Article(id=1228279675609346245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409517, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=1747324800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774294997, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774294997, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774294997, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770802388138, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9640, endPage=9648, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279676246880483, articleId=1228279675609346245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analytical Method for Critical Human Factors in the Event of Runway Overrun and Veer Off, columnId=1228279667132658627, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A critical human factors analysis method for aircraft runway overrun and veer-off event was proposed to address the complex causal relationship of human factors that have not been fully revealed in the investigation of the event. Firstly, improve the human factors analysis and classification system model to identify the root cause of overrun and excursion event, and use the fault tree analysis method to identify the direct cause of runway overrun and veer-off event. Secondly, a human factors investigation decision support model was constructed, and obtained the causal chain of aircraft runway overrun and veer-off event. Then, a Bayesian network was constructed to quantify the importance of the causal factors for the runway overrun and veer-off event caused by human factors. Through predictive reasoning, diagnostic reasoning, and sensitivity analysis, the key causal chain of the runway overrun and veer-off event was obtained. The results indicate that 32 causal chains of overrun and veer-off events is obtained based on the proposed human factors investigation decision support model, comprehensively revealing the human factors and their coupling relationships of the event. Bayesian inference can obtain the key causal chain of “improper action execution/improper information preprocessing → unsafe behavior → runway overrun and veer-off”. The above conclusions are basically consistent with the findings of investigations into aircraft runway overrun and veer-off events, and they hold positive significance for improving the early warning and prevention capabilities of such incidents.

, correspAuthors=Ling CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lu LIU, Ling CHEN, Xiao-bo ZHU, Lei YANG, Yi-xuan SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279679514243514, articleId=1228279675609346245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=航空器冲偏出跑道事件关键人为因素分析方法, columnId=1228279668634219465, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=针对冲偏出跑道事件调查未全面揭示人为因素之间的复杂因果关系问题,提出了一种航空器冲偏出跑道事件关键人为因素分析方法。首先,改进人因分析和分类系统模型,用以识别冲偏出跑道的根本原因,基于事故树分析方法识别冲偏出跑道的直接原因。其次,构建人为因素调查决策支持模型,得到航空器冲偏出跑道事件人为因素致因链条。然后,构建冲偏出跑道事件人为因素的贝叶斯网络,通过预测推理、诊断推理及灵敏度分析量化致因因素的重要程度,得到冲偏出跑道事件的关键人为因素。结果表明:基于人为因素调查决策支持模型得到32条冲偏出跑道事件致因链条,全面揭示该事件的人为因素及其耦合关系;基于贝叶斯推理得到该事件的关键人因致因链条为“动作执行不当/信息预处理不当→不安全行为→冲偏出跑道”。以上结论与航空器冲偏出跑道事件调查结论基本一致,对航空器冲偏出跑道事件预警和防范能力的提升有积极意义。, correspAuthors=陈玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈玲(1997—),女,汉族,北京人,工程师。研究方向:不安全事件人因分析管理。E-mail:
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刘璐(1984—),男,汉族,山东聊城人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航空运行安全风险评价。E-mail:

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刘璐(1984—),男,汉族,山东聊城人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航空运行安全风险评价。E-mail:

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刘璐(1984—),男,汉族,山东聊城人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航空运行安全风险评价。E-mail:

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caption=冲偏出跑道事件人为因素的贝叶斯网络, figureFileSmall=PpeeemX25TPvJgA9mPl1Fg==, figureFileBig=xmIAuf2H6Gmsqyo3Wis/lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228399561127949237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675609346245, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The causal chain of key human factors in runway overun and veroff event, figureFileSmall=tFRqgnN4ildGqzPLGtkH4Q==, figureFileBig=v7E5eP/8545MiOeHVtRJEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228399561211835318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675609346245, language=CN, label=图5, caption=冲偏出跑道事件关键人为因素致因链条, figureFileSmall=tFRqgnN4ildGqzPLGtkH4Q==, figureFileBig=v7E5eP/8545MiOeHVtRJEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228399561278944183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675609346245, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The chain of human factors causing theevent of runway overrun and veer-off

