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In order to guarantee the safety of UAV operation in low-altitude airspace and promote the rapid development of low-altitude economy, a detection method and resolution strategy for multi-UAV flight conflicts are constructed. Firstly, based on ADS-B(automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast) flight data, an improved FR-IMMCKF(fuzzy reasoning interactive multiple model cubature Kalman filter) algorithm was used to predict the UAV trajectory, and secondly, based on the relative motion status between UAVs, a preliminary screening of the conflict aircraft was carried out, and based on the velocity obstacle method, the vertical detection part was added so as to support the three-dimensional range of conflict detection, and then, the conflict coefficient was introduced as the weight in the flight conflict network, and the conflict status was proposed as the conflict status. Then, the conflict coefficients were introduced as the weights in the flight conflict network, and the conflict state SSM(space model) was proposed to visualize the resolution intervals, and finally, the resolution strategies of height adjustment, heading adjustment and speed adjustment were set up, and the optional resolution intervals of heading and speed were introduced. A low-altitude airspace five UAV flight conflict scenario was constructed for simulation and validation, and the results show that the proposed method is able to give a conflict resolution order and provide a feasible resolution strategy in a complex flight situation.

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为保障无人机在低空空域运行安全,推动低空经济快速发展,构建了一种针对多无人机飞行冲突的探测方法与解脱策略。首先,依据广播式自动相关监视(automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast,ADS-B)飞行数据,采用改进的基于模糊推理的交互式多模型容积卡尔曼滤波(fuzzy reasoning interactive multiple model cubature Kalman filter,FR-IMMCKF)算法对UAV航迹进行预测,其次,依据UAV间的相对运动状况,进行冲突机的初步筛选,并在速度障碍法基础上添加垂直探测部分使其支持三维范围的冲突探测,然后,引入冲突系数作为飞行冲突网络里的权重,并提出冲突状态空间模型(state space model,SSM),使解脱区间可视化,最后,设置了调高、调向与调速解脱策略,并推出可选解脱航向和速度的区间。构造低空5架UAV飞行冲突情景进行仿真验证,结果表明,本文方法能够在飞行态势复杂的情况下给出冲突解脱次序并提供可行的解脱策略。

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岳仁田(1978—),男,汉族,山东日照人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通运输规划与管理、空域运行安全。E-mail:

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岳仁田(1978—),男,汉族,山东日照人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通运输规划与管理、空域运行安全。E-mail:

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岳仁田(1978—),男,汉族,山东日照人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通运输规划与管理、空域运行安全。E-mail:

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${\hat{X}}_{q}^{(p-1\mid p-1)}为p-1$时刻第q个模型的滤波状态估计;${\mu }_{q}^{p-1}为p-1$时刻第q个模型的转移概率;${\Lambda }_{q}^{p}为p$时刻即下一时刻的模型概率更新的似然函数;${\hat{X}}_{}^{(p\mid p)}为p$时刻的状态更新;${\mathrm{G}}_{}^{(p\mid p)}为\mathrm{p}$时刻状态误差的协方差更新;Z(p)为相应的观测向量

, figureFileSmall=qmUUw3sVbvBUr9lJltCbRQ==, figureFileBig=oO8XB8DzBlfoTvqJRcKieg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369854277813228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Model probability update based on fuzzy reasoning, figureFileSmall=16RJU/ihzHHRT9hYZGLVLA==, figureFileBig=jgP0vVO5mO9u1hsH4PV5MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369854399448052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于模糊推理的模型概率更新, figureFileSmall=16RJU/ihzHHRT9hYZGLVLA==, figureFileBig=jgP0vVO5mO9u1hsH4PV5MQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369854508499964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of the velocity obstacle method, figureFileSmall=h/vpeOxR2m07b2a9BmSnFA==, figureFileBig=WUtJyOx5G3rE0cLdjkv8Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369854600773634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图3, caption=速度障碍法示意图, figureFileSmall=h/vpeOxR2m07b2a9BmSnFA==, figureFileBig=WUtJyOx5G3rE0cLdjkv8Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369854701436935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Vertical conflict detection schematic, figureFileSmall=2x1NYsfJRtKf/lPMAEhUwQ==, figureFileBig=3J/9MUEq6RP/TdyAyzE0Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369854806294542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图4, caption=垂直面冲突探测示意图, figureFileSmall=2x1NYsfJRtKf/lPMAEhUwQ==, figureFileBig=3J/9MUEq6RP/TdyAyzE0Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369854902763542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Flight