Article(id=1245407858259509563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401909, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=1730044800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774857971967, onlineDateStr=2026-03-30, pubDate=1741363200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774857971967, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774857971967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774857971967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156262727438951343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='7', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='3077', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753604116544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771263994, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963794699248406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156262727438951343, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2637, endPage=2653, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1245407858796380481, articleId=1245407858259509563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Application Status and Prospect of Secondary Development Technology in Customized Mechanical Product Design, columnId=1156262728655299504, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Design cycle is one of the key factors that influence the development of customized mechanical products (CMP). Secondary development technology (SDT) is an effective method to enhance the efficiency of CMP. To better promote high-quality development of SDT in CMP applications, first, key technological advancements in SDT were briefly introduced based on the analyzes of the evolution of customized product production and the parameterized design methods. Then, research and application status of SDT in CMP design was analyzed from different perspectives, and existing problems are summarized. Finally, the future trends of SDT were explored in conjunction with modern information technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), collaborative design (CD), cloud technology (CT), and digital twins (DT), and the importance of domestic development platforms was emphasized. The results provides a reference for the application and further development of SDT in CMP.

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设计周期是影响定制化机械产品开发的关键因素之一,应用二次开发技术是提高定制化产品开发效率的有效方法。为使二次开发技术更好地在定制化机械产品设计平台开发应用中高质量发展,在分析定制化产品生产发展历程与基于参数化设计的定制化产品设计方法的基础上,简要介绍二次开发关键技术研究进展。从不同角度分析了定制化机械产品设计中二次开发技术的研究与应用现状,总结存在的问题。最后,结合人工智能、协同设计、云技术、数字孪生等技术,对未来二次开发技术发展趋势进行了展望,并阐述国产化开发平台的重要性,为定制化机械产品设计中二次开发技术的应用与进一步发展提供参考。

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付雷杰(1982—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:制造业信息化、知识工程。E-mail:

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付雷杰(1982—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:制造业信息化、知识工程。E-mail:

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付雷杰(1982—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:制造业信息化、知识工程。E-mail:

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Constructing operational data association knowledge base based on semantic analysis[J]. 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language=CN, label=图6, caption=二次开发技术发展趋势, figureFileSmall=nDOvRjNXRoOfJo4ukPxaFg==, figureFileBig=4njVOeDPL2FaAbtXVQKDvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407870880170274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858259509563, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Onshape’s cloud collaboration, figureFileSmall=+gKTqSRkjTx8MXzbnamAvg==, figureFileBig=cfFob2wyefZpBkQsg1NrTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871005999404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858259509563, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Onshape的云端协同化, figureFileSmall=+gKTqSRkjTx8MXzbnamAvg==, figureFileBig=cfFob2wyefZpBkQsg1NrTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871245074746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858259509563, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Design software system based on secondary development of SINOVATION[102], figureFileSmall=+SCmdpsE4JplqUrZ+BLX+Q==, figureFileBig=oUohhgks4mk1u1Jstvk7Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871354126661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858259509563, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于SINOVATION二次开发的设计软件体系[102], figureFileSmall=+SCmdpsE4JplqUrZ+BLX+Q==, figureFileBig=oUohhgks4mk1u1Jstvk7Fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1245407871479955793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858259509563, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparative analysis of parametric design system development techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开发技术名称 特点 开发人员要求
专用参数化设计软件开发 开发工作量较大,编程复杂 丰富的软件设计与开发基础
基于CAD软件二次开发 工作量少、开发难度较小 掌握二次开发技术基础
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871597396317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858259509563, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参数化设计系统开发技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开发技术名称 特点 开发人员要求
专用参数化设计软件开发 开发工作量较大,编程复杂 丰富的软件设计与开发基础
基于CAD软件二次开发 工作量少、开发难度较小 掌握二次开发技术基础
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871719031146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858259509563, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the characteristics of some domestic and foreign 3D CAD software

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用 特点 公司 名称 名称 公司 特点 应用

Blender
NeoGeo
(荷兰)
内置了变形修改器、自动展UV算法、贴图绘制功能 建模、装配、动画、渲染、
OpenSCAD
Clifford
Wolf
非交互式的命令式建模、适用于简单建模 机械设计等
FreeCAD
Matra
Datavision
(法国)
参数化建模、实现复杂模型建立、免费且开源、简单操作、支持有限单元法 建筑项目、机械工程、电气工程等
中国 外国
机械设计
工业设计
航空航天
强大的建模功能,支持多种建模技术,如实体、曲面等 中望
龙腾
中望CAD

SOLID-
WORKS
Dassault
Systemes
(法国)
易学易用;强大的装配良好的文件兼容性;简单曲面建模 机械、自动化设计等
建筑设计
土木工程
制造业
提供2D、3D建模、绘图、分析等功能 浩辰
软件
浩辰CAD
UG(NX)
Siemens
(德国)
可优化复杂的几何体;提供丰富的工具进一步操作模型 汽车、航空航天、机械、电子设计等
机械制造
汽车制造
船舶设计
高效的装配设计工具,支持自动约束和关系调整 山大
华天
SINOVA
-TION
CATIA V5
Dassault
Systemes
(法国)
具有协同设计可视化、复杂智能系统建模和分布式系统开发 汽车、工程、电力、机械、航空航天等
建筑设计
电气工程
智能制造
高效的装配设计工具,支持自动约束和关系调整 数码
大方
CAXA 3D
Creo
PTC
(美国)
强大的参数化设计能力、装配方式;零件设计、曲面设计功能较强、响应速度快 航空航天、汽车、模具设计、能源、机械等
工业设计
产品开发
动画影视
强大的建模和渲染功能,适用于复杂产品设计 华云
华天
CrownCAD
NANOCAD
Nanosoft
(俄罗斯)
对企业或个人免费使用、数据互换方便、应用程序接口丰富 机械、汽车、建筑、室内设计、能源等
创意设计
艺术广告
强大渲染功能,适用于复杂产品设计 令算
软件
Omnific3D
Rhino
McNeel
(美国)
曲面建模功能流程兼容性好;使用成本较低;插件功能丰富 三维制作、机械、工业设计等
机械制造
航空航天
强大的建模、适于复杂产品设计 杭州
新迪
新迪3D
Onshape
PTC
(美国)
任意设备浏览器可使用、具有较强的云功能,可实现协同设计 产品造型、机械、模具设计等
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871840665975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858259509563, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内外部分三维CAD软件特点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用 特点 公司 名称 名称 公司 特点 应用

Blender
NeoGeo
(荷兰)
内置了变形修改器、自动展UV算法、贴图绘制功能 建模、装配、动画、渲染、
OpenSCAD
Clifford
Wolf
非交互式的命令式建模、适用于简单建模 机械设计等
FreeCAD
Matra
Datavision
(法国)
参数化建模、实现复杂模型建立、免费且开源、简单操作、支持有限单元法 建筑项目、机械工程、电气工程等
中国 外国
机械设计
工业设计
航空航天
强大的建模功能,支持多种建模技术,如实体、曲面等 中望
龙腾
中望CAD

