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Article(id=1228279674812428437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406125, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723737600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-16, revisedDate=1745856000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774294808, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774294808, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774294808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774294808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9349, endPage=9355, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279676381098216, articleId=1228279674812428437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Spontaneous Imbibition Mechanism of Fracturing Fluid in Shale Reservoir: A Case Study of Shale in Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, columnId=1228279669582132187, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the spontaneous imbibition mechanism of shale reservoirs to fracturing fluid, the marine shale of Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and the continental shale of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin were taken as the research object, and the actual fracturing fluid was taken as the imbibition fluid. The spontaneous imbibition characteristics and control mechanism of marine and continental shales on fracturing fluid were studied by the spontaneous imbibition test system and the characterization methods of mineral composition and microscopic pore. The results show that the spontaneous imbibition curves of the two groups of shale increase rapidly and then decrease slowly with the increase of imbibition time, and the decrease of imbibition is mainly due to the decrease of shale weight caused by the dissolution of soluble minerals. TOC (total organic carbon) and quartz content of the two groups of shale exhibit a negative correlation with the maximum imbibition, while clay minerals, carbonate and pore volume exhibit a positive correlation with the maximum imbibition. Although the clay mineral content of Yanchang Formation shale is higher than that of Longmaxi Formation shale, its maximum imbibition is relatively low, which may be due to the more developed pore structure of Longmaxi Formation shale. The adsorption of hydrophilic minerals in shale and the capillary action of microscopic pores are the main driving forces for the spontaneous imbibition of fracturing fluid, and