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The issue of distributed PV(photovoltaic) integration capacity allocation in distribution networks was addressed, which focuses on the photovoltaic integration capacity configuration based on load-storage coordination optimization. A coordinated regulation model for load-storage systems, incorporating energy storage, dispatchable load, and interruptible load, was first established. Based on this model, the constraints of load-storage regulation capabilities were considered. The optimization model for the configuration of distributed PV integration in the distribution network was developed with the objective of maximizing the capacity of distributed PV and the net investment and operational profit of the distribution network. Simulation results show that through the coordinated regulation of distributed PV with energy storage, dispatchable loads, and interruptible loads, significant improvements in the integration of distributed PV into the grid can be achieved.

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针对配电网中分布式光伏并网容量配置的问题,对基于荷储协同优化的配电系统光伏并网容量配置进行研究。首先建立含储能系统、负荷侧可平移负荷、可中断负荷的荷储协同调节模型,在此基础上考虑荷储调节能力的约束,以配电网分布式光伏的配置容量最大、配电网投资运营净收益最大为目标函数,建立考虑荷储协同的配电网分布式光伏并网容量优化模型。算例仿真结果表明,通过分布式光伏配储、可平移负荷及可中断负荷的协同调节,可以显著提高分布式光伏的并网容量,同时提升配电网的运营收益。

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饶志(1990—),男,汉族,湖北赤壁人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:新能源及系统规划。E-mail:

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饶志(1990—),男,汉族,湖北赤壁人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:新能源及系统规划。E-mail:

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279679002542154, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The curve of load-storage coordination for the winter maximum load day, figureFileSmall=GrfmwhgE/edXnTRO9GxaTA==, figureFileBig=I1FssGcQUbC+y+l536uwRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774204351341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279679002542154, language=CN, label=图6, caption=冬季最大负荷日荷储协同出力曲线图, figureFileSmall=GrfmwhgE/edXnTRO9GxaTA==, figureFileBig=I1FssGcQUbC+y+l536uwRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774330180470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279679002542154, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The parameters of distributed photovoltaic and energy storage systems

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参数 数值 参数 数值
y/a 25 aES/[元·(kW·h-1)] 3 200
aPV/(元·kW-1) 4 000 [${\alpha }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}$,${\beta }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}$] [0.1,1.0]
r 0.08 ${\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}$ 0.95
${\varphi }_{i,t}^{d}$ 0.8 ${\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}$ 0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1228369774418260861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279679002542154, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分布式光伏及储能系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
y/a 25 aES/[元·(kW·h-1)] 3 200
aPV/(元·kW-1) 4 000 [${\alpha }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}$,${\beta }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}$] [0.1,1.0]
r 0.08 ${\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}$ 0.95
${\varphi }_{i,t}^{d}$ 0.8 ${\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}$ 0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1228369774493758337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279679002542154, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The parameters of translatable loads and interruptible loads

