1)时,令
$m=-\frac{(p+2 k \alpha) b}{p} \triangleq m_{t}$
在此条件下,易知$\tilde{F}(-1)=0$,并有mt-mk=$\frac{2bk(\alpha -1)}{ab+a-5}\frac{4+k\alpha }{p}$,其中mk由式(13)求出。
由式(22)及α1α2的大小关系可得
$m_{t}\left\{\begin{array}{ll} <m_{k}, & \alpha \in\left(0, \alpha_{1}\right),(b, a) \in D_{1} \cup D_{2} \text { 或 } \\ & \alpha \in\left(\alpha_{2}, \alpha_{0}\right) \cup\left(\alpha_{0}, 1\right),(b, a) \in D_{1} \\ >m_{k}, & \alpha \in\left(\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}\right),(b, a) \in D_{1} \text { 或 } \\ & \alpha \in\left(\alpha_{1}, 1\right),(b, a) \in D_{2} \end{array}\right.$
在式(25)条件下,可得$\tilde{S}-1=-2- \frac{1}{2} k \alpha^{2} \neq 0 $。这意味着E2处的${\left.{\lambda }_{1}\right|}_{{E}_{2}}$=-1和${\left.{\lambda }_{2}\right|}_{{E}_{2}}$≠-1<1,此时式(19)在E2处可能发生翻转分岔。
定理5 假设式(23)成立,则当α∈(0,α1)∪(α1,1),(b,a)∈D1D2,m=mt时, 控制系统[式(20)]在不动点E2处发生翻转分岔, 其中D1D2由式(10)给出。 当α∈(0,α1),(b,a)∈D1D2,或者α∈(α2,α0)∪(α0,1),(b,a)∈D1时,有mt<mk,此时控制系统使E2处的翻转分岔提前发生;当α∈(α1,α2),(b,a)∈D1或者α∈(α1,1),(b,a)∈D2时,有mt>mk,此时控制系统使E2处的翻转分岔延迟发生,其中α0α1α2由式(22)给出,mkmt分别由式(13)和式(24)给出。
证明 对系统 (20) 做如下变换
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{n}={\zeta }_{n}+\frac{bp}{4k}{\eta }_{n}+b\\ m={\theta }_{n}+{m}_{t},\\ {y}_{n}=-\frac{{\alpha }^{2}{k}^{2}}{bp}{\zeta }_{n}+{\eta }_{n}-\frac{(m+b)k}{b}\end{array}\right.$
式(26)中:ζnηn为系统[式(20)]两个新的状态变量;θn充分小,表示对控制参数m的扰动;系统参数kp由式(22)给出, 通过式(26), 式(20)被改写为
$\left(\begin{array}{l}{\zeta }_{n+1}\\ {\theta }_{n+1}\\ {\eta }_{n+1}\end{array}\right)$=$\left(\begin{array}{lll}-1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& \frac{2+k{\alpha }^{2}}{2}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{l}{\zeta }_{n}\\ {\theta }_{n}\\ {\eta }_{n}\end{array}\right)$+$\left(\begin{array}{l}{w}_{1}({\zeta }_{n},{\theta }_{n},{\eta }_{n})\\ 0\\ {w}_{2}({\zeta }_{n},{\theta }_{n},{\eta }_{n})\end{array}\right)$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{w}_{1}({\zeta }_{n},{\theta }_{n},{\eta }_{n})={d}_{11}{\zeta }_{n}^{2}+{d}_{12}{\zeta }_{n}{\theta }_{n}+{d}_{13}{\zeta }_{n}{\eta }_{n}+{d}_{14}{\eta }_{n}{\theta }_{n}+\\        {d}_{15}{\eta }_{n}^{2}+O\left[{(\left|{\zeta }_{n}\right|+\left|{\eta }_{n}\right|+\left|{\theta }_{n}\right|)}^{3}\right]\\ {w}_{2}({\zeta }_{n},{\theta }_{n},{\eta }_{n})={d}_{16}{\zeta }_{n}^{2}+{d}_{17}{\zeta }_{n}{\theta }_{n}+{d}_{18}{\zeta }_{n}{\eta }_{n}+{d}_{19}{\eta }_{n}{\theta }_{n}+\\        {d}_{20}{\eta }_{n}^{2}+O\left[{(\left|{\zeta }_{n}\right|+\left|{\eta }_{n}\right|+\left|{\theta }_{n}\right|)}^{3}\right]\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{d}_{11}=\frac{G}{\alpha bk(4+k{\alpha }^{2})}\\ {d}_{12}=\frac{{p}^{2}}{\alpha bk(4+k{\alpha }^{2})} \\ {d}_{13}=\frac{p\{8+{k}^{2}{\alpha }^{4}+[(2{b}^{2}-b-1){a}^{2}+(b+2)a-1\left]{\alpha }^{3}\right)}{2\alpha {k}^{2}(4+k{\alpha }^{2})}+\\   \frac{p\left\{\right[4{a}^{2}b+(6-10b)a-6]{\alpha }^{2}+4[1-(2b+1)a\left]\alpha \right\}}{2\alpha {k}^{2}(4+k{\alpha }^{2})}\\ {d}_{14}=\frac{(k\alpha +a-1){p}^{2}}{2{k}^{2}(4+k{\alpha }^{2})}\\ {d}_{15}=\frac{\{{k}^{2}{\alpha }^{3}+4abk{\alpha }^{2}+[4{a}^{2}b-8+(8-12b)a]\alpha -8a+8\}b{p}^{2}}{16{k}^{3}(4+k{\alpha }^{2})}\\ {d}_{16}=\frac{2\alpha \{8+k(a-1){\alpha }^{3}+[2{a}^{2}b-4+(4-6b)a]{\alpha }^{2}-8a\alpha b\}k}{p{b}^{2}(4+k{\alpha }^{2})}\\ {d}_{18}=\frac{32\alpha +{k}^{2}{\alpha }^{5}+\left[\right(4{b}^{2}-2b-2){a}^{2}+(2b+4)a-2]{\alpha }^{4}}{4b(4+k{\alpha }^{2})}\\ {d}_{17}=\frac{2\alpha k\left[\right(a-1)\alpha -4]}{{b}^{2}(4+k{\alpha }^{2})}\\ {d}_{19}=\frac{\alpha {p}^{2}}{4b(4+k{\alpha }^{2})}\\ {d}_{20}=\frac{\{16+{k}^{2}{\alpha }^{4}+4abk{\alpha }^{3}+4[{a}^{2}b-1+(1-2b)a]{\alpha }^{2}+8(1-a\left)\alpha \right\}\alpha p}{16k(4+k{\alpha }^{2})}\end{array}\right.$
式(29)中:kpG由式(22)给出。
根据中心流形定理[16], 系统[式(27)]存在中心流形 Wc(0)={(ζn,θn,ηn)∈R3|ηn=h(ζn,θn),h(0,0)=0,Dh(0,0)=0}。
假设θn足够小,有
h(ζn,θn)=a1${\zeta }_{n}^{2}$+a2ζnθn+a3${\theta }_{n}^{2}$+O[${(\left|{\zeta }_{n}\right|+\left|{\theta }_{n}\right|)}^{3}$]
此时中心流形h(ζn,θn)必须满足关系式
h{-ζn+w1[${\stackrel{~}{\chi }}_{n}$,h(ζn,θn),θn],θn}=$\frac{2+k{\alpha }^{2}}{2}$×{h(ζn,θn)+w2[ζn,h(ζn,θn),θn],θn}
式(31)中:w1(ζn,θn,ηn)、w2(ζn,θn,ηn)由式(28)给出。将式(27)和式(30)代入式(31)中, 得到
a1={-4k(a-1)α3+[16-8a2b+(24b-16)a]α2+32abα-32}/{α[2+2(a-1)α-4](4+2)b2};
a2={4αk[4+(1-a)α]}/[(4+2)2b2];
a3=0。
由此得到式(30)的中心流形, 并将系统[式(27)]限制在中心流形可得
ζn+1 F(ζn,θn)=-ζn+d11${\zeta }_{n}^{2}$+d12ζnθn-2c4${\zeta }_{n}^{3}$+4c5${\zeta }_{n}^{2}$θn-2c6ζn${\theta }_{n}^{2}$+O[${\left|({\zeta }_{n},{\theta }_{n})\right|}^{4}$]
式(32)中:d11d12由式(29)给出, 同时