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 致因链条
1 班组搭配不合理→协同配合能力差→跟丢HUD指引→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
2 班组搭配不合理→协同配合能力差→飞机状态不清晰→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
3 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→责任感差→飞机状态不清晰→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
4 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→主动性差→跟丢HUD指引→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
5 夜间/低能见度运行→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
6 雷雨→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
7 规章制度不完善→政策宣贯不及时→操作技能差→未执行SOP→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
8 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操作技能差→未执行SOP→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
9 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操作技能差→着陆带坡度→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
10 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操作技能差→接地载荷大→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
11 班组搭配不合理→协调配合能力差→飞机状态不清晰→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
12 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→情景意识差→未评估着陆性能→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
13 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→管制情报建议不及时→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
14 风向风速变化大→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
15 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→管制情报建议不及时→未评估着陆性能→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
16 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→飞机接地晚→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
17 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→使用刹车晚→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
18 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→未执行SOP→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
19 班组搭配不合理→协同配合能力差→飞机状态不清晰→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
20 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→情景意识差→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
21 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→情景意识差→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
22 低能见度/夜间运行→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
23 雷雨→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
24 动作执行不当/信息预处理不当→不安全行为→冲偏出跑道
25 理论实践能力差/协同配合能力差→工作技能→人员状态不佳→不安全行为的前提条件→冲偏出跑道
26 风向风速变化大→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
27 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→偏离航道修正不当→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
28 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→接地滑跑偏差大→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
29 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→未执行SOP→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
30 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→主动性差→飞机状态不清晰→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
31 安全风险管控不充分→政策制定不当→不良的组织管理→冲偏出跑道
32 技能培训不全面→安全培训不到位→不安全的监督→冲偏出跑道
), ArticleFig(id=1228399561400579000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675609346245, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冲偏出跑道事件的人为因素致因链条

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 致因链条
1 班组搭配不合理→协同配合能力差→跟丢HUD指引→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
2 班组搭配不合理→协同配合能力差→飞机状态不清晰→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
3 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→责任感差→飞机状态不清晰→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
4 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→主动性差→跟丢HUD指引→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
5 夜间/低能见度运行→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
6 雷雨→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
7 规章制度不完善→政策宣贯不及时→操作技能差→未执行SOP→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
8 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操作技能差→未执行SOP→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
9 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操作技能差→着陆带坡度→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
10 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操作技能差→接地载荷大→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
11 班组搭配不合理→协调配合能力差→飞机状态不清晰→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
12 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→情景意识差→未评估着陆性能→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
13 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→管制情报建议不及时→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
14 风向风速变化大→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
15 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→管制情报建议不及时→未评估着陆性能→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
16 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→飞机接地晚→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
17 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→使用刹车晚→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
18 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→未执行SOP→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
19 班组搭配不合理→协同配合能力差→飞机状态不清晰→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
20 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→情景意识差→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
21 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→情景意识差→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
22 低能见度/夜间运行→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
23 雷雨→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
24 动作执行不当/信息预处理不当→不安全行为→冲偏出跑道
25 理论实践能力差/协同配合能力差→工作技能→人员状态不佳→不安全行为的前提条件→冲偏出跑道
26 风向风速变化大→未及时复飞→问题的解决/决策不当→冲偏出跑道
27 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→偏离航道修正不当→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
28 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→接地滑跑偏差大→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
29 规章制度不完善→技能培训不全面→操纵技能差→未执行SOP→动作执行不当→冲偏出跑道
30 风险隐患排查不及时→安全监督力度不足→主动性差→飞机状态不清晰→信息预处理不当→冲偏出跑道
31 安全风险管控不充分→政策制定不当→不良的组织管理→冲偏出跑道
32 技能培训不全面→安全培训不到位→不安全的监督→冲偏出跑道
), ArticleFig(id=1228399561488659385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675609346245, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Probability change results of reverse reasoning for the “runway overrun and veer-off” node

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节点名称 条件概
率/%
后验概
率/%
变化
情况
变化
值/%
不良组织管理 59 67 增加 8
不安全的监督 46 54 增加 8
不安全行为的前提条件 69 73 增加 4
不安全行为 89 92 增加 4
人员状态不佳 75 76 增加 1
工作作风 54 55 增加 1
领导决策不当 56 57 增加 1
资源管理不当 53 52 降低 1
政策制定不当 73 71 降低 2
排班管理不当 48 49 增加 1
安全培训不到位 33 35 增加 2
), ArticleFig(id=1228399561572545466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279675609346245, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