status network, figureFileSmall=Wfrk6ciq93jmCFowqzSzaQ==, figureFileBig=K71wKJFCYNykLtyyghwS2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369854995038235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图5, caption=飞行状态网络, figureFileSmall=Wfrk6ciq93jmCFowqzSzaQ==, figureFileBig=K71wKJFCYNykLtyyghwS2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369855083118624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Flight conflict network, figureFileSmall=/mCd2oizD+bMlDuMW4O3oA==, figureFileBig=PGIMZ6v7wWUcY48FxWcdgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369855225724966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图6, caption=飞行冲突网络, figureFileSmall=/mCd2oizD+bMlDuMW4O3oA==, figureFileBig=PGIMZ6v7wWUcY48FxWcdgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369855338971181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Prohibited and reachable velocity sets, figureFileSmall=k3v89gz5nSl+kQyz4Bwn5g==, figureFileBig=x5EHeYuRYGSgOAGJqnRZlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369855468994614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图7, caption=禁止速度集和可达速度集, figureFileSmall=k3v89gz5nSl+kQyz4Bwn5g==, figureFileBig=x5EHeYuRYGSgOAGJqnRZlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369855586435136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Conflict state space model, figureFileSmall=zcHbeZurP5pMI+X74GgpjQ==, figureFileBig=FqN+bdQsYInnCVmv4ss4yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369855716458566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图8, caption=冲突状态空间模型, figureFileSmall=zcHbeZurP5pMI+X74GgpjQ==, figureFileBig=FqN+bdQsYInnCVmv4ss4yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369855812927565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=UAV speed adjustment schematic, figureFileSmall=YojFQ/mkCBZ44XlqvDcfCQ==, figureFileBig=4JIExW6CePYJSvOFDA0lug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369855901007956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图9, caption=UAV调速原理图, figureFileSmall=YojFQ/mkCBZ44XlqvDcfCQ==, figureFileBig=4JIExW6CePYJSvOFDA0lug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369855997476956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=UAV heading adjustment schematic, figureFileSmall=a9HAcuAI6nTLjQO/sXJLAw==, figureFileBig=XZk1EgsjTKMkg+H4/gNfFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369856102334563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图10, caption=UAV调向原理图, figureFileSmall=a9HAcuAI6nTLjQO/sXJLAw==, figureFileBig=XZk1EgsjTKMkg+H4/gNfFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369856194609260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Flight conflict detection and resolution steps, figureFileSmall=0jilL54bqf/J7/Feq8S36Q==, figureFileBig=oSNNd1S7fOzLkyew1dE/Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369856295272563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图11, caption=飞行冲突探测与解脱步骤, figureFileSmall=0jilL54bqf/J7/Feq8S36Q==, figureFileBig=oSNNd1S7fOzLkyew1dE/Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369856450461821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Comparison of trajectory forecasts, figureFileSmall=/0e9jjnSndVffAgGgzpzfQ==, figureFileBig=d/i0NQxJhXedebEnJiHYpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369856555319428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图12, caption=航迹预测对比, figureFileSmall=/0e9jjnSndVffAgGgzpzfQ==, figureFileBig=d/i0NQxJhXedebEnJiHYpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369856664371341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Multi-UAV flight conflict scenario, figureFileSmall=BOSziqxPgiYi4j3zQsPDdA==, figureFileBig=ktFjAc1QEWuaIZy7TZKlnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369856827949208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图13, caption=多无人机飞行冲突场景, figureFileSmall=BOSziqxPgiYi4j3zQsPDdA==, figureFileBig=ktFjAc1QEWuaIZy7TZKlnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369856945389723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Flight conflict network diagram, figureFileSmall=B5oHq+uRBlHmFq5vEwS5Ow==, figureFileBig=eNXu8Iv2quDuX2+a7KbYhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369857062830246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=图14, caption=飞行冲突网络图, figureFileSmall=B5oHq+uRBlHmFq5vEwS5Ow==, figureFileBig=eNXu8Iv2quDuX2+a7KbYhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369857264156847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information on conflict scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无人机 起点坐标/
