Article(id=1228279675999421397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500477, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737216000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-19, revisedDate=1744819200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774295091, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774295091, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774295091, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774295091, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9224, endPage=9240, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279678377590809, articleId=1228279675999421397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Seismic Response and Earthquake Resistance of High-speed Railway Catenary Systems, columnId=1228279678234984460, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The catenary system, which is regarded as a critical component of the high-speed rail traction power supply system, is deemed essential for the normal operation of high-speed trains. It has been demonstrated by previous earthquake disasters that the catenary system is susceptible to varying degrees of damage under seismic effects. The seismic research progress of the catenary system was systematically reviewed from four aspects: the dynamics modeling and inherent dynamic characteristics of the catenary system, the seismic damage characteristics and common types of failures, the seismic response of the catenary system and its influencing factors, and an overview of the current state of earthquake resistance research, which includes a comparative analysis of the seismic design standards and regulations for catenary systems in different countries and regions. By summarizing the relevant research, prospects for future research directions are provided.

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接触网系统作为高速铁路牵引供电系统的关键组成部分,对于高铁动车组的正常运行至关重要。历次地震灾害表明,接触网系统容易受到地震作用而发生不同程度的破坏。从4个方面系统梳理了接触网的地震研究进展:探讨接触网的动力学建模及其固有动力特性,分析接触网在地震中的震害特点及常见破坏类型,回顾接触网的地震响应研究及其影响因素,综述接触网抗震研究的现状;并对比分析了不同国家和地区在接触网抗震设计标准规范方面的异同。通过梳理相关研究现状,对未来研究方向进行展望。

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雷真(1986—),男,汉族,江西吉安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:结构抗震加固。E-mail:

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雷真(1986—),男,汉族,江西吉安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:结构抗震加固。E-mail:

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雷真(1986—),男,汉族,江西吉安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:结构抗震加固。E-mail:

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Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228369778797113371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, awardId=52268038, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52268038), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228369778931331103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, awardId=202201A070159, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省应用基础研究计划面上项目(202201A070159), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1228369779027800097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省兴滇英才支持计划青年人才专项, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228369767980003956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369767988392565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, companyId=1228369767980003956, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Architecture and Planning, Yunnan University, Kunming 650000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369768000975479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, companyId=1228369767980003956, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=云南大学建筑与规划学院, 昆明 650000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228369772023313209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of high-speed railway OCS(overhead contact system), figureFileSmall=iWDGxb6zeh7qw3Qa/7/pQQ==, figureFileBig=ivkVCb7K4v6y/E1401+8Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369772111393593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高速铁路接触网系统示意图, figureFileSmall=iWDGxb6zeh7qw3Qa/7/pQQ==, figureFileBig=ivkVCb7K4v6y/E1401+8Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369772291748675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Catenary model based on finite element method[10,30], figureFileSmall=lkPZElsTYZiKY/wPiY3REQ==, figureFileBig=DdhjYBaOfbpriF38d9l7Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369772413383496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于柔性索单元以及非线性杆单元的接触网建模[10,30]

FPFQ为杆单元端点及索单元两侧节点所受外力,N;1、2、3分别为对应力在xyz方向上的投影;T为索单元节点张力,N;lPQ为两端点PQ间的距离,m;${{l}_{PQ}}_{x}$${{l}_{PQ}}_{y}$lPQz分别为lPQxyz方向上的投影;LPQ0为单元的原始长度,m

, figureFileSmall=lkPZElsTYZiKY/wPiY3REQ==, figureFileBig=DdhjYBaOfbpriF38d9l7Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369772560184149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Condition of the OCS damage [8,45-50], figureFileSmall=4jjvlDx7bSfEeZgKU6fdrg==, figureFileBig=KA26vgOy51DjjjG44bb86w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369773906555736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图3, caption=接触网破坏情况[8,45-50], figureFileSmall=4jjvlDx7bSfEeZgKU6fdrg==, figureFileBig=KA26vgOy51DjjjG44bb86w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774036579171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Separation method and integral method in Japanese standards[56,64], figureFileSmall=xchVikcLvTDZSpbvj00PJg==, figureFileBig=Y8yGF9tB/cdFq8qTne8xjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774128853861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图4, caption=日本规范中的分离法和一体法[56,64], figureFileSmall=xchVikcLvTDZSpbvj00PJg==, figureFileBig=Y8yGF9tB/cdFq8qTne8xjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774225322864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Shaking table test in ref.[70], figureFileSmall=TPTy2WMju+7FF4NLbWpO2A==, figureFileBig=3/vcjXHm3x0w989gP4cHGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774367929208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图5, caption=文献[70]中的振动台试验, figureFileSmall=TPTy2WMju+7FF4NLbWpO2A==, figureFileBig=3/vcjXHm3x0w989gP4cHGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774464398207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Seismic reinforcement schemes for columns mentioned in ref.[52,94-95], figureFileSmall=/Sg5EyWiKp4dKsslDod8lw==, figureFileBig=j48F01kjQuzy5CXl0aMV1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774552478596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图6, caption=文献[52,94-95]中提到的支柱抗震加固的方案, figureFileSmall=/Sg5EyWiKp4dKsslDod8lw==, figureFileBig=j48F01kjQuzy5CXl0aMV1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774665724810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The viscoelastic dampers set in ref.[94] and their shaking table tests, figureFileSmall=nhLPkzuDr/6By+M/Smh/dw==, figureFileBig=tAxS0tEIyFWTYeWk53eo5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774799942546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图7, caption=文献[94]中设置的黏弹性阻尼器以及其振动台试验, figureFileSmall=nhLPkzuDr/6By+M/Smh/dw==, figureFileBig=tAxS0tEIyFWTYeWk53eo5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774896411546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=High toughness reinforcement schemes mentioned in ref.[50,91], figureFileSmall=nBqPJLSPdUUXeQqYMs7NqQ==, figureFileBig=Ctt7ZnbVuAAaXsTis2PDnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775009657759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图8, caption=文献[50,91]中提到的高韧性加固方案, figureFileSmall=nBqPJLSPdUUXeQqYMs7NqQ==, figureFileBig=Ctt7ZnbVuAAaXsTis2PDnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775118709673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The cable reinforcement methods mentioned in ref.[48,97], figureFileSmall=W8nreN0RJjfuOKGYzD75XA==, figureFileBig=gDYOlcGsQR7j6AkrijkpxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775248733104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图9, caption=文献[48,96]中提到的线索加固方法