“冲偏出跑道” 节点逆向推理概率变化结果

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节点名称 条件概
率/%
后验概
率/%
变化
情况
变化
值/%
不良组织管理 59 67 增加 8
不安全的监督 46 54 增加 8
不安全行为的前提条件 69 73 增加 4
不安全行为 89 92 增加 4
人员状态不佳 75 76 增加 1
工作作风 54 55 增加 1
领导决策不当 56 57 增加 1
资源管理不当 53 52 降低 1
政策制定不当 73 71 降低 2
排班管理不当 48 49 增加 1
安全培训不到位 33 35 增加 2
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航空器冲偏出跑道事件关键人为因素分析方法
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刘璐 1 , 陈玲 2, * , 朱晓波 3 , 杨磊 3 , 孙艺璇 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(22): 9640-9648
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(22): 9640-9648
航空器冲偏出跑道事件关键人为因素分析方法
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刘璐1 , 陈玲2, * , 朱晓波3, 杨磊3, 孙艺璇3
作者信息
  • 1 中国航空工业集团有限公司成都飞机设计研究所, 成都 610091
  • 2 中国安全生产科学研究院, 北京 100012
  • 3 中国民用航空飞行学院 空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307
  • 刘璐(1984—),男,汉族,山东聊城人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航空运行安全风险评价。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈玲(1997—),女,汉族,北京人,工程师。研究方向:不安全事件人因分析管理。E-mail:
Analytical Method for Critical Human Factors in the Event of Runway Overrun and Veer Off
Lu LIU1 , Ling CHEN2, * , Xiao-bo ZHU3, Lei YANG3, Yi-xuan SUN3
Affiliations
  • 1 China Aviation Industry Corporation Chengdu Aircraft Design and Research Institute, Chengdu 610091, China
  • 2 China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing 100012, China
  • 3 School of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409517
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针对冲偏出跑道事件调查未全面揭示人为因素之间的复杂因果关系问题,提出了一种航空器冲偏出跑道事件关键人为因素分析方法。首先,改进人因分析和分类系统模型,用以识别冲偏出跑道的根本原因,基于事故树分析方法识别冲偏出跑道的直接原因。其次,构建人为因素调查决策支持模型,得到航空器冲偏出跑道事件人为因素致因链条。然后,构建冲偏出跑道事件人为因素的贝叶斯网络,通过预测推理、诊断推理及灵敏度分析量化致因因素的重要程度,得到冲偏出跑道事件的关键人为因素。结果表明:基于人为因素调查决策支持模型得到32条冲偏出跑道事件致因链条,全面揭示该事件的人为因素及其耦合关系;基于贝叶斯推理得到该事件的关键人因致因链条为“动作执行不当/信息预处理不当→不安全行为→冲偏出跑道”。以上结论与航空器冲偏出跑道事件调查结论基本一致,对航空器冲偏出跑道事件预警和防范能力的提升有积极意义。
航空安全  /  冲偏出跑道  /  人为因素  /  贝叶斯网络  /  致因链条分析

A critical human factors analysis method for aircraft runway overrun and veer-off event was proposed to address the complex causal relationship of human factors that have not been fully revealed in the investigation of the event. Firstly, improve the human factors analysis and classification system model to identify the root cause of overrun and excursion event, and use the fault tree analysis method to identify the direct cause of runway overrun and veer-off event. Secondly, a human factors investigation decision support model was constructed, and obtained the causal chain of aircraft runway overrun and veer-off event. Then, a Bayesian network was constructed to quantify the importance of the causal factors for the runway overrun and veer-off event caused by human factors. Through predictive reasoning, diagnostic reasoning, and sensitivity analysis, the key causal chain of the runway overrun and veer-off event was obtained. The results indicate that 32 causal chains of overrun and veer-off events is obtained based on the proposed human factors investigation decision support model, comprehensively revealing the human factors and their coupling relationships of the event. Bayesian inference can obtain the key causal chain of “improper action execution/improper information preprocessing → unsafe behavior → runway overrun and veer-off”. The above conclusions are basically consistent with the findings of investigations into aircraft runway overrun and veer-off events, and they hold positive significance for improving the early warning and prevention capabilities of such incidents.