km
航向/
(°)
速度/
(km·h-1)
终点坐标/
km
UAV1 (12,26,0.2) 45 40 (26,40,0.2)
UAV2 (24,30,0.2) 180 50 (0,30,0.2)
UAV3 (18,20,0.2) 90 60 (18,40,0.2)
UAV4 (12,4,0.2) 90 50 (12,40,0.2)
UAV5 (28,20,0.2) 180 50 (0,20,0.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1228369858597945531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冲突场景基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
无人机 起点坐标/
km
航向/
(°)
速度/
(km·h-1)
终点坐标/
km
UAV1 (12,26,0.2) 45 40 (26,40,0.2)
UAV2 (24,30,0.2) 180 50 (0,30,0.2)
UAV3 (18,20,0.2) 90 60 (18,40,0.2)
UAV4 (12,4,0.2) 90 50 (12,40,0.2)
UAV5 (28,20,0.2) 180 50 (0,20,0.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1228369858744746183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Conflict resolution information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景 需调整
无人机
开始解脱
点/km
所需速度/
(km·h-1)
所需航向/
(°)
解脱
方式
UAV1和UAV3 UAV3 (18,27,0.2) 调高
UAV2和UAV3 UAV3 (18,25,0.2) 50 调速
UAV1和UAV2 UAV2 (21,30,0.2) 右转30° 调向
UAV4和UAV5 UAV4 (17,20,0.2) 60 调速
), ArticleFig(id=1228369858853798095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279678230790155, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冲突解脱信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景 需调整
无人机
开始解脱
点/km
所需速度/
(km·h-1)
所需航向/
(°)
解脱
方式
UAV1和UAV3 UAV3 (18,27,0.2) 调高
UAV2和UAV3 UAV3 (18,25,0.2) 50 调速
UAV1和UAV2 UAV2 (21,30,0.2) 右转30° 调向
UAV4和UAV5 UAV4 (17,20,0.2) 60 调速
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基于飞行冲突网络的低空多无人机冲突探测与解脱策略
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岳仁田 , 牛萌
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(22): 9631-9639
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(22): 9631-9639
基于飞行冲突网络的低空多无人机冲突探测与解脱策略
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岳仁田 , 牛萌
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学空中交通管理学院, 天津 300300
  • 岳仁田(1978—),男,汉族,山东日照人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通运输规划与管理、空域运行安全。E-mail:

Low Altitude Multi-UAV Conflict Detection and Resolution Strategies Based on Flight Conflict Network
Ren-tian YUE , Meng NIU
Affiliations
  • College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406490
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为保障无人机在低空空域运行安全,推动低空经济快速发展,构建了一种针对多无人机飞行冲突的探测方法与解脱策略。首先,依据广播式自动相关监视(automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast,ADS-B)飞行数据,采用改进的基于模糊推理的交互式多模型容积卡尔曼滤波(fuzzy reasoning interactive multiple model cubature Kalman filter,FR-IMMCKF)算法对UAV航迹进行预测,其次,依据UAV间的相对运动状况,进行冲突机的初步筛选,并在速度障碍法基础上添加垂直探测部分使其支持三维范围的冲突探测,然后,引入冲突系数作为飞行冲突网络里的权重,并提出冲突状态空间模型(state space model,SSM),使解脱区间可视化,最后,设置了调高、调向与调速解脱策略,并推出可选解脱航向和速度的区间。构造低空5架UAV飞行冲突情景进行仿真验证,结果表明,本文方法能够在飞行态势复杂的情况下给出冲突解脱次序并提供可行的解脱策略。

无人机  /  飞行网络  /  状态空间模型  /  速度障碍  /  解脱策略

In order to guarantee the safety of UAV operation in low-altitude airspace and promote the rapid development of low-altitude economy, a detection method and resolution strategy for multi-UAV flight conflicts are constructed. Firstly, based on ADS-B(automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast) flight data, an improved FR-IMMCKF(fuzzy reasoning interactive multiple model cubature Kalman filter) algorithm was used to predict the UAV trajectory, and secondly, based on the relative motion status between UAVs, a preliminary screening of the conflict aircraft was carried out, and based on the velocity obstacle method, the vertical detection part was added so as to support the three-dimensional range of conflict detection, and then, the conflict coefficient was introduced as the weight in the flight conflict network, and the conflict status was proposed as the conflict status. Then, the conflict coefficients were introduced as the weights in the flight conflict network, and the conflict state SSM(space model) was proposed to visualize the resolution intervals, and finally, the resolution strategies of height adjustment, heading adjustment and speed adjustment were set up, and the optional resolution intervals of heading and speed were introduced. A low-altitude airspace five UAV flight conflict scenario was constructed for simulation and validation, and the results show that the proposed method is able to give a conflict resolution order and provide a feasible resolution strategy in a complex flight situation.