SOLID-
WORKS
Dassault
Systemes
(法国)
易学易用;强大的装配良好的文件兼容性;简单曲面建模 机械、自动化设计等
建筑设计
土木工程
制造业
提供2D、3D建模、绘图、分析等功能 浩辰
软件
浩辰CAD
UG(NX)
Siemens
(德国)
可优化复杂的几何体;提供丰富的工具进一步操作模型 汽车、航空航天、机械、电子设计等
机械制造
汽车制造
船舶设计
高效的装配设计工具,支持自动约束和关系调整 山大
华天
SINOVA
-TION
CATIA V5
Dassault
Systemes
(法国)
具有协同设计可视化、复杂智能系统建模和分布式系统开发 汽车、工程、电力、机械、航空航天等
建筑设计
电气工程
智能制造
高效的装配设计工具,支持自动约束和关系调整 数码
大方
CAXA 3D
Creo
PTC
(美国)
强大的参数化设计能力、装配方式;零件设计、曲面设计功能较强、响应速度快 航空航天、汽车、模具设计、能源、机械等
工业设计
产品开发
动画影视
强大的建模和渲染功能,适用于复杂产品设计 华云
华天
CrownCAD
NANOCAD
Nanosoft
(俄罗斯)
对企业或个人免费使用、数据互换方便、应用程序接口丰富 机械、汽车、建筑、室内设计、能源等
创意设计
艺术广告
强大渲染功能,适用于复杂产品设计 令算
软件
Omnific3D
Rhino
McNeel
(美国)
曲面建模功能流程兼容性好;使用成本较低;插件功能丰富 三维制作、机械、工业设计等
机械制造
航空航天
强大的建模、适于复杂产品设计 杭州
新迪
新迪3D
Onshape
PTC
(美国)
任意设备浏览器可使用、具有较强的云功能,可实现协同设计 产品造型、机械、模具设计等
), ArticleFig(id=1245407871953912192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858259509563, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Technical characteristics of some CAD secondary development tools

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CAD软件 二次开发工具 技术特点
CATIA 交互式定制方法
(automation API)
由一个应用通过程序接口操作另一个应用,间接地利用对象的方法和属性获取、设置及处理数据,支持自定义功能特性
组件应用架构
(component application architecture, CAA)
面向对象的软件开发框架,通过提供的快速应用研发环境(rapid application development environment, RADE)和API完成,编译是通过多工作区应用编译器(mkmk)命令处理
用户定义特征方法
(interactive user defined feature, IUDF)
面向对象设计、定制和自动化特定设计任务的功能,代码可复用,采用组件化开发思路,交互、开放、集成性良好
UG(NX) UG /Open Grip 系统内嵌语言,通过编写脚本和应用程序对软件进行功能调用,编写的程序经专用的语言编辑器编译、链接生成可执行文件,程序架构复杂,不适用于复杂的二次开发编程
UG/Open API 与外部程序的通用接口可以扩展和自定义软件功能,支持Grip灵活调用,兼容性强,便于客户通过编程语言进行专业个性化定制
SOLIDWORKS SOLIDWORKS API 使用API对软件功能进行定制修改、功能扩展,建立用户订制化模块。具有集成性、拓展性以及兼容性
宏工具 可编程的自动化工具,记录用户的操作过程,生成由VBA编写的宏代码,允许自行编写、自动扫描错误,可以进行组合和集成
SINOVATION 应用开发工具包
(accessory development kit, ADK)
包含了二次开发所需的API,利用ADK可以直接在Visual studio(VS)环境中进行SINOVATION应用程序的开发
CAXA ICAPI
(IRONCADAPI)
ICAPI是CAXA软件的API,开发者使用编程语言(如C++、C#)来自定义和扩展功能和特性,为用户提供了快速开发环境ICAPIWizard
), ArticleFig(id=1245407872033603979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1245407858259509563, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

部分CAD二次开发工具技术特点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CAD软件 二次开发工具 技术特点
CATIA 交互式定制方法
(automation API)
由一个应用通过程序接口操作另一个应用,间接地利用对象的方法和属性获取、设置及处理数据,支持自定义功能特性
组件应用架构
(component application architecture, CAA)
面向对象的软件开发框架,通过提供的快速应用研发环境(rapid application development environment, RADE)和API完成,编译是通过多工作区应用编译器(mkmk)命令处理
用户定义特征方法
(interactive user defined feature, IUDF)
面向对象设计、定制和自动化特定设计任务的功能,代码可复用,采用组件化开发思路,交互、开放、集成性良好
UG(NX) UG /Open Grip 系统内嵌语言,通过编写脚本和应用程序对软件进行功能调用,编写的程序经专用的语言编辑器编译、链接生成可执行文件,程序架构复杂,不适用于复杂的二次开发编程
UG/Open API 与外部程序的通用接口可以扩展和自定义软件功能,支持Grip灵活调用,兼容性强,便于客户通过编程语言进行专业个性化定制
SOLIDWORKS SOLIDWORKS API 使用API对软件功能进行定制修改、功能扩展,建立用户订制化模块。具有集成性、拓展性以及兼容性
宏工具 可编程的自动化工具,记录用户的操作过程,生成由VBA编写的宏代码,允许自行编写、自动扫描错误,可以进行组合和集成
SINOVATION 应用开发工具包
(accessory development kit, ADK)
包含了二次开发所需的API,利用ADK可以直接在Visual studio(VS)环境中进行SINOVATION应用程序的开发
CAXA ICAPI
(IRONCADAPI)
ICAPI是CAXA软件的API,开发者使用编程语言(如C++、C#)来自定义和扩展功能和特性,为用户提供了快速开发环境ICAPIWizard
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定制化机械产品设计中二次开发技术的应用现状及其展望
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付雷杰 1 , 王建伟 1 , 白瑀 1 , 姚慧 1 , 左鹏军 2 , 曹岩 3
科学技术与工程 | 综述·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(7): 2637-2653
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(7): 2637-2653
定制化机械产品设计中二次开发技术的应用现状及其展望
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付雷杰1 , 王建伟1, 白瑀1, 姚慧1, 左鹏军2, 曹岩3
作者信息
  • 1 西安工业大学机电工程学院, 西安 710021
  • 2 陕西省机械研究院, 西安 712000
  • 3 西安工业大学计算机科学与工程学院, 西安 710021
  • 付雷杰(1982—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:制造业信息化、知识工程。E-mail:

Application Status and Prospect of Secondary Development Technology in Customized Mechanical Product Design
Lei-jie FU1 , Jian-wei WANG1, Yu BAI1, Hui YAO1, Peng-jun ZUO2, Yan CAO3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechatronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China
  • 2 Shaanxi Machinery Research Institute, Xi’an 712000, China
  • 3 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China
出版时间: 2025-03-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401909
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设计周期是影响定制化机械产品开发的关键因素之一,应用二次开发技术是提高定制化产品开发效率的有效方法。为使二次开发技术更好地在定制化机械产品设计平台开发应用中高质量发展,在分析定制化产品生产发展历程与基于参数化设计的定制化产品设计方法的基础上,简要介绍二次开发关键技术研究进展。从不同角度分析了定制化机械产品设计中二次开发技术的研究与应用现状,总结存在的问题。最后,结合人工智能、协同设计、云技术、数字孪生等技术,对未来二次开发技术发展趋势进行了展望,并阐述国产化开发平台的重要性,为定制化机械产品设计中二次开发技术的应用与进一步发展提供参考。

定制化机械产品  /  二次开发  /  参数化设计  /  技术集成

Design cycle is one of the key factors that influence the development of customized mechanical products (CMP). Secondary development technology (SDT) is an effective method to enhance the efficiency of CMP. To better promote high-quality development of SDT in CMP applications, first, key technological advancements in SDT were briefly introduced based on the analyzes of the evolution of customized product production and the parameterized design methods. Then, research and application status of SDT in CMP design was analyzed from different perspectives, and existing problems are summarized. Finally, the future trends of SDT were explored in conjunction with modern information technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), collaborative design (CD), cloud technology (CT), and digital twins (DT), and the importance of domestic development platforms was emphasized. The results provides a reference for the application and further development of SDT in CMP.