S为简支梁分析模型跨距,m;L为力F施加的位置距简支梁中点的距离,m;F为单位力(1 N);EI为线索的抗弯刚度,N·m2;T为线索内张力,N

, figureFileSmall=W8nreN0RJjfuOKGYzD75XA==, figureFileBig=gDYOlcGsQR7j6AkrijkpxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775370367924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Calculation diagram[61,64], figureFileSmall=V4CYzHJx2qKeH8fyiEG1Dw==, figureFileBig=HaRJd+HIFEmvU/MgSO86AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775492002748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图10, caption=计算简图[61,64], figureFileSmall=V4CYzHJx2qKeH8fyiEG1Dw==, figureFileBig=HaRJd+HIFEmvU/MgSO86AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775630414783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig 1, caption=Scismic design process in Japan[61,64], figureFileSmall=quGdRKaaWi9eUDjYkaSaTA==, figureFileBig=SEu2JQWhKDMuxE/iJm5AIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775739466691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图11, caption=日本抗震设计流程[61,64], figureFileSmall=quGdRKaaWi9eUDjYkaSaTA==, figureFileBig=SEu2JQWhKDMuxE/iJm5AIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775827547082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=The method mentioned in IEC60913—2024[110], figureFileSmall=sWDZWgjJ9OxJb6LRq+688Q==, figureFileBig=RXydVVC3yrEqHTKE6JdCgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775911433168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=图12, caption=IEC60913—2024中提到的方法[110], figureFileSmall=sWDZWgjJ9OxJb6LRq+688Q==, figureFileBig=RXydVVC3yrEqHTKE6JdCgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775995319253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Earthquake damage about OCS [6,42-44]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震时间 地点 接触网系统破坏情况
1978-06-12 日本兵部县地震 高架桥上的混凝土支柱杆折断损坏,震害发生的主要原因为混凝土支柱底部的弯曲破坏
1993-07-12 日本北海道南西冲地震 支柱杆折断损坏等
1999-09-21 中国台湾集集地震 大量接触线掉线、移位等
2001-03-24 日本芸予地震 架空地线断线,支柱杆损伤、金属零件折断损坏等
2003-05-26 日本三陆南地震 保护线断线,电线杆基础损伤等
2004-10-23 日本新潟县中越地震 混凝土支柱倾斜以及腕臂支架脱落等
2005-03-20 日本福冈县西方冲地震 未见破坏
2005-08-16 日本宫城县近海地震 线索的断线等
2007-03-25 日本能登半岛地震 未见破坏
2007-07-16 日本新潟县中越冲地震 金具等的损坏
2008-05-12 中国汶川地震 宝成线、成渝线、内六线、达成线等接触网系统受损,反映为支柱基础开裂,支柱倾斜、开裂和折断,金具受到损坏等
2008-06-14 日本岩手-宫城县内陆地震 主要为线索等的断线
2008-07-24 日本岩手县沿北部地震 保护线断线
2009-08-11 日本静冈(骏河湾)地震 吊索破坏
2011-03-11 日本东太平洋地震 约1 100 根混凝土支柱折断倾倒,约540 段接触线被拉断、定位器受到破坏,造成东北地区、关东地区的新干线全线停运
2017-08-09 中国新疆精河地震 接触网支柱发生倒塌
2021-02-13 日本福岛地震 新干线约60 根支柱折断、开裂和倾斜,接触线拉断,同时约550 根支柱处定位器等金具破损
2022-03-16 日本福岛近海地震 新干线支柱中约90 根受损及倾斜,其中钢管柱部分倾斜,但主体结构未受损,采用高韧性加固方案的混凝土支柱未见受损
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776095982551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

接触网震害情况[6,42-44]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震时间 地点 接触网系统破坏情况
1978-06-12 日本兵部县地震 高架桥上的混凝土支柱杆折断损坏,震害发生的主要原因为混凝土支柱底部的弯曲破坏
1993-07-12 日本北海道南西冲地震 支柱杆折断损坏等
1999-09-21 中国台湾集集地震 大量接触线掉线、移位等
2001-03-24 日本芸予地震 架空地线断线,支柱杆损伤、金属零件折断损坏等
2003-05-26 日本三陆南地震 保护线断线,电线杆基础损伤等
2004-10-23 日本新潟县中越地震 混凝土支柱倾斜以及腕臂支架脱落等
2005-03-20 日本福冈县西方冲地震 未见破坏
2005-08-16 日本宫城县近海地震 线索的断线等
2007-03-25 日本能登半岛地震 未见破坏
2007-07-16 日本新潟县中越冲地震 金具等的损坏
2008-05-12 中国汶川地震 宝成线、成渝线、内六线、达成线等接触网系统受损,反映为支柱基础开裂,支柱倾斜、开裂和折断,金具受到损坏等
2008-06-14 日本岩手-宫城县内陆地震 主要为线索等的断线
2008-07-24 日本岩手县沿北部地震 保护线断线
2009-08-11 日本静冈(骏河湾)地震 吊索破坏
2011-03-11 日本东太平洋地震 约1 100 根混凝土支柱折断倾倒,约540 段接触线被拉断、定位器受到破坏,造成东北地区、关东地区的新干线全线停运
2017-08-09 中国新疆精河地震 接触网支柱发生倒塌
2021-02-13 日本福岛地震 新干线约60 根支柱折断、开裂和倾斜,接触线拉断,同时约550 根支柱处定位器等金具破损
2022-03-16 日本福岛近海地震 新干线支柱中约90 根受损及倾斜,其中钢管柱部分倾斜,但主体结构未受损,采用高韧性加固方案的混凝土支柱未见受损
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776221811677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evaluation of OCS damage states in ref.[66,69,78]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤
状态
无损伤 轻微损伤 中等损伤 严重损伤 完全破坏
位移
D/mm
0≤D<30 30≤D<60 60≤D<90 90≤D<120 D≥120
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776318280677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

