Article(id=1245407858330809059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309727, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702137600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-10, revisedDate=1720454400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857971985, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857971985, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857971985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857971985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2886, endPage=2896, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407859501019884, articleId=1245407858330809059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Structural Analysis and Design Method of Hybrid FRP-concrete-steel Prestressed Double-skin Wind Turbine Towers, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

China’s offshore wind power sector is rapidly progressing with large-scale and efficient projects. To support large-capacity wind turbines, there is an increasing need for advanced tower structures that offer superior structural performance and economic efficiency. One such innovative solution is the hybrid fiber-reinforced composite materials (FRP)-concrete-steel prestressed double-skin wind turbine towers (PDSWTs) proposed by scholars at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. PDSWTs boast excellent durability, high load-bearing capacity, and exceptional stability, resulting in the potential to reduce production and maintenance costs throughout the service life. A study on the analysis and design procedures of PDSWTs was presented using a tower that supports 12 MW offshore wind turbine as an example, based on the provisions in current design standards and finite element modelling. The results demonstrate that: the tower successfully meets the frequency requirements of wind turbine; the tower possesses high ultimate resistance under compression-bending, shear and torsional loadings of ultimate limit states; the strain, stress, crack width and tower deformation under serviceability limit states meet the requirements of current design standards; furthermore, a simplified method is proposed to check the fatigue resistance of steel and concrete in the tower sections. The result is expected to provide references for the design and application of PDSWTs.

, correspAuthors=Ran DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao QI, Ran DENG, Yu XIANG, Rong-fu LI, Wei-dong JI, Xiu-wen WANG, Tao YU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1245407862994875235, articleId=1245407858330809059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=海上风电机组预应力复材双壁塔架结构分析与设计, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=中国海上风电进入规模化、高效化开发阶段。支撑海上大型风电机组需要结构性能更好和经济性更优的新型塔架形式。预应力复材双壁风电塔架是香港理工大学研发的一种新型塔架,具有耐久性好、承载力大以及稳定性高等特点,可以提高塔架服役全寿命周期的经济性。以支撑12 MW海上风电机组的预应力复材双壁塔架为实例,基于现行设计规范要求和有限元模型,对预应力复材双壁塔架的结构分析方法和设计过程进行了研究。结果表明:预应力复材双壁塔架的频率能够符合风电机组要求;塔架具有较高的压弯、受剪和受扭承载力,满足承载能力极限状态要求;塔架在正常使用极限状态下的应力、应变、混凝土裂缝宽度及塔顶变形均小于现行规范限值;采用一种简化方法评估了塔架截面的疲劳性能,截面钢管和混凝土均符合疲劳要求。可以为预应力复材双壁风电塔架的设计和工程应用提供参考。, correspAuthors=邓然, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 邓然(1989—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,博士后研究员。研究方向:组合结构及风电支撑结构。E-mail:ran-cee.deng@polyu.edu.hk。
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齐涛(1982—),男,汉族,河南济源人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上风电支撑结构。E-mail:

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齐涛(1982—),男,汉族,河南济源人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上风电支撑结构。E-mail:

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齐涛(1982—),男,汉族,河南济源人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上风电支撑结构。E-mail:

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Code for design of composite structures: JGJ 138—2016[S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407880594174131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=20, issue=5, pageStart=04016015, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Zhao J L, Teng J G, Yu T, journalName=Journal of Composites for Construction, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao J L, Teng J G, Yu T, et al. Behavior of large-scale hybrid FRP-concrete-steel double-skin tubular beams with shear connectors[J]. Journal of Composites for Construction, 2016, 20(5): 04016015., articleTitle=Behavior of large-scale hybrid FRP-concrete-steel double-skin tubular beams with shear connectors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407880715808957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=35, authorNames=中国电力企业联合会, journalName=北京, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国电力企业联合会. 风力发电机组预应力装配式混凝土塔筒技术规范: T/CEC 5008—2018[S]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1245407880803889344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=36, authorNames=China Electricity Council, journalName=Beijing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Electricity Council. Code of prestressed precast concrete tower for wind turbine: T/CEC 5008—2018[S]. 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Fx, y, z为对应x, y, z轴的力;Mx, y, z为对应x, y, z轴的力矩

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Geometric parameters of PDSWT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
塔段 高度/m 截面 部件 外径/ mm 内径/ mm 厚度/ mm
5 FRP管 5 846 5 786 30
钢管 5 166 5 142 12
IV 33.7 混凝土 5 786 5 166 310
4 FRP管 6 466 6 406 30
钢管 5 786 5 762 12
III 32 混凝土 6 406 5 786 310
3 FRP管 7 056 6 996 30
钢管 6 376 6 346 15
II 28.6 混凝土 6 996 6 376 310
2 FRP管 7 582 7 522 30
钢管 6 902 6 858 22
I 23 混凝土 7 522 6 902 310
1 FRP管 8 060 8 000 30
钢管 7 380 7 336 22
混凝土 8 000 7 380 310
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873489023601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

复材双壁塔架结构几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
塔段 高度/m 截面 部件 外径/ mm 内径/ mm 厚度/ mm
5 FRP管 5 846 5 786 30
钢管 5 166 5 142 12
IV 33.7 混凝土 5 786 5 166 310
4 FRP管 6 466 6 406 30
钢管 5 786 5 762 12
III 32 混凝土 6 406 5 786 310
3 FRP管 7 056 6 996 30
钢管 6 376 6 346 15
II 28.6 混凝土 6 996 6 376 310
2 FRP管 7 582 7 522 30
钢管 6 902 6 858 22
I 23 混凝土 7 522 6 902 310
1 FRP管 8 060 8 000 30
钢管 7 380 7 336 22
混凝土 8 000 7 380 310
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873602269816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Ultimate loads of PDSWT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高度/m 荷载
工况
Fxy/
kN
Fz/
kN
Mxy/
(kN·m)
Mz/
(kN·m)
120.30
(塔顶)
max Mxy 1 288 -8 695 111 772 29 181
max Mz 897 -7 130 50 242 -97 267
max Fxy 3 455 -8 588 9 400 19 119
max Fz 1 270 -9 687 87 995 5 630
0.00
(塔底)
max Mxy 4 391 -15 746 473 367 -29 863
max Mz 1 142 -13 670 172 927 -97 658
max Fxy 5 709 -16 761 310 101 23 427
max Fz 3 645 -17 707 246 252 5 461
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873715516041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