customized mechanical products  /  secondary development  /  parametric design  /  technology integration
付雷杰, 王建伟, 白瑀, 姚慧, 左鹏军, 曹岩. 定制化机械产品设计中二次开发技术的应用现状及其展望. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2637 -2653 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401909
Lei-jie FU, Jian-wei WANG, Yu BAI, Hui YAO, Peng-jun ZUO, Yan CAO. Application Status and Prospect of Secondary Development Technology in Customized Mechanical Product Design[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (7) : 2637 -2653 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401909
在“中国制造2025”——智造强国的引领下,实现产品的大规模个性化定制是智能制造的主要内容和重要目标之一[1]。市场需求日益多样化、个性化,仅靠单一或系列产品已无法适应激烈的市场竞争,这就要求企业的产品尽可能满足用户个性化定制需求[2]。以用户个性化需求为导向的产品设计,要求生产企业使用合理的生产资源实现产品定制化设计与制造,产品设计周期影响的市场响应速度,为提高企业效益,如何提高定制化产品设计效率成为关键[3-4]
面对用户的个性定制化需求时,结构相似或组成模块相同的产品在其设计过程中存在工作重复的问题[5]。支持个性化定制的设计方面的关键技术,以用户个性化需求分析出发,利用高效的设计方法形成个性化方案,最后依据产品性能参数调整方案[6-7]。基于计算机辅助设计(computer aided design, CAD)平台的二次开发技术可以在定制化设计中提高设计效率、改善设计流程合理性和产品性能,其在机械工业、建筑工程、汽车工业、航空航天[8-12]等领域的定制化机械产品设计中具有广泛的应用。二次开发技术在定制化机械产品设计中应用的目的是根据定制化机械产品中具有尺寸驱动相同、零部件结构相似、设计流程固定等特点,将设计流程进行分析并用程序语言将其表示,实现基于CAD平台的计算机辅助设计系统的定制化开发[13]。目前,研究较多为结构简单、尺寸驱动单一的机械零件,针对结构组成较为复杂的机械产品,还存在驱动参数过多、求解工作量较大、设计结果准确性和完整度低、平台集成度和智能化不高、在产品的全生命周期应用受到一定局限等问题[14-17]
鉴于此,对目前定制化产品设计中二次开发技术进行综述,分别阐述定制化产品生产模式的发展和基于参数化设计的定制化产品设计流程,二次开发技术的关键技术以及定制化机械产品设计中二次开发技术应用现状;并总结现有应用中存在问题,最后结合先进技术对二次开发技术在未来定制化机械产品设计的发展趋势进行展望。
定制化的发展从传统的定制生产发展到当代的大规模个性化定制生产共经历了如图1所示的5个阶段。
(1)手工定制化生产以手工生产为主,在这时期生产者按照用户的需求单件生产,即使批量制作,也会因为手工制作的原因,大部分产品具有差异性,对于用户需求的满足度较高,但其生产效率较低,成本较高,产品的数量和种类也相对较少。
(2)大批量生产时期逐渐由手工生产向机器生产过渡,随着工业革命的发展,机器生产提高了效率,降低了成本,丰富了商品的种类和数量,但批量生产的方式使产品依据型号进行分类,用户依据产品型号满足需求,产品的定制化程度较低,无法满足用户的个性化需求。
(3)大规模定制时期随着产品品种的多样化和定制化急剧增加,为以更低成本进行定制化生产,此阶段以柔性生产技术为支撑,能够实现一定程度上的产品定制,它在一定程度上提高了定制生产效率,降低了定制产品价格,丰富了产品的种类和数量,但其本质是部件的批量生产和个性化装配,产品的个性化程度较低,不能真正满足用户的个性化需求[18]
(4)个性化定制时期随着用户需求的升级、生产制造等技术的进步使产品定制向更高层次的方向发展,先进设计与制造技术的发展使用户需求的产品摆脱固定型号的限制,个性化的产品生产成本适中,个性化定制可以真正满足用户的个性化的多样需求,用户在设计过程参与度较高,可以根据需求介入产品设计的过程,产品定制化程度也相对较高[19]
(5)大规模个性化定制为5种智能制造新模式之一[20],其以满足客户高度个性化需求为目标,通过开放式设计平台实现客户深度参与产品价值共创,并利用韧性制造系统生产效率成本和客户满意度俱佳的个性化产品[21]。大规模个性化定制主要依赖客户需求识别技术、产品设计技术与产品制造技术等三类关键技术。
综上所述,随着客户个性化需求多样化、市场竞争激烈化、设计与制造技术先进化,产品的个性化定制需求增多,企业的市场响应速度也需随之增加,大规模个性化定制的生产模式逐渐成为制造企业核心竞争的主赛道[22-23]。大规模个性化定制的关键技术主要包括用户需求识别、产品设计技术、产品制造技术,下面主要从产品设计技术角度分析在设计过程中的二次开发技术的应用。
大规模个性化定制的方法和技术以减少产品内部多样化、增加产品外部多样化为目标,建立在相似性原理、重用性原理和全局性原理等基本原理的基础上;参数化设计在设计结构相似、尺寸不同,设计过程中具有重复性特点的机械产品具有提高设计效率与设计质量的优势[24]。通过上述分析,参数化设计与大规模定制化的原理具有共同点,在产品设计中将二者结合,运用二次开发技术开发出大规模个性定制化的CAD设计平台可以加快大规模个性化定制的设计效率[25],如图2所示为基于参数化的定制化产品设计流程。
将参数化设计与二次开发技术结合应用于个性化产品定制设计的CAD平台开发中对大规模个性化定制的实现具有积极的推动作用,其可以减少定制化产品设计中的重复性工作,加快定制化产品的设计效率,更好地实现客户的个性化定制需求。因此,有必要对定制化机械产品设计中二次开发技术应用现状进行综述,通过分析其应用现状,找出不足之处,并对其未来发展方向进行展望,使二次开发技术在定制化机械产品的设计平台开发中发挥更好的作用。
二次开发是以交互式图形系统为主要支撑,以图形系统的用户语言为设计进程的控制者,以高级语言为系统连接及数据库转换的枢纽,开发一个集参数化设计零件、交互式图形编辑、数据的系统管理为一体的定制化CAD系统[26]。以下主要对二次开发一般方法与关键技术进行介绍。
定制化机械产品设计中二次开发技术的主要目的之一是参数化设计与建模功能的实现[27]。参数化设计与建模的几何信息等属性通过约束表示出来,还保留了拓扑结构、设计知识等信息[28]表1所示为参数化设计系统开发技术对比。
参数化设计的主要特点是全尺寸约束、全数据相关以及尺寸驱动,因此二次开发技术适用于定制化机械产品设计的CAD系统开发[29]。基于众多学者与企业开发的经验和工程化原则,归纳出二次开发的一般流程如图3所示,合理的技术路线将为开发工作带来极大便利。
基于CAD软件平台的二次开发目的是设计一个插件工具或软件系统来辅助工程设计人员进行设计,二次开发是基于参数化设计在已有的CAD软件平台进行开发,开发平台是二次开发技术的基础,开发工具是二次开发的主要手段[30]。以下主要从国内外开发平台与工具进行比较并分析国内外CAD软件差距的原因。