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参数 类型1 类型2 参数 类型1 类型2
${T}_{k}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$/h 4 2 ${T}_{z}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$/h 3 1.5
${T}_{k}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$/h 1 0.5 ${T}_{z}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$/h 1 0.5
γk/次 3 5 γz/次 3 5
), ArticleFig(id=1228369774590227336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279679002542154, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

分可平移负荷、可中断负荷参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 类型1 类型2 参数 类型1 类型2
${T}_{k}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$/h 4 2 ${T}_{z}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$/h 3 1.5
${T}_{k}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$/h 1 0.5 ${T}_{z}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$/h 1 0.5
γk/次 3 5 γz/次 3 5
), ArticleFig(id=1228369774686696336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279679002542154, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Simulation results of distributed photovoltaic grid connected capacity configuration in different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 配置容
量/kW
投资金
额/万元
运营总支
出/万元
运营总收
入/元
净收益/
万元
场景1 2 334 95 2 421 3 757 1 241
场景2 2 880 117 2 482 3 950 1 351
), ArticleFig(id=1228369774799942547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279679002542154, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同场景下分布式光伏并网容量配置仿真结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 配置容
量/kW
投资金
额/万元
运营总支
出/万元
运营总收
入/元
净收益/
万元
场景1 2 334 95 2 421 3 757 1 241
场景2 2 880 117 2 482 3 950 1 351
), ArticleFig(id=1228369774900605851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279679002542154, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The results distribution grid distributed PV grid-connected capacity allocation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 配置节点 配置容量/kW
场景1 2, 21, 22, 24, 25 247, 222, 222, 1 036, 608
场景2 2, 22, 24, 25, 31 247,222, 1 036, 858, 518
), ArticleFig(id=1228369775013852066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279679002542154, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

配电网分布式光伏并网容量配置结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 配置节点 配置容量/kW
场景1 2, 21, 22, 24, 25 247, 222, 222, 1 036, 608
场景2 2, 22, 24, 25, 31 247,222, 1 036, 858, 518
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基于荷储协同优化的配电系统光伏并网容量配置
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饶志 1, 2 , 李丰能 3 , 隗知初 1 , 李爽 2 , 甘迪 2 , 杨再敏 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(22): 9371-9380
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(22): 9371-9380
基于荷储协同优化的配电系统光伏并网容量配置
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饶志1, 2 , 李丰能3, 隗知初1, 李爽2, 甘迪2, 杨再敏2
作者信息
  • 1 华南理工大学电力学院, 广州 510640
  • 2 南方电网能源发展研究院有限责任公司, 广州 510700
  • 3 广东电网有限责任公司电网规划研究中心, 广州 510080
  • 饶志(1990—),男,汉族,湖北赤壁人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:新能源及系统规划。E-mail:

Photovoltaic Grid Connected Capacity Configuration in Distribution Systems Based on Load Storage Collaborative Optimization
Zhi RAO1, 2 , Feng-neng LI3, Zhi-chu WEI1, Shuang LI2, Di GAN2, Zai-min YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 2 Energy Development Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510700, China
  • 3 Grid Planning & Research Center, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404815