the influence of microscopic pores is stronger than that of hydrophilic minerals. For the flowback problem of fracturing fluid in shale gas wells, a better fracturing fluid ratio scheme can be proposed by adjusting the chemical composition of fracturing fluid and combining the spontaneous imbibition test results of fracturing fluid to meet the actual engineering needs. The research results can provide theoretical references for efficient development of shale gas.

, correspAuthors=Chao QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-sheng BAI, Chao QIN, Quan YANG, Xiang-yong ZENG, Pan LI, You-fei SHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279682152460876, articleId=1228279674812428437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=页岩储层压裂液自发渗吸作用机理: 以四川盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地页岩为例, columnId=1228279669867344865, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为研究页岩储层对压裂液的自发渗吸机理,以四川盆地龙马溪组海相页岩和鄂尔多斯盆地延长组陆相页岩为研究对象,以实际压裂液为渗吸流体,采用自发渗吸测试系统,结合矿物组分和微观孔隙表征方法,重点研究海相和陆相页岩对压裂液的自发渗吸特征及其控制机理。结果表明:两组页岩自发渗吸曲线随渗吸时间增加均呈先迅速增大后缓慢减小趋势,其渗吸量减小主要源于可溶性矿物溶解导致的页岩重量减少;两组页岩总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)和石英含量与最大渗吸量具有负相关性,而黏土矿物、碳酸盐和孔体积与最大渗吸量具有正相关性;延长组页岩黏土矿物含量虽高于龙马溪组页岩,但其最大渗吸量却相对较低,这可能源于龙马溪组页岩具有更发育的孔隙结构;页岩亲水性矿物的吸附作用和微观孔隙的毛细作用是压裂液自发渗吸的主要驱动力,且微观孔隙的影响程度要强于亲水性矿物。针对页岩气井压裂液返排问题,可通过调整压裂液化学成分,并结合压裂液自发渗吸测试结果,提出更优的压裂液配比方案,以满足实际工程需要。研究结果可为页岩气高效开发提供理论参考。, correspAuthors=覃超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 覃超(1991—),男,土家族,湖南泸溪人,博士,讲师。研究方向:非常规油气开发和二氧化碳地质封存。E-mail:。
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白文胜(1970—),男,汉族,重庆人,正高级工程师。研究方向:油气藏工程勘察和地质灾害综合治理。E-mail:。

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白文胜(1970—),男,汉族,重庆人,正高级工程师。研究方向:油气藏工程勘察和地质灾害综合治理。E-mail:。

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白文胜(1970—),男,汉族,重庆人,正高级工程师。研究方向:油气藏工程勘察和地质灾害综合治理。E-mail:。

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articleId=1228279674812428437, language=CN, label=图12, caption=页岩储层压裂液残留状态示意图, figureFileSmall=xHpcCEn+XAmUipLDwjKr0g==, figureFileBig=Oj/8ES9WVgO5ChQH+alFew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369783863837224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279674812428437, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mineral composition of Longmaxi formation and Yanchang Formation shale

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样品 矿物组分/%
石英 黏土矿物 碳酸盐 其他
LM-1 41.6 12.9 30.9 14.6
LM-2 27.9 25.3 31.3 15.5
LM-3 47.4 11.1 18.9 22.6
