Article(id=1228279675965862098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406398, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724601600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-26, revisedDate=1746979200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774295083, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774295083, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774295083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774295083, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9523, endPage=9532, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279680093057515, articleId=1228279675965862098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Influence of Mangrove Forests in Nearshore Areas on Wave Dissipation Characteristics, columnId=1228279676427240414, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Hydraulic Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To quantitatively evaluate the protective effect of the mangrove wave dissipating zone on the near coastline, based on the demonstration area of the Taishan Town Bay Mangrove Project in Guangdong Province, a combination method of on-site observation, theoretical analysis, model experiments, and numerical analysis was used to study the interaction process between the mangrove forests and waves. The verification and analysis of the wave dissipating characteristics of the mangrove forests were carried out from the perspectives of directional statistical characteristics and annual extreme value statistical characteristics, thus achieving a summary of the wave dissipating mechanism and statistical characteristics of the wave dissipating effect of the mangrove forests. The research results indicate that the basic theoretical system of vegetation wave dissipation based on the rigid column group flow theory has strong applicability to mangrove vegetation types, and the relevant wave dissipation theories can be adapted and integrated with numerical calculation models based on wave energy spectra. The simulation of vegetation wave dissipation process was carried out using physical model experiments, and the results were compared with the numerical simulation results using vegetation wave dissipation empirical formula, fully demonstrating the reliability of the vegetation wave dissipation empirical formula adopted in this study. The numerical simulation results show that mangrove forests can significantly reduce the frequency of large waves in various directions from a statistical perspective. The wave dissipation effect of mangrove forests increases significantly with the increase of wave height in different recurrence periods in the direction of strong waves. In the case of inconsistent normal wave direction and strong wave direction, the wave dissipation rate does not show a significant increase trend with the increase of wave height in different recurrence periods.

, correspAuthors=Xing LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Na WANG, Gang WANG, Nian-fei LIU, Xing LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279685012976530, articleId=1228279675965862098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=水利工程近岸区红树林对堤前设计波浪要素的影响, columnId=1228279677610034158, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·水利工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为量化评估红树林消浪区对近海岸线的防护效果,基于广东台山镇海湾红树林工程示范区域,采用现场观测、理论分析、模型试验以及数值分析相结合的方法开展红树林消浪区与波浪相互作用过程研究,从波高方向统计特征、波高年极值统计特征等角度开展红树林消浪特性的验证与分析,从而实现了对红树林消浪机理以及消浪效果统计特征的总结。研究结果表明:基于刚性柱群绕流理论的植被消浪基本理论体系对于红树林类型植被的适用性较强,且相关消浪理论能够与基于波浪能量谱的数值计算模型进行适配融合;采用物理模型试验开展植被消浪过程研究,并与采用植被消浪经验公式的数值模拟结果进行比对,充分论证了本文研究所采用的植被消浪经验公式可靠性;进一步的数值模拟计算结果表明红树林可以从统计角度显著降低各个方向大浪的出现频率,在强浪向上红树林的消浪效果随着不同重现期的波高增加而显著加大,在常浪向和强浪向不一致的情况下,红树林的消浪率随着不同重现期的波高增加无显著增加趋势。

, correspAuthors=李醒, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李醒(1983—),男,汉族,江苏睢宁人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:渔港设计咨询与研究。E-mail:
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王娜(1988—),女,汉族,天津人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:渔港设计咨询与研究。E-mail:

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王娜(1988—),女,汉族,天津人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:渔港设计咨询与研究。E-mail:

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王娜(1988—),女,汉族,天津人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:渔港设计咨询与研究。E-mail:

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横坐标表示对应的时刻,按照月日时分格式显示

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Working condition combination in model test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 水深/m 波高/m 波周期/s CD经验值
1 0.4 0.08 1.4 1.35
2 0.4 0.12 2.8 1.28
3 0.4 0.12 1.4 1.35
4 0.6 0.08 1.4 2.11
), ArticleFig(id=1228369868391645865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675965862098, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型试验验证工况组合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 水深/m 波高/m 波周期/s CD经验值