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针对配电网中分布式光伏并网容量配置的问题,对基于荷储协同优化的配电系统光伏并网容量配置进行研究。首先建立含储能系统、负荷侧可平移负荷、可中断负荷的荷储协同调节模型,在此基础上考虑荷储调节能力的约束,以配电网分布式光伏的配置容量最大、配电网投资运营净收益最大为目标函数,建立考虑荷储协同的配电网分布式光伏并网容量优化模型。算例仿真结果表明,通过分布式光伏配储、可平移负荷及可中断负荷的协同调节,可以显著提高分布式光伏的并网容量,同时提升配电网的运营收益。

荷储协同  /  可平移负荷  /  可中断负荷  /  分布式光伏  /  容量优化配置

The issue of distributed PV(photovoltaic) integration capacity allocation in distribution networks was addressed, which focuses on the photovoltaic integration capacity configuration based on load-storage coordination optimization. A coordinated regulation model for load-storage systems, incorporating energy storage, dispatchable load, and interruptible load, was first established. Based on this model, the constraints of load-storage regulation capabilities were considered. The optimization model for the configuration of distributed PV integration in the distribution network was developed with the objective of maximizing the capacity of distributed PV and the net investment and operational profit of the distribution network. Simulation results show that through the coordinated regulation of distributed PV with energy storage, dispatchable loads, and interruptible loads, significant improvements in the integration of distributed PV into the grid can be achieved.

load-storage coordination  /  transferable load  /  interruptible load  /  distributed photovoltaic  /  capacity optimization configuration
饶志, 李丰能, 隗知初, 李爽, 甘迪, 杨再敏. 基于荷储协同优化的配电系统光伏并网容量配置. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9371 -9380 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404815
Zhi RAO, Feng-neng LI, Zhi-chu WEI, Shuang LI, Di GAN, Zai-min YANG. Photovoltaic Grid Connected Capacity Configuration in Distribution Systems Based on Load Storage Collaborative Optimization[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9371 -9380 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404815
随着碳达峰碳中和工作不断推进,可再生能源迎来高速发展的新阶段,分布式新能源是可再生能源发展的重要方面之一。其中,以分布式光伏为代表的分布式新能源大量接入配电网[1-2]。如何在确保配电网安全稳定的前提下,优化分布式光伏的配置容量,促进分布式光伏的消纳,同时提升配电网建设运营企业的净收益,成为当前亟需解决的问题。现阶段,充分利用分布式光伏配储,可平移负荷、可中断负荷等资源的调节能力,可实现配电网分布式光伏的并网容量优化。
针对配电网分布式光伏并网容量优化问题,近年来中外学者已开展了大量研究。文献[3]提出了3种电能质量指标的计算方法,构建了考虑电能质量的配电网光储系统双层优化配置模型,采用向量序优化理论进行求解。文献[4]以多光储微电网项目投资总成本及日运行成本最小为目标,采用改进蚁群动态规划算法优化光储微电网的容量配置。文献[5]在考虑源荷不确定性的基础上,提出了一种低压配电网光伏承载能力评估方法。文献[6-7]采用机会约束法分析了在考虑电压、频率等指标不越限情况下,配电网分布式光伏的最大接入容量。文献[8]提出了考虑合理弃光率的配电网光伏接入最大容量评估方法,通过合理弃光来提升配电网的分布式光伏接入容量。文献[4-8]仅从分布式光伏自身和对电网电能质量影响的角度分析分布式光伏的并网容量,并未考虑到负荷侧可调资源对分布式光伏消纳的促进作用。对此,有学者从利用负荷侧可调资源调节能力入手,开展提升配电网中分布式光伏的配置容量研究。文献[9]考虑需求响应,以可再生能源出力与负荷差值作为需求响应的定价依据,并基于此提出了分布式电源优化配置的线性优化方法。文献[10-11]考虑了源网荷协同调节手段,提高配电网分布式光伏的消纳率,但其中源网荷的调节方式并未进行精细化建模。文献[12-13]在考虑需求响应的前提下,提出了考虑分布式电源发电企业、配电网、电力用户多主体利益的分布式电源优化配置模型,但是仅考虑了可中断负荷这一类型的需求响应资源。综合来看,目前大多文章并未考虑从构建精细度更高的荷储协同模型、利用荷储协同调节能力的角度出发,着手解决配电网分布式光伏容量优化配置问题。
此外,现有的针对配电网分布式光伏并网容量优化问题的研究中,由于潮流约束、线路容量约束等为非线性条件,求解方法多采用智能算法。如文献[14]使用改进黏菌算法求解考虑网损及电压偏移量的光伏并网准入容量问题。文献[15-16]分别比较了多种遗传算法求解考虑经济性和安全性的配电网分布式光伏并网容量规划问题。智能算法求解存在易陷入局部最优,求解速度较慢的问题。
针对以上问题,为充分利用荷储资源的调节能力,现建立分布式光伏配储、可平移负荷、可中断负荷的精细化调节模型,并基于此,以并网的配电网分布式光伏系统容量最大、配电网建设运营企业净收益最大为目标函数,提出考虑荷储协同的配电网分布式光伏并网容量优化模型,将模型中的非线性约束问题转化为混合整数线性优化问题,并调用CPLEX求解器求解。最后,通过算例验证本文方法的正确性,为配电网分布式光伏容量的优化配置提供工程参考。
储能、可平移负荷、可中断负荷等都是优质的需求响应可调资源[17-18]。在进行配电网分布式光伏的优化配置时,充分考虑分布式光伏配储、可平移负荷、可中断负荷的协同运行特性,合理利用荷储协同资源的调节能力,能够有效解决分布式光伏发电的波动性和间歇性问题,提高分布式光伏消纳能力。考虑荷储协同调节的配电网运行架构如图1所示。
储能系统能够灵活地切换其充放电状态,可以实现电能在时间上的转移。分布式光伏配置储能系统对于促进光伏发电的消纳及优化配电网分布式光伏的并网容量具有重要意义。