复材双壁塔架极限荷载

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高度/m 荷载
工况
Fxy/
kN
Fz/
kN
Mxy/
(kN·m)
Mz/
(kN·m)
120.30
(塔顶)
max Mxy 1 288 -8 695 111 772 29 181
max Mz 897 -7 130 50 242 -97 267
max Fxy 3 455 -8 588 9 400 19 119
max Fz 1 270 -9 687 87 995 5 630
0.00
(塔底)
max Mxy 4 391 -15 746 473 367 -29 863
max Mz 1 142 -13 670 172 927 -97 658
max Fxy 5 709 -16 761 310 101 23 427
max Fz 3 645 -17 707 246 252 5 461
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873858122388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Serviceability loads of PDSWT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高度/m 荷载
工况
Fxy/
kN
Fz/
kN
Mxy/
(kN·m)
Mz/
(kN·m)
120.30
(塔顶)
max Mxy 1 072 -6 930 31 096 8 768
max Mz 800 -6 688 18 637 -24 374
max Fxy 2 018 -6 938 15 942 -9 126
max Fz 1 780 -7 113 18 135 1 437
0.00
(塔底)
max Mxy 2 046 -12 884 237 793 -8 163
max Mz 789 -12 628 84 364 -24 429
max Fxy 2 102 -12 884 233 609 -8 912
max Fz 1 869 -13 063 220 856 1 439
), ArticleFig(id=1245407873992340128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

复材双壁塔架正常使用荷载

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高度/m 荷载
工况
Fxy/
kN
Fz/
kN
Mxy/
(kN·m)
Mz/
(kN·m)
120.30
(塔顶)
max Mxy 1 072 -6 930 31 096 8 768
max Mz 800 -6 688 18 637 -24 374
max Fxy 2 018 -6 938 15 942 -9 126
max Fz 1 780 -7 113 18 135 1 437
0.00
(塔底)
max Mxy 2 046 -12 884 237 793 -8 163
max Mz 789 -12 628 84 364 -24 429
max Fxy 2 102 -12 884 233 609 -8 912
max Fz 1 869 -13 063 220 856 1 439
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874206249643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fatigue loads Mat the top section of PDSWT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疲劳荷载分量
的均值/kN
不同疲劳荷载/kN 下循环次数/kN
450 1 350 2 250 3 150 4 050 4 950
-29 600 0 0 0 0 0 0
-28 700 290.560 4 0 0 0 0 0
-27 800 0 0 0 0 0 0
-26 900 0 0 0 0 0 0
-26 000 14 754.34 605.007 2 0 0 0 0
-25 100 581.120 8 290.560 4 0 0 0 0
-24 200 2 469.764 290.560 4 145.280 2 0 0 0
-23 300 1 598.082 290.560 4 0 145.280 2 145.280 2 0
-22 400 3 050.885 16 957.43 290.560 4 435.840 6 0 0
-21 500 5956.489 1 743.363 290.560 4 290.560 4 290.560 4 145.280 2
-20 600 19 955.91 2 179.203 1 162.242 7 897.596 290.560 4 145.280 2
-19 700 34 801.11 17 134.84 1 452.802 871.681 3 145.280 2 0
16 300 6 491.378 970.729 3 581.120 8 145.280 2 0 0
17 200 3 486.725 1 307.522 49.524 01 290.560 4 0 0
18 100 3 972.09 726.401 1 726.401 1 145.280 2 0 0
19 000 1 888.643 435.840 6 0 0 0 0
19 900 726.401 1 0 290.560 4 0 0 0
20 800 581.120 8 0 0 0 0 0
21 700 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 600 145.280 2 0 0 0 0 0
23 500 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 400 0 0 0 0 0 0
25 300 0 0 0 0 0 0
26 200 0 0 0 0 0 0
27 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874348855998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

复材双壁塔架塔顶截面My疲劳荷载

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疲劳荷载分量
的均值/kN
不同疲劳荷载/kN 下循环次数/kN
450 1 350 2 250 3 150 4 050 4 950
-29 600 0 0 0 0 0 0
-28 700 290.560 4 0 0 0 0 0
-27 800 0 0 0 0 0 0
-26 900 0 0 0 0 0 0
-26 000 14 754.34 605.007 2 0 0 0 0
-25 100 581.120 8 290.560 4 0 0 0 0
-24 200 2 469.764 290.560 4 145.280 2 0 0 0
-23 300 1 598.082 290.560 4 0 145.280 2 145.280 2 0
-22 400 3 050.885 16 957.43 290.560 4 435.840 6 0 0
-21 500 5956.489 1 743.363 290.560 4 290.560 4 290.560 4 145.280 2
-20 600 19 955.91 2 179.203 1 162.242 7 897.596 290.560 4 145.280 2
-19 700 34 801.11 17 134.84 1 452.802 871.681 3 145.280 2 0
16 300 6 491.378 970.729 3 581.120 8 145.280 2 0 0
17 200 3 486.725 1 307.522 49.524 01 290.560 4 0 0
18 100 3 972.09 726.401 1 726.401 1 145.280 2 0 0
19 000 1 888.643 435.840 6 0 0 0 0
19 900 726.401 1 0 290.560 4 0 0 0
20 800 581.120 8 0 0 0 0 0
21 700 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 600 145.280 2 0 0 0 0 0
23 500 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 400 0 0 0 0 0 0
25 300 0 0 0 0 0 0
26 200 0 0 0 0 0 0
27 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874462102218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Partial factors of permanent loads