c4=$\frac{{m}_{4}{m}_{5}}{(k{\alpha }^{2}{+4)}^{2}{\alpha }^{2}{k}^{2}{b}^{2}}$;c5=$\frac{{m}_{6}[k{\alpha }^{2}+(2a-2)\alpha -4]}{(4+k{\alpha }^{2}{)}^{3}\alpha {k}^{2}{b}^{2}}$;
c6={α[kα2+(2a-2)α-4]2[α(a-1)-4](+a-1)$\left[\right(4+k{\alpha }^{2}{)}^{3}$kb2]-1;
m4=8+(a-1)3+2[a2b+(2-3b)a-2]α2-8abα;
m5=8+k2α4+[(2b2-b-1)a2+(b+2)×a-1]α3+2[2a2b+(3-5b)a-3]α2+4[(1-2ba+1]α;
m6=(a-1)k3α6+[(2b+1)a2+2(1-3b)a-3]k2α5+k[3a3b+(5-8b2-3b)a2-10a+5]α4-4k[3ba2+(2-5b)a-2]α3+4[a3b-2a2+
(4-ba-2]α2-16ab(a-1)α+16(a-1)。
由条件(b,a)∈D1D2和0<α<1和式(23)、式(25)可得
$\begin{array}{l}\left.\left(\frac{\partial^{2} F}{\partial \tilde{\chi}_{n} \partial \tilde{m}_{*}}+\frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial F}{\partial \tilde{m}_{*}} \frac{\partial^{2} F}{\partial \tilde{\chi}_{n}^{2}}\right)\right|_{(0,0)}=\frac{p^{2}}{b k\left(4+k \alpha^{2}\right) \alpha} \neq 0, \\{\left.\left[\frac{1}{3!} \frac{\partial^{3} F}{\partial \tilde{\chi}_{n}^{3}}+\left(\frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial^{2} F^{2}}{\partial \tilde{\chi}_{n}^{2}}\right)\right]\right|_{(0,0)}=\frac{\tilde{H}}{b^{2} k^{2}\left(4+k \alpha^{2}\right) \alpha^{2}} \neq 0。}\end{array}$
式中:D1D2kp分别由式(10)和式(22)给出, $\stackrel{~}{H}$由式(23)给出。从而当m=mt时,控制系统[式(20)]在E2处发生翻转分岔。又根据式(25)可得mtmk的大小关系,从而定理得证。
同理,将E1代入式(19)中, 由已知a>1,在条件a<a1(b)下可得
${\left.F\left(1\right)\right|}_{{E}_{1}}$=$\frac{(a-1)\left[\right(b-1)a+1]{\alpha }^{2}}{ab}$>0。
当$a=\frac{2+\alpha}{\alpha} \text { 时有 }\left.\tilde{F}(-1)\right|_{E_{1}}=0$ 当b≠$\frac{2\alpha }{{\alpha }^{2}-4}$可得到$\left.\tilde{S}\right|_{E_{1}} \neq 1$。这意味着E1处的${\left.{\lambda }_{1}\right|}_{{E}_{1}}$=-1和$\left.{\lambda }_{2}\right|{ }_{{E}_{1}}$≠-1, 系统[式(20)]在E1处可能发生翻转分岔。
由于类似定理5的证明方法, 省略以下定理的证明过程。
定理6a=$\frac{\alpha +2}{\alpha }$,m>0, 且b≠$\frac{2\alpha }{{\alpha }^{2}-4}$时, 控制系统[式(20)]在不动点E1处发生翻转分岔。由$\frac{\alpha +2}{\alpha }$>3, 可知控制系统使在E1处的翻转分岔延迟发生。
下面通过状态反馈控制来控制E1处的跨临界分岔。表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{n+1}=a{x}_{n}(1-{x}_{n})-\frac{{x}_{n}}{m+{x}_{n}}{x}_{n}{y}_{n}\\ {y}_{n+1}=\frac{1}{b}{x}_{n}{y}_{n}+\beta \left(x-\frac{a-1}{a}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(33)中:xnyn分别代表食饵与捕食者在时间等于n时的种群数量,参数0<β<1。
显然当β=0时式(33)和式(1)相同, 且式(33)与式(1)有着相同不动点E1$\left(\frac{a-1}{a},0\right)$。
利用相同的方法将E1代入式(33)的雅可比矩阵, 并得到特征多项式为