unmanned aerial vehicle  /  flight network  /  state space model  /  velocity obstacle  /  resolution strategy
岳仁田, 牛萌. 基于飞行冲突网络的低空多无人机冲突探测与解脱策略. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9631 -9639 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406490
Ren-tian YUE, Meng NIU. Low Altitude Multi-UAV Conflict Detection and Resolution Strategies Based on Flight Conflict Network[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9631 -9639 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406490
随着空域不断调整,低空空域逐步开放,人们对民用无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)的需求与日俱增,UAV便携、功能多样、机动与灵活性强、环境适应性强等多方面的优点,使其在公共服务、旅游业、体育活动、军事、商业等领域的应用愈加广泛[1],低空空域将是未来无人机运行的一重要场景,同时,UAV数量的迅速增长,使得低空空域中UAV发生冲突的可能性大大增加。低空经济属于中国经济增长和发展的新引擎产业,低空空域下无人机冲突探测与解脱技术又是当前国际无人机空管领域的研究热点,相关研究对推动和促进低空经济稳健和蓬勃发展具有重要意义。
要解决多无人机间的冲突问题,首先需要对其进行探测,在感知邻近环境和获取当下飞行态势后,借助某种方法推测UAV飞行状态,从而判别两机是否为冲突状态,当前常用的冲突探测方法分为概率型(解析型)、几何型(确定型)两大类。概率型探测方法考虑了风扰、导航误差或人为等因素,能够计算冲突发生的概率,更准确但较复杂。Prandini等[2]将飞行器位置的不确定性考虑在内,构建了短期冲突探测模型。Hernandez等[3]将预报风力的不确定性考虑在内,采用概率变换法建立了相应冲突检测模型。郝敬堂等[4]运用勒让德递推式和牛顿迭代法,构建了基于高斯积分的改进冲突概率计算模型。几何型探测方法依据UAV当前飞行状况(包括速度、方向等),未考虑其他干扰因素,对未来航迹进行预测从而判断冲突存在与否。Ribeiro等[5]利用基于意图轨迹的速度障碍法对多航空器进行冲突的探测和解脱。谢华等[6]考虑冲突的时间属性对速度障碍法改进,构建了针对两无人机冲突的分类探测模型。岳仁田等[7]构建了一种基于轴对齐包围盒的冲突探测方法。此外还有其他方法,如Opromolla等[8]利用深度学习的神经网络方法进行视觉探测,从而跟踪判断入侵飞行器是否会造成冲突等。
在完成冲突的探测后,就要进行冲突的解脱。常用的解脱方法主要分为离散型和连续型两大类。离散型解脱方法指的是将飞行轨迹离散化,通过调整航路点解决冲突[9]。连续型解脱方法大部分是调整飞行器航行路线,保证其与其他飞行器或障碍物的间距符合安全间隔要求,主要包括势场法[10]、路径规划法[11-12]及几何法[13]等。此外,还有一些利用飞行冲突网络[14]、复杂网络[15]等构建的解脱方法。
综上,中外对飞行冲突探测与解脱的研究大多只针对两架有人机、两架无人机或多架有人机,并且大多未考虑解脱次序,为更加准确地体现多无人机间的冲突关系并使解脱区间可视化,现引入冲突系数构建飞行冲突网络,可在无人机飞行态势复杂的情景下根据冲突严重程度从重到轻化解冲突,并通过状态空间模型将可选解脱速度与航向区间直观展现,在此基础上综合提出一套适用于多无人机间冲突探测和解脱的算法与流程。
首先,为方便计算和构建模型,需把ADS-B提供的基于WGS-84坐标系的UAV信息转换到直角坐标系下。接着,要设置UAV水平和垂直方向上的安全间隔标准,由此构造飞行保护区,本文将无人机置于圆柱体中心构建保护区,其半径为水平安全间隔${D}_{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}},$高为两倍的垂直安全间隔$2{D}_{\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}}。$当一架UAV侵入另一架UAV保护区,则代表两无人机有冲突产生。
交互式多模型(interacting multiple model,IMM)是一种经典的多模型算法,其特点在于各个子模型通过马尔科夫转移矩阵进行交互,即使目标的运动状态发生变化,算法仍然能够保持较好的跟踪效果。将容积卡尔曼滤波(cubature Kalman filter,CKF)与其相结合,形成IMMCKF算法[7],如图1所示。
然而,IMMCKF算法仍存在滤波精度不高、收敛速度较慢的问题。因此,在IMMCKF算法基础上,概率更新模块又引入了模糊推理(fuzzy reasoning,FR)部分[16],形成FR-IMMCKF算法,如图2所示。这个改进能使模型转换速度和收敛速度变快、预测精度变高。
对于飞行在低空中执行任务的m架UAV,若要对其中某架进行冲突探测,则需要与除自身之外的每架UAV都进行探测,需探测m-1次,若对当前空域里所有可能的冲突进行探测,最多需探测m(m-1)/2次。但现实中有许多与自身距离甚远、在短时内不会产生冲突的UAV。所以对所有探测到的入侵机进行初步筛选,将没有冲突的UAV剔除掉,提升检测效率。将本机A和入侵机B的四维位置坐标分别设为$({x}_{1},{y}_{1},{z}_{1},{V}_{1})、({x}_{2},{y}_{2},{z}_{2},{V}_{2}),$本机在空间三维上的速度分量分别设为Vx1、Vy1、Vz1,入侵机的设为Vx2、Vy2、Vz2则冲突机的初步筛选公式为
$\begin{array}{l}\tau =({x}_{1}-{x}_{2})({V}_{x1}-{V}_{x2})+({y}_{1}-{y}_{2})({V}_{y1}-{V}_{y2})+\\ ({z}_{1}-{z}_{2})({V}_{z1}-{V}_{z2})\end{array}$