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
荷载类型 承载能力极限状态 正常使用/疲劳极限状态
不利 有利 不利 有利
自重 1.25 0.9 1.0 1.0
预应力 1.25 0.9 1.1 0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874554376918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

永久荷载的分项系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
荷载类型 承载能力极限状态 正常使用/疲劳极限状态
不利 有利 不利 有利
自重 1.25 0.9 1.0 1.0
预应力 1.25 0.9 1.1 0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874659234530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Shear capacity results of the tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 截面 剪力效
应/kN
承载能
力/kN
承载能力/
作用效应
验算
结果
工况1:最大弯矩
工况(maxMxy)
1 4 391 165 940 37.79 通过
5 1 288 89 262 69.31 通过
工况2:最大扭矩
工况(maxMz)
1 1 142 165 940 145.32 通过
5 897 89 262 99.50 通过
工况3:最大轴力
工况(maxFz)
1 3 645 165 940 45.52 通过
5 1 270 89 262 70.27 通过
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874797646573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

塔架截面受剪承载能力验算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 截面 剪力效
应/kN
承载能
力/kN
承载能力/
作用效应
验算
结果
工况1:最大弯矩
工况(maxMxy)
1 4 391 165 940 37.79 通过
5 1 288 89 262 69.31 通过
工况2:最大扭矩
工况(maxMz)
1 1 142 165 940 145.32 通过
5 897 89 262 99.50 通过
工况3:最大轴力
工况(maxFz)
1 3 645 165 940 45.52 通过
5 1 270 89 262 70.27 通过
), ArticleFig(id=1245407874978001660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Torsional capacity results of the tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 截面 扭矩效应/
(kN·m)
承载能力/
(kN·m)
承载能力/
作用效应
验算
结果
工况1:最大弯矩
工况(maxMxy)
1 29 863 319 921 228 10 713.13 通过
5 29 181 86 628 033 2 968.63 通过
工况2:最大扭矩
工况(maxMz)
1 97 658 319 921 228 3 275.92 通过
5 97 267 86 628 033 890.62 通过
工况3:最大轴力
工况(maxFz)
1 5 461 319 921 228 58 586.18 通过
5 5 630 86 628 033 15 387.57 通过
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875116413709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

塔架截面受扭承载能力验算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 截面 扭矩效应/
(kN·m)
承载能力/
(kN·m)
承载能力/
作用效应
验算
结果
工况1:最大弯矩
工况(maxMxy)
1 29 863 319 921 228 10 713.13 通过
5 29 181 86 628 033 2 968.63 通过
工况2:最大扭矩
工况(maxMz)
1 97 658 319 921 228 3 275.92 通过
5 97 267 86 628 033 890.62 通过
工况3:最大轴力
工况(maxFz)
1 5 461 319 921 228 58 586.18 通过
5 5 630 86 628 033 15 387.57 通过
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875259020060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

SLS design results of the tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
截面 组件 应变 应力/MPa 限值
1 FRP管 受拉 1×10-4 受拉 0.001
受压 受压
混凝土 受拉 受拉
受压 6.6×10-4 受压 0.002
钢管 受拉 受拉 14.64 345
受压 受压 129.13 345
5 FRP管 受拉 5.9×10-5 受拉 0.001
受压 受压
混凝土 受拉 受拉
受压 2.7×10-4 受压 0.002
钢管 受拉 受拉 14.59 345
受压 受压 52.90 345
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875393237804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

塔架截面正常使用极限状态验算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
截面 组件 应变 应力/MPa 限值
1 FRP管 受拉 1×10-4 受拉 0.001
受压 受压
混凝土 受拉 受拉
受压 6.6×10-4 受压 0.002
钢管 受拉 受拉 14.64 345
受压 受压 129.13 345
5 FRP管 受拉 5.9×10-5 受拉 0.001
受压 受压
混凝土 受拉 受拉
受压 2.7×10-4 受压 0.002
钢管 受拉 受拉 14.59 345
受压 受压 52.90 345
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875523261242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

FLS design results of steel tube in the tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
塔段 截面位置 钢管疲劳损伤 限值1.0
I 底部 1.852×10-1 满足
顶部 9.319×10-2
II 底部 9.221×10-2 满足
顶部 3.673×10-2
III 底部 6.271×10-2 满足
顶部 7.925×10-3
IV 底部 1.079×10-2 满足
顶部 7.753×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875632313156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

塔架内钢管截面疲劳验算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
塔段 截面位置 钢管疲劳损伤 限值1.0
I 底部 1.852×10-1 满足
顶部 9.319×10-2
II 底部 9.221×10-2 满足
顶部 3.673×10-2
III 底部 6.271×10-2 满足
顶部 7.925×10-3
IV 底部 1.079×10-2 满足
顶部 7.753×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875766530898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

FLS design results of concrete in the tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
塔段 截面位置 混凝土受压侧
疲劳损伤
混凝土受拉侧
疲劳损伤
限值1.0
I 底部 5.026×10-2 9.398×10-5 满足
顶部 3.896×10-1 6.261×10-7
II 底部 4.661×10-3 2.521×10-3 满足
顶部 1.062×10-4 4.173×10-8
III 底部 9.886×10-5 5.978×10-1 满足
顶部 2.078×10-8 4.034×10-10
IV 底部 2.280×10-9 3.613×10-1 满足
顶部 2.611×10-14 7.409×10-14
), ArticleFig(id=1245407875909137246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858330809059, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

