Article(id=1228279678457282593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2408501, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731513600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-14, revisedDate=1747238400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774295677, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774295677, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774295677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774295677, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9312, endPage=9318, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279679157731412, articleId=1228279678457282593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Experiment and Simulation Study on Drying Section of Corn Drying Tower along Countercurrent Flow, columnId=1228279679027707979, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Agricultural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effects of different diversion schemes on air flow and heat transfer in a countercurrent drying tower were studied by numerical simulation of maize drying process based on porous medium model. The influence of the angle box arrangement on the temperature field and velocity field in the tower was studied by numerical simulation and experiment. The results show that the cross arrangement of corner boxes can improve heat and mass transfer efficiency, reduce heat loss and solve the problem of uneven drying. At the same time, the increase of the inlet speed can also improve the uneven temperature distribution and improve the drying effect. It can be seen that the two key factors, the arrangement of the corner box and the inlet speed, should be fully considered in the design of the counter-current drying tower for corn drying. The optimization of drying tower structure can improve the overall drying efficiency and corn quality. The conclusion of this paper provides a useful reference for corn drying industry to reduce the cost and improve the quality of corn.

, correspAuthors=Wen-wen HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-chen LI, Hai-yang MAO, Wen-wen HAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279684501275146, articleId=1228279678457282593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=农业科学顺逆流玉米烘干塔干燥段实验及模拟研究, columnId=1228279679266783330, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·农业科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=基于多孔介质模型对玉米干燥过程进行数值模拟,研究不同导流方案对顺逆流烘干塔内气流流动和热量传递的影响。通过数值模拟及实验研究了角状盒排布方式对塔内温度场和速度场的影响。结果表明:角状盒交叉式排布可以提高传热传质效率,减少热量损失,解决干燥不均匀问题。同时,入风口速度的增加也能改善温度分布的不均匀性,改善干燥效果。可见,在用于玉米干燥的顺逆流烘干塔设计中,应充分考虑角状盒的排布方式以及入风口速度这两个关键因素。烘干塔结构的优化可以提升整体的干燥效率和玉米品质。研究结果为玉米干燥产业降低成本、提高玉米品质提供了有益参考。, correspAuthors=韩雯雯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 韩雯雯(1985—),女,汉族,河北廊坊人,博士,副教授。研究方向:传热传质学。E-mail:
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李晓晨(1998—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,硕士研究生。研究方向:农业加工。E-mail:

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Comparison of drying process parameters under different arrangement of angular boxes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 各指标参数数值
角状盒排列方式 交叉式 平行式
总干燥时间/h 5.5 7.0
降水速率/(%·h-1) 2.91 2.13
Y=100 mm处粮层平均温度/K 322.91 309.46
Y=170 mm处粮层平均温度/K 325.52 324.96
塔内平均温度/K 324.22 317.21
入风口平均湿度/% 23.6 23.4
废气排出平均湿度/% 96.34 89.37
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776641242099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678457282593, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

角状盒不同排列方式下的干燥过程参数对比

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参数 各指标参数数值
角状盒排列方式 交叉式 平行式
总干燥时间/h 5.5 7.0
降水速率/(%·h-1) 2.91 2.13
Y=100 mm处粮层平均温度/K 322.91 309.46
Y=170 mm处粮层平均温度/K 325.52 324.96
塔内平均温度/K 324.22 317.21
入风口平均湿度/% 23.6 23.4
废气排出平均湿度/% 96.34 89.37
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农业科学顺逆流玉米烘干塔干燥段实验及模拟研究
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李晓晨 1 , 毛海洋 1 , 韩雯雯 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025,25(22): 9312-9318
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025, 25(22): 9312-9318
农业科学顺逆流玉米烘干塔干燥段实验及模拟研究
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李晓晨1 , 毛海洋1, 韩雯雯2, *
作者信息
  • 1 青岛科技大学机电工程学院, 青岛 266061
  • 2 青岛科技大学轮胎先进装备与关键材料国家工程研究中心, 青岛 266061
  • 李晓晨(1998—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,硕士研究生。研究方向:农业加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 韩雯雯(1985—),女,汉族,河北廊坊人,博士,副教授。研究方向:传热传质学。E-mail:
Experiment and Simulation Study on Drying Section of Corn Drying Tower along Countercurrent Flow
Xiao-chen LI1 , Hai-yang MAO1, Wen-wen HAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2 National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Equipment and Key Materials of Tyre, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2408501
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基于多孔介质模型对玉米干燥过程进行数值模拟,研究不同导流方案对顺逆流烘干塔内气流流动和热量传递的影响。通过数值模拟及实验研究了角状盒排布方式对塔内温度场和速度场的影响。结果表明:角状盒交叉式排布可以提高传热传质效率,减少热量损失,解决干燥不均匀问题。同时,入风口速度的增加也能改善温度分布的不均匀性,改善干燥效果。可见,在用于玉米干燥的顺逆流烘干塔设计中,应充分考虑角状盒的排布方式以及入风口速度这两个关键因素。烘干塔结构的优化可以提升整体的干燥效率和玉米品质。研究结果为玉米干燥产业降低成本、提高玉米品质提供了有益参考。
顺逆流烘干塔  /  玉米干燥  /  多孔介质模型  /  角状盒排布  /  传热传质效率