1 0.4 0.08 1.4 1.35
2 0.4 0.12 2.8 1.28
3 0.4 0.12 1.4 1.35
4 0.6 0.08 1.4 2.11
), ArticleFig(id=1228369868504892077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675965862098, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of significant wave height under different return periods with and without mangrove forest conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向 工况 2 a 10 a 50 a 100 a
E 无红树林 0.58 0.66 0.72 0.74
有红树林 0.47 0.54 0.89 0.6
消浪率/% 19.00 18.20 18.10 18.90
ESE 无红树林 0.61 0.73 0.82 0.85
有红树林 0.51 0.64 0.73 0.76
消浪率/% 16.40 12.30 11.00 10.60
SE 无红树林 0.75 0.97 1.13 1.19
有红树林 0.59 0.72 0.81 0.85
消浪率/% 21.30 25.80 28.30 28.60
SSE 无红树林 0.8 1.01 1.21 1.27
有红树林 0.61 0.75 0.84 0.87
消浪率/% 23.80 25.70 30.60 31.50
S 无红树林 0.81 1.11 1.32 1.39
有红树林 0.63 0.8 0.92 0.97
消浪率/% 22.20 27.90 30.30 30.20
), ArticleFig(id=1228369868601361070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675965862098, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

有无红树林条件下不同重现期有效波高对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向 工况 2 a 10 a 50 a 100 a
E 无红树林 0.58 0.66 0.72 0.74
有红树林 0.47 0.54 0.89 0.6
消浪率/% 19.00 18.20 18.10 18.90
ESE 无红树林 0.61 0.73 0.82 0.85
有红树林 0.51 0.64 0.73 0.76
消浪率/% 16.40 12.30 11.00 10.60
SE 无红树林 0.75 0.97 1.13 1.19
有红树林 0.59 0.72 0.81 0.85
消浪率/% 21.30 25.80 28.30 28.60
SSE 无红树林 0.8 1.01 1.21 1.27
有红树林 0.61 0.75 0.84 0.87
消浪率/% 23.80 25.70 30.60 31.50
S 无红树林 0.81 1.11 1.32 1.39
有红树林 0.63 0.8 0.92 0.97
消浪率/% 22.20 27.90 30.30 30.20
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水利工程近岸区红树林对堤前设计波浪要素的影响
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王娜 , 王刚 , 刘年飞 , 李醒 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025,25(22): 9523-9532
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025, 25(22): 9523-9532
水利工程近岸区红树林对堤前设计波浪要素的影响
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王娜 , 王刚, 刘年飞, 李醒*
作者信息
  • 中国水产科学研究院渔业工程研究所, 北京 100141
  • 王娜(1988—),女,汉族,天津人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:渔港设计咨询与研究。E-mail:

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* 李醒(1983—),男,汉族,江苏睢宁人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:渔港设计咨询与研究。E-mail:
Influence of Mangrove Forests in Nearshore Areas on Wave Dissipation Characteristics
Na WANG , Gang WANG, Nian-fei LIU, Xing LI*
Affiliations
  • Fisheries Engineering Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406398
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为量化评估红树林消浪区对近海岸线的防护效果,基于广东台山镇海湾红树林工程示范区域,采用现场观测、理论分析、模型试验以及数值分析相结合的方法开展红树林消浪区与波浪相互作用过程研究,从波高方向统计特征、波高年极值统计特征等角度开展红树林消浪特性的验证与分析,从而实现了对红树林消浪机理以及消浪效果统计特征的总结。研究结果表明:基于刚性柱群绕流理论的植被消浪基本理论体系对于红树林类型植被的适用性较强,且相关消浪理论能够与基于波浪能量谱的数值计算模型进行适配融合;采用物理模型试验开展植被消浪过程研究,并与采用植被消浪经验公式的数值模拟结果进行比对,充分论证了本文研究所采用的植被消浪经验公式可靠性;进一步的数值模拟计算结果表明红树林可以从统计角度显著降低各个方向大浪的出现频率,在强浪向上红树林的消浪效果随着不同重现期的波高增加而显著加大,在常浪向和强浪向不一致的情况下,红树林的消浪率随着不同重现期的波高增加无显著增加趋势。

红树林  /  消浪机理  /  模型试验  /  数值模拟  /  统计特征

To quantitatively evaluate the protective effect of the mangrove wave dissipating zone on the near coastline, based on the demonstration area of the Taishan Town Bay Mangrove Project in Guangdong Province, a combination method of on-site observation, theoretical analysis, model experiments, and numerical analysis was used to study the interaction process between the mangrove forests and waves. The verification and analysis of the wave dissipating characteristics of the mangrove forests were carried out from the perspectives of directional statistical characteristics and annual extreme value statistical characteristics, thus achieving a summary of the wave dissipating mechanism and statistical characteristics of the wave dissipating effect of the mangrove forests. The research results indicate that the basic theoretical system of vegetation wave dissipation based on the rigid column group flow theory has strong applicability to mangrove vegetation types, and the relevant wave dissipation theories can be adapted and integrated with numerical calculation models based on wave energy spectra. The simulation of vegetation wave dissipation process was carried out using physical model experiments, and the results were compared with the numerical simulation results using vegetation wave dissipation empirical formula, fully demonstrating the reliability of the vegetation wave dissipation empirical formula adopted in this study. The numerical simulation results show that mangrove forests can significantly reduce the frequency of large waves in various directions from a statistical perspective. The wave dissipation effect of mangrove forests increases significantly with the increase of wave height in different recurrence periods in the direction of strong waves. In the case of inconsistent normal wave direction and strong wave direction, the wave dissipation rate does not show a significant increase trend with the increase of wave height in different recurrence periods.

