Article(id=1228279676746007521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407164, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727193600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-25, revisedDate=1747065600000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774295269, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774295269, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774295269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774295269, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9481, endPage=9494, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279678033657856, articleId=1228279676746007521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Deformation Characteristics and Influencing Stress Factors of Soil-Rock Dual-media Deep Foundation Pit under Eccentric Loading Conditions: A Case of Qingdao Metro Hudao Station, columnId=1228279670542627833, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Relying on a deep foundation pit project of a metro station in a dual soil-rock stratum, the deformation patterns of the supporting structure and key sections of the foundation pit during different construction stages were obtained through on-site measured data. Based on the presence of adjacent buildings, a 3D numerical model for dual soil-rock deep foundation pits was established. After the excavation and dewatering construction of the deep foundation pit, the deformation and stress of the retaining structure on both the side adjacent to and away from the buildings, surface subsidence, and changes in the axial force of the supports were analyzed. On this basis, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on the influencing parameters of foundation pit deformation and stress, and the variation patterns were summarized and fitted. The study results indicate that the excavation of dual-element deep foundation pits in soil and rock exhibits significant spatial and temporal effects. In the time dimension, this is manifested as rapid development in the lateral displacement of pile bodies and surface settlement in soil layers, while the development rate slows in rock layers. In the spatial dimension, this is manifested as the corner effect of the pit. Changes in spacing and pile diameter essentially alter the overall stiffness of the retaining structure and the magnitude of external soil and water pressure borne by an individual pile. When the pile diameter is less than 1.0 m, the force sensitivity of deformation in the adjacent building side of the foundation pit significantly increases. The properties of rock and soil masses vary greatly at the soil-rock interface in a dual soil-rock formation, where over-excavation, support spacing, and changes in prestress are more pronounced. The research findings can provide valuable insights for similar soil-rock dual-element deep foundation pit engineering projects.

, correspAuthors=Jian-feng ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ling-rui KONG, Jun-lin JIANG, Jian-feng ZHAO, Xiao-jun AN, Tian-jin LIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279688125154061, articleId=1228279676746007521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=偏压条件下土岩双元深基坑变形特性及受力的影响因素: 以青岛地铁湖岛站为例, columnId=1228279671742197785, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

依托土岩双元地层地铁车站深基坑工程,通过现场实测数据获得不同施工阶段支护结构及基坑关键部位的变形规律。基于存在邻近建筑物情况建立土岩双元深基坑三维数值模型,对深基坑降水开挖施工后邻近建筑物和远离建筑物侧的围护结构变形受力、地表沉降及支撑轴力变化进行分析,在此基础上对基坑变形受力的影响参数进行敏感性分析,并拟合总结变化规律。研究结果表明:土岩双元深基坑开挖呈现明显的时空效应,时间维度表现为在土层中桩体侧移和地表沉降中发展较为迅速,岩层中发展速率减慢,空间维度表现为坑角效应;桩间距和桩径的改变本质上都是改变围护结构整体刚度和单桩承受外部水土压力大小,桩径小于1.0 m时,邻近建筑物一侧的基坑变形受力敏感程度显著增加;土岩双元地层中土岩结合面岩土体性质差异大,此处的土方超挖、支撑间距和预应力改变更为明显。该研究成果可为类似土岩双元深基坑工程提供有益借鉴。

, correspAuthors=赵建锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 赵建锋(1976—),男,汉族,河南叶县人,博士,教授。研究方向:土木工程。E-mail:
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孔令瑞(1990—),男,汉族,山东滕州人,工程师。研究方向:深基坑支护。E-mail:

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孔令瑞(1990—),男,汉族,山东滕州人,工程师。研究方向:深基坑支护。E-mail:

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=参数分析), Keyword(id=1228369869150814918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=数值模拟)], refs=[Reference(id=1228369876964803474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=41, issue=8, pageStart=81, pageEnd=86, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=徐中华, 王建华, 王卫东, journalName=土木工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐中华, 王建华, 王卫东. 上海地区深基坑工程中地下连续墙的变形性状[J]. 土木工程学报, 2008, 41(8): 81-86., articleTitle=上海地区深基坑工程中地下连续墙的变形性状, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228369877023523732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=41, issue=8, pageStart=81, pageEnd=86, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], 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Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2020, 41(10): 3289-3299., articleTitle=Experimental study on coordinated deformation law of diaphragm wall support system in deep foundation pits, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228369879271670714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=36, authorNames=刘星, journalName=基坑土体参数及超挖变形的数值模拟研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘星. 