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Article(id=1233082714287559152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308600, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698940800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-03, revisedDate=1732464000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1771919428655, onlineDateStr=2026-02-24, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1771919428655, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1771919428655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1771919428655, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156264148657886112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='6', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2636', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1753604455388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753771257443, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156963767234945804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156264148657886112, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2349, endPage=2355, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1233082714765709819, articleId=1233082714287559152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Erosion Behavior and Inner Surface Strengthening of Gooseneck Tube, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the erosion behaviour of the gooseneck pipe in the drilling fluid environment and the evaluation of the surface strengthening effect, the influence of the drilling fluid density on the erosion behaviour of the gooseneck pipe and the evaluation method of the surface strengthening of the inner lumen were investigated by the finite element simulation and analysis method. The results show that: the erosion rate of gooseneck pipe is the largest in the inner diameter of the bend, and the maximum erosion rate becomes larger with the density of drilling fluid becoming higher, but the maximum erosion rate still occurs in the inner diameter of the bend. The maximum deformation displacement can be effectively reduced by 34.23% after surface strengthening of the inner lumen of the gooseneck pipe. It can be seen that the effect of drilling fluid density on the erosion behaviour of the gooseneck pipe cannot be ignored, and surface strengthening can effectively reduce the maximum deformation displacement.

, correspAuthors=Yun-hai LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-tong LIU, Liang-liang DONG, Peng ZHAO, Yun-hai LIU, Yi-yao LUO, Tian-zhou LI, Ya-hui LI, Wei ZHANG, Jia-qing DAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1233082716346962473, articleId=1233082714287559152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=鹅颈管的冲蚀行为和内腔表面强化, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究鹅颈管在钻井液环境下的冲蚀行为以及表面强化效果的评价方式,通过有限元仿真分析方法研究了钻井液密度对鹅颈管冲蚀行为的影响以及内腔表面强化评价方法。结果表明:鹅颈管的弯管内径冲蚀速率最大,随着钻井液密度变高最大冲蚀速率也变大,但最大冲蚀速率仍发生在弯管内径。鹅颈管内腔经过表面强化之后可以有效降低最大变形位移,最大可降低34.23%。可见钻井液密度对鹅颈管的冲蚀行为影响不可忽视,表面强化能够有效降低最大变形位移。

, correspAuthors=刘云海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘云海(1987—),男,汉族,四川乐山人,博士,讲师。研究方向:油气装备摩擦学。E-mail:。
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刘志桐(1985—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,高级工程师。研究方向:钻井设备高低压钻井液循环系统设计和研发。E-mail:。

, authorsList=刘志桐, 董亮亮, 赵鹏, 刘云海, 罗义尧, 李天洲, 李亚辉, 张伟, 戴嘉庆)}, authors=[Author(id=1233422548789154227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=200531156liu@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1233422550328463821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, authorId=1233422548789154227, language=EN, stringName=Zhi-tong LIU, firstName=Zhi-tong, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 National Engineering Research Center for Oil & Gas Drilling Equipment, Baoji 721002, China
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刘志桐(1985—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,高级工程师。研究方向:钻井设备高低压钻井液循环系统设计和研发。E-mail:。

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刘志桐(1985—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,高级工程师。研究方向:钻井设备高低压钻井液循环系统设计和研发。E-mail:。