分布式光伏配储系统数学模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{I}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}+{I}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}\le 1\\ 0\le {P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}\le {I}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}{P}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ 0\le {P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}\le {I}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}{P}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ {E}_{i,t+1}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}={E}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}+{\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{\Delta }t-{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{\Delta }t/{\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}\\ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{C}}_{i}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{E}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}\le {E}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}\le \mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{C}}_{i}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{E}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:${I}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}$${I}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}$分别为分布式光伏配储系统的充、放电状态,为0-1变量;${P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}$${P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}$分别为分布式光伏配储的充、放电功率;${E}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}$为分布式光伏配储t时刻的电量;${P}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${P}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$分别对应分布式光伏配储最大充、放电功率;${E}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}$i节点的分布式光伏配储的额定容量;${\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}$${\eta }_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}$分别为分布式光伏配储系统的充放、电效率;SO${\mathrm{C}}_{i}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$、SO${\mathrm{C}}_{i}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为分布式光伏配储系统最小、最大的荷电状态。
根据负荷的调节能力,负荷分为刚性负荷、可平移负荷、可中断负荷3类。其中,刚性负荷不具备调节能力;可平移负荷是指工业、生活中可灵活平移用电时间的负荷,如工业生产负荷,家用热水器、洗衣机等负荷;可中断负荷则是指工业或者商业用户在电力供应不足时能够中断用电的负荷。
假设可平移负荷的功率大小、最小/最大持续调度时间、日启停次数最大值,均为固定值,可平移负荷根据电价信息及需求侧响应激励信息调整用电时间,日内可多次启停。引入调度状态变量集合yk(t),包含调度开始sk(t)、调度中ok(t)、调度结束ek(t)3种状态,即yk(t)={sk(t),ok(t),ek(t)},sk(t)、ok(t)、ek(t)为0-1变量。引入调度转换变量集合Yk(t),记录状态变量的转换情况,即Yk(t)={Sk(t),Ok(t),Ek(t)},其中Sk(t)、Ok(t)、Ek(t)均为0-1变量。当yk(t)中的状态变量由0转变为1状态时,Yk(t)中对应的转换变量为1,其余时刻为0。下标k表示可平移负荷类型。
构建可平移负荷的调节模型为
yk(t)≥Yk(t)
yk(t)-yk(t-1)≤Yk(t)
$\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}$Sk(t)=$\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}$Ok(t)=$\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}$Ek(t)
sk(t)+ok(t)+ek(t)≤1
Ok(t)≤sk(t)
Ek(t)≤ok(t)
式(2)和式(3)为可平移负荷状态变量与转换变量的关联约束,式(4)表示可平移负荷日内3种状态变量的状态转换次数相等,式(5)表示可平移负荷每个时段只有一个状态变量为1,式(6)和式(7)表示可平移负荷状态变量与转换变量的关系。
可平移负荷需要满足以下约束。
(1)可平移负荷的调度次数约束。
$\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}$Yk(t)≤γk
式(8)中:γk为第k类可平移负荷一天内的最大可调次数。
(2)可平移负荷的状态持续时间约束。
$\stackrel{m+T{}_{y}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}{\sum _{t=m}}$yk(t)≤T${}_{k}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$, m=1,2,…,T-T${}_{k}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$
$\stackrel{m+T{}_{y}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{t=m}}$yk(t)≥Yk(m-1)T${}_{k}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$, m=2,3,…,T-T${}_{k}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$
式中:T${}_{k}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$T${}_{k}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$分别为第k类可平移负荷状态变量持续时间的最小值、最大值。