YC-1 29.3 45.3 2.8 22.6
YC-2 25.2 51.3 3.9 19.6
YC-3 15.8 60.5 4.2 19.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228369783960306219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279674812428437, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

龙马溪组和延长组页岩矿物组分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 矿物组分/%
石英 黏土矿物 碳酸盐 其他
LM-1 41.6 12.9 30.9 14.6
LM-2 27.9 25.3 31.3 15.5
LM-3 47.4 11.1 18.9 22.6
YC-1 29.3 45.3 2.8 22.6
YC-2 25.2 51.3 3.9 19.6
YC-3 15.8 60.5 4.2 19.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228369784065163823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279674812428437, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Measurements on pore size distribution of Longmaxi formation and Yanchang Formation shale

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样品 TSSA/(m2·g-1) TPV/[10-3(cm3·g-1)] Rave/nm
LM1 3.30 9.60 11.64
LM2 5.08 9.89 7.79
LM3 3.78 9.03 9.55
YC1 1.81 4.06 8.99
YC2 2.60 4.54 6.98
YC3 3.64 6.25 6.87
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龙马溪组和延长组页岩孔径分布测试数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 TSSA/(m2·g-1) TPV/[10-3(cm3·g-1)] Rave/nm
LM1 3.30 9.60 11.64
LM2 5.08 9.89 7.79
LM3 3.78 9.03 9.55
YC1 1.81 4.06 8.99
YC2 2.60 4.54 6.98
YC3 3.64 6.25 6.87
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页岩储层压裂液自发渗吸作用机理: 以四川盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地页岩为例
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白文胜 1 , 覃超 2, * , 杨泉 1 , 曾祥勇 1 , 李判 2 , 沈友菲 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(22): 9349-9355
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(22): 9349-9355
页岩储层压裂液自发渗吸作用机理: 以四川盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地页岩为例
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白文胜1 , 覃超2, * , 杨泉1, 曾祥勇1, 李判2, 沈友菲2
作者信息
  • 1 贵州省建筑设计研究院有限责任公司, 贵阳 550008
  • 2 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院/喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵阳 550025

    • 白文胜(1970—),男,汉族,重庆人,正高级工程师。研究方向:油气藏工程勘察和地质灾害综合治理。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 覃超(1991—),男,土家族,湖南泸溪人,博士,讲师。研究方向:非常规油气开发和二氧化碳地质封存。E-mail:。
Spontaneous Imbibition Mechanism of Fracturing Fluid in Shale Reservoir: A Case Study of Shale in Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin
Wen-sheng BAI1 , Chao QIN2, * , Quan YANG1, Xiang-yong ZENG1, Pan LI2, You-fei SHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Guizhou Provincial Architectural Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550008, China