$\tau $定义为冲突筛选因子,若$\tau <0,$代表入侵机正逐步靠近本机,若$\tau =0,$代表入侵机和本机间的状态为相对静止,若$\tau >0,$则代表入侵机正逐步远离本机。通过初步筛选,将无关入侵机排除掉,只需考虑逐步靠近本机的入侵机。
图3所示是速度障碍法的原理图,该方法依据两机相对速度VAB是否位于相对碰撞区域或绝对碰撞区域来判别两机是否存在冲突,设无人机A为本机,无人机B为入侵机,无人机B的膨胀圆保护区用spz表示,保护区半径用r2表示,无人机AB的位置矢量分别是OA、OB,速度矢量分别是VA、VB,则若把无人机A的速度看作VAB,无人机B就可看作是静态障碍物。
定义由无人机A中心发出的并且沿着两机相对速度方向的射线lAB
${l}_{AB}=\lambda ({O}_{A},{V}_{AB})=\{{O}_{A}+{V}_{AB}t|t\ge 0\}$
式(2)中:t为时间;$\lambda ({O}_{A},{V}_{AB})$为无人机AB的相对位置关系。
由无人机A为起点作出两条与膨胀圆相切的线从而围成碰撞区,若lAB交于膨胀圆,则代表两无人机将要产生冲突,即冲突判定式为
$\lambda ({O}_{A},{V}_{AB})\bigcap {O}_{C}\ne \mathrm{\varnothing }$
定义相对碰撞区RCC为要产生飞行冲突的VAB的集合,如式(4)所示。无人机A通过改变速度向量防止VAB落入碰撞区就能够避免冲突,若VAB落在碰撞区之外,则代表无人机A保持原运动状态飞行不会与无人机B产生冲突。
${R}_{CC}=\left\{{V}_{AB}\right|\lambda ({O}_{A},{V}_{AB})\bigcap {O}_{C}\ne \mathrm{\varnothing }\}$
本机遭遇多架入侵UAV时,很难直接利用RCC进行描述。因此,沿入侵UAV的速度VB方向将RCC平移,从而得到绝对碰撞区ACC,其能更直观处理多架入侵UAV,而本机需避开的区域即ACC里所有速度的集合,式(5)是对绝对碰撞区的描述。
$\begin{array}{l}V{O}_{B}^{A}\left({V}_{B}\right)=\left\{{V}_{A}\right|\lambda ({O}_{A},{V}_{A}-{V}_{B})\bigcap \\   B\oplus -A\ne \mathrm{\varnothing }\}\end{array}$
式(5)中:♁代表闵科夫斯基矢量和运算。
图3所示,此时无人机A的速度向量VA位于ACC里,代表其将与无人机B产生冲突,反之没有冲突。
由于上述方法只能对水平面的冲突进行检测,所以对其进行改进,引入垂直面的冲突探测,如图4所示,在X-Z这个平面内,假设无人机A的位置坐标为(x1,z1),航速矢量为${V}_{\mathrm{A}vert}=({v}_{1\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\varphi }_{1},{v}_{1\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}}),$无人机B的位置坐标为(x2,z2),航速矢量为${V}_{\mathrm{B}vert}=({v}_{2\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\varphi }_{2},{v}_{2\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}})。$
相对于无人机A,无人机B的航速为
${V}_{\mathrm{r}vert}=({v}_{2\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\varphi }_{2}-{v}_{1\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\varphi }_{1},{v}_{2\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}}-{v}_{1\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}})$
无人机B相对于无人机A的飞行场景如图4所示,图4中矩形EFJK为垂直面上的安全间隔。
无人机B相对于A的航线斜率为
$k=\frac{{v}_{2\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}}-{v}_{1\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}}}{{v}_{2\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\varphi }_{2}-{v}_{1\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\varphi }_{1}}$
依据几何关系得,对X-Z面上的冲突进行判断的条件[11]
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{1}=\left[k\right({x}_{E}-{x}_{B})+{z}_{B}-{z}_{E}]\times \\ \left[k\right({x}_{J}-{x}_{B})+{z}_{B}-{z}_{J}]\\ {L}_{2}=\left[k\right({x}_{F}-{x}_{B})+{z}_{B}-{z}_{F}]\times \\ \left[k\right({x}_{K}-{x}_{B})+{z}_{B}-{z}_{K}]\end{array}\right.$
${L}_{1}\ge 0\mathrm{\Lambda }{L}_{2}\ge 0,$则代表在X-Z面上,无人机AB不存在冲突,否则要对两者间的冲突进行消解。