可中断负荷的用电需求相对灵活,可以在短时间内暂停或减少用电,减轻电力系统的调峰压力,同时获取中断用电的补贴。工业或者商业用户需与电网公司签订合同,其在电力供应不足时的中断负荷和调度时间不能超过自身能力。参考可平移负荷的定义,引入可中断负荷的调度状态变量集合yz(t)={sz(t),oz(t),ez(t)}、调度转换变量集合Yz(t)={Sz(t),Oz(t),Ez(t)}来构建可中断负荷的调节模型,下标z表示可中断负荷类型。可中断负荷需满足以下约束。
(1)响应能力约束。
0≤${P}_{z,t}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L}}$${P}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L},z,t}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$oz(t)
式(11)中:z为第z类可中断负荷,属于可中断负荷集合Z;${P}_{z,t}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L}}$${P}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{L},z}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$(t)分别为第z类可中断负荷的响应容量及最大响应能力;oz(t)为第z类可中断负荷的调度状态,为0-1变量。
(2)可中断负荷调度约束。
yz(t)、Yz(t)需满足可中断负荷的调度约束、调度次数约束、状态持续时间约束,参考式(2)~式(10)。除此之外,还需要满足可中断负荷的调度间隔约束。
(3)调度间隔约束。
$\stackrel{m+{T}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L},z}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{\sum _{t=m}}$[1-oz(t)]≥Ez(t)T${}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L},z}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$
式(12)中:T${}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L},z}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$为距离上次响应的最小间隔时间。
为提高负荷侧的响应效果,提升配电网消纳分布式光伏的能力,负荷侧响应调节价格以配电网的分布式光伏出力和配电网负荷匹配情况为依据制定。
负荷侧调节价格需满足约束,即
${r}_{t}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L}}$=λILmax(PLt-${{\stackrel{-}{P}}^{\mathrm{L}}}_{t}$,0)
${r}_{t}^{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{L}}$=λTL$\frac{{P}_{t}^{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\left({P}_{t}^{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}\right)}$
式中:${r}_{t}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L}}$λIL分别为可中断负荷的调节价格、调节价格系数;${r}_{t}^{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{L}}$λTL分别为可平移负荷的调节价格、调节价格系数;PLtt时刻的净负荷,即负荷减去光伏出力;${{\stackrel{-}{P}}^{\mathrm{L}}}_{t}$为净负荷的平均值;${P}_{t}^{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}$t时刻的光伏出力。
为提升配电网对分布式光伏的消纳能力,本文考虑分布式光伏配储、可平移负荷、可中断负荷等可调资源协同调节能力,基于荷储调节模型,以配电网分布式光伏系统并网配置容量最大、配电网建设运营企业净收益最大为优化目标,构建考虑荷储协同的配电网分布式光伏并网容量优化配置模型。
以配电网分布式光伏系统并网配置容量最大、配电网建设运营企业净收益最大为优化目标,构建以下目标函数。
目标函数1:配电网分布式光伏系统并网配置容量最大,即
maxf1=max$\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}$μiWpvi
式(15)中:Wpvi为节点i接入分布式光伏的容量;μi为节点i是否接入分布式光伏,为0-1变量。
目标函数2:配电网建设运营企业的净收益最大,即
maxf2=max[-Cins-CES+$\stackrel{{n}_{d}}{\sum _{d=1}}$Dd(-${c}_{d}^{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}}$+${c}_{d}^{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}}$)]
式(16)中:Cins为分布式光伏总建设投资费用在其寿命周期内折算到每一年的等值费用;CES为储能建设投总资费用在其寿命周期内折算到每年的等值费用;Dd为一年内包含的典型日d的天数,$\stackrel{{n}_{d}}{\sum _{d=1}}$Dd=365,其中nd为典型日的数量;${c}_{d}^{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}}$为配电网在典型日d的运行费用;${c}_{d}^{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}}$为配电网在典型日d的运行收入。
CinsCES${c}_{d}^{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}}$${c}_{d}^{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}}$计算方法如下。
(1)分布式光伏建设投资总费用折算到每年的投资成本Cins
Cins=$\frac{r{(1+r)}^{{y}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}}}{{(1+r)}^{{y}_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}}-1}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}$aPVWpvi
式(17)中:r为折现率;yPV为设备使用年限;aPV为分布式光伏单位容量投资单价。
(2)储能建设投总资费用折算到每年的投资成本CES
CES=$\frac{r{(1+r)}^{{y}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}}}{{(1+r)}^{{y}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}}-1}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}$aES${E}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S}}$
式(18)中:yES为储能设备使用年限;aES为储能单位容量投资单价。