  • 2 College of Resources and Environmental Engineering/Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406125
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摘要
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为研究页岩储层对压裂液的自发渗吸机理,以四川盆地龙马溪组海相页岩和鄂尔多斯盆地延长组陆相页岩为研究对象,以实际压裂液为渗吸流体,采用自发渗吸测试系统,结合矿物组分和微观孔隙表征方法,重点研究海相和陆相页岩对压裂液的自发渗吸特征及其控制机理。结果表明:两组页岩自发渗吸曲线随渗吸时间增加均呈先迅速增大后缓慢减小趋势,其渗吸量减小主要源于可溶性矿物溶解导致的页岩重量减少;两组页岩总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)和石英含量与最大渗吸量具有负相关性,而黏土矿物、碳酸盐和孔体积与最大渗吸量具有正相关性;延长组页岩黏土矿物含量虽高于龙马溪组页岩,但其最大渗吸量却相对较低,这可能源于龙马溪组页岩具有更发育的孔隙结构;页岩亲水性矿物的吸附作用和微观孔隙的毛细作用是压裂液自发渗吸的主要驱动力,且微观孔隙的影响程度要强于亲水性矿物。针对页岩气井压裂液返排问题,可通过调整压裂液化学成分,并结合压裂液自发渗吸测试结果,提出更优的压裂液配比方案,以满足实际工程需要。研究结果可为页岩气高效开发提供理论参考。
页岩  /  压裂液  /  自发渗吸  /  矿物组分  /  孔隙结构

To investigate the spontaneous imbibition mechanism of shale reservoirs to fracturing fluid, the marine shale of Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and the continental shale of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin were taken as the research object, and the actual fracturing fluid was taken as the imbibition fluid. The spontaneous imbibition characteristics and control mechanism of marine and continental shales on fracturing fluid were studied by the spontaneous imbibition test system and the characterization methods of mineral composition and microscopic pore. The results show that the spontaneous imbibition curves of the two groups of shale increase rapidly and then decrease slowly with the increase of imbibition time, and the decrease of imbibition is mainly due to the decrease of shale weight caused by the dissolution of soluble minerals. TOC (total organic carbon) and quartz content of the two groups of shale exhibit a negative correlation with the maximum imbibition, while clay minerals, carbonate and pore volume exhibit a positive correlation with the maximum imbibition. Although the clay mineral content of Yanchang Formation shale is higher than that of Longmaxi Formation shale, its maximum imbibition is relatively low, which may be due to the more developed pore structure of Longmaxi Formation shale. The adsorption of hydrophilic minerals in shale and the capillary action of microscopic pores are the main driving forces for the spontaneous imbibition of fracturing fluid, and the influence of microscopic pores is stronger than that of hydrophilic minerals. For the flowback problem of fracturing fluid in shale gas wells, a better fracturing fluid ratio scheme can be proposed by adjusting the chemical composition of fracturing fluid and combining the spontaneous imbibition test results of fracturing fluid to meet the actual engineering needs. The research results can provide theoretical references for efficient development of shale gas.