aviation safety  /  runway overrun and veer-off  /  human factor  /  bayesian networks  /  cause chain analysis
刘璐, 陈玲, 朱晓波, 杨磊, 孙艺璇. 航空器冲偏出跑道事件关键人为因素分析方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9640 -9648 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409517
Lu LIU, Ling CHEN, Xiao-bo ZHU, Lei YANG, Yi-xuan SUN. Analytical Method for Critical Human Factors in the Event of Runway Overrun and Veer Off[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9640 -9648 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409517
冲偏出跑道是指航空器在起飞或着陆过程中,因各种原因导致其偏离跑道中心线,最终驶出跑道边缘的一类不安全事件,可分为冲出跑道和偏出跑道2类[1]。据统计,冲偏出跑道是仅次于可控飞行撞地(controlled flight into terrain,CFIT)的严重征候事件,该事件常与恶劣天气、机械故障、飞行机组的错误决策、操作和沟通密切相关。因此,研究冲偏出跑道事件中的人为因素分析方法,可深入了解机组人员的决策过程和压力源,识别导致该事件的关键人为因素及其致因链条,从而改进机组培训和优化操纵程序,对于提升航空安全水平具有重要意义。
航空器冲偏出跑道事件相关研究在中外已经有一定的积累。国外,以美国国家运输安全委员会(National Transportation Safety Board,NTSB)和国际民航组织(International Civil Aviation Organization,ICAO)为代表的航空安全机构重点分析了人因、环境因素和技术故障等对冲偏出跑道的影响,并构建了模型对该事件的产生进行预测[2-4]。国内,研究成果主要集中几个方面。
(1)事件统计及原因分析[5-8]。例如,王菲茵等[5]对2018年以前的57起典型飞机冲偏出跑道事件的多种因素机型统计分析,提出了多因素耦合故障模式的冲偏出跑道风险评估方法;刘俊杰等[6]基于文本挖掘分析了航空器冲/偏出跑道的事故致因。
(2)事件人为因素识别[9-12]。例如,陆正等[9]基于Bow-tie模型对飞机着陆冲出跑道原因进行辨识,指出机组因素和环境因素是最主要的两个原因;王洁宁等[10]提出了冲偏出跑道的人为差错量化分析模型。
(3)基于大数据和人工智能方法的冲偏出跑道事件风险预警[13-15]。例如,赵宁宁等[13]基于事故树和贝叶斯网络对飞机冲偏出跑道进行了定性和定量的分析;张宇辉等[14-15]提出了基于贝叶斯网络的飞机雷雨情景冲偏出跑道风险量化分析及预警模型。以上研究成果在一定程度上可以降低冲偏出跑道事件概率,但所用事件调查方法集中于技术故障和操作失误,忽视了人为因素的深层次分析,难以系统揭示事件背后的复杂因果关系;且缺乏系统性、精准性,难以有效支持事故预防和决策改进,尤其是在多因素交织的人为失误和组织因素分析中显得尤为不足。
因此,现提出一种航空器冲偏出跑道事件的关键人为因素分析方法。基于事故树分析方法和改进HFACS模型,构建了人为因素调查决策支持模型(human factors investigation decision support model,HFIDSM),识别导致航空器冲偏出跑道事件的显性因素和隐性因素。基于事件致因建立冲偏出跑道事件人为因素的贝叶斯网络,并通过推理和灵敏度分析挖掘关键人因及其致因链条。以期通过冲偏出跑道事件复杂人为因素的深入剖析,精准识别该事件的关键人为因素,针对性地改进规章制度、培训内容及管理策略,提升事故预防能力和航空安全水平。