(3)配电网的运行费用${c}_{d}^{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}}$
${c}_{d}^{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}}$=$\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}{r}_{d,t}^{p}{P}_{d,t}^{p}$+${r}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}}{P}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}}$+${r}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{L}}{P}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{L}}$+${r}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L}}{P}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L}}$
式(19)中:${r}_{d,t}^{p}$${r}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}}$分别为主网购电单价、分布式光伏发电价格;${P}_{k,t}^{p}$${P}_{k,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}}$${P}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{L}}$${P}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L}}$分别为主网购电量、分布式光伏发电功率、可平移负荷总出力、可中断负荷总出力。
(4)配电网的运行收入${c}_{d}^{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}}$
${c}_{d}^{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}}$=$\stackrel{T}{\sum _{t=1}}{r}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}}{P}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}}$
式(20)中:${r}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}}$为用电价格;${P}_{d,t}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}}$为配电网的用电负荷。
(1)分布式光伏并网容量配置约束。分布式光伏系统并网点数量不宜过多,因此需满足以下约束,即
$\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}$uiNmax
式(21)中:Nmax为配电网中允许接入分布式光伏的并网点数。
(2)分布式光伏出力约束。
${P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v},d}$uiWpvi
${Q}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v},d}$=tan${\varphi }_{i,t}^{d}{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}}$
式中:${P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v},d}$${Q}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v},k}$分别为分布式光伏的有功、无功功率;${\varphi }_{i,t}^{d}$为分布式光伏的功率因数角。
(3)节点功率平衡约束。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v},d}-{\stackrel{-}{P}}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d},d}-\stackrel{{n}_{k}}{\sum _{k=1}}{P}_{k,d,t}^{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{L}}-\\   \stackrel{{n}_{z}}{\sum _{z=1}}({P}_{z,d,t}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{P}_{z,d,t}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{L}})=\sum _{j\in i}{p}_{ij,t}^{d}\\ {Q}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v},d}-{\stackrel{-}{Q}}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d},d}=\sum _{j\in i}{q}_{ij,t}^{d}\end{array}\right.$
式(24)中:${\stackrel{-}{P}}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d},d}$${\stackrel{-}{Q}}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d},d}$分别为节点it时刻的实际有功、无功负荷;${p}_{ij,t}^{d}$${q}_{ij,t}^{d}$分别为支路ijt时刻从节点i流向节点j的有功、无功功率;nknz分别为可平移负荷与可中断负荷的总数。
(4)潮流方程约束。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{i,t}^{d}=({V}_{i,t}^{d}{)}^{2}\\ {U}_{i,t}^{d}-{U}_{j,t}^{d}=2({r}_{ij}{p}_{ij,t}^{d}+{x}_{ij}{q}_{ij,t}^{d})+\\   ({r}_{ij}^{2}+{x}_{ij}^{2})\frac{{{p}_{ij,t}^{d}}^{2}+{{q}_{ij,t}^{d}}^{2}}{{U}_{i,t}^{d}}\end{array}\right.$
式(25)中:${V}_{i,t}^{d}$为节点电压;rijxij分别为支路ij的电阻和电抗值。
(5)支路传输容量约束。
$({p}_{ij,t}^{d}{)}^{2}$+$({q}_{ij,t}^{d}{)}^{2}$$({s}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}{)}^{2}$
式(26)中:${s}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$为支路ij传输容量上限。
(6)节点电压约束。
${U}_{i}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$${U}_{i,t}^{d}$${U}_{i}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$
式(27)中:${U}_{i}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$${U}_{i}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$分别为节点电压平方的最大、最小值。