基坑土体参数及超挖变形的数值模拟研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228369879330390971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Liu Xing, journalName=Numerical simulation study on the soil parameters and over-excavation deformation of foundation pits, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Xing. Numerical simulation study on the soil parameters and over-excavation deformation of foundation pits[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228369876742505357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, awardId=52171264, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52171264), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228369876809614223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, awardId=2023-KF-0009, language=CN, fundingSource=中铁二十三局集团有限公司科技开发计划(2023-KF-0009), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228369865015231044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369865019425349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, companyId=1228369865015231044, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 China Railway 23rd Bureau 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articleId=1228279676746007521, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Variation law of internal forces in retaining structures at different local support positions, figureFileSmall=QXvBnhLJnQG8XSjKVcwvNg==, figureFileBig=Q3Q2yEpG5OG9jGcrXaahAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369874355946344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, language=CN, label=图20, caption=局部支撑不同位置下的围护结构内力变化规律, figureFileSmall=QXvBnhLJnQG8XSjKVcwvNg==, figureFileBig=Q3Q2yEpG5OG9jGcrXaahAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369874418860909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279676746007521, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Deformation of piles and ground surface under different pre-applied axial forces, figureFileSmall=zfVtmW9A5s9ZnQbMyEXefQ==, figureFileBig=dBgmfOJc7Bd7hIHMk3Ro0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369874506941297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, 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偏压条件下土岩双元深基坑变形特性及受力的影响因素: 以青岛地铁湖岛站为例
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孔令瑞 1 , 姜君霖 2 , 赵建锋 2, * , 安肖军 1 , 梁天津 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(22): 9481-9494
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(22): 9481-9494
偏压条件下土岩双元深基坑变形特性及受力的影响因素: 以青岛地铁湖岛站为例
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孔令瑞1 , 姜君霖2, 赵建锋2, * , 安肖军1, 梁天津1
作者信息
  • 1 中铁二十三局集团第一工程有限公司, 日照 276826
  • 2 青岛理工大学土木工程学院, 青岛 266520
  • 孔令瑞(1990—),男,汉族,山东滕州人,工程师。研究方向:深基坑支护。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 赵建锋(1976—),男,汉族,河南叶县人,博士,教授。研究方向:土木工程。E-mail:
Deformation Characteristics and Influencing Stress Factors of Soil-Rock Dual-media Deep Foundation Pit under Eccentric Loading Conditions: A Case of Qingdao Metro Hudao Station
Ling-rui KONG1 , Jun-lin JIANG2, Jian-feng ZHAO2, * , Xiao-jun AN1, Tian-jin LIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 China Railway 23rd Bureau Group First Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao 276826, China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407164
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依托土岩双元地层地铁车站深基坑工程,通过现场实测数据获得不同施工阶段支护结构及基坑关键部位的变形规律。基于存在邻近建筑物情况建立土岩双元深基坑三维数值模型,对深基坑降水开挖施工后邻近建筑物和远离建筑物侧的围护结构变形受力、地表沉降及支撑轴力变化进行分析,在此基础上对基坑变形受力的影响参数进行敏感性分析,并拟合总结变化规律。研究结果表明:土岩双元深基坑开挖呈现明显的时空效应,时间维度表现为在土层中桩体侧移和地表沉降中发展较为迅速,岩层中发展速率减慢,空间维度表现为坑角效应;桩间距和桩径的改变本质上都是改变围护结构整体刚度和单桩承受外部水土压力大小,桩径小于1.0 m时,邻近建筑物一侧的基坑变形受力敏感程度显著增加;土岩双元地层中土岩结合面岩土体性质差异大,此处的土方超挖、支撑间距和预应力改变更为明显。该研究成果可为类似土岩双元深基坑工程提供有益借鉴。

土岩地层  /  时空效应  /  受力特性  /  参数分析  /  数值模拟

Relying on a deep foundation pit project of a metro station in a dual soil-rock stratum, the deformation patterns of the supporting structure and key sections of the foundation pit during different construction stages were obtained through on-site measured data. Based on the presence of adjacent buildings, a 3D numerical model for dual soil-rock deep foundation pits was established. After the excavation and dewatering construction of the deep foundation pit, the deformation and stress of the retaining structure on both the side adjacent to and away from the buildings, surface subsidence, and changes in the axial force of the supports were analyzed. On this basis, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on the influencing parameters of foundation pit deformation and stress, and the variation patterns were summarized and fitted. The study results indicate that the excavation of dual-element deep foundation pits in soil and rock exhibits significant spatial and temporal effects. In the time dimension, this is manifested as rapid development in the lateral displacement of pile bodies and surface settlement in soil layers, while the development rate slows in rock layers. In the spatial dimension, this is manifested as the corner effect of the pit. Changes in spacing and pile diameter essentially alter the overall stiffness of the retaining structure and the magnitude of external soil and water pressure borne by an individual pile. When the pile diameter is less than 1.0 m, the force sensitivity of deformation in the adjacent building side of the foundation pit significantly increases. The properties of rock and soil masses vary greatly at the soil-rock interface in a dual soil-rock formation, where over-excavation, support spacing, and changes in prestress are more pronounced. The research findings can provide valuable insights for similar soil-rock dual-element deep foundation pit engineering projects.