图5所示是飞行状态网络的示意图,它是依据无人机间的关系构成的网络,用G=(V,P,Q)来表示,$V=\left\{{v}_{i}\right|i\in I\}$代表无人机集合,其中,$I=\{\mathrm{1,2},\dots,N\}$代表当下空域里无人机的数量集合,N为无人机的数量,$P=\{{p}_{ij}=({v}_{i},{v}_{j}\left)\right|i,j\in I\}$代表无人机间关系的集合,$Q=\left\{{q}_{ij}\right|i,j\in I\}$代表无人机间连边权重的集合,${Q}_{1}=\{{q}_{ij}{\}}_{n\times n}$表示状态网络的加权邻接矩阵,$C=\{{c}_{ij}{\}}_{n\times n}$代表该网络的邻接矩阵,其中cij表达式为
${c}_{ij}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}1,& ({v}_{i},{v}_{j})\in P\\ 0,& ({v}_{i},{v}_{j})\notin P\end{array}\right.$
通过ADS-B能直接得到目标无人机的速度,将无人机A的速度分别沿xy轴分解为${V}_{A\_\mathrm{h}}、{V}_{A\_\mathrm{v}},$无人机B的速度分别沿xy轴分解为${V}_{B\_\mathrm{h}}、{V}_{B\_\mathrm{v}}。$已知无人机AB的偏航角分别是p1、p2,则两无人机的水平相对速度${V}_{r\_\mathrm{h}}$
${V}_{r\_\mathrm{h}}={V}_{A\_\mathrm{h}}-{V}_{B\_\mathrm{h}}$
若两无人机的水平和垂直相对速度矢量都穿越无人机的保护区spz,则这两架无人机存在潜在冲突。根据当前空域里的ADS-B信息,设无人机AX-Y面的位置坐标为(x1,y1),两无人机的水平相对速度${V}_{r\_\mathrm{h}}$与膨胀圆保护区spz边界的交点坐标为$({x}_{\mathrm{c}},{y}_{\mathrm{c}}),$则两无人机水平相对速度到达保护区水平边界的时间表示为
${t}_{\mathrm{h}}=\frac{\sqrt{({x}_{1}-{x}_{\mathrm{c}}{)}^{2}+({y}_{1}-{y}_{\mathrm{c}}{)}^{2}}}{\left|{V}_{r\_\mathrm{h}}\right|}$
同理能够算出两无人机垂直相对速度到达保护区垂直边界的时间tv,而存在冲突的实质是两无人机在水平和垂直方向上都未能保持安全间隔。所以${t}_{\mathrm{h}}、{t}_{\mathrm{v}}$中更长的时间为两无人机实际发生冲突的时间tk
${t}_{\mathrm{k}}=\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\{{t}_{\mathrm{h}},{t}_{\mathrm{v}}\}$
为更加高效地解决多无人机冲突,给每架检测到的潜在冲突无人机定义冲突系数fk,它可以决定多机解脱时的优先级别,通过到达保护区边界的时间进行计算,该时间与冲突系数成反比,到达保护区边界的时间越久,冲突系数越小,否则冲突系数越大。冲突系数的表达式如式(13)所示,式(13)属于单减函数,在${t}_{\mathrm{k}}\ge 0$时,tk越大,函数曲线斜率越小,fk越小,符合实际情况,且fk的范围是[0,1]。
${f}_{\mathrm{k}}=\frac{1}{{t}_{\mathrm{k}}+1}$
图6所示,将ADS-B监视的空域范围内的每架无人机作为本机,计算周围所有无人机间的冲突系数,从而可以通过比较所有无人机间的冲突系数大小来选定优先解决哪对无人机间的冲突,确保冲突系数最大的即冲突最严重的两无人机进行最先的操作机动来化解冲突。在飞行冲突网络中,边的权值需体现出冲突的严重程度,而该程度和预计发生飞行冲突的时间密切相关,且两者关系为非线性。本文研究将冲突系数作为飞行网络边的权重,式(14)即为图6所示的飞行冲突网络的加权矩阵。
${W}_{1}=\left[\begin{array}{llllll}0& 0.458& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0.458& 0& 0.573& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0.573& 0& 0.382& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0.382& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0.316\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0.316& 0\end{array}\right]$
冲突状态空间模型(state space model,SSM)是由以本机为圆心作出的两个同心圆及邻近入侵无人机的绝对碰撞区构成,在本无人机可达的速度空间里,构造周围每架无人机的绝对碰撞区域ACC,每个ACC是一组会与本机发生冲突的速度向量。在从一组可达的速度集合中排除掉所有邻近入侵机的绝对碰撞区域后,剩下的部分便是可达且没有冲突的速度向量。然后从该部分选取新的速度矢量,并将其作为解脱速度,所以冲突状态空间模型可以对多个冲突同时进行处理。冲突状态空间模型包括邻近所有入侵无人机的绝对碰撞区与本无人机速度性能限制的交集,即能够确定会导致冲突将发生的速度向量。如图7(a)所示是禁止速度集(forbidden velocities,FV)的示意图,代表在绝对碰撞区里绝对速度向量的集合,即
$FV=\stackrel{N}{\bigcup _{i=1}}{A}_{C{C}_{i}}$
但考虑到无人机巡航速度性能等的限制,算出的解脱速度数值不是总能达到,如图7(b)所示是可达速度集(reachable velocities,RV)的示意图,由两个同心圆组成,内圆代表本无人机可达的最小速度${V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$边界,外圆代表其可达的最大速度${V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$边界。RV的表达式为