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China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233422548663325097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, companyId=1233422548625576357, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 西南石油大学机电工程学院, 成都 610500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233422557093876723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Physical drawing of the gooseneck pipe with the erosion model, figureFileSmall=0jEbi3UDV7bVfQn7JBudew==, figureFileBig=0jPGg0W7ysKVAD59GL9a7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557223900155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, language=CN, label=图1, caption=鹅颈管的实物图与冲蚀模型, figureFileSmall=0jEbi3UDV7bVfQn7JBudew==, figureFileBig=0jPGg0W7ysKVAD59GL9a7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422557362311178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileBig=+dTh48CwcKolthyK3s3sHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422559748870234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, language=CN, label=图5, caption=鹅颈管的网格划分和载荷施加, figureFileSmall=8gvxV4s5WGVUj2HcqgIKJQ==, figureFileBig=+dTh48CwcKolthyK3s3sHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422559883087977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Deformation displacement cloud of the inner lumen of the gooseneck tube, figureFileSmall=eOuFnHVUGZrGKrZUCXefyg==, figureFileBig=cSsgjdrr4xD7yfPFARrr9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422559996334188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, language=CN, label=图6, caption=鹅颈管内腔的变形位移云图, figureFileSmall=eOuFnHVUGZrGKrZUCXefyg==, figureFileBig=cSsgjdrr4xD7yfPFARrr9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422560185077881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Maximum deformation displacement of the gooseneck, figureFileSmall=Sg6KRB8+T9bbSZ6Ragmw4w==, figureFileBig=lYXGSkPdkCfLzaldFKdlNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422560361238661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, language=CN, label=图7, caption=鹅颈管的最大变形位移, figureFileSmall=Sg6KRB8+T9bbSZ6Ragmw4w==, figureFileBig=lYXGSkPdkCfLzaldFKdlNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233422560566759572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Material properties of goosenecks after surface strengthening treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 35CrMo
(组号1)		 35CrMo_1
(组号2)		 35CrMo_2
(组号3)		 35CrMo_3
(组号4)
密度/(kg·m-3) 7 870 7 870 7 870 7 870
杨氏模量/GPa 213 240 280 320
泊松比 0.286 0.301 0.314 0.324
体积模量/GPa 165.9 201.0 250.9 303.0
剪切模量/GPa 82.8 92.2 106.5 120.9
), ArticleFig(id=1233422560688394395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1233082714287559152, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

经过表面强化处理后的鹅颈管材料属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 35CrMo
(组号1)		 35CrMo_1
(组号2)		 35CrMo_2
(组号3)		 35CrMo_3
(组号4)
密度/(kg·m-3) 7 870 7 870 7 870 7 870
杨氏模量/GPa 213 240 280 320
泊松比 0.286 0.301 0.314 0.324
体积模量/GPa 165.9 201.0 250.9 303.0
剪切模量/GPa 82.8 92.2 106.5 120.9
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鹅颈管的冲蚀行为和内腔表面强化
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刘志桐 1, 2 , 董亮亮 3 , 赵鹏 1, 2 , 刘云海 3, * , 罗义尧 3 , 李天洲 3 , 李亚辉 1, 2 , 张伟 1, 2 , 戴嘉庆 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(6): 2349-2355
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(6): 2349-2355
鹅颈管的冲蚀行为和内腔表面强化
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刘志桐1, 2 , 董亮亮3, 赵鹏1, 2, 刘云海3, * , 罗义尧3, 李天洲3, 李亚辉1, 2, 张伟1, 2, 戴嘉庆1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 国家油气钻井装备工程技术研究中心, 宝鸡 721002
  • 2 宝鸡石油机械有限责任公司, 宝鸡 721002
  • 3 西南石油大学机电工程学院, 成都 610500

    • 刘志桐(1985—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,高级工程师。研究方向:钻井设备高低压钻井液循环系统设计和研发。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 刘云海(1987—),男,汉族,四川乐山人,博士,讲师。研究方向:油气装备摩擦学。E-mail:。
Erosion Behavior and Inner Surface Strengthening of Gooseneck Tube
Zhi-tong LIU1, 2 , Liang-liang DONG3, Peng ZHAO1, 2, Yun-hai LIU3, * , Yi-yao LUO3, Tian-zhou LI3, Ya-hui LI1, 2, Wei ZHANG1, 2, Jia-qing DAI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 National Engineering Research Center for Oil & Gas Drilling Equipment, Baoji 721002, China
  • 2 Baoji Oilfield Machinery Co., Ltd., Baoji 721002, China
  • 3 Mechanical & Electrical Engineering College, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308600
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摘要
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为研究鹅颈管在钻井液环境下的冲蚀行为以及表面强化效果的评价方式,通过有限元仿真分析方法研究了钻井液密度对鹅颈管冲蚀行为的影响以及内腔表面强化评价方法。结果表明:鹅颈管的弯管内径冲蚀速率最大,随着钻井液密度变高最大冲蚀速率也变大,但最大冲蚀速率仍发生在弯管内径。鹅颈管内腔经过表面强化之后可以有效降低最大变形位移,最大可降低34.23%。可见钻井液密度对鹅颈管的冲蚀行为影响不可忽视,表面强化能够有效降低最大变形位移。