soil-rock strata  /  space-time effects  /  stress characteristics  /  parameter analysis  /  numerical simulation
孔令瑞, 姜君霖, 赵建锋, 安肖军, 梁天津. 偏压条件下土岩双元深基坑变形特性及受力的影响因素: 以青岛地铁湖岛站为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9481 -9494 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407164
Ling-rui KONG, Jun-lin JIANG, Jian-feng ZHAO, Xiao-jun AN, Tian-jin LIANG. Deformation Characteristics and Influencing Stress Factors of Soil-Rock Dual-media Deep Foundation Pit under Eccentric Loading Conditions: A Case of Qingdao Metro Hudao Station[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9481 -9494 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407164
自20世纪80年代以来,中国许多城市开展了大量地铁车站基坑工程,软土地区的基坑变形和受力研究相对较为成熟和系统[1-3]。然而,对于青岛等以土岩双元地层为主的地区,相关研究较为稀缺且分散。特别是在城市密集区施工时,由于周边环境的复杂性和基坑两侧的不对称荷载,土岩双元深基坑的设计与变形控制面临诸多挑战[4]。因此,研究偏压条件下不同参数对深基坑变形与受力的影响,对确保工程设计与施工安全至关重要。
在深基坑变形控制领域,已有大量研究成果。例如,朱怀龙等[5]通过数值模拟结合实测数据,分析了坑外偏压荷载的大小、位置及分布宽度对支护结构受力与变形的影响,特别是在存在临时堆载的情况下。朱殷航等[6]对矩形基坑的开挖过程进行了数值模拟,系统分析了支护结构的力学行为与变形特性,并通过实测数据验证了模型的合理性。刘性锋等[7]则通过理论分析、数值模拟和监测数据对比,揭示了围护结构变形与地表沉降的变化规律。冯春蕾等[8]基于北京砂卵石地层下18个地铁车站基坑的实测数据,定量划分了坑角效应区域和平面应变区域,考虑了基坑长深比及围护结构类型。然而,针对土岩双元地层及其空间效应的研究仍较为匮乏。本文研究将借鉴冯春蕾等[8]的研究结论,通过实测数据分析土岩双元地层地铁车站基坑的坑角效应和变形规律,并与冯春蕾等[8]的研究结果进行对比,以进一步探讨其在双元地层中的适用性。
在深基坑支护结构的设计和施工中参数选择偏向于保守,通常采用基于工程经验的普适性参数,牺牲了一定的经济效益。基于此,许多学者针对围护结构的敏感性参数开展了深入研究。Liu等[9]通过缩尺模型试验,分析了3种不同桩型在开挖及受桩顶荷载作用下对桩顶位移和桩身弯矩的影响,并基于数值模拟探讨了不同倾角和埋深条件下前后排桩的最大位移变化,提出了最优的桩型布置方式。Ye等[10]通过对基坑开挖监测数据和数值模拟的比较,分析了支护参数的变化对基坑变形的影响。宋诗文[11]则通过实际工程案例和分析软件,提出了支护参数的优化方案。钢支撑在基坑工程中应用广泛,其参数对基坑的变形和受力有重要影响。李兵等[12]依托地铁车站深基坑工程,使用Midas GTS NX模拟钢支撑刚度与预加应力的变化,研究了其对基坑变形的影响并提出优化方案。在开挖过程中,地下水的作用不可忽视。Yong等[13]的研究表明,支护结构参数的变化影响了负孔隙水压力,并结合Biot固结理论进行了变形计算。Lim等[14]通过建立流固耦合模型,强调了设计和施工时应充分考虑地下水的影响。杨清源等[15]基于地铁基坑项目,通过试验与理论相结合,推导出绕渗区划分、降水影响深度及降水浸润曲线的计算公式。