文献[66,69,78]中的接触网损伤状态评定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤
状态
无损伤 轻微损伤 中等损伤 严重损伤 完全破坏
位移
D/mm
0≤D<30 30≤D<60 60≤D<90 90≤D<120 D≥120
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776418943977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Seismic reinforcement schemes for columns and their expected effects[88]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法名称 预期效果 方法概述 目标对象
集成材料法 支柱变形性能提高 在基部高度约1.5 m的外周安装圆钢
砂石材料填充法 支柱响应抑制 用砂石填充代替砂子 砂填基础
橡胶材料填充法 支柱响应抑制 用橡胶材料填充代替砂子
金属带+钢丝 增加支柱刚性 在基部安装2个金属带,通过钢丝连接
H型钢插入法 防止支柱倒塌 插入混凝土柱的中空部分 砂浆基础(含锚栓)
纤维布缠绕法 支柱变形性能提高 从基部高度约2 m处开始缠绕
阻尼器方案 支柱响应抑制 采用结构简单、成本低廉的阻尼器
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776527995887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

支柱抗震加固的方案以及预期效果[88]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法名称 预期效果 方法概述 目标对象
集成材料法 支柱变形性能提高 在基部高度约1.5 m的外周安装圆钢
砂石材料填充法 支柱响应抑制 用砂石填充代替砂子 砂填基础
橡胶材料填充法 支柱响应抑制 用橡胶材料填充代替砂子
金属带+钢丝 增加支柱刚性 在基部安装2个金属带,通过钢丝连接
H型钢插入法 防止支柱倒塌 插入混凝土柱的中空部分 砂浆基础(含锚栓)
纤维布缠绕法 支柱变形性能提高 从基部高度约2 m处开始缠绕
阻尼器方案 支柱响应抑制 采用结构简单、成本低廉的阻尼器
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776632853489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Seismic-related specifications for OCS in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规范名称 抗震设计要求
《铁路电力牵引供
电设计规范》[100]
(TB10009—2016)
对风载、覆冰、气温等情况进行了规定,而针对抗震设计,仅提出基本地震烈度为9度及以上的地区的支柱及硬横跨等支持结构应当进行抗震验算,而位于基本地震烈度8度及以上的地区的支柱基础,若场地为饱和砂土或饱和粉土时,应考虑地基液化的可能性,并且应采取必要的稳定和抗震措施
《轨道交通 地面装置
电力牵引架空接触网》[101]
(GB/T 32578—2016)
提到如果接触网修建在地震多发地区时,应当考虑因地震或地颤对设备的作用力
《铁路工程抗震
设计规范》[102]
(GB50111—2006)
未提及
《建筑工程抗震设防
分类标准》[103]
(GB50223—2008)
铁路干线和枢纽供电,其抗震设防类别应划为重点设防类
《电力设施抗震
设计规范》[104]
(GB50260—2013)
国家生命线工程中的输供电建(构)筑物为重点设防类
《城市轨道交通结构
抗震设计规范》[105]
(GB50909—2014)
城市轨道交通的供电设施,其抗震设防类别应划分为重点设防类
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776754488311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中国与接触网抗震相关规范

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规范名称 抗震设计要求
《铁路电力牵引供
电设计规范》[100]
(TB10009—2016)
对风载、覆冰、气温等情况进行了规定,而针对抗震设计,仅提出基本地震烈度为9度及以上的地区的支柱及硬横跨等支持结构应当进行抗震验算,而位于基本地震烈度8度及以上的地区的支柱基础,若场地为饱和砂土或饱和粉土时,应考虑地基液化的可能性,并且应采取必要的稳定和抗震措施
《轨道交通 地面装置
电力牵引架空接触网》[101]
(GB/T 32578—2016)
提到如果接触网修建在地震多发地区时,应当考虑因地震或地颤对设备的作用力
《铁路工程抗震
设计规范》[102]
(GB50111—2006)
未提及
《建筑工程抗震设防
分类标准》[103]
(GB50223—2008)
铁路干线和枢纽供电,其抗震设防类别应划为重点设防类
《电力设施抗震
设计规范》[104]
(GB50260—2013)
国家生命线工程中的输供电建(构)筑物为重点设防类
《城市轨道交通结构
抗震设计规范》[105]
(GB50909—2014)
城市轨道交通的供电设施,其抗震设防类别应划分为重点设防类
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776838374395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Seismic-related specifications for OCS in Europe

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规范名称 抗震设计要求
《Railway applications—Current collection systems—Validation of simulation of the dynamic interaction between pantograph and overhead contact line》[106](EN50318) 并未提及
《Railway applications-Fixed installations-Electric traction overhead contact lines》[107](EN50119—2020) 如果接触网修建在地
震多发地区时,应当
考虑地震荷载的作用
《Design of structures for earthquake resistance》[108] (EN1998.1—2004(Eurocode8))
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776918066177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

欧洲与接触网抗震相关规范

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
规范名称 抗震设计要求
《Railway applications—Current collection systems—Validation of simulation of the dynamic interaction between pantograph and overhead contact line》[106](EN50318) 并未提及
《Railway applications-Fixed installations-Electric traction overhead contact lines》[107](EN50119—2020) 如果接触网修建在地
震多发地区时,应当
考虑地震荷载的作用
《Design of structures for earthquake resistance》[108] (EN1998.1—2004(Eurocode8))
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Classification of damage levels in substation systems[109]

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损伤等级 损伤率/%
变电站的电器设备
(可视为牵引变电站)
配电线路
(可视为接触网)
轻度 5 4
中度 40 12
重度 70 50
完全 100 80
), ArticleFig(id=1228369778394460169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

变电站系统损伤等级划分[109]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤等级 损伤率/%
变电站的电器设备
(可视为牵引变电站)
配电线路
(可视为接触网)
轻度 5 4
中度 40 12
重度 70 50
完全 100 80
), ArticleFig(id=1228369778499317774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675999421397, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Vulnerability curve parameters for substation systems[109]