The effects of different diversion schemes on air flow and heat transfer in a countercurrent drying tower were studied by numerical simulation of maize drying process based on porous medium model. The influence of the angle box arrangement on the temperature field and velocity field in the tower was studied by numerical simulation and experiment. The results show that the cross arrangement of corner boxes can improve heat and mass transfer efficiency, reduce heat loss and solve the problem of uneven drying. At the same time, the increase of the inlet speed can also improve the uneven temperature distribution and improve the drying effect. It can be seen that the two key factors, the arrangement of the corner box and the inlet speed, should be fully considered in the design of the counter-current drying tower for corn drying. The optimization of drying tower structure can improve the overall drying efficiency and corn quality. The conclusion of this paper provides a useful reference for corn drying industry to reduce the cost and improve the quality of corn.

countercurrent drying tower  /  corn drying  /  porous media model  /  angular box arrangement  /  heat and mass transfer efficiency
李晓晨, 毛海洋, 韩雯雯. 农业科学顺逆流玉米烘干塔干燥段实验及模拟研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9312 -9318 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2408501
Xiao-chen LI, Hai-yang MAO, Wen-wen HAN. Experiment and Simulation Study on Drying Section of Corn Drying Tower along Countercurrent Flow[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9312 -9318 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2408501
玉米作为中国重要的粮食产物之一[1] 其产后的干燥处理对于保障粮食质量[2]、减少产后损失至关重要。玉米收获后往往含有较高水分,若不及时进行合理干燥,极易发生霉变、虫害等问题,从而影响玉米的品质与储存期限[3]。粮食干燥是一个复杂的过程,与干燥过程参数、能量、热交换和设备能力等参数息息相关,而粮食干燥最重要的部分是干燥机的烘干段[4]。干燥机结构设计不合理,导致气流分布不均和存在干燥死角,影响粮食干燥后的品质[5-6]。Amjad等[7]运用计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值模拟,调整了对角空气入口设计,有效扩大了物料与热空气的接触区域,进而提升了干燥的效率和均匀度。鲁飞等[8]针对辣椒干燥过程,采用CFD分析技术对干燥机进行了深入研究,确定其最佳结构参数。通过优化后的结构设计,干燥机的性能得到了显著提升。Jia 等[9]通过双侧设置空气入口,优化了气流分布,提升干燥效率,解决了水产饲料产品在干燥过程中气流速度分布不均的问题。Jiang等[10]通过数值模拟普通等截面热风的温度、速度与压力,并优化干燥机采用变截面角箱结构。王玉坤等[11]研发连续型谷物真空干燥机,以玉米做试验,用含水率和裂纹率评估,探究内筒转速等对干燥性能影响,特定工况下可获高品质干燥玉米。王振文等[12]利用计算流体动力学仿真软件,通过增设干燥室导流板并设定不同排风速度,对干燥房内的气流分布进行了数值模拟研究。李秋玫等[13]采用CFD软件进行数值模拟,分析厢式结构模型中气流流经茶叶的气流场,并通过引入不同倾斜角度的变截面对系统进行优化,从而提升了系统内部气流分布的均匀性。杨先亮等[14]使用FLUENT软件模拟塔内干燥介质在空载状态下的流场轨迹,分析其在不同方向的表现。于海明等[15]针对现有水稻秸秆秧盘热风辅助微波干燥机问题,设计多层盘式干燥机,优化其微波谐振腔与气流均布室,经仿真与试验验证,优化后性能提升。粮食烘干时,气流依据烘干段结构设计分布,若设计不合理,将导致气流分布不均,形成干燥死角,进而影响粮食干燥品质。所以,烘干段内部流场的均匀性对评估干燥机的干燥能力至关重要[16-17]。烘干塔的导流主要是靠角状盒[18]进行,通常导流方式分为交叉式与平行式排列分布,即入风和出风角状盒平行与入风和出风角状盒交叉。导流方式直接影响物料的流动轨迹以及热风的热量传递。
因此,基于流动与传热基本原理,现从改变角状盒的排列结构角度出发,采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法,探究不同导流结构对玉米烘干塔内的速度场和温度场的影响,有助于优化生产工艺、提高生产效率、保证产品质量并降低安全风险。