mangrove forests  /  wave dissipation mechanism  /  model testing  /  numerical simulation  /  statistical characteristics
王娜, 王刚, 刘年飞, 李醒. 水利工程近岸区红树林对堤前设计波浪要素的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9523 -9532 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406398
Na WANG, Gang WANG, Nian-fei LIU, Xing LI. Influence of Mangrove Forests in Nearshore Areas on Wave Dissipation Characteristics[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9523 -9532 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406398
红树林是广泛生长于除寒带以外区域的亲水乔、灌木植物群落,常见于陆地与海洋的干湿分界潮间带区域,是介于陆地生态系统和海洋生态系统之间的一种过渡生态系统[1]。工业化进程早期,由于红树林生态系统与近海工程建设无显著相关性,经济效益不显著,因此并未受到足够重视,导致生态规模严重退化,红树林分布面积锐减。
随着气候不断转暖,以风和浪为主要表现形式的海洋环境动力条件显著加强,并由此引起海岸侵蚀的不断发展。此外大型、高速船舶的通行也进一步加剧了海岸侵蚀和破坏的进程。人们通过长期观测逐渐发现:以红树林为代表的潮间带柔性植物群落能够有效耗散水体的动能,从而削弱直接作用在海岸与结构上的水动力强度,导致近岸受到红树林生态系统保护的区域海岸发生侵蚀的概率和规模显著小于未受到红树林保护的区域[2]。因此,研究植被主要消浪机理,提出合理可靠的理论评估方法,形成柔性海岸防护设计体系,实现环境保护综合效益是当前所面临的新问题。
近年来红树林生态系统的环保效益和对海岸的防护作用逐渐受到中外学者的广泛关注,并在大量的海岸防护工程实践中积极引入以红树林为代表的柔性植被体系[3-4]。红树林对海岸侵蚀的防护效果主要受到植株几何与力学参数、平面布置形态与密度、种植位置与范围等因素影响[5-6]。对应的研究方法主要包括理论定性分析、现场观测、模型试验以及数值模拟等[7-9]
在现场观测方面,汪振松等[10]针对中国东南沿海部分红树林聚集区的波浪实测资料开展相关性分析,研究成果表明:红树林的消波能力与波高作用一定范围内的植物体积密度呈正相关性;Suzuki等[11]关于植被消浪的观测结果表明:波浪在越过30 m宽度的植被消浪区后平均波高降低达90%,其中波高在前10 m范围内降低超过50%;Mei等[12]基于近岸区域红树林带对波高消减的观测结果开展等效摩阻参数率定,研究结果表明红树林区域的等效摩阻系数是一般海床摩阻系数的30~100倍。
在模型试验方面,彭浩等[13]针对植株淹没和出水两种状态开展植被消浪特性研究,论证出水状态的植被消浪能力是淹没状态的1.5~3倍;朱晓伟等[14]对刚性植株和柔性植株的消浪效果开展模型试验对比研究,试验结果表明小浪情况下刚性植株模型和柔性植株模型的消浪效果差别不大,在水流或波浪条件较大的情况下,柔性植株的消浪效果显著降低,此外植株群落对长周期波浪的消波效果相对短周期较优;Irtem等[15]采用模型试验的方法对植株群落与规则波之间的相互作用过程进行了记录与分析,结果表明柔性植株的摆动会使得水体的垂线流速分布出现多峰特征,通过试验记录了由于植株的挡水效应在波高发生衰减的同时造成局部雍水现象,并基于试验结果反演得到植被拖曳系数CD的经验计算公式。
数值模拟方面,中外大量学者采用刚性短柱概化模型开展对植被消浪过程的模拟[16-17],尽管这种概化模型与实际情况存在较为显著的差异,但是能在一定程度上反映植被消浪的机理,因此目前仍然被广泛采用[18-19]。在小尺度数值模拟方面,任杰等[20]基于浅水波浪传播数值模型分析了波浪经过植被区域的流速和波高等特征参数变化情况,准确反演了植株高度和密度对波高衰减的影响效果,量化展示了波浪在植被处发生破碎和耗散的现象。在大尺度数值模拟方面,曹海锦等[21]基于能量守恒的波浪谱分析方法,开展了植被影响下的波浪传播数值模拟计算分析,通过调整植被的整体阻力系数,实现对计算结果的校准,进而分析不同重现期波浪作用下的海岸水动力条件,论证红树林的综合波浪衰减效率大于20%。
综上可见,大量的研究专注于开展针对植物几何参数的概化建模,并基于概化模型进行数值分析与模型试验,讨论波高、周期等波浪特征参数对波高衰减的影响,然而开展整体大面积红树林群落对近岸波浪消减效果的研究更加具有工程实际参考价值,但是鲜见这方面的研究。因此,现以江门市镇海湾为例,采用模型试验与数值分析相结合的方法,开展大面积红树林区域对波浪衰减的影响规律分析研究,深入掌握红树林消浪的力学机制,为相关工程设计与环境评价提供重要参考依据。
