Article(id=1228279674225230731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407382, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728230400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-07, revisedDate=1747065600000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774294668, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774294668, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774294667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774294667, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9296, endPage=9304, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279675127006128, articleId=1228279674225230731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Experimental of Sedimentation Characteristics of Viscous Particles in the Polymetallic Nodule Province of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, columnId=1228279666805506749, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The deep-sea is rich in polymetallic nodules resources that are promising for mining, but the process of mining poses a number of environmental problems, in particular the migratory diffusion of plumes formed by sediments disturbance. To evaluate the environmental impact of sediment setting behavior during polymetallic nodule mining, seafloor surface sediments and seawater from the Beijing Pioneer polymetallic nodule mining area in the northwestern Pacific Ocean were employed. Sedimentation experiments were conducted to investigate the deposition characteristics of the suspended sediments. The results indicate that the deep-sea sediments are primarily composed of viscous particles, with median particles sizes ranging from 2.57 to 4.47 μm, and maximum particle size of 66.9 μm. The relationship between settling velocity and particle size was analyzed, showing that the settling velocity of viscous particles increased due to flocculation effects. After 5 hours of sedimentation, the median particle size of suspended sediments decreased to below 0.1 μm, and the maximum optical density has observed at 14 minutes after the onset of sedimentation. A positive correlation is observed between the mass concentration and optical density of the suspension. By fitting the temporal variation of sediment mass concentration, the settling pattern is determined. The mass concentration reached its peak 14 minutes after the onset of settling, and decreased to 2.46% of the initial value after 5 hours, indicating that 97.54% of the total mass has settled. These findings provide supporting data for environmental impact assessments related to plume behavior during deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining.

, correspAuthors=Jian-xin XIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-zhi HAN, Ze-kun CHEN, Jian-xin XIA, Xiao WANG, Huai-ming LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279679933677710, articleId=1228279674225230731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=西北太平洋多金属结核区沉积物黏性颗粒沉降特性试验, columnId=1228279666973278914, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=深海富含具有开采前景的多金属结核资源,但开采过程会带来诸多环境问题,特别是沉积物扰动形成的羽状流迁移扩散。为评估多金属结核开采过程中沉积物扩散对环境的影响,利用西北太平洋北京先驱多金属结核矿区的表层沉积物和海水样品,通过沉降试验,研究了西北太平洋多金属结核矿区沉积物的沉降特性。结果表明,深海沉积物主要由黏性颗粒组成,中值粒径介于2.57~4.47 μm,最大粒径为66.9 μm。分析沉降速度与沉积物粒径的关系,受絮凝作用影响黏性颗粒沉降速度增大,沉降开始5 h后样品中值粒径小于0.1 μm,沉降开始14 min后样品光学浓度最大。样品的质量浓度与光学浓度成正相关,通过拟合沉积物质量浓度随时间变化曲线,得到样品质量浓度变化规律,沉降开始14 min后,质量浓度最大,5 h后已沉降至总质量的97.54%。研究结果可以为深海多金属结核开采过程中羽流的环境影响评价提供支持。, correspAuthors=夏建新, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 夏建新(1969—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,教授。研究方向:深海矿产资源开发。E-mail:
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韩亚芝(2000—),女,汉族,山西太原人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深海矿产资源开发。E-mail:

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韩亚芝(2000—),女,汉族,山西太原人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深海矿产资源开发。E-mail:

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韩亚芝(2000—),女,汉族,山西太原人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深海矿产资源开发。E-mail:

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Percentage of cohesive particles with different settling times

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时间/min 0~30 μm颗粒
占比/%
大于30 μm颗粒
占比/%
占比>1%的粒径
范围/μm
2 76.48 23.52 5.91~66.89
10 88.12 11.88 2.75~58.88
14 90.64 9.36 2.42~45.61
60 100 0 1.87~16.89
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不同沉降时间黏性颗粒占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间/min 0~30 μm颗粒
占比/%
大于30 μm颗粒
占比/%
占比>1%的粒径
范围/μm
2 76.48 23.52 5.91~66.89
10 88.12 11.88 2.75~58.88
14 90.64 9.36 2.42~45.61
60 100 0 1.87~16.89
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Static water settling velocity and single particle settling velocities of sediments with different particle sizes

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取样时间/min 静水沉降速度
ω1/(mm·s-1)
单颗粒沉降速度
ω2/(mm·s-1)
比值
2 8.333 0.262 31.79
10 1.667 0.116 14.36
14 1.190 0.064 18.62
20 0.833 0.072 11.65
30 0.556 0.050 11.11
60 0.278 0.020 13.59
180 0.093 0.017 5.57
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不同粒径沉积物的静水沉降速度与单颗粒沉降速度