shale  /  fracturing fluid  /  spontaneous imbibition  /  mineral components  /  pore structure
白文胜, 覃超, 杨泉, 曾祥勇, 李判, 沈友菲. 页岩储层压裂液自发渗吸作用机理: 以四川盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地页岩为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9349 -9355 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406125
Wen-sheng BAI, Chao QIN, Quan YANG, Xiang-yong ZENG, Pan LI, You-fei SHEN. Spontaneous Imbibition Mechanism of Fracturing Fluid in Shale Reservoir: A Case Study of Shale in Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9349 -9355 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406125
正文
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页岩气属于非常规天然气,具有资源储量大、清洁性、高效性等特点,被认为是常规油气资源非常重要的能源接替[1]。润湿性是影响页岩气藏流体分布和运移的重要储层性质,在页岩气勘探开发中占有重要地位。目前评价岩石润湿性的方法有接触角法、Amott法、美国矿物局(United States Bureau of Mines, USBM)润湿性指数法、Amott/USBM 结合法、自发渗吸法和核磁共振法等[2-5]。鉴于页岩具有矿物组分复杂性、孔隙结构多样性、各向异性以及由此表现出的混合润湿性等特征,常规方法几乎不能很好地测试其润湿性。通过多方面研究比较,自发渗吸被认为是获取页岩润湿性较为直接且有效的方法[2]。
页岩基质微纳米孔隙发育、孔喉尺度小,储层条件下毛细作用突出,存在明显的自发渗吸现象[3]。基于多孔介质渗吸理论,中外学者[4-7]研究发现,与亲油性岩石相比,亲水性岩石表现出了更强的自发渗吸能力,且其驱油效率也更高;水驱油过程中,离子表面活性剂的加入可以提高驱油效率,其中大孔在油回收过程中受离子表面活性剂的影响非常明显,而微孔则不太明显;虽然压力变化对油回收也会产生一定影响,但其影响程度远不及储层岩石润湿相转变(油湿→水湿)的影响,尤其在亲水性岩石中,压力增大还会对油回收产生不利影响。基于对大量页岩样品开展的水/油渗吸试验,Dehghanpour等[8-9]研究指出页岩-水/油体系中渗吸作用的驱动力主要来自黏土矿物吸附力和毛细作用力,且黏土矿物的吸附力还会诱导基质产生微裂隙,从而增大页岩基质渗透率。此外,渗吸作用对驱油效率也会产生双重影响,一方面水-油两相在裂缝和基质之间的逆流渗吸会促进油回收,另一方面渗吸作用也会导致压裂液滤失,降低驱油效率。基于对Barnett、龙马溪组、五峰组、延长组页岩开展的大量定向渗吸试验,文献[10-13]指出,页岩的润湿性在很大程度上取决于其孔隙结构,尤其是页岩中的有机/无机孔的连通程度,并根据研究结果建立了4种简化的页岩孔隙润湿性演化模型。此外,Cai等[14-16]根据多孔介质具有的分形特征从理论上推导了润湿流体在多孔介质中的同向渗吸方程,建立了考虑重力因素的分形多孔介质自发渗吸的解析模型,并基于变孔径弯曲毛细管的 Hagen-Piseuille 流提出了自发渗吸的广义模型。综上,以往研究多以蒸馏水或金属阳离子溶液为渗吸液开展页岩自发渗吸试验,但实际页岩储层压裂液与这些渗吸流体存在显著差别,目前鲜有关于页岩储层压裂液自发渗吸特征及其控制机理的相关研究。
基于此,现以实际储层压裂液为渗吸流体,采用HZK电子分析天平开展页岩岩心样品对压裂液的自发渗吸试验;为反映不同沉积相页岩在自发渗吸行为上的差异,选取四川盆地龙马溪组海相页岩和鄂尔多斯盆地延长组陆相页岩为研究对象;最后,结合有机碳分析仪、X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer, XRD)和JW-TB400比表面积与孔径同步分析仪测试页岩有机质、矿物组分和微观孔隙结构,阐明海相和陆相页岩压裂液自发渗吸的差异性特征,揭示不同因素对页岩压裂液自反渗吸的控制机理。以期为页岩气高效开发提供理论支撑。
1 实验部分
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1.1 样品
本次试验分别以四川盆地龙马溪组页岩(四川省宜宾市长宁县海相页岩)和鄂尔多斯盆地中生界延长组长7段页岩(陕西省延安市延长县陆相页岩)为研究对象。四川盆地龙马溪组页岩埋深为1 500~3 000 m,厚度一般在100~500 m,页岩储层呈连续分布,储层自上而下有机质含量增高、砂质减少且颜色逐渐加深。页岩岩性相对简单,以浅水-深水陆棚相沉积,主要由深灰、黑色粉砂质页岩、富有机质(碳质)页岩、硅质页岩夹泥质粉砂岩等组成。鄂尔多斯盆地中生界延长组长7段页岩埋深为900~1 600 m,厚度为50~120 m,页岩有机质类型以Ⅱ1型为主,有机质成熟度R0为0.51%~1.25%,具备生气能力,生成气体属于热解油型气。