广东省位于中国南部,全省海岸线总长度达到8 500 km,是中国海岸线最长、海域最广的地区之一。广东省内河航道总里程达1.2×104 km,其中三级及以上航道约4 500 km,连接了省内各地级市和周边省份,为区域经济发展提供了有力支撑。此外,广东省拥有广州、深圳、珠海、汕头、湛江等多个世界级港口,沿海航线网络发达,为世界各地的贸易往来提供了便捷通道。广东省地处亚热带季风气候区,沿岸的风浪特征呈现明显的季节特性,冬季以东北季风为主导,夏季以西南季风为主导,其他时间段处于过渡期,波浪成分中风浪占主导因素,台风期间局部受到涌浪影响。统计资料表明:珠江口常浪向和强浪向均为SE向,其中阳江测站的多年平均波高H10%=1.0 m,近30年最大实测波高H1%=8.3 m(由台风浪引起),近岸波浪发生大量破碎因此在波浪谱中表现出多峰特征。广东省的近岸地质类型复杂多变,主要包括岩质、砂质、淤泥质等。近年来,在自然因素和人为因素的共同作用下,广东省岸线发生较为明显的侵蚀,保护和合理利用广东省海岸线资源,充分发挥岸线资源的生态、经济和社会价值,对于促进中国海洋经济的发展具有重要意义[22]
镇海湾位于广东省台山市西南部,地处海晏西镇与北陡镇之间,东邻广海湾。海湾面积约100 km2,镇海湾范围内涉及台山市汶村、北斗、那扶、深井和恩平市5个乡镇。其中,恩平市横陂镇辖区内的镇海湾红树林湿地公园近年来逐渐成为生态海岸防护的主要观测与试验基地。
镇海湾红树林试验观测基地总面积5万多亩(1亩=667 m2),红树林面积1.6万亩,在维持生态平衡、保持生物多样性等方面起到了重要作用,被誉为“海岸卫士”。本文研究选取镇海湾红树林湿地公园开展红树林消浪效果实地观测,并将观测结果用于模型试验以及数值分析的比对与验证。试验观测基地照片如图1所示。
海岸区域水深条件较为有限,水流流速沿着水深方向的分布模式较为单一,因此在开展近岸区域的水动力数值分析的过程中通常采用浅水模式。浅水模式模拟波浪传播通常有针对局部小尺度波浪水流运动模拟的Boussinesq模式以及针对整体大尺度波浪模拟的波浪能量谱模式[23-24]。本文研究主要针对波浪从外海向近岸传播过程的波浪特征参数变化开展分析,并由此评估红树林区域的整体防浪特性,因此主要采用波浪的能量谱方法就行分析研究。波浪谱方法的基本原理可以表示为控制体内的波浪能量在时间、空间以及频率的综合维度上保持守恒,对应的控制方程可以表达为
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}N+\frac{\partial }{\partial x}{C}_{x}N+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}{C}_{y}N+\frac{\partial }{\partial \sigma }{C}_{\sigma }N+\frac{\partial }{\partial \theta }{C}_{\theta }N=\frac{{S}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}}{\sigma }$
式(1)中:N为动谱密度;C为波浪的能量传播速度;xyθ分别为平面的两个方向和角度;σ为频率;Stot为外界向系统内部输入或吸收的能量。
${S}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}={S}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}+{S}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{l}3}+{S}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{l}4}+{S}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{w}}+{S}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{b}}+{S}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{r}}+{S}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{g}}$
式(2)中:Sin为风场作用对波浪能量的影响;Snl3Snl4为不同频率波浪相互作用的高阶效应对波浪能量的影响;Sds,w为波浪的白浪效应所产生的能量消耗;Sds,b为海床的摩擦对波浪能量的影响;Sds,br为水深变化对波浪能量的影响;上述源汇项目前在第三代海岸动力数值模拟技术中已经日渐成熟,对应的经验公式和参数取值可参考文献[25];Sds,veg为植物对波浪传播所造成的影响,目前尚无成熟的理论体系可供参考借鉴,现有的主要研究成果是基于刚性小直径圆柱阵列消浪模型所总结得到的经验公式。
经验公式假定植被对波浪的耗散作用主要来自圆柱体拖曳力做功[[27]],波浪在经过单位长度的植被区域后发生的能量耗散公式为
$\frac{\partial \left(E{c}_{\mathrm{g}}\right)}{\partial x}=-{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{v}}$