近年来的研究表明,软土基坑变形和受力的研究已趋于完善,而针对土岩双元地层基坑在偏压荷载作用下的研究仍较为有限。现以青岛地铁湖岛站深基坑工程为例,系统分析深基坑开挖过程中的变形特性及支护结构的内力变化,为类似基坑工程提供重要的理论依据和实践指导。
本项目为青岛市区地铁车站深基坑工程,基坑平面尺寸为156 m×(20.3~26.3)m,开挖深度约27.5 m,超出常规民用基坑深度,且处于土岩双元地层。施工环境复杂,邻近多处建筑物和市政管线,如图1所示。依据相关规范[16],该基坑的安全和环境保护等级均为I级。图2为基坑剖面图,围护结构采用钻孔灌注桩,嵌岩深度4.5 m,桩底位于微风化岩层。为控制水利条件,设立了止水帷幕,并配置了4道支撑,以确保基坑的稳定性。
根据地质勘查报告,拟建场地主要包含素填土、粉质黏土、砂土状碎裂岩、块状碎裂岩和微风化花岗岩,如图3所示。坑底开挖面位于块状碎裂岩层。地下水类型包括第四系孔隙潜水和基岩裂隙水。第四系潜水主要分布于人工填土层,而基岩裂隙水主要存在于砂土状和块状碎裂岩中(图4)。开挖施工前,通过预降水将水位降低至坑底以下0.5 m。土方开挖分为11层,冠梁以上土体开挖视为工况1,共设12个工况。
图5展示了各开挖阶段典型位置桩体的侧向变形。结果显示,桩体侧移曲线由开挖初期的“悬臂型”变为开挖中后期的“鼓肚型”,符合内支撑基坑桩体侧移的常见模式。随着开挖深度增加,桩体的最大侧移及其发生深度逐步增大。在上部软土层中,桩体位移发展迅速,而在下部刚度较大的岩层中,位移增长速度显著减缓,最大侧移通常位于土岩交界面附近。
桩体底部岩层的强度反映了嵌固效应的强弱。当桩底部岩层由风化的块状碎裂岩变为微风化花岗岩时,桩体位移在坑底处受限,表明底部岩层质量对桩体位移有显著影响,进而影响围护桩的最大侧移值。
开挖结束时,基坑长边中点处的两侧桩体最大侧移分别为10.22 mm和10.09 mm。这一差异主要由于基坑一侧邻近建筑物的附加荷载引起,且建筑物基础埋深较大,附加荷载主要影响桩体下部的侧移。
桩体变形的三维空间特性主要表现为坑角效应,即基坑角部因边界约束而显现与基坑中部不同的局部受力和变形状态。研究表明,坑角效应与基坑围护结构的长深比、长宽比及支护刚度相关。Finno等[17]的有限元分析表明,基坑长深比对坑角效应的影响显著高于长宽比,当长深比>6时,基坑中部可视为二维平面应变状态。
图6显示了开挖结束时桩体最大侧移δhm沿基坑边缘的分布,表明围护结构在从中部到坑角区域的变形显著收敛,体现了明显的坑角效应。与文献[8]中关于北京砂卵石地区基坑变形模式的研究相比,本工程中的土岩双元地层及较薄上部土层导致基坑空间变形小于文献[8]中的结果。
选取基坑长边不同位置测点(DBC-3、DBC-6)绘制施工过程中周边地表沉降随时间变化如图7所示。
在基坑开挖过程中,地表沉降呈现出先减后波动增长的趋势,主要由于围檩和支撑系统的设置提高了围护结构的整体刚度,沉降波动则是由于基坑周围道路的动荷载引起的。DBC3和DBC6测点虽然位于相近的交通道路上,但由于下部岩体强度差异及围护结构底部嵌固效果不同,导致二者的沉降特征存在差异。开挖前期地表沉降增长缓慢,而随着开挖深度的增加,沉降速率加快,沉降最大点通常位于基坑外缘约7 m处,表明开挖对土体的滑移破坏具有滞后效应。部分测点前期出现隆起现象,可能是由于围护结构与土体间摩擦力较大所致。
最终地表沉降的空间分布规律如图8所示,基坑角部因围护结构的限制导致沉降值最小,从坑角到长边中点,围护结构的限制效果逐渐减弱,地表沉降值随之增加。
此外,基坑标准段中部的沉降值大于盾构段中部的沉降值,长边的沉降值也大于短边的沉降值,这表明基坑尺寸及空间效应显著影响地表沉降的分布。