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分类 PGA/g
损伤等级 中值μ 对数标准差β
轻度 0.15 0.60
配备了锚件的中压变电站
(medium voltage substations,
ESSM)
中度 0.25 0.50
重度 0.35 0.40
完全 0.70 0.40
轻度 0.11 0.50
配备了锚件的高压变电站
(high voltage substations,
ESSH)
中度 0.15 0.45
重度 0.20 0.35
完全 0.47 0.40
轻度 0.28 0.30
配电线路
(distribution circuits,EDC)
中度 0.40 0.20
重度 0.72 0.15
完全 1.10 0.15
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分类 PGA/g
损伤等级 中值μ 对数标准差β
轻度 0.15 0.60
配备了锚件的中压变电站
(medium voltage substations,
ESSM)
中度 0.25 0.50
重度 0.35 0.40
完全 0.70 0.40
轻度 0.11 0.50
配备了锚件的高压变电站
(high voltage substations,
ESSH)
中度 0.15 0.45
重度 0.20 0.35
完全 0.47 0.40
轻度 0.28 0.30
配电线路
(distribution circuits,EDC)
中度 0.40 0.20
重度 0.72 0.15
完全 1.10 0.15
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交通运输高铁接触网系统地震响应及抗震研究进展
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雷真 , 夏尉博 , 张力 , 黄海燕
科学技术与工程 | 综述·交通运输 2025,25(22): 9224-9240
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·交通运输 2025, 25(22): 9224-9240
交通运输高铁接触网系统地震响应及抗震研究进展
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雷真 , 夏尉博, 张力, 黄海燕
作者信息
  • 云南大学建筑与规划学院, 昆明 650000
  • 雷真(1986—),男,汉族,江西吉安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:结构抗震加固。E-mail:

Research Progress on Seismic Response and Earthquake Resistance of High-speed Railway Catenary Systems
Zhen LEI , Wei-bo XIA, Li ZHANG, Hai-yan HUANG
Affiliations
  • School of Architecture and Planning, Yunnan University, Kunming 650000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500477
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接触网系统作为高速铁路牵引供电系统的关键组成部分,对于高铁动车组的正常运行至关重要。历次地震灾害表明,接触网系统容易受到地震作用而发生不同程度的破坏。从4个方面系统梳理了接触网的地震研究进展:探讨接触网的动力学建模及其固有动力特性,分析接触网在地震中的震害特点及常见破坏类型,回顾接触网的地震响应研究及其影响因素,综述接触网抗震研究的现状;并对比分析了不同国家和地区在接触网抗震设计标准规范方面的异同。通过梳理相关研究现状,对未来研究方向进行展望。

高速铁路  /  接触网建模  /  接触网震害  /  接触网地震响应  /  接触网抗震

The catenary system, which is regarded as a critical component of the high-speed rail traction power supply system, is deemed essential for the normal operation of high-speed trains. It has been demonstrated by previous earthquake disasters that the catenary system is susceptible to varying degrees of damage under seismic effects. The seismic research progress of the catenary system was systematically reviewed from four aspects: the dynamics modeling and inherent dynamic characteristics of the catenary system, the seismic damage characteristics and common types of failures, the seismic response of the catenary system and its influencing factors, and an overview of the current state of earthquake resistance research, which includes a comparative analysis of the seismic design standards and regulations for catenary systems in different countries and regions. By summarizing the relevant research, prospects for future research directions are provided.