1.2 设备及方法
(1)页岩总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)试验采用日本岛津公司生产的TOC-L型总有机碳分析仪,样品为粒径小于200目(<0.074 mm)的粉末状颗粒。
(2)页岩矿物组分采用德国布鲁克公司生产的D8 ADVANCE X射线衍射仪,样品为粒径小于200目的粉末状颗粒,每个测试样品重量1 g左右。
(3)页岩孔隙结构采用JW-TB400比表面积与孔径同步分析仪,样品为粒径20~80目(0.18~0.83 mm)的页岩颗粒,每组页岩共3个样品,每个样品3 g左右。
(4)页岩-水自发渗吸试验采用美国华志电子科技有限公司生产的HZK电子分析天平(图1),该天平配备四级防震滤波可调功能,量程为210 g,测试精度为0.1 mg;样品尺寸为直径25 mm、高度30 mm的圆柱体试样,测试液体根据页岩气储层压裂液主要成分进行配置,即清水+0.5%聚丙烯酰胺(减摩剂)+5%氯化钾(防溶胀剂);测试前对每个样品进行烘干(105 ℃、24 h)和抽真空(4 h)处理,然后记录测试前样品重量。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 页岩有机质及矿物组分
龙马溪组和延长组页岩的TOC含量如图2所示,可以看出:龙马溪组页岩有机质含量(平均值为2.25%)明显低于延长组页岩(平均值为3.32%)。图3和表1为利用XRD分析法得到的龙马溪组和延长组页岩的矿物组分及含量,从图3和表1中可以看出:龙马溪组页岩主要含有石英、方解石、白云石、铁白云石、伊利石、蒙脱石和长石等矿物,其中石英含量最多,碳酸盐矿物(方解石、白云石和铁白云石)含量次之,黏土矿物(伊利石和蒙脱石)含量最少;延长组页岩主要含有石英、方解石、伊利石、钠长石、蒙脱石、高岭石-蒙脱石和黄铁矿等矿物,其中黏土矿物(伊利石、蒙脱石和高岭石-蒙脱石)含量最多,石英含量次之,碳酸盐矿物(方解石)含量最少。对比两组页岩XRD结果可以发现,龙马溪组页岩含有石英等脆性矿物较多,而延长组页岩含有黏土矿物较多,造成两组页岩矿物组分差别的主要原因是两组页岩的形成环境不同。龙马溪组页岩属于海相生成页岩,而延长组页岩属于陆相生成页岩,这也是造成这两组页岩孔隙结构差异的主要原因之一[3]。
2.2 页岩孔隙结构及分布特征
图4为龙马溪组页岩和延长组页岩低温氮气吸附-解吸曲线。根据2015年IUPAC公布的物理吸附等温线分类标准[17],两组页岩测试样品的等温吸附线均属于第Ⅳ类吸附等温线,这说明两组页岩均属于介孔类吸附剂材料,其吸附特性是由吸附剂-吸附质的相互作用以及在凝聚状态下分子之间的相互作用决定。对比两组页岩的低温氮气吸附-解吸曲线,可以看出龙马溪组页岩对氮气的最大吸附量明显高于延长组页岩,这说明龙马溪组页岩的吸附能力强于延长组页岩。此外,通过吸附-解吸曲线可以发现两组测试样品的吸附-解吸曲线中都存在一个明显的滞回环,这种滞回环的产生与毛细管凝聚有关,通常认为是由于吸附亚稳态或网状分子结构影响造成。根据IUPAC关于等温吸附线滞回环的分类,龙马溪组测试样品的等温吸附线滞回环属于H2(b)型滞回环,而延长组测试样品的等温吸附线滞回环属于H3型滞回环;这说明龙马溪组存在孔径相对较宽的墨水瓶形孔隙,而延长组页岩样品存在在狭缝型的大孔孔隙。
根据图4(a)得到其孔隙结构参数和孔径分布曲线,如表2和图5(a)所示,可以看出:此次试验测试的龙马溪组页岩样品的孔隙结构以介孔为主,同时含有少量宏孔,其中介孔占其总比表面积(total specific surface area, TSSA)和总孔体积(total pore volume, TPV)的百分比分别为96.7%~99.1%和81.6%~85.9%,龙马溪组页岩样品的平均孔径(Rave)为7.79~11.64 nm。根据延长组页岩的低温氮气吸附-解吸曲线[图4(b)]得到其孔隙结构参数和孔径分布曲线[表2和图5(b)],可以看出:此次试验测试的延长组页岩样品的孔隙结构分布与龙马溪组页岩样品基本一致,以介孔为主,同时含有少量宏孔,其中,介孔在其TSSA和TPV的百分比分别为98.0%~99.2%和70.7%~85.6%,延长组页岩样品的Rave为6.87~8.99 nm。
2.3 页岩自发渗吸特征
图6和图7为龙马溪组和延长组页岩对压裂液的自发渗吸曲线,可以看出:两组页岩样品渗吸量随着渗吸时间增加均呈先迅速增大后缓慢减小趋势,这与以往砂岩自发渗吸曲线存在显著差异[17]。究其原因,页岩中含有大量的可溶性矿物(碳酸盐),其渗吸量减少可能源于可溶性矿物溶解导致的页岩重量减少。值得关注的是,图6中试件LM2渗吸量出现了阶梯式增加现象,这可能源于该页岩在渗吸过程中因水岩作用产生了新裂纹[8],裂纹扩展拓宽了渗吸空间,导致该页岩渗吸量呈阶梯式增大。
对比图6和图7可以发现,龙马溪组页岩达到最大渗吸量的时间长于延长组页岩,这可能与两组页岩的渗吸驱动力有关。相关研究指出[8-10,12],亲水性矿物(尤其是黏土矿物)的吸附作用和微观孔隙毛细作用是页岩渗吸驱动力的主要来源。鉴于渗吸初期黏土矿物吸附作用占据主导地位,这会促使渗吸液迅速进入页岩黏土矿物,导致其渗吸量迅速增大,这是渗吸初期页岩渗吸量迅速增大的主要原因;随着黏土矿物吸附作用趋于饱和,微观孔隙产生的毛细作用会逐渐占据主导,这会促使页岩渗吸量继续增大,但渗吸速率会相对较慢。综上,由于龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙相较于延长组页岩更为发育,从而导致龙马溪组页岩达到最大渗吸量需要更长时间;通过对比两组页岩的最大渗吸量(图8)可以发现,龙马溪组页岩的最大渗吸量大于延长组页岩,说明龙马溪组页岩对压裂液的吸附作用强于延长组页岩。