三维CAD平台在中国制造业的市场份额大多被国外中高端软件占有,其主要原因之一是中国没有先进的几何建模引擎,国外先进的几何建模内核开发时间早,经过更新迭代,性能内不断提升,现已具备高效且精确的计算能力和极为稳定的性能表现[31-32],如CGM、Parasolid、ACIS[33-34]。而中国尚未掌握几何建模内核的核心技术。国产三维CAD软件大多数是基于国外的几何内核研发的,如中望Overdrive、山大华天CRUX IV等。具有中国自主版权的几何内核较少,且无法应用于其他CAD软件,如华天软件DGM,其性能及稳定性与国外先进的核心组件存在较大差距,并且国产三维CAD软件应用程序接口(application program interface, API)不丰富并且还存在兼容度低等问题,如表2所示,国产CAD软件与国外CAD软件间还存在性能上的差距,开源CAD软件开发较少且功能单一[35],配套软件匮乏,所以基于CAD软件进行二次开发的开发平台大多选用国外三维CAD软件,其中占比较大的有SOLIDWORKS、UG、CATIA、Pro/E等。
相较而言,国外三维CAD软件具有配套软件可为客户提供设计、仿真、制造全流程解决方案,而国产三维CAD软件缺乏核心技术,研发起步晚,软件研发缺乏持续创新升级的内在驱动力,配套软件尚未发展成熟,缺乏复杂领域竞争力,性能差距与市场占有率是影响二次开发选择CAD平台的关键因素[36]。因此,中国研究二次开发的平台基本是国外三维CAD软件,缺乏一定的自主知识产权,需依托现有先进技术发展国产化的高端工业软件。
二次开发工具作为进行定制化机械产品CAD系统开发的核心工具,国外三维CAD软件已实现个性化发展,以达索CATIA与西门子NX(UG)为代表的高端三维CAD软件和达索SOLIDWORKS为代表的中端三维CAD软件提供了丰富的二次开发工具,以SINOVATION和CAXA为代表的国产三维CAD软件提供了较为丰富的二次开发工具,其技术特点对比如表3所示。
通过上述分析,二次开发技术作为定制化机械产品CAD系统开发的主要方法之一,分析其应用现状有助于了解最新应用前沿,总结现在存在的问题,寻找突破方向。二次开发技术应用于定制化机械产品设计中的研究历程如图4所示,从技术发展、具体需求与开发平台角度,将二次开发技术发展历程分为快速、准确以及智能三个层次,主要从其表现形式进行分析,其次将二次开发计算在产品全生命周期参与范围进行分析了简要分析,以期探明二次开发技术在定制化机械产品设计中的应用现状和存在的不足。
二次开发技术在定制化机械产品设计应用中具体需求决定着表现形式以及开发过程的技术路线。本部分主要从单一支撑平台、接口集成平台、多平台集成角度映射的计算机辅助设计系统的表现形式方面来分析二次开发技术在定制化机械产品设计中的研究与应用。
20世纪80年代,国外CAD软件被引入中国,工程设计人员为解决使用中所发现的不足,早期CAD软件二次开发技术的研究主要解决设计标准与软件环境与国内不同的问题[37],在此基础上开始了中国基于CAD软件的二次开发技术的发展。
机械零件模型库是使用二次开发工具在开发平台中插入的数据库,结合数据库技术来实现设计人员直接进行调用零件模型,减少重复性建模过程。某些研发部门在设计过程中会频繁使用标准件与非标准件,标准件机械零件库的大部分开发工作现已被开发平台所完成,在二维制图、三维建模软件中都有较好的应用,如AutoCAD块库、SOLIDWORKS的设计库功能等。实际设计中企业具体要求不同,标准零件库的针对性差以及种类不齐全,杜宝江等[38]研究了以 CATIA作为开发平台,利用SQL Server存储和管理标准件信息,根据企业在定制化设计中对机械零件的不同要求,从数据库中搜索到的零件调用到CATIA中进行编辑和装配,根据企业零件使用频率对CATIA标准零件库实现补充。Reddy等[39-40]基于知识工程(knowledge-based engineering, KBE)利用SOLIDWORKS软件的二次开发技术,使用SOLIDWORKS API开发工具进行定制化开发,在支撑软件中插入设计工具,开发出了符合行业标准的直齿圆柱齿轮、轴承智能设计系统,实现定制化非标准件的快速设计与建模。
国产CAD平台在吸取国外先进CAD平台开发历程的基础上,提供了基本的标准件库的功能,但其功能相对不完善。针对此问题,吴昊等[41]基于CAXA进行二次开发,通过算法来实现图纸标准件数据的识别、提取、整理,以及物料代码的搜索与导入等功能,经实践可有效提高设计效率。
企业在满足客户定制化需求时需要在基础产品上依据要求的参数完成再次设计,将具体设计整合在插件工具中,可以为企业带来高效的设计效率。一些非标准机械零件具有相同的尺寸拓扑关系、工作原理和设计流程,一些学者依据此特征基于CAD软件进行二次开发完成了CAD软件的定制化开发。洪常意[42]通过VB(visual basic)语言对CATIA进行二次开发,提取钻锪复合刀具的关键几何参数,采用参数化建模方法设计刀具结构,制作了刀具设计软件界面,实现钻锪复合刀具的定制化设计。Yang等[43]基于VS环境在CATIA软件中,研究了曲轴的参数化设计方法,在CATIA中添加曲轴快速设计建模系统,该方法能够快速生成曲柄形状,从而减少了重复操作。杨富伟等[44]基于VS环境C+对UG进行二次开发,利用系统内嵌语言,UG/Open Grip为工具编写代码,在编译链接后实现旋转矢量(rotary vector,RV)减速器针齿壳的参数化设计。以上学者根据定制化产品设计需求,通过支撑平台内部宏录制等功能实现二次开发的方式,实现了单一支撑软件下设计型专家系统。
随着定制化机械产品设计的多样复杂的发展趋势,对于定制化机械零件的使用率、种类需求越来越高,根据二次开发技术实现单一支撑平台的定制化机械产品设计模块的开发可以满足基本设计需求,在开发平台内嵌设计功能模块的方式,针对性较强,与支撑软件程序的融合性好、学习难度小,主要是对支撑软件程序的功能的扩展、再建模板库和界面定制等,但其功能受到限制,灵活性不足。
接口集成平台是通过CAD软件丰富的API与其他平台间进行数据传递,以解决定制化机械产品的尺寸拓扑关系的复杂性以及设计过程中分析计算、优化设计、仿真分析等的集成,提高产品设计效率,保证产品的性能与可靠性。目前,一些企业的产品结构复杂,导致其在分析计算过程中关联性复杂,所以通过API将其他设计计算程序与CAD平台联接,以提高设计计算的准确度。李俊文等[45]利用MATLAB设计了独立计算板块,将定制化机械产品的设计模块独立于开发平台外,将输出的计算结果数据导入UG中,并通过API作为二次开发工具,实现UG的参数化建模,开发出轴的快速设计系统。
随着智能设计的发展,对于定制化机械产品的优化方法不断改进,依据产品性能进行仿真分析和模拟装配、制造可以检验设计的效果及结构合理性[46],并进行优化,但定制化机械产品往往在建模或前处理工作重复性、相似性强,可以通过二次开发技术简化设计流程。刘文华等[47]基于VS环境,利用C++语言对SOLIDWORKS进行二次开发,建立膜片弹簧自动建模模块,并利用SOLIDWORKS与Ansys之间良好的API,将设计得到的三维实体模型进行有限元分析,大大提高了设计效率。企业级设计系统数据较多,更新频繁,Nasr等[48]以CATIA 为平台进行二次开发,基于规则的定位系统设计了一种面向棱柱形构件的定制化夹具自动建模系统,系统由夹具规划、夹具布局和夹具装配模块组成。通过API集成平台实现了软件的物理集成与信息集成,集成的软件系统将不同软件有机结合,统一执行控制程序,保证信息畅通传递,提高了技术人员的工作效率和企业的生产效益。
通过API实现了将不同平台软件的物理集成与信息集成,集成的软件系统将不同软件有机结合,统一执行控制程序,保证信息畅通传递,充分发挥不同软件的优势,以提高设计结果的准确性为目的进行二次开发,提高了技术人员的工作效率和企业的生产效益。