式(3)中:E为能量密度;cg为波浪传播速度;εv为植物对能量的耗散率。
根据Mendez等[2]的试验成果总结,典型的不规则波浪作用下,εv可以表达为
$\begin{array}{l}{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{v}}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\mathrm{\pi }}}\rho {C}_{\mathrm{D}}{b}_{\mathrm{v}}{N}_{\mathrm{v}}{\left(\frac{gk}{2\sigma }\right)}^{3}\times \\ \frac{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{h}^{3}k\alpha h+3\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}hk\alpha h}{3k\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{h}}^{3}kh}{H}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}}^{3}\end{array}$
式(4)中:ρ为水体密度;CD为综合拖曳力系数;bv为植株的等效直径;Nv为植株种植密度;kσ分别为波浪的平均波数和平均频率;h为水深;α为植株相对高度;Hrms为不规则波浪的波高均方根。
为了使得上述经验公式(4)与波浪谱守恒控制方程相融合,需要将对经验公式进行结构重新整理,即
${S}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{g}}(\sigma,\theta )=\frac{{D}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}}{{E}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}}E(\sigma,\theta )$
式(5)中:Dtotεv对应的等效能量表达形式。
$\begin{array}{l}{D}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}=\frac{1}{2g\sqrt{\mathrm{\pi }}}{C}_{\mathrm{D}}{b}_{\mathrm{v}}{N}_{\mathrm{v}}{\left(\frac{gk}{2\sigma }\right)}^{3}\times \\ \frac{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{h}^{3}k\alpha h+3\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}hk\alpha h}{3k\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{h}^{3}kh}{H}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}}^{3}\end{array}$
式(6)中:Hrms=sqrt(8Etot);据此植物消浪对应的源项可以表达为
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{g}}(\sigma,\theta )=-\sqrt{\frac{2}{\mathrm{\pi }}}{g}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{D}}{b}_{\mathrm{v}}{N}_{\mathrm{v}}{\left(\frac{k}{\sigma }\right)}^{3}\times \\ \frac{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{h}^{3}k\alpha h+3\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}hk\alpha h}{3k\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{h}^{3}kh}\sqrt{{E}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}}E(\sigma,\theta )\end{array}$
对于植株根茎与冠部之间的尺寸存在明显差异,单一刚性圆柱不能概化模拟这一情况,可以采用分层法应用植被消浪公式,可以视实际情况分为2层,分别应用波浪能量耗散经验公式,具体可以表达为