鹅颈管  /  冲蚀行为  /  表面强化  /  有限元仿真

In order to study the erosion behaviour of the gooseneck pipe in the drilling fluid environment and the evaluation of the surface strengthening effect, the influence of the drilling fluid density on the erosion behaviour of the gooseneck pipe and the evaluation method of the surface strengthening of the inner lumen were investigated by the finite element simulation and analysis method. The results show that: the erosion rate of gooseneck pipe is the largest in the inner diameter of the bend, and the maximum erosion rate becomes larger with the density of drilling fluid becoming higher, but the maximum erosion rate still occurs in the inner diameter of the bend. The maximum deformation displacement can be effectively reduced by 34.23% after surface strengthening of the inner lumen of the gooseneck pipe. It can be seen that the effect of drilling fluid density on the erosion behaviour of the gooseneck pipe cannot be ignored, and surface strengthening can effectively reduce the maximum deformation displacement.

gooseneck tube  /  erosion behavior  /  surface strengthening  /  finite element simulation
刘志桐, 董亮亮, 赵鹏, 刘云海, 罗义尧, 李天洲, 李亚辉, 张伟, 戴嘉庆. 鹅颈管的冲蚀行为和内腔表面强化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2349 -2355 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308600
Zhi-tong LIU, Liang-liang DONG, Peng ZHAO, Yun-hai LIU, Yi-yao LUO, Tian-zhou LI, Ya-hui LI, Wei ZHANG, Jia-qing DAI. Erosion Behavior and Inner Surface Strengthening of Gooseneck Tube[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (6) : 2349 -2355 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308600
正文
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钻机循环系统是石油钻井过程中不可或缺的核心装备,对油气资源的开采提供巨大帮助。钻井液是钻机循环系统的血液,主要作用是平衡或克服井筒中的地层压力,降低井控风险。鹅颈管作为钻井循环系统的关键承压件之一,主要作用是输送钻井液,不可避免地受到钻井液的冲蚀和破坏。通过表面强化的方式将有希望提高鹅颈管的抗冲蚀性能进而提高使用寿命。因此,有必要了解钻井液对鹅颈管的冲蚀行为以及表面强化评价方式。
在最近的几十年中,学者们对钻井循环系统关键承压件的冲蚀行为和表面强化进行了研究。周方等[1]根据不同的流体速度、颗粒质量流量、直径和压裂液黏度进行数值模拟仿真,总结了三通管汇在各因素综合下的冲蚀磨损规律。黄华宝等[2]通过计算流体力学方法研究表明,空间夹角在30°~45°时,最大冲蚀集中在三通相贯线处。陶文杰等[3]研究表明,传统的直流道四通不论在何种工况下冲蚀集中区域都在四通交汇的相贯线上,随着角度增加,冲蚀集中区域由相贯线及附近壁面变为出口端圆柱面。袁显宝等[4]研究表明流动速度和粒子粒径的增加会使固体水合物对管壁的冲蚀更严重,使冲蚀区域的分布位置往弯管外侧管壁集中。然而,尽管这些研究提供了丰富的数据和理论支持,但针对鹅颈管这一特定部件的冲蚀行为研究仍然相对缺乏。