多平台封装集成是在接口集成平台的基础上,依据定制化的系列机械产品设计中关联性等特点,以提高设计效率与质量为首要目标,整合更多设计中的流程包括CAD、计算机辅助制造(computer aided manufacturing, CAM)、计算机辅助工程(computer aided engineering, CAE)、和计算机辅助工艺规划(computer aided process planning, CAPP)等,更好地实现设计系统集成化、自动化、智能化。陈如云等[49]提出一种基于 NX进行二次开发的参数化设计方法,开发的异型滚子弧面凸轮减速机构系统可以满足用户的个性化设计需求,有助于实现异型滚子弧面凸轮减速机构设计流程的规范化、标准化。李鸿飞等[50]利用SOLIDWORKS API,在程序主体内添加插件,并利用Adams和Ansys进行刚柔耦合仿真分析,基于VS环境,使用C++语言将参数化建模模型程序和有限元分析程序结合并封装插件,实现CAD/CAE的集成,构建整机凸轮连杆CAD系统。目前,使用二次开发技术对定制化机械产品设计系统进行开发,因定制化机械产品设计趋于复杂化,单一功能无法满足定制化的需求,多平台封装集成成为研究热点。随着机械化产品定制化设计需求的提高,个性化定制产品设计平台是现阶段研究重点之一,基于CAD三维软件开发定制化智能设计应用程序示例如图5所示。
杨研[52]将企业具体需求转化为开发需求,基于SOLIDWORKS、Ansys为开发平台进行二次开发,完成了设计模块和分析模块的建立,实现参数化模型的建立和有限元分析自动化的完整过程,借助C#语言将有限元分析模块嵌入液压缸计算机辅助设计系统中,实现系统封装,开发出产品设计与工程分析一体化的液压缸计算机辅助设计系统,为定制化机械产品二次开发技术上的集成化提供了有效范例。吴强等[53]对参数化CAD和CAE技术以及软件集成技术进行研究,得出一种基于CAD/CAE集成的机械零件性能参数优化的通用设计方法。该方法基于Ansys、SOLIDWORKS,在VS环境下进行二次开发,使用C++语言将机械零件的参数化建模程序和有限元分析程序结合并封装插件,开发了一款基于CAD/CAE集成的定制化机械零件从动片内环机数字化设计系统,该设计系统快速得到了三维模型和求解结果,实现了定制化机械零件设计的CAD/CAE有效集成,进一步探索了不同功能集成封装技术。吴强等[54]还提出了一种基于Txt和Excel中央数据库的CAD/CAE集成方法,以解决目前CAD/CAE集成方法自动化程度低、数据单向传输和设计效率低的问题,以国产建模软件CAXA及Ansys为开发平台,通过离合器驱动器内环疲劳分析系统开发来验证该方法的可行性,为其他定制化机械产品的设计优化系统的开发提供了指导。
多平台集成的外部开发机制具有较高的集成度与自动化程度,在个性化定制产品的设计周期中具有较高的参与度,可以有效地提高个性化定制产品的设计效率,外部机制方式的多平台集成开发智能定制化设计应用程序相当于一次软件创新,要求开发人员对软件接口技术和封装有较高专业素质,所以更多的CAD系统开发是基于现有CAD软件进行二次开发。
随着机械设计制造行业数字化转型,二次开发技术在定制化机械产品全生命周期中在多领域均有应用。本部分按从二次开发在定制化产品全生命周期中的参与范围视角出发,将参与范围分为设计分析人员参与、工程技术人员参与、产品全生命周期参与三个角度来分析定制化机械产品中的二次开发技术应用。
二次开发技术应用于定制化机械产品设计的初始目的是为减轻设计人员重复性工作。早期只有设计分析人员参与其中,以实现定制化产品的快速设计。现阶段,二次开发技术研究的主要方向还是设计人员参与,在定制化产品设计中应用二次开发技术是设计人员提高设计效率的主要方法之一。众多学者针对设计分析阶段的二次开发做了大量研究,此研究主要针对设计人员在减轻工作量的同时,提高定制化产品设计的准确度。Liu等[55]基于3D零件库是重用现有设计方法,基于SOLIDWORKS平台进行二次开发,实现设计分析人员在模具设计所需的类型及参数选择、3D模板驱动、零件装配等功能,为设计人员提供一种定制化模具设计系统。陈俊等[56]基于SOLIDWORKS二次开发技术采用Python对各功能模块以及MATLAB优化算法实现开发调用,为设计人员提供一种定制化的定制化连杆转向系统参数化设计及自动化装配的数字化设计平台,使设计人员在优化设计、建立模型、自动装配以及调整参数阶段通过人机交互方式完成设计工作。陈财[57]根据无轨胶轮车工作制动器结构和工作原理相同,仅尺寸不同,符合定制化机械产品的特点,以Visual C++为开发环境、C++为开发语言在CAXA软件中设计出一套工作制动器参数化绘图软件,在Access数据库管理软件中对工作制动器标准件的数据建立数据库,其实现了在界面上输入几个重要的参数,便可自动设计并出图。大大提高了工作制动器的设计效率。设计分析人员参与的二次开发应用最为广泛,参与度较高,研究已较为成熟。
工程技术人员作为实现“智能制造”的关键参与者之一,在设计分析人员完成设计工作后,设计结果向制造阶段的准确传递数据是关键,Saric等[58]学者在VS开发环境下使用C#语言对CATIA进行二次开发,实现了机械动力传递机构参数化建模,并建立了CATIA与kmps计算模块的连接,构建机械动力传动机构集成智能计算机辅助设计系统,实现了设计过程的自动化,输出生成了机械动力传递机构的最终三维模型,还将所研制的IICADkmps系统与快速成型装置和数控机床连接起来,进一步测试和验证实际用途,该研究为工程技术人员减少了工作量,设计数据自动传递到数控机床中,有效降低了工程技术人员人为的错误率。贺尚红等[59]以某公司压路机十字轴焊接件设计为例,研究了模型信息集成检入切换、参数驱动和元件指定操作的二次开发技术,基于Creo软件平台进行二次开发,结合MFC可视化技术搭建人机交互界面,完成集成参数化设计系统开发,并研究了一种参数检索的方法,以实现系统的参数自动更新,为工程技术人员参数检索以及反馈更新提供了便利。以上研究为二次开发技术应用于定制化产品制造阶段提供了范例,多集中在数据传递与信息检索方面,但二次开发技术在降低工程技术人员工作量、提高工作效率方面的应用较少。
定制化产品的全生命周期主要包括产品开发、制造、维护等阶段,其中参与人员包括了设计人员、制造人员、工程技术人员以及用户等,将二次开发技术应用于定制化产品的全生命周期中具有良好的前景。其在实际使用中需要结合其他先进的设计制造技术才能实现其功能,在设计人员以及用户参与方面最先应用,主要是为了便于用户依据使用情况进行选型以及在个性化定制设计中更好的准确提取用户需求。Reddy等[60]提出一种知识工程的设计系统,该系统基于SOLIDWORKS软件进行二次开发,该系统包括专家模块和用户模块两大模块,在专家模块中,专家可以添加增加、修改数据或算法,在用户模块中,用户可以将用户需求作为输入数据提供给系统,系统可以在知识库中搜索已有的记录,并根据获取的知识进行匹配操作,生成合适的三维模型,并在此方法指导下开发出一款工业电池堆组件的CAD设计系统,经实验此方法可以提高设计效率及质量。冀佳奇[61]使用二次开发工具ICAPI在VS中编写C++程序代码,然后将生成的应用程序集成到CAXA 3D实体设计软件中,基于三维装配体模型实现了一些功能,包括零部件基本信息获取、零件在装配体坐标系下的包围盒计算、零部件之间的拆卸约束信息提取、装配体根据算法规划好的零件拆卸序列进行动态拆卸仿真,根据CAXA二次开发提取的拆卸约束信息,寻找最优拆卸序列提供模型,为二次开发技术产品全生命周期的后期维修环节提供了范例。产品全生命周期中应用二次开发技术的使用场景现主要为设计制造以及用户选型方面,使用场景存在环节孤立,无法成为一个连贯的产品全生命周期管理系统。
二次开发技术在定制化产品全生命周期的参与范围视角分析中,更多的关注点在产品设计,在产品应用阶段缺乏相应研究,结合现有先进技术实现产品全生命周期管理的智能化是二次开发技术进一步发展的新方向之一[62]。将工程分析和加工验证结果直接反馈到设计中,进一步通过集成产品数据管理、企业资源计划等软件系统实现产品全生命周期信息集成,保障产品数据安全和可追溯性,并吸引企业价值链中的专业设计人员、分析工程师、制造人员、销售人员、维修人员等能全面参与到产品开发过程中。