塔架混凝土截面疲劳验算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
塔段 截面位置 混凝土受压侧
疲劳损伤
混凝土受拉侧
疲劳损伤
限值1.0
I 底部 5.026×10-2 9.398×10-5 满足
顶部 3.896×10-1 6.261×10-7
II 底部 4.661×10-3 2.521×10-3 满足
顶部 1.062×10-4 4.173×10-8
III 底部 9.886×10-5 5.978×10-1 满足
顶部 2.078×10-8 4.034×10-10
IV 底部 2.280×10-9 3.613×10-1 满足
顶部 2.611×10-14 7.409×10-14
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海上风电机组预应力复材双壁塔架结构分析与设计
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齐涛 1 , 邓然 2, * , 向宇 2 , 李荣富 1 , 冀卫东 1 , 王秀文 1 , 余涛 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(7): 2886-2896
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(7): 2886-2896
海上风电机组预应力复材双壁塔架结构分析与设计
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齐涛1 , 邓然2, *, 向宇2, 李荣富1, 冀卫东1, 王秀文1, 余涛2
作者信息
  • 1 北京金风科创风电设备有限公司, 北京 100176
  • 2 香港理工大学土木及环境工程学系, 中国香港 999077
  • 齐涛(1982—),男,汉族,河南济源人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上风电支撑结构。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 邓然(1989—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,博士后研究员。研究方向:组合结构及风电支撑结构。E-mail:ran-cee.deng@polyu.edu.hk。
Structural Analysis and Design Method of Hybrid FRP-concrete-steel Prestressed Double-skin Wind Turbine Towers
Tao QI1 , Ran DENG2, *, Yu XIANG2, Rong-fu LI1, Wei-dong JI1, Xiu-wen WANG1, Tao YU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Goldwind Science & Creation Wind Power Equipment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
  • 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309727
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中国海上风电进入规模化、高效化开发阶段。支撑海上大型风电机组需要结构性能更好和经济性更优的新型塔架形式。预应力复材双壁风电塔架是香港理工大学研发的一种新型塔架,具有耐久性好、承载力大以及稳定性高等特点,可以提高塔架服役全寿命周期的经济性。以支撑12 MW海上风电机组的预应力复材双壁塔架为实例,基于现行设计规范要求和有限元模型,对预应力复材双壁塔架的结构分析方法和设计过程进行了研究。结果表明:预应力复材双壁塔架的频率能够符合风电机组要求;塔架具有较高的压弯、受剪和受扭承载力,满足承载能力极限状态要求;塔架在正常使用极限状态下的应力、应变、混凝土裂缝宽度及塔顶变形均小于现行规范限值;采用一种简化方法评估了塔架截面的疲劳性能,截面钢管和混凝土均符合疲劳要求。可以为预应力复材双壁风电塔架的设计和工程应用提供参考。
海上风电  /  塔架  /  复合材料  /  结构设计

China’s offshore wind power sector is rapidly progressing with large-scale and efficient projects. To support large-capacity wind turbines, there is an increasing need for advanced tower structures that offer superior structural performance and economic efficiency. One such innovative solution is the hybrid fiber-reinforced composite materials (FRP)-concrete-steel prestressed double-skin wind turbine towers (PDSWTs) proposed by scholars at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. PDSWTs boast excellent durability, high load-bearing capacity, and exceptional stability, resulting in the potential to reduce production and maintenance costs throughout the service life. A study on the analysis and design procedures of PDSWTs was presented using a tower that supports 12 MW offshore wind turbine as an example, based on the provisions in current design standards and finite element modelling. The results demonstrate that: the tower successfully meets the frequency requirements of wind turbine; the tower possesses high ultimate resistance under compression-bending, shear and torsional loadings of ultimate limit states; the strain, stress, crack width and tower deformation under serviceability limit states meet the requirements of current design standards; furthermore, a simplified method is proposed to check the fatigue resistance of steel and concrete in the tower sections. The result is expected to provide references for the design and application of PDSWTs.