在软土地层中,由于上下土层强度差异较小,地表沉降在基坑开挖过程中呈现出持续平稳增长的趋势。Peck[18]和Hsieh等[19]基于基坑开挖深度来定量分析地表沉降影响范围。然而,监测数据表明,地表沉降的主要变化发生在开挖上部土层过程中,而下部岩层的开挖对地表沉降的影响相对较小。因此,使用开挖深度来衡量土岩双元地层的地表沉降影响范围并不适宜。根据黄敏等[20]的研究理论,上部软弱土层的厚度更能准确反映地表沉降的影响范围。因此,本文研究选择地表沉降1 mm的位置作为基坑开挖影响范围的边界,如图9所示。
基坑开挖完成后,各典型位置的地表沉降影响范围和最大地表沉降位置有所不同。基坑标准段的最大地表沉降到坑边的垂直距离约为土层厚度的0.6倍,而基坑盾构段的长边和短边的最大地表沉降到坑边的垂直距离约为土层厚度的0.5倍。整体地表沉降影响范围约为土层厚度的2.5倍。
结合工程实际情况,研究邻近建筑物条件下,土岩双元深基坑在不同参数变化下的变形与受力响应。数值模拟基于基坑标准段,采用有限差分软件FLAC3D 6.0进行建模与计算,如图10所示。并将模拟结果与实测数据进行对比,二者吻合较好,验证了数值模拟结果的可靠性。
图11(a)展示了不同桩径条件下基坑开挖至坑底时桩体的侧向位移曲线。总体来看,桩体侧移曲线呈现中部位移大、两端小的特征,最大侧移位置集中在桩深6~9 m处,即上部软弱土层范围。由于第一道支撑限制了桩顶向坑内的位移,桩顶位移在不同桩径下变化较小。但不同桩径对桩体的最大侧移影响显著。随着桩径由0.6 m增至0.8 m,桩体侧移曲线中的“鼓肚”效应明显减弱。桩径增至1.4 m时,桩体的最大侧移明显降低。
图11(b)展示了不同桩径下开挖至坑底时的地表沉降曲线。远超载侧地表沉降呈现常规“凹槽型”,最大沉降位于距基坑边缘约7 m处。由于建筑物的影响,近超载侧地表沉降曲线在建筑物侧墙附近急速收敛,并且建筑物上部结构的超载效应略微增加了最大沉降值。超出建筑物地下室范围后,近超载侧的沉降值高于远超载侧。
在进一步分析桩径与桩体最大侧移的关系时,图12(a)中的拟合曲线显示,桩体最大侧移值与桩径呈二次抛物线关系。随着桩径增大,桩体最大侧移的减小幅度逐渐降低。特别是桩径为0.6~0.8 m时,最大侧移值显著下降。这是由于较小桩径下围护结构刚度低,增大桩径后,桩截面惯性矩和抗弯刚度显著提升,从而大幅减少桩体侧移。此外,支撑体系对桩体局部位移的约束增强,尤其在近超载侧,建筑物附加荷载使围护结构刚度变化更为敏感,导致桩体最大侧移减小值略大于远超载侧。当桩径增至0.8~1.0 m时,侧移最大值的减小趋于平缓,而当桩径大于1.0 m时,增大桩径对减少最大侧移的效果明显减弱。结合图12(b),远近超载侧地表沉降最大值与桩径同样呈二次抛物线关系。当桩径在0.6~1.0 m范围内,每增大0.2 m,地表沉降最大值分别减少32.18%和25.02%。然而,当桩径超过1.0 m时,进一步增大桩径对抑制地表沉降的效果显著减弱,曲线趋于平缓。
图13展示了桩径对围护结构内力的相关变化规律。图13(a)表明,随着桩径增大,单桩承受的水土压力增加,桩径从0.6 m增至1.4 m时,桩身最大弯矩增加约563.57 kN·m。图13(b)显示,桩径增大时支撑最大轴力呈线性减少,桩径1.4 m时支撑轴力比桩径0.6 m时减少35.33%。可知一味增大桩径不仅增大受力且降低支撑贡献。
不同桩间距下的桩体及地表变形如图14所示。从图14(a)可知,桩体侧移曲线整体均表现出桩顶至中部向坑内倾斜,侧移最大值随桩间距的增大略有下移。在坚硬岩层中,桩体侧移随桩间距增加而趋于稳定,增幅在0.2~1.8 mm。桩间距增大导致相邻桩间土体相互影响减弱,减少了桩顶侧移。图14(b)显示,随着桩间距增大,最大沉降量增加,沉降峰值向坑内移动,近超载侧受建筑影响,沉降曲线在靠近建筑侧墙位置急剧收敛。