以玉米处理量为2 t/h的循环式顺逆流玉米烘干塔的中间一段为研究对象,塔体整体尺寸为450 mm×450 mm×450 mm,塔体内部装有排布规则的角状盒,平行式排布和交叉式排布,厚度均为2 mm,上端为入粮口,下端为出粮口,干燥的热空气大部分从两侧入风口进入,小部分随玉米流动从入粮口进入,经过热质交换过的湿空气均从两侧出风口排出,且有一小部分随玉米流动至下一烘干段。本研究的试验段共设有28个入风口,36个出风口,入风口跟出风口位置如图1(a)图1(b)所示。流场计算区域的网格划分如图1(c)所示,经网格无关性验证,网格数取为350×104
玉米干燥中求解的多物理场主要有温度场、速度场,求解过程满足质量守恒、动量守恒及能量守恒。
(1)质量守恒方程。
$\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t}$+$\frac{\partial \left(\rho u\right)}{\partial x}$+$\frac{\partial \left(\rho v\right)}{\partial y}$+$\frac{\partial \left(\rho w\right)}{\partial z}$=0
式(1)中:ρ为流体密度,kg/m3;t为时间,s;uvω分别为xyz三维方向上流体速度分量,m/s。
(2)动量守恒方程。
$ \frac{\partial(\rho u)}{\partial t}+\nabla(\rho u\overline{u})=\nabla(\mu\mathrm{grad}u)-\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}+S_\mathrm{u} $
$ \frac{\partial(\rho v)}{\partial t}+\nabla(\rho v\overline{u})=\nabla(\mu\mathrm{grad}v)-\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}+S_\mathrm{v} $
$ \frac{\partial(\rho w)}{\partial t}+\nabla(\rho w\overline{u})=\nabla(\mu\mathrm{grad}w)-\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}+S_\mathrm{w} $
式中:grad为一个向量算子,用于描述标量场在空间中某点的变化率和方向;p为流体微元体上的压强,Pa;μ为动力黏度系数,(N·s)/m2;SuSvSw为阻力损失项。
Su=$\frac{\mu }{\alpha }\overrightarrow{u}$+C$\frac{1}{2}$ρb$\left|\overrightarrow{u}\right|\overrightarrow{u}$
Sv=$\frac{\mu }{\alpha }\overrightarrow{v}$+C$\frac{1}{2}$ρb$\left|\overrightarrow{v}\right|\overrightarrow{v}$
Sw=$\frac{\mu }{\alpha }\overrightarrow{w}$+C$\frac{1}{2}$ρb$\left|\overrightarrow{w}\right|\overrightarrow{w}$
式中:α为渗透率;C为惯性阻力系数;ρb为玉米的密度,kg/m3
(3)能量守恒方程。
$\frac{\partial \left(\rho T\right)}{\partial t}$+$\frac{\partial \left(\rho uT\right)}{\partial x}$+$\frac{\partial \left(\rho vT\right)}{\partial y}$+$\frac{\partial \left(\rho wT\right)}{\partial z}$=$\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{k}{{C}_{p}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right)$+$\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\left(\frac{k}{{C}_{p}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right)$+$\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left(\frac{k}{{C}_{p}}\frac{\partial T}{\partial z}\right)$+ST
式(8)中:T为热风温度,K;Cp为比热容,J/(kg·K); k为流体传热系数,W/(m2·K);ST为源项,即黏性耗散项。
将玉米颗粒物料层视为一种各向异性且均匀的多孔介质模型,当热风穿过此料层时,可视为在多孔介质内部的流动过程。该流动中所产生的压力损失,对应动量方程中的阻力损失部分。依据Ergun方程,得出黏性阻力系数与惯性阻力系数。
黏性阻力系数$\frac{1}{\alpha }$
$\frac{1}{\alpha }$=$\frac{150(1-{\varphi }^{2})}{{D}_{\mathrm{p}}{\varphi }^{3}}$
C=$\frac{3.5(1-\varphi )}{{D}_{\mathrm{p}}{\varphi }^{3}}$
式中:α为渗透率;Dp为玉米颗粒的当量直径,mm;ϕ为孔隙率,%;C为惯性阻力系数。
在正常工作条件下,设定大气压力为恒定的101 325 Pa,重力加速度为-9.8 m/s2。塔体的底面和出风口面为模型出口,设置为Pressure-outlet;进风口边界条件为Velocity-inlet,其速度设置为5、7.5、10、12.5、15、17.5 m/s,热风温度443 K。考虑到玉米的移动速度相对于入风速度几乎可以忽略不计,将其视为具有多孔结构的静止固体。设置干燥段玉米的孔隙率为0.45,密度ρ为1 150 kg/m3,比热Cp为2 000 J/(kg·K),热导率为0.167 W/(m·K)。入粮口的气体温度为323 K,速度为2 m/s,以模拟实际的粮食进入情况。本文研究进行瞬态计算,选用k-ε模型、standard、可拓展壁面函数。计算中采用压力-速度耦合Coupled算法,压力项由PRESTO!算法离散,动量和能量方程由Second-order Upwind离散。