Offshore wind energy  /  tower  /  FRP  /  structural design
齐涛, 邓然, 向宇, 李荣富, 冀卫东, 王秀文, 余涛. 海上风电机组预应力复材双壁塔架结构分析与设计. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2886 -2896 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309727
Tao QI, Ran DENG, Yu XIANG, Rong-fu LI, Wei-dong JI, Xiu-wen WANG, Tao YU. Structural Analysis and Design Method of Hybrid FRP-concrete-steel Prestressed Double-skin Wind Turbine Towers[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2886 -2896 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309727
中国海域广阔,海上风能资源丰富,建设海上风电是“新时代中国绿色发展”的重要任务。经历快速抢装期后,中国海上风电进入规模化、高效化开发阶段,以大容量(10 MW以上)和长叶片(100 m以上)为特点的大型风电机组成为主流,其轮毂高度在120 m及以上[1]
塔架是支撑风电机组的重要结构[2]。纯钢结构塔架自重轻、制造方便、安装快速,是目前最主要的塔架结构形式[3]。然而,随着海上大型风电机组的应用,塔架高度和承受的荷载均显著增加[4]。为防止出现局部失稳后承载能力急剧下降引发的倒塌,纯钢结构塔架需要采用较大厚度,导致用钢量大幅度增加。此外,塔架长期服役于严酷的海洋环境时,钢材腐蚀损伤严重,危害结构安全,并且相关的防腐及维护费用较高。随着2022年起中央补贴的取消,降低度电成本成为平价时代的迫切需求。面对规模和高度不断升级的风电机组,传统纯钢塔架难以具备较好的经济性。因此,亟需研发和应用在承载力、稳定性以及耐久性等方面具有更大优势的新型塔架结构形式,有效降低生产及维护成本,提高塔架服役全寿命周期的经济性优势,满足中国海上风电“降本增效”的发展需求。
纤维增强复合材料-混凝土-钢双壁空心构件(hybrid FRP-concrete-steel double-skin tubular members,DSTM)简称为双壁空心构件,是Teng等[5-6]提出的一种新型组合构件,该组合构件由纤维增强复合材料(以下简称“复材”或“FRP”)外层管、内层钢管及两管之间填充的混凝土三部分组成。其中,FRP管的纤维缠绕方向接近构件横向,其主要结构功能是对夹层混凝土形成约束。复材、混凝土、钢3种材料协同互补、共同工作,形成高性能的组合构件。文献[7-10]针对DSTM开展的长期系统性研究表明:在FRP的约束下,构件的承载力和延性得到明显提升;钢管受到混凝土的侧向支撑,局部屈曲问题得到缓解;FRP管具有天然的防腐蚀特性,可以有效保护内部混凝土和钢管,在海洋恶劣环境中具有优异的耐久性;FRP管和内钢管可以兼做浇筑混凝土的模具,制作过程方便。双壁空心构件目前已经在桥梁工程中作为桥墩及拱桥拱肋构件得到应用[11]
基于DSTM的上述优势,Deng等[12]进一步提出将内、外管均为圆形截面的DSTM用于海上风电组的塔架,形成一种新型的预应力复材双壁塔架(FRP-concrete-steel prestressed double-skin wind turbine towers, PDSWTs),用以满足海上大型风电机组对塔架结构承载力、稳定性、耐久性以及经济性的高要求,该文献详细阐述了预应力复材双壁风电塔架的概念、原理和结构形式,并基于现有的结构设计标准建议了此类新型塔架的设计要点。作为一种新型的风电机组支撑结构,目前还没有针对预应力复材双壁风电塔架具体设计内容的报道。由于风电机组塔架的设计全过程包含不同极限状态下的一系列结构计算和结构分析项目,涉及不同规范下的较多条文,为了便于预应力复材双壁塔架在工程中的推广应用,有必要对其结构设计过程进行系统梳理和具体阐述。
基于文献[12]所提出的预应力复材双壁风电塔架(以下简称“复材双壁塔架”)结构原型与设计要点,以支撑12 MW海上风电机组的复材双壁塔架为设计实例,详细论述塔架的频率分析、承载能力极限状态设计、正常使用极限状态设计和疲劳极限状态设计的规范要求、计算以及设计流程,为此类新型塔架的设计提供参考。
本文分析对象为总高度120.3 mm的复材双壁塔架。如图1所示[10],塔架由4段DSTM组成,相邻塔段之间通过内钢管端部的L形法兰盘连接,接缝处的外侧FRP管采用对接接头连接;钢法兰和FRP管对接是目前较为成熟的技术,分别在风电纯钢塔架和玻璃纤维大型储罐/高塔中得到了广泛应用。初步拟定的各塔段的高度与截面尺寸如表1所示。塔段的夹层混凝土中沿环向均匀设置预应力筋孔道,每孔包含19束1×7结构钢绞线(公称横截面积150 mm2,1860等级)。为加强钢管和混凝土的连接,内钢管表面设置有间距为300 mm、规格为16×150的栓钉。
复材双壁塔架的外管采用玻璃纤维缠绕管,其厚度为30 mm,纤维缠绕角度为±80°,纤维含量为55%。根据文献[11]中的典型材性数据,确定FRP管的等效环向弹性模量Eθt,eff、等效轴向弹性模量Exc,eff、设计极限环向应变εfθ,k和轴向应变εfx,k及其对应的泊松比ν,effνθx,eff。根据《纤维增强复合材料工程应用技术标准》GB 50608—2020[14]4.2.13条,按照复材类型(玻璃纤维缠绕管)和使用环境(海洋腐蚀环境)确定复材分项系数γf=1.25、复材环境分项系数γe=1.60。
混凝土根据《Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures-Part 1-1》[15],选择混凝土等级为C75, 其立方体强度抗压强度标准值fck,cube=75 N/mm2,对应特征圆柱体抗压强度标准值fck=60 N/mm2,抗拉强度标准值fctk,0.05=3.1 N/mm2;混凝土弹性模量平均值Ecm=37 000 N/mm2。结合欧洲规范Eurocode 2[15]和DNVGL规范《Support structures for wind turbines: DNVGL-ST-0126》[16],混凝土在承载能力极限状态、疲劳极限状态和正常使用极限状态下的材料分项系数分别取为1.5、1.5和1.0。
