Article(id=1228279679338086501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406000, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723132800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-09, revisedDate=1745856000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774295887, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774295887, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774295887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774295887, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9356, endPage=9362, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279680164364454, articleId=1228279679338086501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Screening Methods for Precursory Characteristics of Thermoacoustic Oscillations Based on Complex Networks, columnId=1228279680059506843, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the thermoacoustic oscillation in the combustion process of a new generation of gas turbine, several time-domain analysis methods of high frequency data signals were retested and compared by constructing a complex network model. The results show that the two complex network models, node strength and network diameter, can give an earlier warning of thermoacoustic oscillations than the traditional time-domain analysis methods(root mean square and time kurtosis). Coupling prediction effect and data processing time, the node strength is preferred to construct the complex network model. Finally, the method was applied to the experimental data analysis of multi-nozzle micro-mixing burners, and it was found that the characteristic turning point of the method is about 2.3 s ahead of limit cycle analysis and the characteristic point of statistical analysis.

, correspAuthors=Yan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xu LI, Yan LIU, Xiao-fan YANG, Yan XIONG, Zhe-dian ZHANG, Xiang XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279685436604990, articleId=1228279679338086501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=能源与动力工程基于复杂网络的热声振荡前兆特征的甄别方法, columnId=1228279680277610678, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=针对新一代燃气轮机燃烧过程中存在的热声振荡问题,通过构建复杂网络模型,对高频数据信号的多种时域分析方法进行了复验和对比统计分析。结果表明,在复杂网络模型中,节点强度和网络直径这两个特征表征参数比传统的时域分析方法(即均方根和时间峭度)能更早的对热声振荡发出预警。耦合预测效果和数据处理时间,优选节点强度来构建复杂网络模型。最终将该方法应用于多喷嘴微混燃烧器燃烧实验数据分析中,发现该方法的特征转折点比极限环分析和统计分析方法的特征点领先约2.3 s。, correspAuthors=刘艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘艳(1981—),女,汉族,北京人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:流场/燃烧场激光诊断。E-mail:
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李旭(2000—),男,汉族,江苏盐城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃烧激光诊断。E-mail:

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李旭(2000—),男,汉族,江苏盐城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃烧激光诊断。E-mail:

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李旭(2000—),男,汉族,江苏盐城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃烧激光诊断。E-mail:

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能源与动力工程基于复杂网络的热声振荡前兆特征的甄别方法
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李旭 1, 2 , 刘艳 1, 3, * , 杨小帆 1, 2 , 熊燕 1, 2 , 张哲巅 1, 2 , 徐祥 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(22): 9356-9362
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(22): 9356-9362
能源与动力工程基于复杂网络的热声振荡前兆特征的甄别方法
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李旭1, 2 , 刘艳1, 3, * , 杨小帆1, 2, 熊燕1, 2, 张哲巅1, 2, 徐祥1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院工程热物理研究所能源动力研究中心, 北京 100190
  • 2 中国科学院大学工程科学学院, 北京 100049
  • 3 中国科学院大学航空宇航学院, 北京 100049
  • 李旭(2000—),男,汉族,江苏盐城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃烧激光诊断。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘艳(1981—),女,汉族,北京人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:流场/燃烧场激光诊断。E-mail:
Screening Methods for Precursory Characteristics of Thermoacoustic Oscillations Based on Complex Networks
Xu LI1, 2 , Yan LIU1, 3, * , Xiao-fan YANG1, 2, Yan XIONG1, 2, Zhe-dian ZHANG1, 2, Xiang XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Energy and Power Research Center, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2 School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3 School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406000
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针对新一代燃气轮机燃烧过程中存在的热声振荡问题,通过构建复杂网络模型,对高频数据信号的多种时域分析方法进行了复验和对比统计分析。结果表明,在复杂网络模型中,节点强度和网络直径这两个特征表征参数比传统的时域分析方法(即均方根和时间峭度)能更早的对热声振荡发出预警。耦合预测效果和数据处理时间,优选节点强度来构建复杂网络模型。最终将该方法应用于多喷嘴微混燃烧器燃烧实验数据分析中,发现该方法的特征转折点比极限环分析和统计分析方法的特征点领先约2.3 s。
热声振荡  /  预警  /  复杂网络  /  节点强度

Aiming at the thermoacoustic oscillation in the combustion process of a new generation of gas turbine, several time-domain analysis methods of high frequency data signals were retested and compared by constructing a complex network model. The results show that the two complex network models, node strength and network diameter, can give an earlier warning of thermoacoustic oscillations than the traditional time-domain analysis methods(root mean square and time kurtosis). Coupling prediction effect and data processing time, the node strength is preferred to construct the complex network model. Finally, the method was applied to the experimental data analysis of multi-nozzle micro-mixing burners, and it was found that the characteristic turning point of the method is about 2.3 s ahead of limit cycle analysis and the characteristic point of statistical analysis.