为了改善现有的人因分析和分类系统(human factors analysis and classification system, HFACS)模型中各层级指标与事件真实信息存之间在脱节、亟需优化的问题,本文研究从不良的组织管理、不安全的监督、不安全行为的前提条件、不安全行为4个方面对HFACS模型进行改进(图1)。
不良的组织管理包括领导决策不当、资源管理不当和政策制定不当。其中,领导决策不当包括风险分级管控意识弱、风险隐患排查不及时、决策不准和不完善等指标;资源管理不当包括组织机构不健全、规章制度不完善和人力资源投入不足等指标;政策制定不当包括标准操作程序不完善和安全风险管控不充分。
不安全的监督包括排班管理不当、监督力度不足、风险提示不及时、安全培训不到位等指标。其中,排班管理不当包括班组资源搭配不合理、负荷管理能力弱、疲劳/超时工作等指标;监督力度不足包括缺乏实时监督、监督职责未履行、缺乏反馈和奖励机制、安全检查流于形式等指标;风险提示不及时包括管制情报建议不及时、签派风险管控能力弱等指标;安全培训不到位包括政策宣贯不及时、技能培训不全面等指标。
不安全行为的前提条件有人员状态不佳、复杂运行环境、机械/设备故障等指标。其中,人员状态不佳包括人员资质、身心健康、业务能力、工作作风等指标。人员资质包括执照过期和体检合格证过期;身心健康主要有生理因素异常和心理因素异常;业务能力包括理论/实践能力差、协同配合能力差、情景意识差;工作作风包括主动性差和责任感差。复杂运行环境包括边缘天气和复杂地形,边缘天气包括低能见度/夜间运行、风切变/大侧风、雷雨天气;复杂地形包括高原/高高原机场、特殊机场;机械/设备故障包括硬件设计/制造缺陷、硬件未按程序进行维护、软件系统预警功能不完善、人员误操作导致设备故障。
结合情景意识的定义将不安全行为分为信息预处理不当、问题的解决/决策不当、动作执行不当;便于调查员结合事实信息,从不同方面找准不安全行为存在的问题,以便进行针对性的改进。
人为因素调查决策支持模型是一种综合评估工具,用于系统、科学地分析冲偏出跑道事件中的人为因素。HFIDSM通过结合显性因素和隐性因素,揭示冲偏出跑道事件背后的深层次原因,提供系统性、全面性的分析支持,帮助制定针对性的改进措施,降低事故发生的风险。该模型的构建包括以下几个步骤。
步骤1 数据收集与预处理。收集与冲偏出跑道事件相关的数据,包括历史事故报告、飞行记录、天气信息、机组人员访谈等。对数据进行标准化和清洗,确保数据的准确性和可用性。
步骤2 显性因素识别与分析。利用事故树分析法(fault tree analysis, FTA),将冲偏出跑道事件作为顶层事件,逐层向下分析,识别导致事件发生的显性因素。显性因素通常是直接可观察到的原因,如机组操作错误、设备故障、跑道条件不良等。
步骤3 隐性因素识别与分析。应用改进的HFACS模型对事件的隐性因素进行识别,主要包括组织管理问题、团队协作不足、培训缺陷等。
步骤4 建立显性与隐性因素的关联。结合显性因素和隐性因素的关系,构建因果网络揭示各因素之间的交互作用及其在冲偏出跑道事件中的影响,找出网络中的关键节点和薄弱环节。
步骤5 构建HFIDSM模型。该模型以因果关系为基础,系统化地整合显性和隐性因素,可得到航空器冲偏出跑道事件的致因集合,为分析关键人为因素奠定了基础。
事故树分析方法是一种用于系统安全分析的工具,其采用逻辑门(如与门、或门)将系统的故障原因逐层细化,形成一棵倒立的树状图,利用事故树分析方法对航空器冲偏出跑道事件进行结构化分解,以识别导致该事件的直接原因,如图2所示。
图2所示,事故树从顶层事件出发,逐层向下进行结构化分解,将复杂的事件逐步细化为可管理的组成部分。该方法有助于理清事件的逻辑关系,避免遗漏重要的影响因素。通过事故树的构建,能够系统地识别出导致顶层事件的直接原因(即中间事件)。这些中间事件为进一步的分析提供了明确的方向和线索。对中间事件继续分解,直至找到基本事件(即不可再分的事件或故障)。基本事件是构成事故树的最小单元,它们直接反映了事件发生的具体原因。使用逻辑门将顶层事件、中间事件和基本事件连接起来,形成图形化的事故树。
改进HFACS模型将人为因素分成多个层次,分别是不安全行为、不安全行为的前提条件、不安全的监督以及不良好的组织管理,每一层级的指标均做了对应的修改。其中,不安全行为通常为显性因素,安全行为的前提条件、不安全的监督以及不良好的组织管理通常为隐性因素,隐性因素往往是造成不安全行为(冲偏出跑道)的根本原因,通过对隐性因素的分析,改进HFACS模型能够系统性揭示管理层面和操作层面的问题(图3),为事故预防提供更深入的见解。