鹅颈管作为钻机循环系统必不可少的组成之一,可能会面临数十甚至上百兆帕的压力、高速运动固相粒子的冲刷、流体腐蚀等复杂工况,极易受到冲蚀破坏[5-6]。现场经验表明:平均每钻进30 m,鹅颈管即发生一次刺漏。反循环钻进平均机械钻速一般为5~10 m/h,较高的钻速使得钻进中频繁更换鹅颈管,严重降低了钻井时效。因此,有必要研究鹅颈管的冲蚀行为,为在役管汇强度以及寿命评价提供理论指导。此外,为了提高鹅颈管的使用寿命,有必要对鹅颈管内腔进行表面强化处理,这将有效预防失效[7-8]。因此研究鹅颈管的冲蚀行为和表面强化方式的研究具有重要的实际意义。通过深入研究鹅颈管的冲蚀行为,可以更加全面地理解其在复杂工况下的失效机理,为钻机循环系统的设计和优化提供新的思路。采用有限元分析的方法[9-11],对鹅颈管的冲蚀行为进行数值模拟。这种方法具有精度高、成本低、可重复性好等优点,能够准确模拟鹅颈管在实际工作中的冲蚀过程。研究结果将为役管汇的强度评估和寿命预测提供理论指导。通过了解鹅颈管的冲蚀行为规律,工程师可以更加精确地预测其使用寿命,从而制定合理的维护和更换计划,降低钻井成本,提高作业效率。
本文研究对鹅颈管内腔的表面强化技术进行评价。通过对比不同强化技术的效果,找到最适合鹅颈管的表面强化方案,提高其抗冲蚀性能,延长使用寿命。研究结果对于提高钻机循环系统的整体性能和可靠性提供参考。
1 鹅颈管的冲蚀行为
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1.1 冲蚀行为计算模型
鹅颈管是钻井液的通道,安装在冲管支架上,与箱体相对静止,鹅颈管下端与冲管总成相连,上端打开后可以进行钢丝绳作业。如图1(a)所示,展示了鹅颈管的实物图。
在本次冲蚀分析中,仿真计算模型采用k-ε湍流模型[12],进口采用速度入口,入口速度由流量和入口面积计算求得,出口采用出流边界。影响冲蚀的因素很多,冲蚀的机理比较复杂,主要与以下因素有关:粒子的物性与轨迹、局部流场的湍流、固体壁面条件、多相流的影响、材料的磨损造成局部空穴[13]。因此,几乎没有一个通用的冲蚀模型能够适用于所有工况的仿真,针对不同情况应该选择不同的模型。值得庆幸的是,冲蚀模型的形式仍有很多相似之处,冲蚀速率大小正比于粒子直径、粒子速度、碰撞角度、固体表面的硬度等,通用形式为
$-{E}_{\mathrm{r}}\propto f\left({D}_{\mathrm{P}}\right)f\left(\nu \right)f\left(\alpha \right)f\left({H}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$
式(1)中:Er为冲蚀速率;DP为粒子直径;v为粒子速度;α为碰撞角度;Hs为固体表面的硬度。
采用通用冲蚀模型(generic erosion model),其通用形式为
${E}_{\mathrm{R}}=\stackrel{{N}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{j}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}}{\sum _{p=1}}\frac{{m}_{p}C\left({d}_{p}\right)f\left(\alpha \right){\nu }_{p}^{n}}{{A}_{\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}}}$
式(2)中:ER为单位面积的冲蚀速率;mp为颗粒的质量流率;f(α)为碰撞角度函数;vp为粒子的碰撞速度;n为速度指数;C(dp)为颗粒直径函数;Ntrajct为冲蚀轨迹;Aface为单位面积数值。
在进行求解计算时,粒子的质量流率以及碰撞速度是通过CFD计算获得,碰撞角度函数的公式为
$f\left(\alpha \right)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}0.0,　\alpha =0°\\ 0.8,　\alpha =20°\\ 1.0,　\alpha =30°\\ 0.5,　\alpha =45°\\ 0.4,　\alpha =90°\end{array}\right.$
从粒子轨迹中可以获得粒子与壁面的碰撞速度以及碰撞角度。冲蚀速率一般与粒子的碰撞速度密切相关。一般认为,冲蚀速率与碰撞速度成正比,冲蚀速率是碰撞速度的n次幂,对于钢而言,n的取值在1.5~2.7。本文取n=2.6,粒径函数C(dp)=1.8×10-9。
本文研究选取的鹅颈管直径101.6 mm、弯管部分曲率半径为250 mm。鹅颈管流道模型如图1(b)所示,蓝色标记表示钻井液的入口,连接高压水带;红色标记代表钻井液的出口,连接在水龙头上。对鹅颈管内部,即冲蚀磨损研究的计算域进行绘制以及网格划分,采用精密八面体网格划分技术,以获得更高的网格质量和计算精度,网格质量良好。网格划分完成之后的模型如图1(c)所示,为了进一步观察鹅颈管内部的网格划分情况,将图1(c)剖开,得到了鹅颈管截面的剖视图,如图1(d)所示。