${S}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{g}}=\stackrel{I}{\sum _{i=1}}{S}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{g},i}$
式(8)中:I为分层计算的总层数,一般可以取2。
多层之间的波浪能量耗散结果叠加的公式为
$\begin{array}{l}{S}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{s},\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{g},i}=-\sqrt{\frac{2}{\mathrm{\pi }}}{g}^{2}{C}_{\mathrm{D},i}{b}_{\mathrm{v},i}{N}_{\mathrm{v},i}{\left(\frac{k}{\sigma }\right)}^{3}\sqrt{{E}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}}}E(\sigma,\theta )\times \\ \frac{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{h}^{3}k{\alpha }_{i}h-\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{h}^{3}k{\alpha }_{i-1}h+3(\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}hk{\alpha }_{i}h-\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}hk{\alpha }_{i-1}h)}{3k\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{h}^{3}kh}\end{array}$
由上述分析可知:植被消浪的原理在模型中可以基于小直径圆柱阵列来进行概化,并由此反演得到只包含一个综合拖曳力系数CD的经验公式。但是理论和观测资料表明:该综合拖曳力系数与入射波高、波周期以及植株的形态参数仍具有一定相关性,在模型的应用过程中需要获取相对准确的CD值才能确保计算结果的可靠性。当前中外研究得到了一系列的CD计算经验公式,但是不同公式考虑的影响因素不同,且表达形式也差异较大,因此本文研究中采用模型试验的方法对经验公式的适用性开展分析验证,从而确保CD系数取值的可靠性。
经验公式采用Dalrymple等[26]根据大量模型试验结果拟合得到的成果。经验公式首先采用反比例复合函数对波高沿着红树林宽度方向的衰减规律进行拟合,从而确定波高的沿程衰减系数,对应的表达式为
${K}_{\mathrm{v}}=\frac{H}{{H}_{0}}=\frac{1}{1+\beta x}$
式(10)中:Kv为波高的沿程衰减系数;H0为初始有效波高;H为沿着红树林宽度方向行进x距离后的有效波高;β为对应的波高衰减系数。
在得到衰减系数后,仅需要根据波高和能量的对应关系即可换算得到CD的表达式,即
${C}_{\mathrm{D}}=\frac{9\mathrm{\pi }}{4{b}_{\mathrm{v}}{N}_{\mathrm{v}}{H}_{0}k}\frac{(\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}h2kh+2kh)\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}hkh}{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{\mathrm{h}}^{3}kh+3\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}hkh}\beta $
为验证经验公式对实际红树林消浪作用的适用性,采用水槽模型试验开展相关研究工作,试验水槽长度为40 m,宽度为2 m,高度1.4 m,水槽中部由玻璃在宽度方向分隔为两个相等的部分用于对比验证试验方案的水动力差异。为了准确获取波高沿植被铺设方向的衰减规律,模型试验中在植被种植区按照三等分位置设置4组波高测量仪器,模型试验设置如图2所示。
为确保模型试验的结果能够与实际情况在最大限度上保持相似,试验中采用修剪后的灌木植株模拟红树林,植株样本如图3所示。
模型植株总高度为40 cm,树冠部分高度为14 cm,主茎直径约为0.8 cm,植株的平面种植间距为15 cm(即以树冠紧凑布置),对应种植密度达到44株/m2,试验水槽中的植株布置如图4所示。
按照所依托项目当地的实际风浪资料,模型试验中采用正交设计的方法共验证4组工况的结果,试验设置分别如表1所示。
为模拟实际情况下的不规则波浪作用情形,模型试验中采用JONSWAP谱作为输入条件,谱峰因子设置为3.3,单次试验持续造波600 s,每组次重复3次取平均结果进行分析。模型试验与数值计算的结果对比如图5所示。