钢材等级根据《钢结构设计标准: GB 50017》[17]选用Q345,屈服强度标准值fy=345 N/mm2,小于40 mm厚度的钢材屈服强度设计值为295 MPa,钢材弹性模量Es取为206 000 N/mm2
复材双壁塔架的设计荷载由主机厂商提供。极限荷载和正常使用荷载分别用于承载能力极限状态设计和正常使用极限状态设计。荷载以内力分量形式给出,包含塔架不同高度截面的轴力(Fz)、弯矩合力(Mxy)、扭矩(Tz)和剪力合力(Fxy)4个分量,方向根据图2的坐标系确定。表2表3以塔顶截面和塔底截面为例,列出了塔架设计所采用的极限荷载和正常使用荷载。从中选取3个最不利荷载工况,分别为弯矩合力最不利工况(max Mxy)、扭矩最不利工况(max Mz)和轴力最不利工况(max Fz),用于结构分析和计算。
疲劳荷载以Markov矩阵的形式给出,其中包含对应于图2所示坐标系的6个分量,即3个力分量和3个力矩分量,分别给出了塔架不同高度截面处各疲劳荷载分量的均值(Mean)、范围(Range)和循环次数。以120.30 m高度处(塔顶截面)对应于y轴的力矩分量(My)为例,疲劳荷载的形式如表4所示。
结构上的永久荷载(包括自重和预应力荷载)可能是不利的或有利的。永久荷载的分项系数γF根据Eurocode 2[15], DNVGL-ST-0126[16]以及IEC 61400-1[18]的建议采用,如表5所示。环境荷载的分项系数已包含在主机厂商提供的荷载数据中。
风电机组塔架的结构设计过程按不同的极限状态分类。根据DNV GL标准[16],塔架的结构设计需考虑以下极限状态:①承载能力极限状态(ultimate limit state, ULS),用于验算最大承载力;②正常使用极限状态(serviceability limit state, SLS),用于检查满足正常使用条件的性能指标;③偶然极限状态(accidental limit state, ALS),对应验算偶然荷载下的最大承载能力或事故后结构的完整性;④疲劳极限状态(fatigue limit state, FLS),对应验算指疲劳荷载作用下的损伤状态。作为一种新型的风电机组支撑结构,目前尚无专门针对复材双壁塔架的设计规范。然而,目前已有关于复材组合结构、钢结构、混凝土结构、纯钢塔架和混凝土塔架的规范及标准,为复材双壁塔架的设计提供了参考[12]。此外,有限元模拟(finite element modelling, FEM)可以作为辅助方法来获取塔架的频率、应力和变形等效应,并结合规范要求进行校核。本文中塔架设计过程涉及到的相关规范包括:①频率分析及共振评估,遵循DNV GL标准[16]对所有类型风电机组塔架的通用要求;② ULS和SLS设计,依据中国《纤维增强复合材料工程应用技术标准: GB 50608—2020》[14](以下简称“复材标准”)的规定; ③FLS设计,分为混凝土部分和钢结构部分,分别参考规范《fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010》[19]和Eurocode 3《Eurocode 3: Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures-Part 1-9: Fatigue: EN 1993-1-9:2005》[20]提供的方法。
塔架的偶然极限状态包括地震、船舶撞击、火灾和爆炸等意外情况[16]。由于荷载的特殊性,复材双壁塔架在火灾、撞击和爆炸下的力学行为还有待深入研究[12]。另一方面,船舶撞击事故多发生在下部基础结构,而塔架在海洋环境中发生火灾和爆炸事故的情况较少,因此,塔架的偶然极限状态设计可以主要关注地震情况[12]。地震作用通常作为等效静荷载考虑,因此考虑地震作用的偶然极限状态设计可以采用与承载能力极限状态设计相同的方法。因篇幅有限,本文中主要对复材双壁塔架的频率分析、承载能力极限状态设计、正常使用极限状态设计和疲劳极限状态设计进行详细论述,不再给出偶然极限状态下的设计过程。
为了检查复材双壁塔架结构方案的可行性,在进行塔段极限状态设计之前,应首先计算塔架的自振频率,并进行共振评估[12]。根据DNV GL标准[16],要求塔架(包含基础)的自振频率f0与风机激励频率fR之比应满足关系式
$\frac{{f}_{R}}{{f}_{0,n}}$≤0.95 或 $\frac{{f}_{R}}{{f}_{0,n}}$≥1.05
式(1)中:f0,n为塔架的第n阶固有频率;fR为风机激励频率,包括转子在正常工作范围内的旋转频率(fR,1)和叶片的通过频率(fR,3)。此外,为了考虑计算的不确定性,固有频率应考虑±5%的浮动变化。考虑到本设计案例中塔架基础的形式和参数不确定,无法准确得到包含基础影响的塔架频率,本文中采用另一种简化方法以展示共振评估的过程,即将复材双壁塔架的自振频率与适配该风电机组的原始纯钢塔架的自振频率在相同底部约束条件下进行比较,要求前者与后者接近且相差在+5%以内。因为设计原始纯钢塔架时已满足式(1)要求,因此满足上述评估方法的复材双壁塔架也将满足式(1)要求。
基于大型通用有限元程序ABAQUS,建立复材双壁塔架的整体模型,用于塔架自振频率计算。在塔架整体模型中,FRP、混凝土、钢均采用四节点缩减积分壳单元(S4R)进行模拟,以同时实现较高的计算精度和效率。采用FRP、混凝土和钢材的弹性性质定义材料特性。该模型主要用于塔架整体分析,可以认为3种部件(即FRP外管、夹层混凝土和内钢管)之间的界面以及各塔段之间的连接可靠,不会先于塔架主体破坏。因此各塔段以及部件界面之间均采用“绑定”(Tie)方式定义接触方式。塔架底部采用固定约束,塔架顶部施加机头质量和转动惯量。整体有限元模型如图3所示。为了保证单元网格的质量,采用结构化网格划分技术,使FRP、混凝土和钢管三部分的网格尽量规则和一致。采用ABAQUS/Standard[21]中的Frequency求解模块进行计算。
两种塔架的一阶模态和对应的自振频率如图4所示。可以看出,复材双壁塔架和纯钢塔架的一阶频率别为0.308 Hz和0.295 Hz,两者比值为1.04;由于原纯钢塔架的频率已经过验证,与风电机组旋转频率及叶片通过频率具有合理的间隔,因此复材双壁塔架也能满足频率要求,不会发生共振。