high-speed railway  /  catenary modeling  /  catenary seismic damage  /  catenary seismic response  /  catenary seismic resistance
雷真, 夏尉博, 张力, 黄海燕. 交通运输高铁接触网系统地震响应及抗震研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9224 -9240 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500477
Zhen LEI, Wei-bo XIA, Li ZHANG, Hai-yan HUANG. Research Progress on Seismic Response and Earthquake Resistance of High-speed Railway Catenary Systems[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9224 -9240 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500477
高速铁路近年来在中外获得了空前发展。快速运行的列车要求轨道下方的工程结构具有较高的刚度以及低的沉降以确保轨道的平整性,为此,高速铁路建设中多采用“以桥代路”的全封闭模式理念[1-3]。电力牵引系统作为高铁列车的动力来源,对其正常运行至关重要。该系统主要由牵引变电所、接触网、受电弓等设备组成,其中接触网是系统中最易出现故障的环节,接触网系统由支柱、导线系统、腕臂结构及其余辅助构件组成[4]。一方面,接触网系统缺乏备用设施且裸露在外,容易受到风雨等外界环境因素的影响;另一方面,接触网系统作为大跨度的柔性结构具有显著的动力特性,在工作过程中会受到列车荷载、风载、地震荷载等作用进而影响其正常工作,而一旦接触网发生故障,将会造成高铁运营中断甚至是重大安全事故[5]
中外研究表明,接触网体系易受到地震影响,且破坏的情况主要发生在高架桥上[6],在1978—2024年的近45年间,已经发生了大量的接触网震害例子[4,7-8]。然而针对接触网系统动力研究的方向主要集中于弓网动力学及其模拟仿真[9-13],接触网风致振动[14]、覆冰荷载[15],和接触线不规则性[16]等方向,而接触网系统地震响应、接触网系统抗震设计等方面的研究以及规定较少,因此研究接触网系统地震作用下的动力响应,提出接触网系统的减震方案以提高其抗震性能,已成为电气化铁路领域亟待解决的问题。
鉴于此,在大量检索和查阅文献的基础之上,现围绕接触网系统的动力响应分析展开综述,在分析其基本动力学模型及动力特性的基础上,结合接触网系统的震害情况,梳理中外针对接触网系统地震响应分析以及接触网系统抗震措施的研究成果,同时对比分析中外规范中针对接触网系统抗震的规定以及做法,分析现有研究的不足之处,并且对其中一些尚待解决的问题进行展望,以期为确定系统全面、科学合理的接触网系统地震响应分析方法以及抗震举措提供参考。
针对接触网系统建立精确动力学模型可以获得接触网系统精确的结构尺寸以将其作为刚度计算、弓网动态仿真、动力特性分析等深入研究分析的基础[17]。接触网结构的示意图如图1所示。接触网系统的动力学模型从最初的线性模型发展到目前能够考虑线索大变形以及吊弦松弛等非线性因素的非线性模型。目前接触网的主要建模方法可分为3类:有限差分法、有限单元法和模态叠加法[10]。根据2015年制定的世界基准[18],目前使用的最为广泛的方法为有限单元法。
中外研究接触网的动力学模型有很多,其中具有代表性的接触网模型有日本Manabe等[19]的集中质量模型、美国Vinayagalingam等[20]欧拉梁模型和德国Link等[21]与频率相关的有限元模型。Manabe等[19]将接触线、承力索离散成集中质量点,将吊弦视为无质量刚性杆,但是没有考虑接触线与承力索的抗弯以及抗拉弹性;Vinayagalingam等[20]通过欧拉梁模型来模拟接触网模型,考虑了梁模型的张力、质量、驰度、阻尼等因素,用于分析弓网间的动态特性,但并不能考虑吊弦松弛的问题。基于上述不足,张卫华等[22]将承力索、接触线考虑为连续体,吊弦考虑为弹性单元;Park等[23]在欧拉梁的基础上视接触线和承力索为具有任意弯曲刚度和张力的梁,Kim等[24]采用施加恒定张力的拉伸梁对接触线和承力索进行了动力学建模。随后大量学者[25-31]均采用有限元法进行了建模和仿真,一般情况下接触线在正常工作中不存在大变形的情况,因此通常只需要考虑吊弦的几何非线性,吊弦的非线性通常采用非线性弹簧进行处理,Pombo等[13]考虑吊弦松弛的非线性因素建立接触网的有限元模型对弓网动力学进行了深入分析,Gil等[17]、张俊等[27]、Song等[14,28]、Liu[29]和储文平[30]均将吊弦视为非线性单元进行有限元建模;Song等[28]通过实验验证了非线性有限元模型的正确性。但是当接触网受到如强风、强震作用而发生较大变形时,接触线和承力索大变形所导致的几何非线性便不可忽视,因此,为考虑接触线以及承力索的非线性变形,如图2所示,Song等[31]和储文平[30]忽略接触线和承力索的弯曲刚度,采用柔性索单元离散接触线和承力索;Park等[32]和Chu等[33]采用绝对节点坐标法(absolute node coordinate form,ANCF)对接触网建模以精确描述接触网的非线性。
基于上述动力学模型以及实际试验,学者们针对接触网自身振动特性进行了大量研究,研究主要集中在自振频率、系统阻尼、系统刚度等方面。张卫华[22,34]对接触网系统的固有频率进行了研究,指出接触网是具有较低固有频率的振动系统,同时跨距越大,接触网的自振频率有所下降。梅桂明等[35]对比分析了两种不同结构接触网的刚度特性、固有频率及相应的振型,结果表明:弹性链型悬挂接触网的动态特性比简单链型悬挂的好。杨国伟等[36]指出接触网系统其在两端约束处其静态刚度较大而中间位置处静态刚度较小,这导致接触网系统其弹性在空间呈现不均匀分布。除开自振频率、系统刚度等方面,大跨度、高柔性的特征导致接触网系统本身存在较为显著的阻尼特性。接触网阻尼特性主要由两方面原因组成:一是接触网本身接触线、承力索、吊弦等自身的材料阻尼;另一方面是由于柔性吊弦在非线性压缩过程中所产生的库伦阻尼力[37]。针对接触网的阻尼特征,Nåvik等[38]基于实测加速度数据识别了实际接触网系统的阻尼比;Van等[39]和Zou等[40]也对阻尼特征进行了测量研究;Nåvik等[38]和Jiang等[41]给出了接触网瑞利阻尼比系数的参考范围。以上理论研究成果为接触网的地震响应分析提供了重要的参考价值。