从结果对比中可以看到:本文所设计的4种试验工况下,模型试验得到的统计结果与数值分析计算结果的相似度较高,说明基于Dalrymple经验公式得到的CD可以在数值模型中相对准确的表达植被消浪效果。
近岸区域大面积红树林消浪综合效果数值模拟分析采用MIKE21水动力数值模型开展相关研究。考虑到沿海实际地形的复杂性可能会对模型的计算精度和求解时长带来巨大的挑战,本文研究中采用基于有限体积法的三角形网格对求解区域进行自适应离散,其中近岸区域网格较为密集,空间尺度设置为0.025°,离岸的深远海区域网格较为稀疏,空间尺度设置魏0.5°。广东省沿海区域的计算网格划分如图6所示。其中镇海湾红树林消浪工程示范区的局部区域网格划分如图7所示。
计算模型的边界条件主要包括陆地边界条件和外海边界条件。其中陆地边界条件允许单元根据实际水位情况出现干湿交替,并在此边界处完全吸收波浪能量;外海边界采用风浪谱后报数据作为输入条件,模型的驱动风场采用CFSR后报数据集对计算区域进行加载。模型中红树林的种植范围与试验区的实际情况保持一致,种植范围为由近岸向外海200 m范围,对应水深环境为1~2 m,种植密度约1株/m2。模型分析基于能量谱理论进行计算,每个单元考虑16个方向,计算周期范围设置为1~20 s,共计20个周期,计算输出时间步长设置为1 h。
计算结果验证是保障数值分析结果可靠性必不可少的环节。本文研究的重点是红树林对波浪的削减作用,其中大浪环境下的红树林消浪效果更具有工程和实际意义,因此数值模型的验证过程选用2014年09号台风“威马逊”作为输入条件,研究红树林对台风浪的削减效应。台风“威马逊”的作用路径如图8所示。
图8可以看到:台风自南海东南方向生成后,穿越菲律宾群岛,沿着西北方向持续运动,并从湛江、海南一带登陆。由于广东省地处北半球,在科氏力作用下,台风风场呈逆时针旋转,典型时刻的台风风场分布如图9所示。
图9可以看到:台风运动轨迹的右侧的风场出现较大风速,且风速的方向是指向广东省沿岸,因此台风对近岸波浪具有显著的增益效果,使得台风路径右侧的沿岸区域风浪条件显著加强,台风作用典型时刻的有效波高分布如图10所示。
图10可以看到:在台风作用的典型时刻,广东省外海深水区域的最大有效波高达到9.5 m,且波浪的传播方向近似垂直于岸线。其中阳江岸线受到的波浪作用最为强烈,台山地区也同样受到台风浪的强烈作用。
为验证红树林消浪效果数值模拟计算结果的可靠性,选取红树林试验区离岸100 m位置处(对应水深约为2 m)的波浪观测数据进行对比分析。为了进行红树林消浪效果对比,进一步提取了红树林试验区附近无植被掩护海域的波浪观测结果进行比对,结果如图11所示。
图11可以看到:在无红树林和有红树林两种情况下,台风作用期间的观测点处有效波高观测值和计算值的匹配程度较高,说明计算模型可以相对准确的开展台风作用下红树林的消浪效果研究。
图11中数据显示:在7月16日06:00至7月17日18:00对的时间段内,无红树林条件下的有效波高从0.15 m逐渐增加至0.6 m,在此期间红树林的消浪率小于20%,说明红树林在小浪条件下的消浪作用不明显;在7月18日06:00至7月19日06:00对应时间段内,无红树林条件下观测点的有效波高变化范围达到0.9~1.4 m,在此期间有红树林条件下的消浪率大于30%,说明红树林在大浪条件下的消浪作用较为显著。
在验证数值计算模型在模拟平常风浪和台风浪情况均具有较高结果精度的条件下,进一步对1991—2020年共30 a范围内的风成浪情况开展计算分析。计算模型分别考虑有红树林情况和无红树林两种工况,并提取上节所述观测点上的计算结果进行统计分析,得到有无红树林条件下观测点处30 a波浪统计玫瑰图,如图12所示。
图12可以看到:在有无红树林条件下,观测点位置处30年风浪统计玫瑰图的基本形态保持不变,常浪向均为ESE向,强浪向均为S~SE向。其中,在红树林消浪区的影响下,观测点处的ESE向波浪出现频率由此前无红树林状态下的21%提升至23%,而SE向波浪的出现频率则此前无红树林状态下的20.5%降低至19%。其他方向的波浪出现频率几乎保持不变。
从波浪强度上看,红树林消浪区的存在显著降低了观测点处的统计波浪强度。观测点处的ESE向0~0.3 m有效波高的出现频率由此前无红树林状态下的15%提升至18%,而0.3~0.6 m有效波高的出现频率由此前无红树林状态下的6%降低至4%;观测点处的SE向0.3~0.6 m有效波高的出现频率由此前无红树林状态下的5%降低至4%。其他方向的有效波高统计结果均显示为小波高波浪的出现频率显著提升,大波高波浪出现频率显著降低的规律。
有上述分析可知:红树林消浪区的存在可以从统计角度显著降低各个方向大浪的出现频率。此外,由于红树林消浪区对波浪传播的进一步阻滞效应,近岸波高的显著降低,波浪传播过程中的折射率也显著增加,统计结果常浪向波浪的出现频率进一步增加。
不同重现期对应的年极值波高是工程水文学中对波浪特征描述的重要概念,也是现代工程建设的重要参考依据。根据国际上主流的行业规范,波高的年极值统计可以基于现有一定时长的观测资料(通常不能小于15 a,否则偏差较为显著),采用皮尔逊Ⅲ型曲线进行适线,并由此推算不同重现期对于的波高年极值。本文研究选用有效波高Hs作为波高的特征值,并对有效波高进行年极值统计分析,从而得到不同重现期对应的有效波高年极值。计算模型中分别考虑有红树林和无红树林两种工况,并提取上节所述观测点上的30 a波浪计算结果进行统计分析,得到有无红树林条件下,观测点处不同重现期对应的有效波高年极值结果。