F=λ2+$\frac{\lambda [{a}^{2}b-(2b+1)a+1]}{ab}$-
$\frac{(a-1)\left[\right(m+1){a}^{2}+(-b\beta -2m-3)a+b\beta +2]}{ba\left[a\right(m+1)-1]}$。
令$a=-\frac{\sqrt{\Delta}+b \beta-b+m+2}{2(m+1)(b-1)} \triangleq a_{k}$,其中:Δ=b2β2+2b[(2m+1)b-m]β+(b+m)2>0, 则有F(1)=0。
Δ-[(β-1)b-m]2=4b2β(m+1)>0,知ak-$\frac{1}{1-b}$=$\frac{\sqrt{\Delta }+\beta b-b-m}{\left(2\right.m+2\left)\right(1-b)}$>0。
由于证明方法与定理1类似, 省略以下定理的证明过程。
定理7a=ak时, 控制系统[式(33)]在不动点E1处发生跨临界分岔。由ak>$\frac{1}{1-b}$可知控制系统使在E1处的跨临界分岔延迟发生。
在本节中, 通过数值模拟二维分岔图和时间序列图来说明与上述理论的一致性。
例5.1 取b=0.5,m=2,a=$\frac{1}{1-b}$=2。根据定理1, 系统[式(1)]在E1处发生跨临界分岔。如图1所示, 在a<2(或a>2)时E1稳定(不稳定)。
例5.2 取a=4,b=0.5,m=mk=0.5。 根据定理3, 系统[式(1)]在E2处发生翻转分岔。 如图2所示, 在0.3<m<0.5时E2是稳定的, 当m=0.5时, 在E2处发生翻转分岔。 当m>0.5时E2处发生稳定的周期-2分岔, 并在之后发生周期-4分岔到最后产生混沌。 图3为与之对应的最大李雅普诺夫指数图。
例5.3 取b=2,m=3,a=3。 根据定理4, 系统[式(1)] 在不动点E1处发生翻转分岔。 如图4所示, 在2.5<a<3时E1是稳定的, 当a=3时, 在E1处发生翻转分岔。 当a>3时E1处发生稳定的周期-2分岔, 并在之后发生周期-4分岔到最后产生混沌。
例5.4 在a=4,b=0.5的参数条件下,取α=0.8, m=mt=4.5,则控制系统在E2处满足定理5的条件α∈(α1,1),(b,a)∈D2图5显示在此条件下,例5.2中图2发生的翻转分岔得到有效控制,系统在同样的参数区间内是稳定的。
例5.5 取b=0.5,m=2,a=2,β=0.8。根据定理7, 例5.1中发生的跨临界分岔将得到有效控制。图6显示对应于图1的跨临界分岔得到控制,在同样的参数范围内,跨临界分岔消失。
结合分岔理论及控制理论的相关知识,研究了一类食饵具有Allee效应的离散捕食-被捕食系统的分岔及控制,得到如下主要结论。
(1) 研究了该系统在E1E0处发生跨临界分岔的条件。根据定理1, 当a=$\frac{1}{1-b}$时, 系统[式(1)]在边界点E1处发生跨临界。根据生物学意义, 在没有捕食者的情况下, 在增长率a<$\frac{1}{1-b}$时食饵种群稳定;当增长率继续增加到a=$\frac{1}{1-b}$时,食饵种群就会通过“物竞天择”的方式出现其天敌,使系统达到新的不动点E2
(2) 考虑到正不动点E2更具有生物学意义, 探讨了系统在E2处发生的翻转分岔的条件、并给出证明。 根据定理3可知, 在适当的Allee效应下,系统是稳定的,但Allee效应超过临界值mk,系统会发生二倍周期的翻转分岔。例 5.2中的图2,图3表明,Allee效应继续增加,则系统将通过倍周期的翻转分岔通往混沌。
(3)在种群生物学中,分岔可能会给种群的生存带来不利影响,妨害种群的稳定。因而利用状态反馈法控制跨临界分岔、利用混合策略控制翻转分岔。例5.4的图5与例5.5的图6,进一步表明理论分析与数值模拟的一致性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(11901073)
  • 教育部产学合作协同育人项目(230904084192851)
  • 重庆市高等教育学会2023—2024年度高等教育科学研究课题(cqgj23047C)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309852
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
  • 修回日期:2024-07-26
基金
国家自然科学基金(11901073)
教育部产学合作协同育人项目(230904084192851)
重庆市高等教育学会2023—2024年度高等教育科学研究课题(cqgj23047C)
作者信息
    重庆邮电大学理学院, 重庆 400065

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* 张莉敏(1982—),女,汉族,河南商丘人,博士,副教授。研究方向:微分方程与动力系统。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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