通过上述二次开发技术的应用现状分析,在定制化机械产品设计中具有广泛的应用,开发人员依据具体来开发需求选择不同难度的开放平台以及工具,但开发工作具有一定难度,需要开发人员具有一定专业素质,在开发成果方面还存在智能化、集成度较低等问题,在开发平台选择上更多倾向于国外成熟的CAD平台,对中国CAD平台的开发工作与研究较少,这就导致了国产CAD平台更难以占领市场。
随着人工智能、大数据、云计算、数字孪生等新一代信息技术的快速发展,结合先进技术从二次开发技术的过程、环境、需求、平台、结果方面进行展望,以期实现多重目标,使得二次开发技术更好的应用与发展,如图6所示为二次开发技术发展趋势的主要方向。应用先进技术对制造过程中产生的大量数据进行分析和处理,从中提取有价值的信息,实现新一代信息技术与制造业深度融合,并结合二次开发技术,帮助设计人员更好地决策和设计,提高工程技术人员操作效率,有助于降低二次开发成本与开发难度,同时可以提高定制化机械产品CAD系统集成化、智能化、专业化、高效性与可靠性[63-64]
未来基于三维CAD软件的二次开发将集成多种人工智能技术来拓展定制化设计系统功能以及性能。二次开发技术与人工智能技术结合的智能设计主要从提高设计系统的可靠性以及自主决策性等来提高设计人员工作效率[65-66]
在提升定制化设计系统可靠性方面,通过知识工程技术应用于二次开发使得设计系统更具专家化、设计结果性能更加可靠。信息和知识不再需要由设计人员收集和处理,可以通过特定的算法进行处理,可以将整个设计过程中的错误率降低[67]。通过数据库技术和智能算法将定制化的设计系统相关设计数据进行存储并根据设计人员的设计需要实现将快速检索与智能推送。通过源代码缺陷智能检测技术以及测试用例智能调度技术应用于二次开发的开发过程中[68],开发人员可以及时发现设计系统的代码缺陷和设计系统功能缺陷等问题。
在提高设计系统自主决策性方面,目前基于三维CAD软件的设计系统多为设计型专家系统,依赖于设计人员通过人机交互方式实现产品设计,智能化程度有待提高。智能算法可以为检测、分析、预测和优化提供最佳解决方案,从而为智能设计的发展提供动力[69]。通过深度学习、大数据等技术应用于二次开发中将设计系统智能化显著提升,使其具备动态识别用户操作并自主决策与设计结果智能分析优化[70-72]。通过人工智能技术自学习、自进化的特点,以大量二次开发系统的实例,训练其实现二次开发过程的智能化,可以根据需求实现自动生成相关设计代码、功能组件、操作界面等,提高开发人员工作效率,使二次开发的专家型推理思维具有创新性。
目前,国外三维CAD软件与人工智能技术结合已实现高效设计。例如,NX(UG)利用机器学习和人工智能技术监视用户操作情况,提供正确的命令和界面,并利用自学习所得的用户界面操作知识来智能配置个性化操作环境;Creo添加了人工智能组件,向用户智能推送有效建议和解决方案。将上述应用实例借鉴于二次开发中,可以更好地设计出定制化智能设计系统。
协同设计是一种创新化的先进服务模式,依靠网络化技术的优势,将分散的制造资源整合分配,给设计人员提供一个灵活、可扩展的协同式“云”平台[73-75]。网络化协同设计的重点则是并行、协同对产品进行设计[76]。二次开发技术与协同设计技术相结合可以将制造资源高度服务化、集中化,同时发挥出两者在设计过程中的优势,即保证了设计过程的可靠性和高效性,网络化协同设计提供异地分工协作、数据共享的优势[77]
协同设计主要体现在以下两方面:一方面是实现设计人员的协同设计,将定制化的设计系统部署于云端,设计人员在“云”平台进行定制化产品的协同设计,在云端实时计算、实时更新、实时存储,使整个设计团队都能同步获得最新数据,提高设计人员沟通效率与设计效率[78]。设计人员共同协作设计,改变了以往产品的设计模式,提高了产品的竞争力。同时,将设计系统“云端”化不仅可以节约设计成本,也保证了安全性;另一方面是实现开发人员的协同设计,CAD软件的二次开发过程进行协同操作,开发者可以在云端环境中运行和测试应用程序,将开发数据共享,及早发现开发过程中的功能缺陷及错误,加快二次开发的效率。赵飞宇[79]总结了云架构CAD平台的关键技术和应用现状,并分析了其所面临的挑战与趋势,其中典型的云架构CAD软件如图7所示,Onshape实现了CAD功能与数据管理、协作工具和实时分析结合在一起部署在云端,实现异地多端实时协作设计[80]。中国“云”CAD平台已有具体商用,如上海新迪数字技术有限公司自主研发的新迪云天工CAD[81],面向产品研发设计过程,满足三维设计、数据管理、协同共享等“端到端”应用需求,实现数据云端存储并进行实时在线的协同交流和评审。
目前,制造业中协同设计以及云端化应用广泛。例如,李伯虎等[82]提出了“智能+”时代的新智能制造系统——云制造系统3.0。基于云制造系统3.0体系,在边缘制造、基于大数据的人工智能服务、虚实结合的协同制造等相关领域的研究基础上设计了航天云网,并初步开发了一些云制造系统3.0雏形的典型应用,验证了云制造系统3.0理念的可行性。而协同设计、云端化与二次开发技术结合应用较少,具有代表性的是刘力维等[83]基于模糊规则推理的专家系统,实现对飞机结构件的选型,利用CATIA CAA二次开发工具实现基于尺寸和特征的参数化的飞机结构件建模,基于实例推理对最佳相似零件进行检索,通过变型设计得到目标实例,并对目标实例进行实例评价与学习,以此完成飞机结构件的人机协同智能设计,为两种技术的结合提供了可行的方案。
随着数字孪生技术的兴起,数字孪生模型已被逐渐认为是一种可以在虚拟空间实现与产品物理实体数字化映射的仿真模型[84],它是实物对象的虚拟表示,是一个随着物理对象状态、工作条件、产品几何结构和资源状态等的变化而不断更新和变化的活体模型[85]。数字孪生将传统意义上彼此独立的产品设计、分析、制造、使用、维护等产品生命周期中的不同阶段变成一个整体,实现了物理空间与虚拟空间中产品全生命周期数据的双向无缝传输。通过实际使用中的数据感知、分析、预测、反馈对产品进行实时改进,避免了传统不可逆设计方法实施过程中发现设计缺陷所带来的损失,大大提高了产品迭代优化的效率[86-88]
将数字孪生技术与二次开发技术深度融合,提高定制化产品全生命周期各个环节模型的高保真性成为关键,基于数字孪生的复杂产品环形设计框架[89]成为研究的重点之一。数字孪生模型的优势在于实时性强,在模型建立的基础上,融合实时数据进行驱动,实时更新实体状态。在产品制造阶段与数字孪生技术结合可以将其应用于预生产阶段,使自动化制造系统的快速重新配置[90],并将制造资源整合,优化制造流程以提高制造效率[91-92],加快个性化产品的设计与生产。但在产品设计阶段应用数字孪生技术研究较少,使用二次开发技术参数化建模时结合数字孪生技术是未来研究方向之一,可以根据改变的数据进行参数化建模,实现实体模型能够随设计数据实时更新,可有效提高仿真准确度。例如,基于三维CAD软件进行二次开发,增加数据接口,整合物理信息、行为信息、规则信息,建立基产品数字化全生命周期运维平台。
王亚彬等[93]提出了一种基于有限状态的工装数字孪生几何模型建模方法,通过实时数字孪生技术与二次开发技术结合,实现了动态参数化建模,所建孪生模型能基本映射物理实物,验证了两种技术结合的有效性。Lu等[94]通过CATIA的定制化开发,整合关键信息,集成了多维等速关节数字孪生模型,形成了从设计、制造到运行的闭环数字孪生系统,提高产品的质量和生产效率,将两种技术结合应用于实例。
随着设计行业对计算机辅助设计工具需求的不断增加,CAD平台的自主可控化显得愈发重要。国家“十四五”智能制造发展规划指出:联合开发面向产品全生命周期和制造全过程的核心软件,研发嵌入式工业软件及集成开发环境,研制面向细分行业的集成化工业软件平台[95]。通过对二次开发应用现状的分析,三维CAD软件作为进行二次开发重要的基础平台,目前中国外研究人员在开发平台的选择上,大多选择国外成熟、可靠的三维CAD软件。