thermoacoustic oscillation  /  earlier warning  /  complex network  /  node strength
李旭, 刘艳, 杨小帆, 熊燕, 张哲巅, 徐祥. 能源与动力工程基于复杂网络的热声振荡前兆特征的甄别方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9356 -9362 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406000
Xu LI, Yan LIU, Xiao-fan YANG, Yan XIONG, Zhe-dian ZHANG, Xiang XU. Screening Methods for Precursory Characteristics of Thermoacoustic Oscillations Based on Complex Networks[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9356 -9362 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406000
近些年,节能减排的贫燃预混合燃烧技术,和当前在“双碳”背景下近零排放的氢燃机都极易引发热声振荡[1]。因此,新一代燃机中的热声振荡成为当下研究的热点。而由于热声振荡具有复杂的非线性特性,使其演化过程难以跟踪和预判。尽可能早地捕捉到热声振荡发生的前兆,找到快速有效的识别判断方法是主动控制的基础,也是热声振荡监测研究的第一要务。
对于热声信号的数据处理,传统方法通常采用傅里叶变换进行时频转换,却丧失了信号本身的时间细节,不利于热声振荡的预判。根据瑞利准则,热声振荡的的驱动机制源自压力、热释放等物理量之间的相互作用,因此监测高频动态压力数据和感光器件探测的动态热辐射光谱是热声振荡测试研究基础[2]。例如,Luong等[3]应用短时傅里叶变换研究了不同长度模型室的动力学特性,通过短时傅里叶变换实时发现了特定频率振荡的开始和演变。Song等[4]提出了时间峭度这一概念,利用动态压力信号的峰度量化燃烧过程,结果表明,时间峭度可以作为即将到来的严重不稳定(即极限环振荡状态)的前兆。但是,由于间歇性振荡、极限环振荡等振动形式的存在,实验测量值并不是单调变化的,如何提取预兆特征依然困难重重。
近年来,利用复杂网络研究非线性系统的方法被越来越广泛地应用,如生物医学网络[5]、电网关键设施识别[6]和航线网络优化[7-8]等。同时,基于复杂网络理论的时间序列分析方法在对复杂燃烧动力学的深入理解和解释方面也取得了不错的进展,这些方法对于处理各种不稳定的燃烧现象变得越来越重要。例如,Zhang等[9]提出了一种将伪周期时间序列转换为复杂网络的方法,发现不同状态的时间序列表现出了不同的拓扑结构。有稳定的周期信号对应随机网络,混沌时间序列产生的网络具有小世界和无标度特征。Murayama等[10]从复杂网络和同步的角度对热声振荡的衰减行为进行了研究,成功捕捉到了压力和热释放速率波动之间相互耦合的衰减。Krishnan等[11]利用高速PIV得到的速度场构造加权空间相关网络,确定了实现热声振荡控制策略的最佳位置。Godavarthi等[12]基于相空间重构中状态点递归的时间序列数据构建递归复杂网络,成功监测了振荡过程中相位同步和广义同步的发生。
现基于复杂网络模型对组内微混燃烧器从稳定燃烧过渡到热声振荡的全过程的压力和热释放数据进行数据分析,通过构建节点强度和网络直径,与时间峭度和均方根时域分析方法进行对比,研究了复杂网络模型在热声振荡前期进行振荡特征甄别的能力。
峭度用来检验信号偏离正态分布的程度,是一个用于衡量离群数据离群度的特征参量。数据距离均值越远,其对峭度计算结果的影响越大。峭度越大,说明该数据系列中的极端值越多。时间峭度(temporal kurtosis)利用时域中的统计量判断燃烧过程的稳定性,可以反映信号时间特性的变化。
峭度K定义为给定连续信号x(t)的四阶矩和二阶矩的平方之比[13]