$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{V}=\{x,y|{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}\ge {V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{2},{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}\le {V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}^{2}\}\\ =\{V,\varphi |{V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\le V\le {V}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}},0°\le \varphi \le 360°\}\end{array}$
将禁止速度集FV和可达速度集RV的交集定义为图8中的禁止可达速度集(forbidden reachable velocities,FRV),将可达速度集RV与禁止速度集FV的补集的交集定义为图8中的允许可达速度集(allowed reachable velocities,ARV)。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{V}=\mathrm{R}\mathrm{V}\bigcap \mathrm{F}\mathrm{V}\\ \mathrm{A}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{V}=\mathrm{R}\mathrm{V}\bigcap \mathrm{F}{\mathrm{V}}^{C}=\mathrm{R}\mathrm{V}\backslash \mathrm{F}\mathrm{V}\end{array}\right.$
通过改进速度障碍模型完成冲突探测后,对于探测到的冲突,需要进行消解,本节主要介绍UAV通过调整速度或方向化解冲突的原理,调高策略即传统的一架无人机提前改变巡航高度层避免与另一架无人机产生冲突,不再具体展开阐述。
调速策略即UAV进行冲突解脱时,只需在原飞行路径上改变速度,无需重新规划飞行路线。如图9所示,设无人机AB的初始飞行速度分别是vA、vB,仅改变无人机A的速度大小至$v\text{'}{}_{A},v\text{'}{}_{A}={v}_{A}+\mathrm{\Delta }{v}_{A},$从而使两者相对速度v'R不再位于RCC
图9中几何关系以及正弦定理得
$\left|v\text{'}{}_{A}\right|=\frac{\left|{v}_{B}\right|\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\epsilon \text{'}}{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta }$
$\epsilon \text{'}=\alpha +<\overrightarrow{\mathrm{{\rm A}}\mathrm{{\rm B}}},-{v}_{B}>$
因此,无人机A通过改变速度进行冲突消解过程中速度改变量$\mathrm{\Delta }{v}_{A}$
$\mathrm{\Delta }{v}_{A}=v\text{'}{}_{A}-{v}_{A}=\frac{\left|{v}_{B}\right|\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\epsilon \text{'}}{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta }-\left|{v}_{A}\right|$
为提升冲突解脱的效率和流畅性,且受UAV速度性能约束,设置其可选解脱速度V=[50 km/h,60 km/h,70 km/h],如图8所示,若某无人机同时与其他4架无人机存在潜在冲突,则该无人机可选速度范围为$V={V}_{1}\bigcap {V}_{2}\bigcap {V}_{3}\bigcap {V}_{4},$V为空集,说明该无人机调速无法有效消解冲突,否则说明其可以通过调速避免冲突。
调向策略即UAV通过调整航向角度来化解冲突,如图10所示,与调速策略相比,调向时可选航向角调整范围更大,经济性更高,机动更为灵活,更有利于解脱策略的执行。
图10中几何关系以及正弦定理得
$\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta \text{'}=\frac{\left|-{v}_{B}\right|\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\epsilon \text{'}}{\left|v\text{'}{}_{A}\right|}=\frac{\left|{v}_{B}\right|\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\epsilon \text{'}}{\left|{v}_{A}\right|}$
式(19)已经给出$\epsilon \text{'}$的值,因此,无人机A通过改变航向进行冲突消解过程中最小的航向改变量$\mathrm{\Delta }{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$
$\mathrm{\Delta }{\theta }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}=\theta \text{'}-\theta =\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\frac{\left|{v}_{B}\right|\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\epsilon \text{'}}{\left|{v}_{A}\right|}-\theta $
考虑到UAV飞行性能、运行特点等因素,设置其航向角度调整区间为[-60°,60°],为简化计算和UAV转弯机动方便,本文研究将可选航向设置为:左转或者右转30°或60°。