在国内外以往所发生的多次地震当中,都存在着接触网系统遭受到了不同程度破坏的记录,关于接触网系统的震害统计如表1所示。
根据现有文献的调查结果表明,在接触网系统中,线索、支柱及金属零件等构件都存在不同程度的破坏情况,高铁接触网系统的震害主要表现在以下的几个方面。
(1)接触网系统的地震灾害主要发生在高架桥上。
(2)接触网支柱尤其是混凝土支柱容易发生折断、开裂和倾斜的破坏,此外,支柱的破坏主要发生在支柱的底部基础等应力较大的部位,表现为弯曲破坏(混凝土在钢筋屈服之前被压碎),同时支柱的破坏有可能导致接触线、承力索以及各种金属部件的破坏。
(3)接触网腕臂结构在地震作用下会发生变形或者脱落,其破坏的主要原因是因为接触线、承力索等线索大幅度振动所引起的荷载。
(4)各种金属部件如定位器等会受到破坏,其破坏的原因是线索振动在金属部件连接处所产生的力矩。
(5)架空线索如接触线、承力索等均可能在地震中拉断,其主要原因是线索振动时在线索的支撑位置附近产生了较大应力导致其破坏,其次,地震中支柱破坏而在顶部产生的较大位移也会导致线索的拉断。
接触网具有高柔度、大跨度等特点,其对动力荷载如风荷载[14]、地震荷载非常敏感,针对风荷载对于接触网的影响,已有较多的研究,而对于地震荷载对接触网的影响的相关研究较少,从上述接触网系统的破坏情况分析来看,从支柱到腕臂系统以及架空线索等都存在一定程度的破坏情形。目前针对接触网地震响应的研究主要集中在了其动力特性研究以及地震响应的影响因素研究两个方面,而其中针对其动力特性的分析大部分都基于上述的有限元仿真模型进行。
从地震的震害情况观测来看,接触网破坏主要发生在高架桥上,除开地震动强度过大的因素之外,其原因是在地震荷载的作用下,高架桥与接触网柱产生共振从而导致接触网支柱振动响应显著增大,进而导致了接触网线索的断裂[51-55],此外接触网支柱的响应并不一定在大地震时达到最大值[56],相较大规模地震,中小规模的地震对于系统的影响可能会更大[48]。文献[57-60]分别通过建立桥上接触网系统的仿真模型以及路基段的接触网模型研究了接触网系统的地震安全阈值,分别得到了桥梁段、路基段的接触网安全阈值结果分别为0.12g和0.145g(g为重力加速度),可见未处于高架桥上如路基段的接触网安全阈值更小,所以,针对接触网的震害分析大部分是以桥上接触网为研究对象,自1978年宫城县近海地震时接触网系统发生破坏,日本便开展了对高架桥上接触网的地震响应研究[48],最初以接触网柱不发生大规模倒塌为前提针对接触网支柱的强度进行研究,随后在1982年日本提出的《电车线路设备耐震设计指南》中采用分离法对高架桥上的接触网地震响应进行分析[61],分离法其原理基于楼面反应谱法,即将附属结构与主体结构在连接处解耦,将地震时连接处的主结构动力时程响应转化为反应谱再输入附属结构[62]。但有学者[63-64]认为分离法模型无法体现高架桥与接触网支柱之间的相互动力关系,进而对接触网支柱-高架桥整体系统的地震响应进行了研究,提出采用一体法(即整体建模分析)的分析方法对耦合系统进行分析,结果表明一体法能够更加准确地体现耦合系统的相互动力关系,2012年改订的日本规范中便包含了分离法于一体法[56],其原理图如图4所示,考虑到分离法在分析中较为简便却无法反映结构间的动力关系,通过分析桥顶的旋转所引起的支柱位移进行了修正。值得关注的是,除开较重的混凝土支柱以外,格构式钢支柱[45]、钢管支柱等也有可能发生共振而导致响应的放大[58]。随着地震影响从高架桥传递到支柱上,接触网的腕臂、线索等部分也将受到影响,文献[48]对地震作用时接触线、承力索以及作用在各金属部件上的应力进行了研究,得到了构件破坏荷载,对于这部分构件来说,通常受到破坏的原因在于其所受到的应力大于其自身强度。
接触网地震响应受到许多因素的影响,从接触网自身结构特性而言,在不同的路段所架设的接触网的结构参数均有所不同,而接触网支柱的不同安装间距、轨道曲线半径以及道床条件均会导致接触网的地震响应有所不同,随着支柱安装间隔的增大、轨道曲线半径的减小(意味着单跨跨度的增大),会导致接触网的地震响应有明显的增大[65-66];同时由于接触线中存在的张力影响到接触线的抗弯刚度,进而导致了接触网自振频率随张力的增大而增大[27],在地震响应中表现出随着张力的增大,主震方向上的地震响应减小的趋势[27,66],对于桥上的接触网而言,桥梁其所处地质条件(如跨断层[67])及其结构刚度也会对接触网系统的地震响应存在较大的影响[68],且其位于桥跨中部的结构会更先发生破坏[69],此外,接触网整体效应也会对地震响应产生明显的影响[27],但锚段的长度并不会对地震响应产生明显影响[70]
输入地震波的特性、角度方向等亦会对接触网地震响应产生影响,文献[71]通过建立考虑土-结构相互作用的有限元模型研究了远场地震对接触网悬臂结构和接触网导线的影响,指出地震波输入的角度对接触网的地震响应存在影响;由于接触网系统为超大跨度体系,文献[46,72-73]采用反应谱分析和一致激励、相干激励、行波激励以及多点激励的非线性时程分析方法研究了接触网系统的地震响应特性,发现行波效应会对接触网地震响应产生明显的放大效应,并建议在抗震设计时同时考虑行波激励以及多点激励的影响,此外,横向地震作用对悬挂结构最为不利,而对于支撑结构则为纵向地震作用[8],总体而言,接触网系统的横向地震响应大于纵向地震响应[8,46-47,72-73],且双向地震作用下的地震响应明显大于单向地震响应[46]。文献[74]还提出了高铁桥面加速度反应谱公式用于分析简支梁桥上接触网系统等附属设施的地震响应。上述均为数值模拟分析,如图5所示,文献[70]对高地震烈度区的接触网进行了足尺的振动台试验以研究分析接触网系统的地震响应规律,得出了以下结论:第一是支柱底部主震方向弯矩在地震作用下随着接触线张力增大而减小;第二是腕臂最大应力发生在各构件的连接处,需要重视各构件的连接,除此之外,接触网的地震响应与导线的张力成负相关并且与跨距成正相关,这些规律均与前述研究一致。