联合事故树分析的直接原因和改进HFACS模型得到的根本原因,获取航空器冲偏出跑道事件人为因素致因因素如表1所示。
贝叶斯网络(Bayesian networks)是由有向无环图(directed acyclic graph, DAG)和条件概率表(conditional probability tables, CPT)构成,广泛应用于人工智能、决策支持系统、风险分析等领域。其中,DAG描述了贝叶斯网络拓扑结构,由代表变量的节点与连接节点、反映节点间因果关系的有向边组成;CPT则描述节点间的条件概率以及表示节点间的强度。
条件概率是指事件B在另外一个事件A已经发生条件下的发生概率,记作P(B|A);条件概率反映了事件之间的依赖关系,是理解和分析复杂事件的重要工具。
$P\left(B\right|A)=\frac{P\left(AB\right)}{P\left(A\right)}$
式(1)中:P(A)为事件A发生概率;P(AB)>0表示事件A和事件B都发生的概率。
设事件组Bi是样本空间Ω的一个划分,且事件之间相互独立,P(Bi)>0,则P(A)为全概率公式。
$\mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{A}\right)=\stackrel{11}{\sum _{i=1}}P\left(A\right|{B}_{i}\left)P\right({B}_{i})$
先验概率是指根据历史的资料或主观判断所确定的各事件发生的概率,包括客观先验概率和主观先验概率两类。后验概率是利用贝叶斯公式对先验概率进行修正后得到的更符合实际情况的概率,即根据新的信息或证据更新后的概率。如式(3)所示,已知事件A已经发生的前提下,再重新去考察导致事件A发生的原因Bi的概率。
$\mathrm{P}\left({B}_{i}\right|\mathrm{A})=\frac{\mathrm{P}\left(\mathrm{A}\right|{B}_{i}\left)\mathrm{P}\right({B}_{i})}{\stackrel{11}{\sum _{j=1}}P\left(A\right|{B}_{j}\left)P\right({B}_{j})}$
基于所分析的直接原因和根本原因,运用GeNIe(general network inference engine)软件构建航空器冲偏出跑道事件人为因素的贝叶斯网络(图4),识别并评估关键因素权重。通过前向和后向推理分析事故概率及关键致因链条,基于致因链条优化运行规程、培训计划和风险预警系统,揭示深层原因并改进管理,为事件分析和预防提供科学依据。具体步骤如下。
步骤1 基于事件的直接原因和根本原因,定义变量节点并通过有向边表示因果关系,构建航空器冲偏出跑道事件的贝叶斯网络模型。通过识别所有人为因素,建立变量节点及其逻辑关联,有向边反映依赖关系,并通过条件概率表量化关联强度,形成系统化致因分析。
步骤2 使用贝叶斯推理识别关键因素并评估权重,通过逆向推断分析潜在因素间相互作用,确定关键节点优先级。使用实际事故数据验证推理结果,调整贝叶斯网络模型和条件概率表以优化模型的适应性和预测能力,确保推理的准确性和可靠性。
步骤3 应用人为因素致因贝叶斯网络模型,通过前向推理预测航空器冲偏出跑道事件的概率,后向推理识别关键致因因素,结合灵敏度分析法获取关键致因链条。结果以图表形式展示,为航空安全管理提供直观分析。
步骤4 基于关键致因链条分析,优化航空器运行规程、培训计划和风险预警系统,揭示航空器冲偏出跑道事件的深层次原因,如管理缺陷、人员状态等。针对性改进规章、排班和培训,提高飞行员应对能力,增强航空运行安全性。
基于中国民航近20年的冲偏出跑道事件调查报告,挖掘事件中的人为因素并统计其发生的频次,作为贝叶斯网络节点的先验概率[15]。然后,基于专家经验构建贝叶斯网络的条件概率表,并通过贝叶斯推理可实现基于已知原因的潜在结果预测(前向推理)和基于已知结果的可能原因及影响程度诊断(后向推理)。如将贝叶斯网络中“冲偏出跑道”节点的发生概率设置为100%,更新所有潜在影响因素(父节点)的后验概率分布如表2所示。