1.2 流场分析
本次分析所采用的工况条件如下:施工作业压力为70 MPa,流量Q为55 L/s,选取川庆钻探川内钻井典型钻井液,钻井液密度ρ为1 500 kg/m3,黏度(PV)为20 MPa·s,钻井液颗粒直径取较为常使用较为常见的200 μm(75目)。鹅颈管入口直径d为101.6 mm,因此钻井液在鹅颈管的流入速度ν为
$\nu =\frac{Q}{\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{4}{d}^{2}}=\frac{0.055}{\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{4}\times 0.101\mathrm{ }{6}^{2}}=6.79\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$
钻井液含砂量实际质量分数为0.3%,符合DPM模型对于离散相的要求,采用DPM模型模拟流场中稀薄分散相的流动特性[14]。进而由上述所得的钻井液含砂量实际质量分数来求得鹅颈管内固相的质量流率P为
$P=Q\omega \rho =0.25\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$
式(5)中:ω为角速度。
取入口速度6.79 m/s,质量流率P为0.25 kg/s情况进行流场分析,鹅颈管流场数值结果如图2所示。
如图2(a)所示,展示了鹅颈管内腔的压力云图。钻井液在流经鹅颈管时,出口处的压力较小,入口处的压力大于出口处的压力。此外,沿着鹅颈管弯曲处的内径压力较小,外径的压力较大,最大压力出现在弯管和直管交界处的附近。基于伯努利方程的基本原理[15],流体在流速大的位置压力较小,在流速小的位置压力较大。如图2(b)所示,钻井液的低速区域出现在弯管和直管交界处的附近,因此这里的压力较大[图2(a)]。出现低速区域的原因可能是在弯管和直管交界处的附近体积较大,即液流面积增大,导致速度减小。汇入出口时液流面积减小,因此速度回升。
如图2(c)所示,展示了钻井液颗粒的速度云图,在弯管的内径处,颗粒速度较大,产生的动能较大,这可能会对内腔产生冲击破坏。如图2(d)所示,展示了鹅颈管的整体冲蚀速率,也是在弯管的内径处冲蚀速率较大。结果表明,钻井液颗粒在鹅颈管内腔的弯管内径处速度较大,产生的动能更大,导致冲蚀速率较高。此外,最大冲蚀速率在弯管和直管的相贯线附近,这与实际工况相符合,证明了模型的准确性,受钻井液重力的影响,钻井液在由弯管汇入直管时,有竖直方向的分速度,液流沿竖直方向带动粒子对壁面高速冲击。
1.3 钻井液密度对冲蚀速率的影响
钻井过程中,钻井液密度的作用是通过钻井液柱对井底和井壁产生压力,以平衡地层中油、气压力和岩石侧压力、防止井喷、保护井壁,同时防止高压油气水侵入钻井液,以免破坏钻井液的性能引起井下复杂情况[16]。因此,有必要分析钻井液密度对鹅颈管冲蚀速率的影响。在本文研究中,选取质量流率P为0.25 kg/s,黏度0.02 kg/(m·s),钻井液颗粒粒径0.2 mm,密度分别为1 000、1 200、1 400、1 600、1 800、2 000 kg/m3的钻井液进行分析。
如图3所示,展示了不同钻井液密度下冲蚀速率的计算结果。对比图2(d)可知,随着钻井液密度的改变,最大冲蚀速率发生的位置不会发生改变,都是在弯管和直管的相关线附近。此外,弯管内径的冲蚀速率相比于弯管外径的冲蚀速率更大,这也是与图2(d)一致的。结果表明,钻井液密度的改变不会影响最大冲蚀速率出现的位置,弯管内径的冲蚀速率仍然高于弯管外径。
为了进一步研究钻井液密度对冲蚀速率的影响,计算了最大冲蚀速率的具体数值,如图4所示。
从计算结果可以看出,随着钻井液密度的升高,鹅颈管最大冲蚀速率逐渐增大。这是因为在相同体积下,密度越大的液体在流动时所产生的能量越大,固体颗粒所获得的能量也就越大,对鹅颈管壁面的破坏就越大。
2 鹅颈管内腔表面强化
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2.1 内腔表面强化计算模型
鹅颈管内腔在工作时还会承受较大的载荷,进而对内腔产生变形破坏。通过鹅颈管内腔的表面强化可以提高内腔的抗冲击能力,提高使用寿命。因此,有必要对鹅颈管内腔的表面强化进行研究。鹅颈管一般由35CrMo钢制作而成,鹅颈管的材料属性设置如表1所示。将35CrMo钢杨氏模量设置为213 GPa(组号1)作为对照,代表不加以强化的情况;其他组别(组号2、组号3、组号4)杨氏模量从240 GPa按320 GPa为梯度进行设置作为实验组,代表对表面施以表面强化措施后的情况。