图15(a)揭示了桩间距与桩体最大侧移值的二次关系。桩间距增大,桩体最大侧移值的增长速率逐渐减缓。当桩间距为1.0 m时,桩群整体刚度较大,侧移最小;当桩间距增至1.6 m时,为抗弯刚度变化关键值,侧移显著增加,超过1.6 m后,侧移增幅趋缓。由图15(b)可知,桩间距与地表沉降最大值呈二次关系。桩间距在1.0~1.6 m范围内,围护结构整体刚度较大,桩间距对地表沉降的影响较小。超过1.6 m后,围护结构刚度下降,桩间距对地表沉降的影响增加。具体而言,桩间距每增加0.2 m,沉降最大值的增幅分别为18.13%、31.05%、19.75%和38.38%。在1.4~1.6 m区间,增幅减小,因为增大桩间距减少了桩体间的相互影响,减缓了沉降速率。
为进一步研究桩间距对围护结构内力的改变,绘制图16。从图16(a)可知,桩间距从1.0 m增加到1.8 m时,桩体弯矩增加约369.70 kN·m,因桩间距增大增加了单桩的水土压力。图16(b)则表明,支撑的最大轴力与桩间距呈线性关系。桩间距从1.0 m增至1.8 m,支撑最大轴力增加了27.18%。
内支撑合理布置可以提高围护结构的整体刚度,分担围护结构所受的水土压力,有利于基坑稳定。为进一步探讨不同支撑竖向间距对基坑变形受力的影响,对整体钢支撑的竖向间距进行了调整。将钢支撑上下调整1 m,分析整体支撑位置对基坑开挖变形的影响。结合土岩双元地层的上下岩土体强度差异较大的情况,对于土岩结合面位置处内支撑位置变化研究较少的情况,探讨了局部支撑在土岩结合面处的布置变化对基坑变形的影响。图17(a)显示,整体调整钢支撑的位置显著影响桩体侧移,远近超载侧桩体侧移趋势一致。上调钢支撑后,由于减少了与上道支撑的临空面,桩体侧移在土层中降低,从8.30 mm减少至6.59 mm,降幅为20.6%,而岩层中的桩体侧移增加,从4.85 mm增至5.57 mm,增幅为14.8%。下调钢支撑则增加了与上道支撑的临空面,使土层中的桩体侧移增大,同时岩层中的桩体侧移收敛速率明显提高。由于第二道支撑位于土岩结合面,其架设位置对基坑变形的影响尤为显著。因此,本文研究重点分析了支撑的竖向间距对基坑受力变形的影响,并按规范要求设定支撑间距不小于3 m[16]。建模分析中选取了距第一道支撑3、5、7 m的位置进行比较,如图17(b)所示。
当间距为3.0 m时,桩体上部受到多道支撑约束,桩体侧移受明显限制。桩体中部缺乏支撑约束导致临空面增大,桩体侧移迅速增加,且桩体最大侧移位置下移;当间距调整至5.0 m时,土层中的桩体侧移增加,且支撑的约束有效减少了下部岩层中的桩体侧移,最大侧移值降低,桩体最大侧移位置进一步下移;间距增至7.0 m时,土层中的桩体侧移出现的“鼓肚”形,在岩层中侧移减小。此方案针对土岩双元地层中上下岩土体强度差异时较为合理,能在软弱土层中采用较密的竖向间距控制侧移,在强度较高的岩层中适当增大竖向间距。
通过分析桩体侧移曲线,发现第一、二道支撑及第二、三道支撑处均出现“鼓肚”形状,整体侧移分布较为均匀,最大侧移值为6.63 mm,较原设计方案减少了20.12%,且最大侧移位置进一步下移。为进一步探讨土岩结合面处支撑竖向间距变化对桩体最大侧移值的影响,绘制了如图18所示的关系图。
位于土岩结合面处的支撑间距与桩体最大侧移值呈二次抛物线关系,远近超载侧的趋势一致。当支撑间距在3~7 m范围内时,随着间距的增加,桩体最大侧移值逐渐减小。支撑竖向间距每增大2 m,桩体最大侧移值减小24.31%~32.91%。当支撑间距超过7 m后,桩体最大侧移值开始增加。根据拟合曲线分析,支撑间距在6~8 m较为合理。在土岩双元地层的基坑中,上部软弱土层中的支撑布置对桩体侧移有显著影响。