(7)荷储协同调节约束
分布式光伏配储的调节约束如式(1)所示,负荷侧可平移负荷的调节约束如式(2)~式(10)所示;可中断负荷的调节约束如式(11)和式(12)所示。
本文所构建的考虑荷储协同的配电网分布式光伏并网容量优化模型,式(15)、式(22)、式(25)和式(26)均为非线性化约束,考虑到本模型具有一定的复杂度,为加快求解速度,提高解的精确性,考虑对上述约束进行线性化。
式(1)、式(15)、式(22)中存在${I}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}{P}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${I}_{i,t}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{c}}{P}_{i}^{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{S},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$uiWpvi项,均为0-1变量与连续变量相乘,对其采用大M法线性化处理。以uiWpvi项为例,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{X}_{i}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}}\le {u}_{i}M\\ {X}_{i}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}}\le {W}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}i}\\ {X}_{i}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}}\ge [{W}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}i}-(1-{u}_{i}\left)M\right]\\ {X}_{i}^{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{v}}\ge 0\end{array}\right.$
式(28)中:${X}_{i}^{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{V}}$为线性化后的接入各节点的分布式光伏容量;M为一个足够大的正数。
对于式(25),忽略其中的二次项,将其线性化,可将其写为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{i,t}^{d}=({V}_{i,t}^{d}{)}^{2}\\ {U}_{i,t}^{d}-{U}_{j,t}^{d}=2({r}_{ij}{p}_{ij,t}^{d}+{x}_{ij}{q}_{ij,t}^{d})\end{array}\right.$
式(26)为二次循环约束,用两个平方约束代替圆形约束,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}-{s}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\le {p}_{ij,t}^{d}\le {s}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ -{s}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\le {q}_{ij,t}^{d}\le {s}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ -\sqrt{2}{s}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\le {p}_{ij,t}^{d}+{q}_{ij,t}^{d}\le \sqrt{2}{s}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ -\sqrt{2}{s}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\le {p}_{ij,t}^{d}-{q}_{ij,t}^{d}\le \sqrt{2}{s}_{ij}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\end{array}\right.$
构建隶属度函数对目标f1f2进行模糊处理,得到
${\mu }_{{f}_{b}}$=$\frac{{f}_{b}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{f}_{b}}{{f}_{b}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{f}_{b}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}$, b=1,2
式(31)中:${\mu }_{{f}_{b}}$为目标fb的隶属度;fb表示目标f1f2;${f}_{b}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$${f}_{b}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$分别为仅考虑单目标fb优化得到的上、下限。
经过模糊处理,考虑荷储协同的配电网分布式光伏并网容量优化方法可简化为
maxf=ω
s.t.$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0\le {x}_{a}\omega \le {\mu }_{{f}_{a}},& a=\mathrm{1,2}\\ {\mu }_{{f}_{b}}=\frac{{f}_{b}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{f}_{b}}{{f}_{b}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{f}_{b}^{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}},& b=\mathrm{1,2}\\ G\left(x\right)\le 0,& H\left(x\right)=0\end{array}\right.$
式(32)中:xa为目标函数的权重变量,代表不同目标的决策偏好;ω为决策满意度,通过最大化满意度ω,使得最不满意的目标尽可能得到满足;H(x)为等式约束;G(x)为不等式约束。
将模型中的非线性约束进行线性化处理,将问题转化为混合整数线性优化问题,在python环境中调用CPLEX求解器开展求解。
以IEEE33标准节点系统拓扑结构[19]作为算例,对分布式光伏的并网容量进行分析,如图2所示。系统由33个节点组成,其中节点1为平衡节点,并与上级电网相连接,其余节点均为PQ节点,采用某地区的实际负荷、光伏出力数据构建仿真算例。
根据国家能源局发布的《分布式光伏接入电网承载力及提升措施评估试点实施方案》[20]以及文献[21-22],将分布式光伏的最多接入点限制为5个,同时设置各个分布式光伏配置其自身容量10%的储能容量。分布式光伏配储一小时最大充放电功率为自身容量的50%[4],同时设置配电网的各节点的分布式光伏接入容量不大于该节点最大负荷的5倍。分布式光伏及其配套储能系统的参数如表1所示。
负荷侧方面,设置所有节点均具备可平移负荷,可中断负荷仅在节点负荷较高的7、8、24、25 共4处设立。可平移负荷、可中断负荷的参数如表2所示。