在ULS设计中,应确保复材双壁塔架截面的承载能力大于其承受的荷载效应,从而保证塔架的结构安全。塔架主要承受压、弯荷载,同时还有剪、扭荷载作用,因此下面基于现行规范方法,首先对塔架截面的压-弯承载力进行验算,然后对塔架截面的抗剪和抗扭承载力进行验算[12]。此外,如前所述,复材双壁塔架各塔段之间的连接是基于现有技术实现[12],在合理的设计和构造保证下可以保证节点不先于塔段破坏。本文设计主要针对塔段截面,不单独对塔段连接节点进行阐述。
塔架截面的压-弯承载能力验算参考《复材标准》[14]中有关DSTM设计的相关条文进行。截面设计的基本步骤如下:
(1)确定FRP、钢和混凝土材料的本构关系,其中混凝土应考虑FRP管的约束效应,按照《复材标准》第12.3.4条和第12.2.2条规定,确定偏压状态下的极限压应变设计值εcc,uec、轴心抗压强度设计值fcc、应力-应变曲线斜率等关键参数。
(2)基于截面力的平衡关系进行截面分析,建立截面平衡关系时,可以采用《复材标准》附录M提供的FRP管、混凝土和钢管各自承担的合力与力矩计算公式,也可以采用基于平截面假定的纤维条带截面分析方法,两种方法均需要假设初始曲率并进行迭代计算,以判断截面是否达到力平衡状态。
(3)代入外荷载效应或偏心率,校核截面承载力是否满足。
将截面压-弯承载能力验算全过程绘制成流程图,如图5所示。建立截面平衡关系方程后,代入一系列截面偏心率,可以计算得到截面的轴力-弯矩相关曲线(即承载能力包络曲线),将第1.3节所述3种最不利工况下各截面的设计轴力(需与计算截面以上高度的塔筒自重及风电机组自重组合)、弯矩以散点形式绘入承载能力包络曲线中,如果设计轴力、弯矩均落在曲线内部,则截面满足压、弯承载能力要求。以塔架截面1和截面5的设计为例,计算结果如图6所示,可见上述截面在压弯荷载联合作用下的承载能力满足设计要求。在截面分析过程中,有两种方式考虑预应力作用,即将预应力作为恒定轴向力施加在截面上,或者将预应力筋作为截面组成部分直接考虑其贡献。因为在塔架使用寿命期间需保证预应力筋有效,不允许在极限状态下预应力筋先于塔架截面失效,故在截面分析中可以保守地忽略预应力筋,将预应力作为恒定的外荷载效应考虑;基于截面变形协调假定,预应力筋的强度可以根据截面分析得到的相应位置应变并结合材料应力-应变关系进行检查。因此,本文算例采用了第一种方式考虑预应力作用,预应力引起的截面1和截面5的轴压力分别为93 000 kN和32 000 kN。
根据《复材标准》12.3.6条的规定,复材双壁塔架截面的受剪承载力包括FRP管、混凝土、钢管三部分的贡献,其中FRP管的贡献Vf按《复材标准》12.2.5条计算,混凝土的贡献Vc按《混凝土结构设计规范: GB 50010—2010(2015年版)》[22]第6.3.15条圆形截面的受剪承载力计算方法确定(不考虑钢筋项),钢管的贡献Vt参考《中空夹层钢管混凝土结构技术规程: TCCES 7—2020》[23]中的内钢管抗剪承载力计算公式5.5.2-5计算。复材双壁塔架各截面的受剪承载力为复材管、混凝土、钢管三者贡献之和(Vf + Vc + Vt)。表6以截面1和截面5为例,给出了3个最不利工况的验算结果。可以看出,以上截面受剪承载力均大于剪力设计值,满足要求。
由于《复材标准》并未提供DSTM的抗扭承载力计算方法,本文中采用以下简化方法计算塔架截面抗扭承载力:忽略FRP管的抗扭贡献,偏安全地认为截面抗扭承载力等于混凝土抗扭承载力Tc和钢管抗扭承载力Ts之和。根据GB 50010规范[22],Tc计算公式为
Tc=0.35ftWtc
Wtc=$\frac{2}{3}$π(${r}_{co}^{4}$-${r}_{ci}^{4}$)/rco
式中:Wtc为混凝土截面的抗扭模量;rcorci分别为混凝土截面的外半径和内半径。
根据TCCES 7—2020规程[23],Ts计算公式为
Ts=fy/$\sqrt{3}$Wts
Wts=$\frac{1}{2}$π(${r}_{so}^{4}$-${r}_{si}^{4}$)/rso
式中:Wts为钢管截面的抗扭模量;rsorsi分别为钢管截面的外半径和内半径。
表7以截面1和截面5为例,给出了3个最不利工况的验算结果。可以看出,以上截面受扭承载力均远大于扭矩设计值,满足要求。
SLS设计的目的是确保复材塔架不出现影响正常使用的变形和裂缝。进行SLS设计时,考虑压-弯荷载起控制作用,采用与第4.1节类似的截面分析方法,但有以下区别:需同时假设截面曲率和受压区高度,并联立截面合力和力矩的平衡方程组求解;材料本构的确定方式与第4.1节相同,但使用材料强度标准值,复材环境分项系数取1.0。计算出给定正常使用荷载下的截面曲率和受压区高度后,即可根据平截面假定,得到截面的应力和应变分布,并参考混凝土结构相关规范[22,24]中的方法估算裂缝宽度。塔架在正常使用荷载下的水平位移可以通过有限元分析得到。
SLS设计的计算流程如图7所示。SLS设计的验算指标通常包括以下方面。
(1)应变、应力验算:根据《复材标准》第12.1.9节规定,混凝土压应变不超过0.002,内部钢管不超过其屈服强度标准值;根据现有相关文献的研究结果[11,25],FRP的最大轴向拉应变不应大于0.001,以避免FRP管轴向受拉开裂。
(2)裂缝验算:混凝土的裂缝宽度不大于《风力发电机组预应力装配式混凝土塔筒技术规范:T/CEC 5008—2018》[26]第6.3.1节所规定的裂缝宽度限值0.20 mm;若以正常使用荷载下截面不出现拉应力(即截面完全受压)为控制条件设计预应力,则不必进行裂缝验算。
(3)塔顶位移验算:参照《风力发电机组预应力装配式混凝土塔筒技术规范》(T/CEC 5008—2018) [26]的建议值,在正常使用极限状态下,塔筒轮毂高度处的水平位移与轮毂高度之比不应大于 1/100。
表8以塔架截面1和截面5为例,列出了正常使用极限状态下的截面应力、应变和裂缝宽度验算结果。可以看出,各项指标均满足限值要求。
在ABAQUS中建立塔架的有限元模型,在各塔段截面处施加正常使用荷载,计算得到塔架位移分布如图8所示。可以看出塔架顶部水平位移为674 mm,水平位移与轮毂高度之比为1/178, 满足规范[26]限值要求。
参考《Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures- Part 1-9: Fatigue: BS EN 1993-1-9:2005》[20],采用Palmgren-Miner线性累积损伤理论验算疲劳强度。构件在某一疲劳荷载分量作用下的累积损伤D计算公式为