K=$\frac{E{(x-\mu )}^{4}}{[E{(x-\mu )}^{2}{]}^{2}}$=$\frac{{\mu }_{4}}{{\sigma }^{4}}$
式(1)中:E为期望算子;μ为信号的平均值;μ4为均值附近的四阶矩;σ为标准差。
整个信号的时间峭度集合反映了这两种分布特征的时间变化。一个离散的时域信号x(t)的时间峭度[4]
TK=$\frac{\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}({x}_{i}{-\stackrel{-}{x})}^{4}}{{\left[\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}({x}_{i}{-\stackrel{-}{x})}^{2}\right]}^{2}}$
式(2)中:TK为对给定信号部分数据的峭度,表示给定信号统计分布的瞬时“峭”和“尾”。
压力和热释放率的时变序列具有非线性的特点,相空间重构可以拓展原有的数据维度,并且把原有时间序列中的信息充分显露出来,从而恢复原来系统的动力学特征[14]
其基本原理可以描述如下,对于任意的时间序列z(it),其中i=1,2,…,M;t为采样间隔;M为样本大小,总共N个点,用坐标延迟法[15]重建了相空间。m为嵌入维数,可以根据Takens嵌入定理确定[16],一维时变序列维数取3(m≥2D+1)。延迟时间τ可以根据自相关函数确定,自相关函数Rzz的公式为
Rzz(τ)=$\frac{1}{M}\stackrel{M-1}{\sum _{i=1}}$zizi+τ
当自相关函数下降至初始值的(1-1/e)时所得的时间即为延迟时间。
如果选择嵌入延迟时间为τ,嵌入维数为m,则相空间内的向量点${{X}_{k}}^{\left[17\right]}$可以表示为
Xk={xk(1),xk(2),…,xk(m)}={z(kt),z(kt+τ),…,z[kt+(m-1)τ]}
递归作为各个动力系统的基本性质,经常被用来描述复杂动态系统的行为特征。一个递归图形是从一个递归矩阵创建的,该矩阵包含关于系统空间中的点数对是否彼此靠近出现的信息。
递归图可以用矩阵的形式表示,定义[18]
$R_{i, j}(\varepsilon)= \Theta \left(\varepsilon-\left\|x_i-x_j\right\|\right), \quad i, j=1,2, \cdots, N$
式(5)中:N为测量点xi的数量;ε为阈值距离;Θ(·)为Heaviside方程(如果x>0,Θ(x)=1,否则Θ(x)=0)。
节点强度是复杂网络中用来衡量节点重要性的一种指标,在加权网络中,节点强度为该节点与所有相邻节点之间链接权重的总和,可用于节点重要性评估、网络稳定性研究等。
重构后的相空间中每个向量点作为基本节点,利用相空间距离来确定网络连接,本文研究中将向量点XiXj之间的相空间距离定义[19]
$d_{i j}=\sum_{n=1}^{m}\left\|\boldsymbol{X}_{i}(n)-\boldsymbol{X}_{j}(n)\right\|$
式(6)中:Xi(n)=z[i+(n-1)τ]和Xj(n)=z[j+(n-1)τ]分别为XiXj的第n个元素;mτ分别为嵌入维数和延迟时间。
重建的网络包含N=M-(m-1)τ/t个节点,既可以作为加权网络进行研究,也可以作为非加权网络进行研究。在一开始构建的加权网络中,通过选择重构相空间中每对向量点之间的距离作为对应节点之间的权重,定义加权网络中的节点i的节点强度${{S}_{i}}^{\left[11\right]}$
Si=$\frac{1}{N}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{j=1}}$Wij
式(7)中:Wij为节点i和节点j之间的权重,并且Wij=dij
网络直径指网络中任意两个节点之间的最短路径长度的最大值,可用于表征复杂网络的结构或拓扑结构,并可以从邻接矩阵中计算出来。
时域信号s(t)中每个数据点都是一个节点,如果中间节点(i<k<j)满足以下条件[20]
Ai,j=1,连接两个节点,有
sk+f<si+(sj-si)$\frac{{t}_{k}-{t}_{i}}{{t}_{j}-{t}_{i}}$