由于接触网遭受地震破坏时具有不确定性,因此可以进行地震易损性分析来评估接触网的抗震能力,文献[49]以最大荷载超过设计荷载为损伤指标研究了接触网的地震易损性,结果表明H型截面支柱相较于圆柱形支柱在地震影响下更加脆弱,H型支柱在强震作用下可能发生直接破坏[75-76]。但值得关注的是,随着地震强度的增加,接触网结构的变形会比应力更早地达到临界值[77],因此选取变形指标分析相较应力指标更加合理,文献[66,69,78]基于此以定位器的位移为损伤指标(表2),对接触网损伤进行量化描述,进而对接触网系统进行了地震易损性分析,结果表明接触网的易损性随着地震动强度的增大而增大,并且接触网系统相较于其他铁路构件如轨道扣件等更易受到地震因素的影响。文献[79]在蒙特卡洛法生成人工地震目录以及通过地震动衰减关系获得地震危险性的基础上,结合了地震动强度以及易损性曲线进行了牵引所、接触网系统的地震损失量化,文中定义了3个灾害风险指标:显著事件发生概率、期望损失以及累计损失风险,其中易损性曲线的建立借鉴了美国联邦应急署HAZUS手册;文献[80]同样基于蒙特卡洛法生成人工地震目录,然后通过建立牵引所以及接触网有向图逻辑模型,提出了牵引供电系统的损失量化模型,在考虑多方面因素下提出了地震灾害风险评估方法。文献[81]通过蒙特卡洛方法对城市轨道交通抗震韧性进行了评估,抗震韧性是指建筑在震后维持以及恢复其原有抗震性能的能力,研究接触网系统的抗震韧性不仅有助于分析铁路结构在地震作用下的抗震能力,还能分析震后铁路系统是否能快速恢复运行。
综上所述,相较于其他供电设备如输电塔[82-83]、特高压变压器等[84]的抗震研究,针对接触网系统研究较少,且目前对于接触网的地震分析主要通过一些主流的数值方法如有限元法、模态叠加法等方法进行研究,但是没有通用且能够进行简便计算的接触网地震响应计算方法,因此可以借鉴如文献[85,53],提出在地震作用下的接触网地震响应计算方法;并且,在进行地震响应分析时,还存在地震响应的指标选取单一(如仅选取支柱顶部位移、加速度作为地震响应指标)的特点。同时,也没有对于支柱-线索等耦合振动关系、基础与构件间动态耦合关系等问题进行深入的探讨。此外,目前的接触网振动台试验研究较少,还难以对数值模型的正确性进行有效的验证,仍有必要进一步展开抗震试验研究。
日本对接触网系统的抗震研究较为领先,针对接触网抗震性能提升提出了较多解决方案,自1978年地震后日本对东北新干线的部分支柱进行了加固,然而在2011年东太平洋地震中接触网支柱仍然遭受损坏,此后针对接触网支柱,日本选择采用钢管柱或是硬横跨的方式来提高其抗震性能[44],接触网硬横跨能够有效地提升其抗震性能[86-88],但是将应用广泛的混凝土支柱改换为钢管柱或是硬横跨需要大量的时间及费用,因此针对不易更换的支柱更多采取抗震加固的方式。针对接触网支柱的加固方法有许多,如橡胶件插入法以及H型钢插入法等方法[88-90],对这些方法及其应用对象的归纳如表3所示,目前新干线上主要使用的方法为高韧性加固方法[50,91],这种方法通过切断混凝土电杆下部钢筋,并在外侧安装补强钢筋、缠绕钢卷,从而赋予支柱高韧性性能,在2022年的福岛近海地震中,采用高韧性加固方案的支柱并未出现倒塌以及倾斜的情况。此外,各种阻尼装置已被广泛地应用于工程领域用以控制结构的振动,用以消耗吸收地震或风荷载所引起的振动能量,阻尼器在电气设备[92]以及输电塔[93]等设施的振动控制中也有较多应用。如图6~图8所示,文献[52,94-95]分别采用黏弹性阻尼器以及调谐质量阻尼器对接触网支柱进行了振动控制实验研究,结果表明安装阻尼器能够有效地降低支柱在地震作用下的位移以及加速度响应,此外也有学者提出更换新型抗震性能优越的支柱,如铝合金支柱[96]、分离式的可组装支柱[97]等。
除了对接触网支柱的抗震加固,地震中接触线、吊弦等构件也会受到破坏,根据前文的分析可知,除支柱外的各种线索在地震中破坏的主要原因是支柱顶部产生的大位移导致线索的断裂以及线索振动在支撑处所产生的较大应力,因此,可以通过增加线索的强度以及避免较大应力集中的方式来进行加固,如图9(a)所示,为了缓解支撑点处过大的应力,可以采用两点支撑的方法,同时采用铝制钢丝对在以支撑点为中心长度约2 m的线索进行缠绕补强以提高其刚度[48][图9(b)],以达到提升其抗震能力的目的。
相较而言,国内针对接触网抗震研究较为缺乏,文献[98-99]结合实际工程经验以及国内相关规范规程对接触网系统的抗震设防策略进行了分析,提出了相应的设防目标以及策略,并且提出了一些接触网系统中如零部件、支柱等部位的减震措施,其提到的选用抗震性能更优的钢结构支柱、增设阻尼装置等措施与前述研究一致,但是系统性的接触网地震分析、抗震设计方法并未提出。
本节综合了与接触网抗震有关的规范进行比较分析,总结相关的规定以及其主要的设计方法。
自1978年宫城县地震所导致新干线的接触网支柱大规模倒塌开始,日本便开展了关于接触网抗震的相关研究,日本《电车线路设备耐震设计指南》[61,64]中的具体设计步骤如下。
首先,通过式(1)[61,64]计算支柱的固有周期。
${T}_{\mathrm{p}}=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{2\mathrm{\pi }}{\left(\frac{1.875}{L}\right)}^{2}\sqrt{\frac{{E}_{\mathrm{I}}}{\rho }}}$
式(1)中:L为支柱长度,m;EI为支柱的抗弯刚度,N·m2;ρ为支柱的线密度,kg/m。
根据不同的支柱类型,综合考虑线索重量、非线性因素等对支柱自振周期的影响,在此基础上乘以1~1.5的系数来进行修正。
随后通过分离法或一体法的分析方法对支柱加速度响应进行分析,使用分离法分析的具体步骤如下。
(1) 在高架桥底部输入地震波,随后计算高架桥桥顶的地震响应波。
(2) 将高架桥顶部得到的响应波输入支柱的基础中,计算支柱顶部的响应加速度,在此步中,用式(2)[61,64]考虑了支柱水平振动以及桥梁顶部旋转的影响。
$A\text{'}{}_{\mathrm{h}}={A}_{\mathrm{h}}(1+{k}_{\mathrm{\theta }}l)$
式(2)中:Ah为支柱水平方向上的响应加速度,m/s2;kθ为旋转与水平振动响应之比;l为支柱的长度,m。
(3)计算由该加速度产生的支柱最大弯矩,计算简图如图10所示。此步中,架空线索等考虑其质量的一半(因其不与支柱刚性连接),支柱底部基础处的最大弯矩计算公式[61,64]
$\begin{array}{l}{M}_{1}=\mathrm{A}\text{'}{}_{\mathrm{h}}\mathrm{g}\stackrel{3}{\sum _{i=1}}{m}_{i}{h}_{i}\pm (1+{A}_{\mathrm{v}})g\stackrel{6}{\sum _{i=4}}{m}_{i}{r}_{i}\pm \\ (1+\alpha )\stackrel{5}{\sum _{i=1}}{p}_{i}{h}_{i}\\ {M}_{2}={A}_{\mathrm{h}}g\stackrel{6}{\sum _{i=1}}{m}_{i}{h}_{i}\end{array}$