图19(a)展示了第二道钢支撑竖向间距调整下的地表沉降曲线。基坑的远近侧地表沉降变化规律基本一致,随着局部支撑间距增大,坑外地表沉降值逐渐增大,但增幅并非线性。图19(b)显示了二者内在联系,两者关系呈抛物线形式。在上部软弱土层中,支撑间距过近不利于控制地表沉降。支撑间距在3~7 m时,随着间距增大,地表沉降值减少。每增加2 m支撑竖向间距,地表沉降值减小6.06%~16.79%。土岩结合面位置处的支撑间距调整对基坑变形受力有重要影响,为进一步研究其与围护结构内力之间的关系,绘制桩体内力图如图20所示。根据图20(a),当第一道钢支撑与上一道支撑的距离较近时,桩体上部的水土压力较小,第一道钢支撑的预应力较大,这导致桩体上部产生较大的负弯矩。随着支撑间距的增加,桩体上部的最大负弯矩降低,而两道支撑之间的最大正弯矩则增大。图20(b)显示,随着局部支撑间距的增大,最大支撑轴力呈线性减少。这是因为,在开挖至坑底时,最大支撑轴力通常出现在第三道钢支撑。随着第一道和第二道支撑间距的增大,第二、三道支撑间距缩小,从而减少了桩体的局部侧移,降低了第三道支撑轴力。
为了研究钢支撑预加轴力对基坑变形的影响,其中预加轴力的设计值Fk依据《建筑基坑支护技术规程》(JGJ120—2012)[16]规定,最大设计值应控制在标准轴力值Nk的70%以内,以符合施工要求。已有研究表明,采用按比例增加预加轴力的方法[21],对多道支撑的等位移变化[22]的控制效果较佳。因此,本文研究设置了5种多道支撑按不同比例施加预应力的模拟方案,以探讨其对基坑变形及受力的影响。
根据图21(a),当钢支撑的预加轴力为0.25Fk时,桩体在上部土层及风化较严重的岩层中的变形趋势有所减小,整体侧移曲线呈“鼓肚”形态。随着预加轴力的增加,支撑处桩体出现局部凹陷,表明预加轴力对局部桩体变形有显著影响。具体而言,预加轴力从0增至Fk时,桩体最大侧移值由9.51 mm减少至7.11 mm,减少幅度为25.24%。每增加0.25Fk,桩体局部最大变形减少约0.69 mm。当预加轴力达到Fk时,桩体最大侧移值的减小趋势出现拐点,反映出支撑的作用范围有限,受相邻支撑影响显著。尤其在土岩结合面及岩土体强度差异较大的区域,预加轴力的变化对桩体侧移曲线的影响更为明显。
图21(b)显示,在一定范围内提高钢支撑的预加轴力可以有效限制地表沉降的发展。当预加轴力从0增加至1Fk时,地表沉降最大值减少2.2 mm,平均减少幅度为3.51%~10.29%。图22(b)进一步说明,钢支撑的预加轴力与地表沉降基本呈线性关系。在0至1倍设计值的范围内,预加轴力每增加0.25Fk,地表沉降曲线凹槽处的变形值减少约0.55 mm。
图22表明,基坑变形与支撑预加轴力之间存在线性关系。在一定范围内,增加钢支撑的预加轴力有助于减小基坑的变形。然而,过大的预加轴力可能导致支撑轴力损失,因过高的预加轴力会使围檩受挤压,从而降低支撑对基坑变形的控制能力。因此,在实际应用中,应将预加轴力控制在设计值的50%~75%范围内。
图23展示了不同预加轴力条件下各支撑的轴力变化。结果表明,基坑开挖过程中,钢支撑轴力呈现“快速增长-缓慢增长”的特征。图23(a)显示,第三道支撑架设后,第二道支撑轴力增长减缓。而第四道支撑架设后反而略微增大了轴力发展速度此现象是由于相邻支撑的卸荷效应。
施工中超挖现象常见,过度的超挖使基坑长时间承受外部水土压力,威胁安全[23]。基于支撑竖向间距的研究,得出土岩结合面处参数改变对基坑影响大,因此通过调整结合面处的超挖深度,分析基坑变形及受力响应。
图24(a)显示,随着土岩结合面第二道支撑超挖深度的增加,桩体上部的位移曲线明显外凸,尽管侧移曲线形态没有显著改变,但土岩结合面附近的桩体局部变形明显增加。第三道支撑架设后,桩体侧移曲线迅速收敛。由于近超载侧桩体下部受建筑附加荷载的影响,桩体向坑内的侧移较大,支撑与围护结构协调变形,导致远超载侧桩体下部侧移相对较小。此外,局部超挖对远超载侧桩体的限制作用更为明显。图24(b)揭示了不同超挖深度对桩体侧移最大值的影响。拟合曲线显示,土岩结合面处的局部超挖深度与桩体侧移增量呈线性关系。当超挖深度达到3.0 m时,桩体侧移最大值比正常施工时增加约63.09%。远超载侧的桩体侧移增速略高于近超载侧。图25(a)展示了土岩结合面处不同超挖深度下的地表沉降曲线。其中桩体中上部变形加剧,上部土体受扰动增加,导致地表沉降凹槽值稍向坑内移动。尽管超挖深度不会改变地表沉降曲线的总体形态,但会影响地表沉降的最大值及其位置。图25(b)进一步显示了地表沉降最大值相较于正常施工时的增量,超挖深度与地表沉降呈线性关系。当土岩结合面处超挖3.0 m时,地表沉降最大值增加约37.46%。远超载侧的沉降值略大于近超载侧。