贝叶斯网络节点的后验概率值越高,意味着该因素对冲偏出跑道事件的风险贡献度更大。可见,冲偏出跑道事件人为因素第二层节点风险贡献度大小依次为:不安全行为、不安全行为的前提条件、不良的组织管理、不安全的监督。以上结论与中国民航事故调查中心提供的事件调查报告结论基本一致,验证了本文模型的合理性。通过对比各节点的先验概率、条件概率和后验概率可知,根节点的概率均没有发生变化,非根节点的概率发生了不同程度的变化。
灵敏度分析用于评估贝叶斯网络对输入参数变化的敏感性,目的是理解概率分布的变化如何影响网络输出(后验概率)。灵敏度分析包括参数灵敏度和结构灵敏度分析,前者检查条件概率表等参数变化对输出的影响,后者评估网络结构变化(如添加或删除边)对推理结果的影响。灵敏度分析有助于识别核心参数及其对输出的影响,确保模型的稳定性和准确性。
假设目标节点“冲偏出跑道”状态为Yes,通过逆向推理诊断更新网络节点的后验概率。此时,“不安全行为”是出现冲偏出跑道状态后验概率最大的父节点(颜色越深),则关键人为因素因果链推理为{不安全行为→冲偏出跑道}。然后,从节点“不安全行为”继续寻找后验概率最大的父节点,直到网络的根节点(图5)。
如图,冲偏出跑道事件人为因素最关键致因链条为:{动作执行不当/信息预处理不当→不安全行为→冲偏出跑道},该结论为冲偏出跑道事件调查及预防指明了方向,与事故调查报告给出的方向是一致的。同理,还可找到较为关键的冲偏出跑道事件人为因素致因链条:{理论实践能力差/协同配合能力差→工作技能→人员状态不佳→不安全行为的前提条件→冲偏出跑道}、{安全风险管控不充分→政策制定不当→不良的组织管理→冲偏出跑道}、{技能培训不全面→安全培训不到位→不安全的监督→冲偏出跑道}。冲偏出跑道事件的人因致因链条挖掘,有助于系统揭示机组失误的深层原因及相互关系,明确关键决策节点与风险源,优化风险防控措施,改进机组协作与应急响应能力,从根本上提升航空运行安全水平,降低人为因素导致的事故发生率。
(1)提出了基于事故树和改进HFACS模型的人为因素调查决策支持模型,识别出导致航空器冲偏出跑道事件的直接原因和根本原因,从而得到该事件的人为因素致因因素集合。
(2)构建了航空器冲偏出跑道事件人为因素致因贝叶斯网络模型,并通过预测推理、诊断推理和灵敏度分析量化致因因素对事件发生的贡献度,从而得到导致该事件的关键人因致因链条为“动作执行不当/信息预处理不当→不安全行为→冲偏出跑道”。
(3)未来冲偏出跑道事件的研究重点将聚焦于利用大数据与人工智能技术提升事件预测与预警能力,优化机组培训与操纵程序,强化飞行员决策支持系统,研究复杂环境下的飞行员行为模式,提升航空安全管理的精准性与有效性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFC3014400)
  • 中国民用航空局飞行技术与飞行安全重点实验室(F2024KF04C)
  • 四川省重点研发计划(2024YFHZ0028)
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院基本科研项目(24CAFUC03047)
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409517
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-05-16
基金
国家重点研发计划(2024YFC3014400)
中国民用航空局飞行技术与飞行安全重点实验室(F2024KF04C)
四川省重点研发计划(2024YFHZ0028)
中国民用航空飞行学院基本科研项目(24CAFUC03047)
作者信息
    1 中国航空工业集团有限公司成都飞机设计研究所, 成都 610091
    2 中国安全生产科学研究院, 北京 100012
    3 中国民用航空飞行学院 空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307

通讯作者:

* 陈玲(1997—),女,汉族,北京人,工程师。研究方向:不安全事件人因分析管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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