否则,Ai,j=0。其中,阈值f=mean(s)e。
节点i和节点j可以通过多种方式相连,最短路径长度(Li,j)是在节点ij之间的最短路径中所需的连接数[21]。例如,如果节点i和节点j直接连接,则Li,j=1;如果两节点断开,则Li,j=¥。网络直径为节点i和节点j之间的最短路径中的最大值,即D=maxLij
本文的实验系统[22]由3部分组成:管路系统、燃烧器系统和多参量同步测量系统,如图1所示。
管路系包统括空气压缩机与空气管路、燃料气瓶与燃料管路、燃气混合罐、质量流量计、基于LABVIEW设计的流量控制系统。空气由空压机产生,在预混罐中与燃料混合,混合完成的预混气通向燃烧器进行燃烧。
燃烧器系统包括模型燃烧器、玻璃罩、烟气收缩段。本文研究选用的燃烧器是自制的多喷嘴燃烧器,该燃烧器采用304型不锈钢材料制造,包含24个喷嘴。一个圆柱形透明石英玻璃罩作为燃烧室的外壁,提供一个全场光学诊断窗口。
测量系统使用的是经过同步的压力传感器(PCB-176A02)与光电倍增管(THORLABS PMTSS2),如图2所示。压力传感器作为电荷输出型传感器,因此需要使用放大器EX682a40配合采集动态压力信号,压力传感器布置在烟气收缩段底部,一小部分烟气进入采样探针经过水冷管传输到压力传感器的探头处进行动态压力的测量。PMT探测截取(306±10) nm波段,即OH的化学发光来表征热释放。实验数据采集使用的是NI PXIe-4497板卡,其采样频率为204.8 kHz,有16路采集通道,可实现声压信号和光电信号的采集。
实验通过改变当量比(Φ=0.65~0.75)实现燃烧状态从稳定过渡到热声振荡状态,同步测得动态压力与火焰热释放信号。本实验实现的自激热声振荡工况,其基础频率在260 Hz左右,因此测试系统以20 kHz的采样率获得了声压和热释放率的时间序列数据。
根据瑞利准则,当声压和热释放之间的相位差小于90°时,会发生热声振荡。图3为本次实验测量的不同状态下声压与热释放率之间的相位差。通过观察可以粗略估计,4.8 s左右振荡状态发展成为极限环状态。
为进一步验证不同的燃烧状态,根据相位差任选1.7 s和4.8 s作为过渡燃烧状态和极限环状态的时间节点,并根据这两个时间节点构造递归图,如图4所示。通过不同的递归图,再次验证了在不同的燃烧状态,其递归图有不同的清晰表征,图4(a)为燃烧稳定状态的递归图,是孤立的递归点,彼此之间不相互关联;图4(b)为过渡燃烧状态分布网格;图4(c)达到了极限环状态,则为有规律的斜条纹分布。
为进一步深入挖掘数据,选取非稳态数据1组,分别对其压力数据与热释放数据进行均方根(root mean square)和时间峭度(temporal kurtosis)的计算,归一化后的计算结果分别如图5图6所示。
结果显示压力和热释放率之间有很好的一致性,他们的跃迁几乎发生在同一时刻,且其特征折线几乎临近4.8 s,这表明采用时间峭度和均方根预测热声振荡,当他们的值发生跃迁时,几乎已经到了极限环振荡时期,预警延迟严重,为主动控制预留的时间过短。
由于压力和热释放率的数据是同步进行测量的,所以他们二者之间具有很好的时序上的一致性,并且PMT测量的热释放率数据通常具有较高的灵敏度和精确度,因此选择用PMT测量的热释放率数据代入模型进行计算。
任选1.7 s和4.8 s这两个时间为节点对热释放数据进行相空间重构,对不同的燃烧状态进行验证,结果与相位差一致,再次验证了不同的燃烧状态。不同燃烧状态的相空间重构图如图7所示。
因为数据量比较庞大,为简化计算,将相空间重构后的数据中每1 000个向量构成一个单元,每个单元代入节点强度模型进行计算。归一化后的节点强度计算结果如图8所示。同时计算出网络直径进行对比,归一化后的网络直径如图9所示。
在2.5 s左右,节点强度急剧下降,非常接近间歇振荡刚开始的时间,表明节点强度具备热声振荡预警能力。网络直径的值在4 s左右开始大幅度变化,时间先于极限环振荡时间,说明网络直径也拥有热声振荡的预警能力,且节点强度和网络直径都优于T-K和RMS方法。
均方根、时间峭度、网络直径和节点强度的预测效果对比如图10所示。通过观察发现,节点强度对热声振荡的预测效果要优于网络直径的预测效果,并且他们二者的预测效果都优于均方根和时间峭度的方法。