3 页岩自发渗吸影响因素分析
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根据以上研究结果,本文研究分析了不同页岩物性结构参数与最大渗吸量的关系,如图9~图11所示。可以看出:页岩TOC含量与最大渗吸量存在明显负相关性,这与以往研究结果是一致的[9,11,17],说明有机质含量增大会导致页岩水润湿性减弱;页岩石英与最大渗吸量具有负相关性,而黏土矿物和碳酸盐与最大渗吸量具有正相关性,这与Pan等[18]的研究结果是一致的,说明亲水性矿物含量增加可促使页岩对压裂液的渗吸量增大。此外,通过对矿物与最大渗吸量的线性拟合,可以发现不同矿物对龙马溪组页岩和延长组页岩最大渗吸量的影响程度存在明显差异。其中,石英和黏土矿物含量变化对龙马溪组页岩渗吸量的影响程度强于延长组页岩,而碳酸盐矿物含量变化对延长组页岩渗吸量的影响程度强于龙马溪组页岩。
以往研究表明[8-9,11],黏土矿物是影响页岩吸水能力的关键矿物,理论上页岩黏土矿物含量越大其吸水能力应当越强。然而,此次试验得到的测试结果却完全相反(延长组页岩黏土矿物含量高于龙马溪组,但其渗吸量却明显小于龙马溪组页岩)。究其原因,这可能与两组页岩的孔隙结构差异有关,龙马溪组页岩具有更发育的微孔结构(图5),渗吸过程中龙马溪组页岩的毛细作用力更强,因此导致其渗吸量大于延长组页岩。以上研究结果表明,孔隙结构和矿物组分均会影响页岩对压裂液的渗吸能力,但孔隙毛细作用对页岩自发渗吸的影响程度强于亲水性矿物的吸附作用。
4 自发渗吸对页岩气回收的影响
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页岩储层水力压裂过程中,压裂液返排是影响页岩气回收的重要因素,而页岩对压裂液的自发渗吸强度又是决定页岩储层压裂液返排率的关键参数之一[19]。理论上,返排率过高意味着压裂液未能有效进入次生裂缝,这会导致页岩储层裂缝网络的复杂程度减小,而返排率过低又意味着大量压裂液可能会滞留,这会导致页岩气相对渗透率降低(图12),因此压裂液返排率过低或过高都不利于页岩气回收。相关研究表明[20],页岩储层压裂液最优返排区间为20%~40%,该区间内产气量会达到最优效果。根据此次研究结果,四川盆地龙马溪组海相页岩对压裂液的最大渗吸量大于鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩,这表明此次试验使用的压裂液在龙马溪组页岩中更易于形成“滞留”状态。
根据目前公开的相关工程数据,四川盆地龙马溪组页岩储层压裂液返排率为40%~60%[3],这明显高于工程上的“最优返排区间”,因此未来可以通过调整压裂液化学成分,提出更优的压裂液配比方案。鄂尔多斯盆地延长组页岩由于其黏土矿物含量高且孔隙发育程度较差,工程上仅依靠水基压裂液压裂页岩储层,可能很难达到理想的气体回收效果,因此相关学者[20]建议采用无水压裂液(液态氮气、液态CO2或超临界CO2)前置压裂和水基压裂液协同支撑剂后期注入的联合压裂技术。
5 结论
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(1)龙马溪组与延长组页岩矿物组成及孔隙结构存在显著差异,其中龙马溪组以脆性矿物为主、介孔较为发育,而延长组页岩黏土矿物含量较多、宏孔较为发育。
(2)页岩对压裂液的自发渗吸量均随渗吸时间增加呈先迅速增大后缓慢减小的趋势,其渗吸量减少源于渗吸过程中可溶性矿物溶解导致的页岩重量减少。
(3)渗吸驱动力主要来源于亲水性矿物的吸附作用和微观孔构的毛细作用,其中吸附作用在渗吸初期占据主导,而吸附饱和后毛细作用会逐渐占据主导。
(4)页岩矿物组分和微观孔隙均会影响其对压裂液的自发渗吸行为,但微观孔隙毛细作用的影响程度强于亲水性矿物的吸附作用。
基金
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  • 贵州省科学技术基金(ZK[2022] 099)
  • 贵州省科学技术基金(ZK[2024] 026)
  • 贵州大学引进人才科研项目(贵大人基合字(2021)63号)
  • 贵州大学基础研究项目(贵大基础(2023)53号)
文献
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406125
  • 接收时间：2024-08-16
  • 首发时间：2026-02-11
  • 出版时间：2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-16
  • 修回日期：2025-04-29
基金
贵州省科学技术基金(ZK[2022] 099)
贵州省科学技术基金(ZK[2024] 026)
贵州大学引进人才科研项目(贵大人基合字(2021)63号)
贵州大学基础研究项目(贵大基础(2023)53号)
作者信息
    1 贵州省建筑设计研究院有限责任公司, 贵阳 550008
    2 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院/喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵阳 550025

通讯作者:

* 覃超(1991—),男,土家族,湖南泸溪人,博士,讲师。研究方向:非常规油气开发和二氧化碳地质封存。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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