中国早期的CAD系统开发与应用的进程与国际同步,基础研究起步较早,经过系统研究在20世纪90年代也推出了不少商用CAD,如白玉兰CAD、高华CAD等,经过国产CAD发展的黄金时期,由于性能与市场战略等因素,后来大多销声匿迹[96]。现阶段三维CAD关键技术的中几何建模引擎的研究是通过先引进国外成熟技术开始的。Overdrive内核由中望软件[97]从美国VX公司收购,虽经过多年的优化升级,但与CGM、ACIS、Parasolid等相比仍有进步空间。华天软件在日本UEL公司CADmeister内核的基础上开发了CRUX I内核,并基于该内核开发了三维CAD软件SINOVITION[98]。目前,中国尚无独立于软件平台、可商业化推广、性能稳定且高效的几何建模内核 [36]。经过众多软件厂商与学者的多年努力,三维CAD关键技术已有突破,具有代表性的厂商有华天软件与中望软件,其中华天软件[99]完全自主可控支持跨平台的三维几何建模引擎DGM和约束几何求解器DCS,已在其旗下商用产品CrownCAD中应用,具有完全自主性,并且CrownCAD还支持协同设计,华天软件还推出了SView工业产品体验营销、创新设计和智能制造的3D协同创新平台,三维可视化方案覆盖了营销、研发、制造、服务整个过程,针对不同的业务场景提供3D可视化方案,同时能够适配各种终端设备,华天软件为开发平台的自主可控化提供了多样的软件生态。新迪数字研发的“新迪3D轻量化引擎V7.0”适配国产麒麟操作系统,满足通用兼容性要求及性能、可靠性要求、用户的关键性应用需求[100]。但基于国产三维CAD软件进行二次开发研究较少,景然等[101]基于国产SINOVATION软件分别从定制化机械产品设计软件开发以及铸造工艺CAD开发两方面,对SINOVATION进行二次开发,如图8所示为基于SINOVATION二次开发的设计软件体系示例[102]。中国在二次开发中缺乏一定的自主性,容易受到相关制约以及安全性问题。三维CAD软件功能繁杂,性能指标众多,应用领域广泛,且不同行业应用需求有所差别。
中国作为制造业大国,长期以来在国产工业软件方面与国外先进的工业软件存在一定差距,要实现在二次开发中使用国产化开发平台必须找出存在差距的原因。三维CAD软件开发难度大,投资风险,中国研发起步晚,未完全掌握底层核心技术,如尚未拥有独立于CAD软件的商用几何约束求解器、建模引擎不够先进、与产业联系不紧密、缺乏三维CAD技术规范与标准、缺乏用户反馈等原因[103-104],使得研发缺乏持续创新升级的内在驱动力。这些均为导致国产三维CAD软件的性能与国外先进软件存在差距的原因。
在二次开发技术方面,国产三维CAD软件应统一接口规范重构或改造三维 CAD 软件接口,以保证基于接口的数据传输精度,改善不同国产CAD软件间基于特征的数据交换技术,避免数据交换中模型数据的丢失[105]。统一接口并改善数据交换技术可以更好支持二次开发,用户只需编写一套代码即可在不同的三维CAD软件中运行。因此,统一接口可为国产三维 CAD 软件与 CAE、CAPP、CAM等工业软件的集成奠定良好的基础,也可为构建国产三维CAD生态环境基础平台,将核心技术掌握在自己手里,不受制于人。
现有基于三维CAD运用二次开发技术进行定制化机械产品设计系统的开发还因用户需求不够明确、技术限制等问题,在专业定制化、高度个性化方面存在一定的不足,针对特定行业的个性化定制需求成为二次开发技术发展的新趋势之一。
在开发平台自主可控化的条件下,使用国产化平台进行高度个性化的设计系统开发,使得国产三维CAD软件更具有竞争力。目前,国外先进三维CAD软件对通用系统进行深度专业化定制以满足特定行业的需求,如Creo、NX、Onshape 等提供增材制造模块以使用户能直接通过其软件连接3D打印机,实现同一环境下的模型设计与增材制造;CATIA为波音公司定制的零件模型库以满足其部分零件的特殊装配需求。中国在进行企业专业CAD软件方面有了一定的发展,如中望软件与沪东中华合作开发的船舶专用软件——HDSPD。
为使二次开发技术更好实现需求的高度个性化,将其与基于知识库的知识推理与知识重用进行结合,即通过梳理已有行业知识,对专业领域数据进行挖掘,提取产品设计知识,构建层次化模块化设计知识库[106],并应用于二次开发中,从而实现特定领域产品设计知识的高效重用,进而准确地挑选出符合客户需求的最佳候选组件,帮助用户大幅提高产品设计效率与设计质量[107],实现开发需求的高度定制化。但是基于数据挖掘与知识重用构建的知识库还存在数据质量影响决策准确性、知识库的时效性低与维护遗漏、大规模知识库中技术资源限制、知识表示的准确与语义理解深度还存在一定的挑战[108-109]
(1)合理地利用基于三维CAD软件的二次开发技术可以有效地加快企业设计效率,降低设计成本,提高产品的竞争力。
(2)现有二次开发技术在定制化产品设计中的集成化、智能化方面有待提高,二次开发过程较为复杂且周期长,针对复杂定制化机械产品设计还存在一定困难。
(3)未来应将二次开发技术与人工智能技术、协同设计技术、数字孪生技术等新一代信息技术深度融合,提高定制化设计系统的智能化、集成化、云端化以及高度保真性和安全性,提高产品性能与设计效率。
(4)《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》指出:打造自主可控的标识解析体系、标准体系、安全管理体系,加强工业软件研发应用,培育形成具有国际影响力的工业互联网平台,推进“工业互联网+智能制造”产业生态建设。加强国产开发平台的研发,攻克核心技术,提高软件的性能以提高市场占有率,使得国产三维CAD软件经过用户与厂商的迭代后达到先进水平,实现国产三维CAD的良性循环发展。构建良好的国产三维CAD软件生态环境平台,使二次开发技术具有自主性,实现二次开发技术的高质量发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52275508)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2023-YBGY-097)
  • 陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2022PT-02)
  • 西安市科技计划(23GXFW0031)
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2025年第25卷第7期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401909
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-30
  • 出版时间:2025-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
  • 修回日期:2024-10-28
基金
国家自然科学基金(52275508)
陕西省重点研发计划(2023-YBGY-097)
陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2022PT-02)
西安市科技计划(23GXFW0031)
作者信息
    1 西安工业大学机电工程学院, 西安 710021
    2 陕西省机械研究院, 西安 712000
    3 西安工业大学计算机科学与工程学院, 西安 710021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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