如图5所示,展示了钻井泵鹅颈管内腔表面强化的计算模型。图5(a)展示了网格划分的结果,网格划分是采取以四面体为主导的方式进行划分[17],划分结束后得到的最大单元格尺寸为12 mm,节点数为804 801 个,单元格为603 315 个。按照鹅颈管工作情况进行边界条件设置,具体如下:①沿竖直向下方向设置重力加速度为g=9.80 m/s2;②根据鹅颈管的安装方式,在鹅颈管的进出口端面添加全约束,无自由度;③为鹅颈管沿内腔中轴面切割后的切面添加对称约束;④根据鹅颈管的工况,为相关面[图5(b)中的红色面]添加70 MPa表面压强。
值得注意的是,考虑到鹅颈管在实际中内腔表面在钻井液的作用下表面压强是不稳定的,因此对内腔施加的是70 MPa的交变载荷。
2.2 内腔表面强化评价
为了评价鹅颈管内腔的强化效果,选择变形位移进行研究。分析变形位移的大小可以直观地看出表面强化之后的效果如何,能否降低内腔的变形位移以达到强化效果。此外,通过对变形位移的分析可以找到鹅颈管变形最严重的区域,为鹅颈管内腔表面的实际加工强化提供理论指导。基于上述讨论,可视化了不同组号鹅颈管内腔的变形位移云图,如图6所示。
根据图6可知,组号1的变形位移最大,组号2的变形位移次之,组号3的变形位移更小,组号4的变形位移最小。所有组号的最大变形位移似乎都发生在弯管和直管的相贯线处,这可能是因为相贯线处结构过于薄弱且易出现应力集中而导致的。综上所述,鹅颈管内腔经过表面强化之后能够有效地降低变形位移,降低内腔材料被破坏的风险。此外,最大变形位移区域主要集中在弯管和直管的相贯线处,在实际强化中可以适当考虑将这个区域进行二次强化。
为了进一步研究不同组号的变形位移,计算了最大变形位移的趋势,如图7所示。组号1的最大变形位移值最大,达到0.111 mm,组号4的最大变形位移值最小,为0.073 mm,组号2和组号3的最大变形位移值分别为0.098 mm和0.083 mm。上述分析表明,鹅颈管内腔经过表面强化能够有效降低最大变形位移,相比于实验组(组号1),最大降低34.23%(组号4),这将很好地降低鹅颈管内腔发生较大形变的风险从而提高使用寿命。
3 结论
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深入研究了钻机循环系统中鹅颈管的冲蚀行为,特别关注于钻井液密度对冲蚀速率和位置的影响,并评价了内腔表面强化技术对提升抗冲蚀性能的效果。通过有限元分析,揭示了鹅颈管在复杂工况下的冲蚀规律和失效机理,为在役管汇的强度评估和寿命预测提供了理论支持。该研究不仅填补了鹅颈管冲蚀行为研究的空白,而且为提升钻机循环系统的整体性能和可靠性提供了有效的技术手段,得出如下结论。
(1)通过有限元仿真,研究了鹅颈管的冲蚀行为以及内腔表面强化的评价。通过对鹅颈管内部钻井液的流场分析表明,鹅颈管弯管和直管交界处压力最大,最大冲蚀速率发生在弯管的内径,特别是靠近弯管和直管交界处最为明显。
(2)通过改变钻井液密度发现,钻井液密度越大,最大冲蚀速率越高,但最大冲蚀速率出现的位置几乎不变。此外,鹅颈管在内腔压力的作用下最大变形位移发生在弯管和直管的相贯线处。
(3)鹅颈管内腔经过表面强化之后可以有效降低最大变形位移,相比于未经强化的表面,强化之后的表面最大可降低34.23%。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52104037)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2020TQ0251)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2020M683358)
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2025年第25卷第6期
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文章信息
doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308600
  • 接收时间：2023-11-03
  • 首发时间：2026-02-24
  • 出版时间：2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期：2023-11-03
  • 修回日期：2024-11-25
基金
国家自然科学基金(52104037)
中国博士后科学基金(2020TQ0251)
中国博士后科学基金(2020M683358)
作者信息
    1 国家油气钻井装备工程技术研究中心, 宝鸡 721002
    2 宝鸡石油机械有限责任公司, 宝鸡 721002
    3 西南石油大学机电工程学院, 成都 610500

通讯作者:

* 刘云海(1987—),男,汉族,四川乐山人,博士,讲师。研究方向:油气装备摩擦学。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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