图26(a)展示了不同超挖深度对桩体弯矩的影响。随着超挖深度增加,桩体中上部的弯矩逐渐增大,直到第三道支撑架设及预加轴力施加后,桩体弯矩曲线出现反向弯曲,形成较大的负弯矩。当超挖深度达到3.0 m时,桩体最大弯矩增量为正常施工时的44.62%。图26(b)显示了超挖深度对支撑轴力的影响。随着超挖深度的增加,支撑轴力最大值呈线性增加。当超挖深度达到3.0 m时,支撑轴力增量为正常施工时的11.71%。
以青岛地铁湖岛站深基坑为研究对象,采用数值模拟与现场监测相结合的方法,对偏压条件下的基坑变形以及支护结构受力变化规律进行分析,并对影响参数进行敏感性分析,得出以下结论。
(1)土岩双元深基坑开挖全过程中时空效应显著影响深基坑的变形与受力分布。
围护结构位移与地表沉降随开挖逐步增大,最大位移位置下移并最终稳定在土岩结合面。内支撑对侧移控制效果显著。桩体侧移在三维空间主要呈现为坑角效应,随着软弱土层厚度的减少,基坑整体变形小于常规土质基坑,采用上部软弱土层厚度表示地表沉降影响范围更符合土岩双元地层特性,地表沉降影响范围约为土层厚度的2.5倍。
(2)桩径和桩间距直接影响围护结构刚度和单桩承受水土压力的能力,桩径1.0 m、桩间距1.6 m为关键值。两者的变化与桩体侧移和地表沉降呈二次抛物线关系,且建筑物一侧变形敏感性更高。
(3)支撑位置的确定不仅要考虑开挖面距离上层支撑的高度和土岩结合面的位置,还需要考虑末道支撑与坑底间的距离,特别是第二道支撑在上部软弱土层中的布置对基坑的影响最大。支撑间距6~8 m较为合理,尤其在土岩结合面处,岩土体差异大,超挖、支撑间距及预应力变化对基坑变形影响更显著。
(4)钢支撑预加轴力影响局部桩体变形。合理施加预加轴力能优化支撑内力分布,下层支撑的及时架设有助于减少上层支撑的轴力增加。针对本工程而言,预加轴力超过轴力标准值的75%时,对基坑变形及周边地表沉降的限制能力将会减弱,依据本工程模拟建议土岩双元深基坑钢支撑预加轴力控制在设计轴力的50%~75%。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52171264)
  • 中铁二十三局集团有限公司科技开发计划(2023-KF-0009)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407164
  • 接收时间:2024-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-25
  • 修回日期:2025-05-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(52171264)
中铁二十三局集团有限公司科技开发计划(2023-KF-0009)
作者信息
    1 中铁二十三局集团第一工程有限公司, 日照 276826
    2 青岛理工大学土木工程学院, 青岛 266520

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* 赵建锋(1976—),男,汉族,河南叶县人,博士,教授。研究方向:土木工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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