D=$\sum _{i=1}^{j}\frac{{n}_{i}}{{N}_{i}}$Dlim=1
式(6)中:ni为各应力幅值下的实际循环次数;Ni为容许循环次数。当截面在不同疲劳荷载分量(FxFyFzMxMyMz)下的疲劳损伤总和∑D<1时,塔架截面的疲劳验算满足要求。本文中在计算疲劳损伤时,暂不考虑FRP管的疲劳,内钢管和夹层混凝土各自承受的疲劳荷载按照弹性刚度比例进行分配。
钢管的疲劳验算方法参考《Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures- Part 1-9: Fatigue: BS EN 1993-1-9:2005》[20]的相关规定,采用名义应力法。材料的疲劳性能通过S-N(S为应力,N为疲劳寿命)关系曲线描述,即
Δ${\sigma }_{R}^{m}$NR${\sigma }_{C}^{m}$×2×106, m=3,N≤5×106
Δ${\sigma }_{R}^{m}$NR${\sigma }_{D}^{m}$×5×106, m=5,5×106N≤108
ΔσD=${\left(\frac{2}{5}\right)}^{1/3}$ΔσC=0.737ΔσC
式中:ΔσC为容许的正应力幅值,按照节点和连接类型从规范[20]中查询,并除以分项系数γMf = 1.15。塔架内钢管的焊缝以对接焊缝为主,考虑到实际加工中的可能情况,本文偏安全地将正应力幅值选为71[20]。ΔσR为根据实际荷载幅值和截面尺寸计算得到的应力幅值,NR为对应于应力幅值ΔσR的容许应力循环次数。在钢管疲劳验算中不考虑预应力的有利作用。
对于剪应力ΔτS-N曲线,存在关系式
Δ${\tau }_{R}^{m}$NR${\tau }_{C}^{m}$×2×106, m=5,N≤108
钢管的疲劳验算结果如表9所示,满足要求。
混凝土部分的疲劳验算采用《FIB Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010》[19]的方法,根据Wöhler疲劳强度曲线,计算给定应力范围和平均应力水平的失效循环次数N
在受压情况下,最小、最大压应力水平计算公式为
Scd,min=γEdσc,minηc/fcd,fat
Scd,max=γEdσc,maxηc/fcd,fat
当0<Scd,min<0.8时,
lgN1=$\frac{8}{Y-1}$(Scd,max-1)
$\begin{aligned}\lg N_{2}= & 8+\frac{8 \ln 10}{Y-1}\left(Y-S_{\mathrm{cd}, \min }\right) \times \\& \lg \left(\frac{S_{\mathrm{cd}, \max }-S_{\mathrm{cd}, \min }}{Y-S_{\mathrm{cd}, \min }}\right)\end{aligned}$
Y=$\frac{0.45+1.8{S}_{cd,min}}{1+1.8{S}_{cd,min}-0.3{S}_{cd,min}^{2}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}lgN=lg{N}_{1}, lg{N}_{1}\le 8\\ lgN=lg{N}_{2}, lg{N}_{1}>8\end{array}\right.$
Scd,min>0.8时,取Scd,min=0.8。荷载安全系数γEd取为1.1;σc,minσc,max为最小压应力和最大压应力;ηc为考虑应力梯度的受压区混凝土平均应力系数,按照文献[19]的公式7.4-2计算;fcd,fat为疲劳受压强度,计算公式为
Scd,min=γEdσc,minηc/fcd,fat
式(17)中:βcc(t)为与疲劳荷载开始时的混凝土龄期有关的系数;γc,fat为材料分项系数,取为1.5。
在压-拉受力情况下,当σct,max≤0.026|σc,max|时,有
lgN=9(1-Scd,max)
在受拉或拉-压受力情况下,当σct,max>0.026|σc,max|时,有
lgN=12(1-Std,max)
Std,max=γEdσct,max/fctd,fat
疲劳受拉强度计算公式为
fctd,fat=fctk,0.05c,fat
由于塔筒中采用了预应力筋,因此在计算截面正应力水平时应计入预应力部分。
根据上述方法对塔架各截面的混凝土部分进行疲劳验算,结果如表10所示。可以看出各截面混凝土满足疲劳要求。
本文中以支撑12 MW海上风电机组的预应力复材双壁塔架为设计实例,基于现行设计标准和规范的要求,详细阐述了复材双壁塔架结构的计算方法与设计过程,为此类新型塔架的设计和工程应用提供参考。得到如下主要结论。
(1)复材双壁塔架的固有频率满足风电机组要求,不会发生共振。
(2)复材双壁塔架具有较高的压弯、受剪和受扭承载力,满足承载能力极限状态的设计要求。
(3)复材双壁塔架在正常使用极限状态下的应力、应变、混凝土裂缝宽度及塔顶变形均小于现行标准的限值。
(4)采用一种基于现行设计标准的简化方法评估了复材双壁塔架截面的疲劳性能,截面的钢管和混凝土均符合疲劳设计要求。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52308212)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309727
  • 接收时间:2023-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-10
  • 修回日期:2024-07-09
基金
国家自然科学基金(52308212)
作者信息
    1 北京金风科创风电设备有限公司, 北京 100176
    2 香港理工大学土木及环境工程学系, 中国香港 999077

通讯作者:

* 邓然(1989—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,博士后研究员。研究方向:组合结构及风电支撑结构。E-mail:ran-cee.deng@polyu.edu.hk。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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