设置00:00—06:00为谷时段,07:00—09:00、13:00—18:00、22:00—23:00点为平时段,10:00—12:00、19:00—22:00为峰时段,主网购电价格为峰时段0.6元/(kW·h)、平时段0.4元/(kW·h)、谷时段0.2元/(kW·h),用户购电价格为峰时段0.8元/(kW·h)、平时段0.6元/(kW·h)、谷时段0.3元/(kW·h),光伏发电价格为0.3元/(kW·h),配电网电压偏差允许范围为±7%[23-24]
本文研究设置两种场景开展对比,分析储能、可平移负荷、可中断负荷对配电网分布式光伏并网容量的优化提升的作用。
(1)场景1:不考虑荷储协同的配电网分布式光伏并网容量优化。
(2)场景2:考虑荷储协同的配电网分布式光伏并网容量优化。
在一年内选取6个典型日[25],其中2个夏季典型日、1个夏季最大负荷日、2个冬季典型日、1个冬季最大负荷日。6个典型日的负荷曲线如图3所示。
图3可知,在夏季,负荷在00:00—06:00处于且由高位逐步下降的趋势,在06:00—11:00负荷呈逐步上升趋势,并在11:00达到顶峰,在11:00—22:00持续处于高位,最终到22:00后,负荷才逐步下降。在冬季,整体负荷水平较夏季有明显下降,日夜之间的负荷峰谷差更大,负荷在10:00—20:00处于高位。同时,夏季、冬季的最大负荷日与常规典型日负荷相比,负荷曲线整体偏高,波动性更强。
分布式光伏的出力特性曲线按夏季、冬季分别选取3个典型日,各典型日的出力曲线如图4所示。
图4可知,在夏季典型日,分布式光伏从06:00开始发电,直至19:00结束发电,在12:00—14:00达到发电顶峰;而在冬季典型日,分布式光伏从08:00开始发电,明显比夏季晚,结束时间为18:00左右,比夏季早,最大发电时段与夏季类似。
仅以最大容量为目标,分析荷储协同调节对分布式光伏最大接入容量的影响。根据3.1节中的场景设置,设置目标函数权重变量x1x2均为0.5,分别对场景1和场景2开展仿真分析,结果如表3所示。
表3可知,场景2相较于场景1,考虑荷储协同分布式光伏由2 334 kW提升至2 880 kW,提升近23%,同时由于增加了分布式光伏的配置容量,投资金额也随着配置容量增加。
在配电网建设运营企业的运营总支出方面,考虑荷储协同调节给予系统削峰填谷服务带来的运营成本增加,整体提升幅度约为2.52%;运营总收入方面,由于分布式光伏的发电成本比主网购电成本低,而用户侧用电价格不变,运营收入在分布式光伏配置容量增加5.12%。
基于上述关于投资金额、运营总收入及支出分析,配电网建设运营企业在总运营净收益增加8.97%。同时,若考虑绿证收入后,假设绿证价格为30元/(MW·h)[26-27],则考虑荷储协同调节后配电网建设运营企业每年将额外获得11.56万元的绿证收益,配电网建设运营企业考虑荷储协同的调节后净收益提升近10%。
配电网分布式光伏并网容量配置结果如表4所示。
考虑荷储协同调节后,配电网分布式光伏配置容量显著增加,其中,24节点、25节点两种场景下都为分布式光伏并网点,由3.1节中的分析可知,24节点、25节点为高负荷节点,分布式光伏在上述节点的配置容量相对较高,符合实际情况。
以夏季最大负荷日、冬季最大负荷日为例,分析典型日中荷储协同调节对分布式光伏消纳及并网分布式光伏容量优化配置的促进作用。
夏季最大负荷日的曲线如图5所示。
图5所示,在夏季最大负荷日,且不考虑荷储协同调节的场景下,通过比较图5(a)中的刚性负荷曲线与不考虑荷储协同调节的负荷曲线可知,可平移负荷、可中断负荷选择在00:00—08:00时段用电,此时段下分布式光伏尚未开始发电;在考虑荷储协同调节的场景下,可平移负荷、可中断负荷明显调整了用电时间,在光伏出力的时段用电,同时,分布式光伏配储在其中也起到了一定的调节能力,提高了分布式光伏的消纳能力。
图5(b)可知,考虑荷储协同调节的场景下,在光伏大发的08:00—16:00时段,负荷侧可调资源及分布式光伏配储为响应光伏出力,调整了负荷曲线。其中,可平移负荷1日内启停3次,可平移负荷2日内启停4次,可平移负荷用电特性整体呈现3峰状态,分别为00:00—06:00、08:00—11:00、13:00—15:00时段,其中00:00—06:00为谷时段,08:00—11:00、13:00—15:00为光伏出力时段,在光伏出力时段用电可获取负荷响应的补贴;可中断负荷1、2在18:00—21:00负荷高峰时段均被调用,可中断负荷1、2在08:00—16:00光伏出力时段未被调用,保持常规运行状态下的功率输出;分布式光伏配储在07:00—09:00、11:00—14:00、15:00—17:00等时段以充电为主,提高配电网的负荷。可平移负荷、可中断负荷、分布式光伏配储在08:00—16:00时段保持较高的负荷水平,促进分布式光伏的消纳。
冬季最大负荷日的调节曲线如图6所示。
图6所示,在冬季最大负荷日,在不考虑荷储协同调节的场景下,通过比较图6(a)中的刚性负荷曲线与不考虑荷储协同调节的负荷曲线可知,可平移负荷、可中断负荷选择在22:00—04:00时段用电,此时段为夜间,负荷侧灵活资源此场景下对分布式光伏发电消纳并未起到促进作用;在考虑荷储协同调节的场景下,可平移负荷、可中断负荷等调节资源明显调整负荷曲线,在08:00—16:00的时段用电,分布式光伏配储在此时段优化充放电功率,通过荷储协同调节提高了分布式光伏的消纳能力。
图6(b)中坐标轴的对应关系与图5(b)类似,其中,荷储的功率对应左侧坐标轴,光伏发电曲线对应右侧坐标轴。由图6(b)可知,可平移负荷1、2用电曲线分别呈现3峰形态,可平移负荷1日内启停3次,主要用电时段为2:00—5:00、9:00—11:00、17:00—18:00,可平移负荷2日内启停5次,主要用电时段为02:00—05:00、09:00—12:00、13:00—15:00时段,其中02:00—05:00为谷时段,其余时段均为冬季光伏出力时段,在光伏出力时段用电可获取需求侧响应的补贴;可中断负荷2在08:00—16:00时段未被调用;分布式光伏配储在08:00—16:00间也以充电为主。可平移负荷、可中断负荷、分布式光伏配储将用电负荷调整至并网分布式光伏发电的时段,提高配电网分布式光伏的优化配置容量。
为优化配电网中的分布式光伏的配置容量,提出了考虑配电网中储能、可平移负荷、可中断负荷等资源协同调节的分布式光伏并网容量优化模型和方法,实现了荷储协同匹配分布式光伏的出力特性的目标,并基于算例验证了方法的有效性。经算例分析得到如下结论。
(1)考虑可平移负荷、可中断负荷、分布式光伏配储等荷储资源协同调节能为配电网增加近20%的分布式光伏配置容量,提升分布式光伏的消纳能力。
(2)利用考虑荷储协同的分布式光伏并网容量优化方法,配电网建设运营企业在总运营净收益增加8.97%,配电网的分布式光伏配置容量提升20%。同时,考虑绿证制度逐步完善,在计及绿证收入后,净收益将提升近10%,在提升配电网净收益的同时,提升电力系统中新能源发电的占比。
(3)在冬夏季最大负荷典型日中,可平移负荷、可中断负荷、分布式光伏配储为匹配分布式光伏的出力特性,合理调整运行方式,将负荷调整至光伏出力时段参与需求响应,显著提高配电网分布式光伏配置容量。
  • 国家自然科学基金(71701087)
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404815
  • 接收时间:2024-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-27
  • 修回日期:2025-04-27
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国家自然科学基金(71701087)
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    1 华南理工大学电力学院, 广州 510640
    2 南方电网能源发展研究院有限责任公司, 广州 510700
    3 广东电网有限责任公司电网规划研究中心, 广州 510080
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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