由波浪方向统计结果分析可知:红树林试验片区所在工程场地的常浪向为ESE方向,强浪向集中于S~SE向。尽管在红树林作用下强浪向有进一步与常浪向保持一致的趋势,但是S~SE向依然出现波高较大的波浪。因此,本节在开展波浪极值统计特征分析过程中,以SE向和S向波浪为例进行分析,结果如图13所示。从图13可以看到:SE向波浪的有效波高统计结果显示:在无红树林消浪区条件下,观测点处百年一遇的年极值有效波高达到1.2 m,十年一遇的有效波高年极值为0.97 m;在有红树林消浪区的情况下,百年一遇的有效波高年极值为0.85 m,十年一遇的有效波高年极值为0.59 m,消浪率分别达到29.2%和39.2%。
S向波浪的有效波高统计结果显示:在无红树林消浪区条件下,百年一遇的有效波高年极值达到1.4 m,十年一遇的有效波高年极值为1.1 m;在有红树林消浪区的情况下,百年一遇的有效波高年极值为0.97 m,十年一遇的有效波高年极值为0.8 m,消浪率分别达到30.7%和27.3%。
从SE向和S向的波浪有效波高年极值统计分析结果可以看到:不同重现期的有效波高年极值在经过观测点前方100 m宽度的红树林后发生较为显著衰减。重现期较大的情况下波高衰减较为显著,如百年一遇情况下有效波高年极值降幅达到30%,随着重现期的逐渐降低,波高的年极值降幅逐渐减小,在一年一遇情况下的有效波高年极值降幅近似可以忽略不计。除了SE向和S向的有效波高年极值统计分布外,本文进一步提取了观测点处不同重现期对应的SSE、ESE以及E向的有效波高数值,如表2所示。从表2中数据可以看到:相比于无红树林情况,在有红树林条件下,观测点处不同重现期对应的有效波高年极值均发生较为显著的衰减。其中E向波浪在重现期2~100 a范围内的有效波高年极值消浪率稳定在19%;常浪向ESE向在重现期2~100 a范围内有效波高年极值的消浪率由16.4%至10.6%呈逐渐递减的趋势;SE、SSE、S向为大浪主要集中的作用方向,在重现期2~100 a范围内有效波高年极值的消浪率由20%~30%呈逐渐增加的趋势。由此可见:红树林消浪区的消浪效果随着不同重现期的波高增加而逐渐加大,对于常浪向和强浪向非同一方向的情况,红树林同样能起到显著的消浪效果,但是消浪率随着不同重现期的波高增加无显著增加趋势。
基于红树林工程示范区开展红树林消浪特征研究,采用模型试验、数值分析以及现场观测相结合方法,从方向统计特征、年极值统计特征等角度开展红树林消浪特性的验证与分析,从而实现了对红树林消浪机理以及消浪效果统计特征的总结。得到如下结论。
(1)基于刚性柱群绕流理论建立了植被消浪基本理论体系,并将植被消浪理论与波浪谱数值分析计算模型进行适配,形成了能够考虑植被消浪作用的近岸波浪传播数值计算模型。
(2)为验证植被消浪经验公式在数值模拟分析中的适用性,采用物理模型试验开展了植被消浪过程模拟,并将试验结果与基于经验公式的数值模拟结果进行比对,充分说明了研究过程中所选取的植被消浪经验公式在红树林消浪数值模拟过程中具备较高的可靠度。
(3)基于数值模型计算得到的波浪方向统计特征结果显示:红树林可以从统计角度显著降低各个方向大浪的出现频率,并对波浪的传播产生进一步阻滞效应,显著降低近岸波高,增加波浪向近岸传播过程中的折射率。
(4)基于数值模型计算得到的波浪极值统计特征结果显示:红树林在强浪向的消浪效果随着不同重现期的波高增加而显著加大,但是对于和强浪不在同一方向的常浪向上则受到较为复杂的波浪传播影响,红树林的消浪率随着不同重现期的波高增加无显著增加趋势。
  • 中国水产科学研究院渔业工程研究所专项课题(2024HY-ZC001)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFB2604200)
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406398
  • 接收时间:2024-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-26
  • 修回日期:2025-05-12
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中国水产科学研究院渔业工程研究所专项课题(2024HY-ZC001)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFB2604200)
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    中国水产科学研究院渔业工程研究所, 北京 100141

通讯作者:

* 李醒(1983—),男,汉族,江苏睢宁人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:渔港设计咨询与研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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