图2所示,分别为角状盒平行式分布塔体和交叉式分布塔体实体,白色风管是衔接角状盒的入风口,镂空五边形为塔体的出风口。
图3图4所示,取Y=100 mm(白色进风管下端)和Y=170 mm处粮层(白色进风管中间)的8个温度监测点,研究不同角状盒排列方向对温度参数的影响。
实验结果如图5所示,角状盒平行排布时,监测点1、监测点3的温度分别比监测点2、监测点4的高,因为热风从右到左流经白色风管,由于惯性作用会继续向前运动,致使热风在监测点1、监测点3的风量较大,导致局部温度较高,横向温度分布不均。在Y=100 mm和Y=170 mm的两个粮层位置上相同标号监测点的平均温度差距较大,温度纵向分布不均。而角状盒交叉排列时,8个温度监测点温差较小,横向和纵向温度分布都比较均匀,如图1(b)所示,由于角状盒采用交叉排列的设计,入风口与出风口并不在同一水平面上。这样的布局使得热风在穿越粮食层时的路径得以延长,增加了热风与玉米的换热时间,更有效地推动玉米内部自由水的蒸发,不仅减少了热量的损失,还显著提升了干燥效率。
玉米干燥实验中,通过改变角状盒的排布方式,进行结果对比,实验数据如表1所示。当角状盒采用交叉排布时,塔内平均温度比角状盒平行排布的高7 K,使总干燥时间缩短了近1.5 h,干燥效率显著提高,降水速率更快。此外,交叉排布在Y=100 mm和Y=170 mm等特定位置粮层的平均温度高,玉米内部的自由水蒸发量大,传热传质效率较高,所以废气排出的平均湿度也更高。
在分析烘干塔内气流流动特性的过程中,温度和风速是关键参数。从图6所示,随着热风速度的增加,塔内流体的平均温度升高。角状盒交叉式排布的塔内平均温度相较于平行式略高,表明热量损失较小,热效率更高。从图7所示,角状盒平行式排布的出风口温度明显高于交叉式,热量损失较多。因为平行式排布结构的入风口与出风口距离较近,大量干燥热空气在进入塔内后未能充分与玉米进行热量交换,便迅速从出风口排出,特别是在高风速条件下,热量损失更为显著。当塔内温度达到稳定状态时,角状盒交叉式排布的塔内流体平均温度比平行式平均高3.4 K,而出风口温度则平均低23.1 K。由数值模拟结果可以看出,在干燥玉米的过程中,角状盒交叉式排布的导流方案能够实现更为高效的热量利用,减少热量损失。
Y=170 mm截面图(出风口正下方),风速为5 m/s的工况下,研究不同角状盒排列方向对温度场的影响。如图8所示,交叉式导流方案的温度场分布更广,且温度在整个区域内呈现连续变化。该粮层中的玉米和干燥介质能够有效地进行热交换,热量得以较为均匀地传递。图9为平行式导流方案的温度场分布。平行导流方案的温度场在靠近壁面区域出现了明显的温度突变,在这些区域存在温度较大的梯度。由于平行式的排列分布结构的设计,该流场中出现较多的条状低温区,玉米吸收热量较少,导致条状低温区传热效率降低,热量在进风口附近过度集中,壁面和中心区域散失过快,从而导致塔内整体温度分布不均。且平行式的导流方案在该平面的平均温度比交叉式的要低6.4 K,传热效率较低。
X=80 mm截面图(近入风口)风速为5 m/s的工况下,研究不同角状盒排列方向对速度场的影响,如图10图11所示。交叉式排列速度场分布更均匀,边缘流速没有太大阻滞,有助于避免热风局部过快或过慢导致物料处理不均或能量利用效率不高的问题。其流动路径更为复杂,增强了湍流强度,提高了热能和物质传递效率,加快玉米烘干过程。而平行式排列流体的流动路径较为短,入风口与出风口相近,热量散失较严重,传质和传热效率较差。
采用交叉式排布,入风口速度为5 m/s的工况下,在X=225 mm截面处(塔体中心处),如图12所示,干燥的热风从两端进入塔内,受到物料层形成的多孔结构的阻挡,热风无法有效到达塔内的中心区域,导致中心区域的温度较低,而两端温度则相对较高。这种温度分布的不均匀性直接影响了该区域的传热传质效率,使得干燥效果降低。为了强化对流传热过程,提高入风速度至15 m/s,如图13所示。随着风速的增加,干燥的热风能够更轻松地输运到塔内的中心区域。在中心位置,相对方向气流进行交汇,改变了气流的运动方向,进而产生了向内旋转的涡旋,增强了中心区域的传热效率和干燥效果。
建立了烘干塔干燥段三维数值模型,并提出了塔内流场优化方案,得到以下结论。
(1)角状盒交叉式排布导流方案相较于平行式排布导流方案,塔内热风平均温度更高,出口废气温度更低,热量损失小,热效率高。
(2)交叉式导流方案温度场分布有序,热量传递均匀,利于玉米热交换;而平行式导流方案塔内平均温度低,存在温度突变和条状低温区,玉米吸收热量不均匀,热交换效率较低。
(3)角状盒交叉式排布的烘干塔在提升入风速度后,塔内中心区域温度分布得到改善,形成涡旋效应,强化了传热传质效率。
研究结果可以为玉米干燥工艺的优化提供科学指导,对干燥效率的提升及节能减排具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52206094)
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2408501
  • 接收时间:2024-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-14
  • 修回日期:2025-05-15
基金
国家自然科学基金(52206094)
作者信息
    1 青岛科技大学机电工程学院, 青岛 266061
    2 青岛科技大学轮胎先进装备与关键材料国家工程研究中心, 青岛 266061

通讯作者:

* 韩雯雯(1985—),女,汉族,河北廊坊人,博士,副教授。研究方向:传热传质学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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