复杂网络模型的性能受到网络架构的影响,比如每个网络单元内的采样点数量。一般来说,每个网络单元采样点数量越少,那么预测的时间就会越精确,但同时也应该考虑到模型的计算时间。若持续减少每个单元内的采样点数量,虽然提高了时间分辨率,但时效性会大打折扣。
选择预警能力最强的节点强度Si来进行验证,通过改变每个单元内的采样点数量,对比预测效果是否会大幅变化,同时对不同采样点的计算时间进行对比。每个单元的采样点数分别为200、300、400、500、1 000、1 500、2 000、3 000、4 000、5 000、6 000,对比结果如图11图12所示。
通过观察发现,每个节点单元内包含的采样点数量从200增加到6 000,但预警效果并没有受太大影响。而对于模型的计算时间,从每个单元内200个采样点到每个单元内1 000个采样点一直在降低,1 000之后的计算时间变化不是太大。综合考虑网络模型对热声振荡预警的时间分辨率和时效性,选择每个单元内包含1 000个采样点最合适。
对燃烧自稳定状态至热声振荡状态进行分析,得到以下结论。
(1)计算出了不同时刻的相位差,并以此进行了燃烧状态分割;为验证燃烧状态分类的准确性,构造了网络递归图和相空间重构图进行检验,结果与基于相位差的分类一致。
(2)针对燃烧热声振荡发生前期的过渡状态,利用传统统计学分析方法进行梳理分析,发现均方根和时间峭度并不能提前预测热声振荡的发生,而只能监测到燃烧严重不稳定的状态。
(3) 构建复杂网络模型是热声振荡预兆特征分析方法中最常用的方法之一。节点强度在过渡态特定位置具有明显的转折特征,可以用做热声振荡的提前预警。在构建网络特性模型来分析数据时,同时发现网络直径在节点强度的转折点附近同样存在明显的梯度变化,这表明,该折点特征的出现并非偶然,在该位置确实存在热声发生的先兆特征。在确定该先兆特征的存在后,又对4种分析方法进行分析对比,发现复杂网络模型中节点强度方法的预测效果最好,折点特征更为清晰,因此作为最终优选方法。
(4)将优选方法应用于课题组24喷嘴阵列模型微混燃烧器燃烧试验数据分析中,再次验证了该方法的有效性,并比传统统计分析方法,将热声振荡的预判提前了2.3 s。
(5)最后,为检验网络架构对节点强度预测效果是否影响,通过改变每个单元内采样点数量,探究节点强度对热声振荡预测在时间分辨率和时效性上的改变,结果发现每个单元内选取1 000个采样点最为合适。
总之,复杂网络方法在热声振荡前兆监测领域颇具潜力。未来的研究可以进一步引入多物理量融合算法,优化网络构建和特征提取,进一步提高监测的准确性和实时性。
  • 国家重大科技基础设施项目(J2019-Ⅲ-0020-0064)
  • 国家科学重大专项(2019-Ⅲ-0020)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406000
  • 接收时间:2024-08-09
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-09
  • 修回日期:2025-04-29
基金
国家重大科技基础设施项目(J2019-Ⅲ-0020-0064)
国家科学重大专项(2019-Ⅲ-0020)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院工程热物理研究所能源动力研究中心, 北京 100190
    2 中国科学院大学工程科学学院, 北京 100049
    3 中国科学院大学航空宇航学院, 北京 100049

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* 刘艳(1981—),女,汉族,北京人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:流场/燃烧场激光诊断。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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