图11所示,UAV执行任务过程中,依靠ADS-B设备不断获取低空空域里其他UAV的速度、航向等飞行状态数据,据此通过FR-IMMCKF算法推测下一时间段UAV飞行航迹,然后初步筛选冲突UAV,接着进行冲突探测,构建目前空域范围里所有UAV的飞行冲突网络,若检测不到当前有冲突,则一直检测到飞行任务结束,若检测出冲突,则执行解脱策略解决冲突,然后继续进行冲突检测直到抵达目的地。
设置5架起点和终点均不同的无人机飞行在40 km×40 km的低空空域里的情景,本文研究选用民用的大疆经纬M100型无人机作为研究对象,依据其运行特点,将水平安全间隔${D}_{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}}$设为2 km,垂直安全间隔${D}_{\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}}$设为0.2 km[6],给定每架无人机起始与终点坐标、初始航行方向与速度等基本信息。
为验证本文提出的FR-IMMCKF算法预测航迹的合理性,对仿真情景中某架无人机的某条飞行航迹进行预测,并与IMMCKF算法进行比较,如图12所示,两种算法预测航迹时在3个方向上均存在误差,但与IMMCKF算法相比较,FR-IMMCKF算法在3个方向上的误差都更小,收敛性更强、预测精度更高。
FR-IMMCKF算法在XYZ方向上的平均误差分别为4.1、4.4、1.3 m,均小于IMMCKF算法,且3个方向误差平均值为3.3 m,是IMMCKF算法的50.77%,在可接受区间内,用于接下来的飞行冲突探测是可行的。
为验证本文构建的冲突探测方法和解脱策略的有效性,利用前文所述理论进行仿真与分析。如表1所示是冲突情景基本信息,如图13是设定的多机冲突仿真情景,依据飞行状态信息推测各无人机航迹,对各无人机对间的实际冲突情况进行判断,若某无人机对的水平和垂直间距同时小于对应的安全间隔,则认为该无人机对将会发生冲突。在没有冲突要发生时,每架无人机依照原始路线飞行,随着时间的推移和ADS-B相关数据的接收和处理,探测模型开始检测到飞行冲突的存在,并为当下空域状况建立飞行冲突网络,同时依据不同无人机对的冲突严重程度赋给各连边不同的权值。
利用改进速度障碍法判断无人机间的潜在冲突时,需要满足相对碰撞区RCC中的条件$\gamma \ge \alpha,$然后计算冲突解脱所需边界值,并执行既定的解脱策略化解飞行冲突,在当下的冲突消解结束后,重新利用冲突探测模型对空域里的无人机进行冲突检测。
当需要无人机机动以化解冲突时,为操作方便起见,优先考虑调向策略,计算冲突解脱所需航向边界值,当调向策略可选航向在计算的边界区间之外时,说明调向策略无法有效消解当前的冲突,然后考虑调速策略,由于可选解脱速度是离散的,并且某架无人机可能同时与附近多架无人机存在冲突,所以可能导致解脱速度可行解为$\mathrm{\varnothing },$调速策略也无法消解当下冲突时,考虑调高策略,无论最终采取何种解脱策略,都需使存在潜在冲突的无人机对间的水平间距维持在2 km以上或者垂直间距维持在0.2 km以上。
调整无人机选择无人机连边条数多的,连边条数多代表周围飞行冲突数量多,整体冲突情况更为严重,若不及时处理容易导致事故发生,当连边条数多的节点消失后,空域里无人机间冲突的紧张和危险程度将显著缓解。
图14所示为设置的多无人机飞行冲突情景对应的飞行冲突网络图,其中各边权值是根据当下空域里各无人机对间冲突的严重程度所赋予的,能够看出当下空域情景下UAV1和UAV3之间的连边权重最大,为0.728,所以优先对该无人机对间的冲突进行解脱,计算通过调向进行解脱时的边界值,得到调向策略可选航向不位于计算的边界区间里,且通过调速也无法得到可行解,故最终通过调高策略完成了冲突的消解,解决完UAV1和UAV3之间的飞行冲突后,持续对空域状况对应的飞行冲突网络进行更新,继续依照上述流程对当下时刻连边权重最大的无人机对进行冲突解脱,直至该低空空域里所有无人机间均不存在冲突或者各架无人机飞至相应目标点。
即接下来要对UAV2和UAV3间的冲突进行解脱,先计算通过调向解脱时的边界值,得到调向策略可选航向不位于计算的边界区间里,然后考虑调速策略,将UAV3看作冲突状态空间模型中的本机,根据调速策略模型计算其解脱速度,取得可选解脱速度中的速度50 km/h,从而能够完成冲突解脱。然后要处理的无人机对是UAV1和UAV2,首先考虑调向策略,求得此时航向边界值是30°,符合条件,且使UAV2右转30°即可完成冲突解脱,故不需继续考虑调速和调高策略。最后处理UAV4和UAV5间的冲突,处理过程与解决UAV2和UAV3间的冲突同理。冲突解脱信息如表2所示。
(1)提出了针对低空多无人机间的飞行冲突探测和解脱策略。与IMMCKF算法相比较,FR-IMMCKF算法具备更优异的预测能力,180 s的时间里,在XYZ方向上的误差平均值为3.3 m,是IMMCKF算法的50.77%。
(2)由于传统速度障碍法仅支持水平面的冲突探测,引入垂直方向的探测对速度障碍法进行改进,从而可以使其进行三维空间内的冲突探测。
(3)提出了冲突状态空间模型,该模型可以降低多无人机冲突探测的复杂程度,且能够直观展示多机之间的冲突状况,使解脱区间可视化。构建的飞行冲突网络模型则可以依据冲突的严重程度从重到轻处理无人机间的冲突。
(4)在进行仿真验证时未将风的方向和速度、雨等环境因素以及仪器误差等考虑在内,未来的研究可以将这些因素纳入,以进行更全面的分析。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62173332)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(3122022103)
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406490
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:2025-05-12
基金
国家自然科学基金(62173332)
中央高校基本科研业务费(3122022103)
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    中国民航大学空中交通管理学院, 天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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