式(3)中:M1为垂直线路方向的支柱底部弯矩,N·m;M2为平行线路方向的支柱底部弯矩,N·m;Av为垂直方向加速度,m/s2,根据不同的地基类型考虑其设计最大加速度的1/2;α为架空线索中张力的变化率,取0.3;g为重力加速度,m/s2;mi为质量,kg;hi为水平荷载作用高度,m;ri为垂直荷载作用位置,m;pi为电车线的预张力,N。
(4) 将支柱产生的最大弯矩与其极限弯矩进行比较,以评估其安全性。通过比较部件等的承载力极限值与地震时产生的响应值进行安全性评估,公式[61,64]
${\gamma }_{\mathrm{i}}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{R}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{D}}}\le 1.0$
式(4)中:γi为与结构物有关的系数,通常取值为 1.0;PR为结构在地震作用等情况下的响应;PD为结构的承载力极限值。
若满足条件,则设计通过,若不满足,则通过调整支柱参数、加固等方式进行进一步的设计。
整体的抗震设计流程示意图如图11所示。值得关注的是日本将地基类型划分为G0~G7的8种地基类型,并对其中G1~G5的5种类型建立了反应谱用于分析接触网支柱的地震响应[56]图11中的地震系数Kheq便与不同的地基类型以及支柱与高架桥周期之比(Teq/Tp)有关。
中国与接触网抗震相关的规范主要有以下几部,对中国规范中有关接触网抗震相关内容进行了总结归纳,如表4所示。
表5所示,对欧洲与接触网抗震有关规范内容进行了总结归纳。
美国联邦应急署开发的HAZUS手册[80,109]广泛应用于生命线系统的地震风险评估。手册中指出变电站、发电厂以及配电线路等设施主要对地震峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration, PGA)较为敏感,其次在特定条件下会受到地面峰值位移(peak ground displacement, PGD)的影响,因此考虑PGA以及PGD来定义损伤状态,该手册中采用了对数正态分布函数建立了电力设施的损伤函数以及易损性曲线,基于受损组件的百分比一共定义了5个损伤等级,分别是无损伤、轻度损伤、中度损伤、重度损伤以及完全损伤,其损失等级划分以及易损性曲线参数如表6表7所示。
通常来说,铁路牵引变电所为中压变电站,因此可以按照表7中ESSM的参数进行分析,而接触网可以按照EDC的参数进行分析。
国际电工委员会标准IEC60913—2024[110]在附录G中对高架桥上接触网支柱的地震作用分析进行了介绍,如图12所示,采用的是与日本规范中的分离法一致,将高架桥顶的地震响应转化并输入接触网柱基础来进行地震响应分析的方法。
通过对比上述不同规范以及指南的抗震设计规定可知,除日本外,各国对于接触网的抗震设计研究还存在很大不足,均仅提到接触网修建在地震多发地区时,应当考虑地震荷载的作用,而没有具体的研究与设计方法。总的来说,目前国际上所采用的地震响应分析方法主要为日本的分离法及一体法分析方法,但由于各国的高铁接触网系统架设位置、支柱类型、桥梁类型和地基类型的不同,仍需结合接触网的振动特性针对接触网提出通用的设计方法。
根据上述研究分析可以看出,目前针对接触网的地震响应分析以及抗震设计研究仍然存在诸多不足之处,需要更进一步地深入研究和拓展。
(1)对于接触网地震分析方法,目前的地震响应分析部分基于有限元方法,但有限元方法仿真计算效率不高,计算成本高昂,比如在进行易损性分析时,大量地震动的计算将相当耗时,因此,有必要提出简化的接触网系统地震响应计算方法,并拟合适用于工程设计的实用计算公式。
(2)目前的接触网地震分析主要集中在直线段接触网,而针对如曲线段、弯道处或非直线型桥梁上接触网的地震响应分析仍较为欠缺。此外,不同桥梁类型、支柱类型、地基类型等因素对其地震响应的影响还需进一步研究。
(3)接触网悬挂形式包括简单链型悬挂、弹性链型悬挂及复链型悬挂等。目前,研究主要集中于简单链型悬挂的地震响应特性,针对另外两种类型的接触网系统仍缺乏系统性研究。
(4)由于实际工况较为复杂,目前的仿真结果与实测数据或是振动台试验数据之间存在一定偏差,且目前针对接触网整体的振动台试验研究较少。现有试验在研究过程中尚未对桥梁、支柱类型、地基条件等关键影响因素进行系统性分析。因此需进一步开展综合性振动台试验研究,以提升试验结果对实际工程的适用性和指导价值。
(1) 目前,通过更换支柱等方式提升接触网抗震性能的成本过于高昂,相较之下抗震改造与加固方案更具经济合理性。例如,日本计划在2027年前完成对新干线全线约118 600 根接触网支柱中约81 320根的加固工作。然而,日本目前广泛采用的高韧性补强方案成本较高,每根支柱的改造费用接近200万日元,同时该方案施工技术复杂、工期较长。因此,开发更加经济高效的减震方案仍然是亟待研究的重要方向。
(2) 将较为成熟的振动控制技术研究引入接触网系统的抗震设计中,研究其被动及主动控制方法也是可行的研究方向。针对支柱以及吊弦等部件,可设计阻尼装置来控制接触网振动,此外,在考虑风荷载和列车荷载等工况的基础上,还可进一步研究能够同时适用于常规荷载和地震荷载的阻尼装置,以提升接触网系统的整体抗震性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52268038)
  • 云南省应用基础研究计划面上项目(202201A070159)
  • 云南省兴滇英才支持计划青年人才专项
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500477
  • 接收时间:2025-01-19
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-19
  • 修回日期:2025-04-17
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国家自然科学基金(52268038)
云南省应用基础研究计划面上项目(202201A070159)
云南省兴滇英才支持计划青年人才专项
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    云南大学建筑与规划学院, 昆明 650000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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