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取样时间/min 静水沉降速度
ω1/(mm·s-1)
单颗粒沉降速度
ω2/(mm·s-1)
比值
2 8.333 0.262 31.79
10 1.667 0.116 14.36
14 1.190 0.064 18.62
20 0.833 0.072 11.65
30 0.556 0.050 11.11
60 0.278 0.020 13.59
180 0.093 0.017 5.57
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西北太平洋多金属结核区沉积物黏性颗粒沉降特性试验
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韩亚芝 1, 2 , 陈泽坤 1, 2 , 夏建新 1, 2, * , 王潇 3 , 李怀明 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(22): 9296-9304
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(22): 9296-9304
西北太平洋多金属结核区沉积物黏性颗粒沉降特性试验
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韩亚芝1, 2 , 陈泽坤1, 2, 夏建新1, 2, * , 王潇3, 李怀明3
作者信息
  • 1 中国地质大学(北京)海洋学院, 北京 100083
  • 2 海洋矿产与极地地质教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083
  • 3 自然资源部海底科学重点实验室/自然资源部第二海洋研究所, 杭州 310012
  • 韩亚芝(2000—),女,汉族,山西太原人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深海矿产资源开发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 夏建新(1969—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,教授。研究方向:深海矿产资源开发。E-mail:
Experimental of Sedimentation Characteristics of Viscous Particles in the Polymetallic Nodule Province of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean
Ya-zhi HAN1, 2 , Ze-kun CHEN1, 2, Jian-xin XIA1, 2, * , Xiao WANG3, Huai-ming LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Marine Minerals and Polar Geology, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Submarine Geoscience/Second Institute of Oceangraphy, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407382
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深海富含具有开采前景的多金属结核资源,但开采过程会带来诸多环境问题,特别是沉积物扰动形成的羽状流迁移扩散。为评估多金属结核开采过程中沉积物扩散对环境的影响,利用西北太平洋北京先驱多金属结核矿区的表层沉积物和海水样品,通过沉降试验,研究了西北太平洋多金属结核矿区沉积物的沉降特性。结果表明,深海沉积物主要由黏性颗粒组成,中值粒径介于2.57~4.47 μm,最大粒径为66.9 μm。分析沉降速度与沉积物粒径的关系,受絮凝作用影响黏性颗粒沉降速度增大,沉降开始5 h后样品中值粒径小于0.1 μm,沉降开始14 min后样品光学浓度最大。样品的质量浓度与光学浓度成正相关,通过拟合沉积物质量浓度随时间变化曲线,得到样品质量浓度变化规律,沉降开始14 min后,质量浓度最大,5 h后已沉降至总质量的97.54%。研究结果可以为深海多金属结核开采过程中羽流的环境影响评价提供支持。
西北太平洋  /  深海沉积物  /  沉降速度  /  光学浓度  /  质量浓度

The deep-sea is rich in polymetallic nodules resources that are promising for mining, but the process of mining poses a number of environmental problems, in particular the migratory diffusion of plumes formed by sediments disturbance. To evaluate the environmental impact of sediment setting behavior during polymetallic nodule mining, seafloor surface sediments and seawater from the Beijing Pioneer polymetallic nodule mining area in the northwestern Pacific Ocean were employed. Sedimentation experiments were conducted to investigate the deposition characteristics of the suspended sediments. The results indicate that the deep-sea sediments are primarily composed of viscous particles, with median particles sizes ranging from 2.57 to 4.47 μm, and maximum particle size of 66.9 μm. The relationship between settling velocity and particle size was analyzed, showing that the settling velocity of viscous particles increased due to flocculation effects. After 5 hours of sedimentation, the median particle size of suspended sediments decreased to below 0.1 μm, and the maximum optical density has observed at 14 minutes after the onset of sedimentation. A positive correlation is observed between the mass concentration and optical density of the suspension. By fitting the temporal variation of sediment mass concentration, the settling pattern is determined. The mass concentration reached its peak 14 minutes after the onset of settling, and decreased to 2.46% of the initial value after 5 hours, indicating that 97.54% of the total mass has settled. These findings provide supporting data for environmental impact assessments related to plume behavior during deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining.

Northwest Pacific Ocean  /  deep-sea sediments  /  settling velocity  /  optical density  /  mass concentration
韩亚芝, 陈泽坤, 夏建新, 王潇, 李怀明. 西北太平洋多金属结核区沉积物黏性颗粒沉降特性试验. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9296 -9304 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407382
Ya-zhi HAN, Ze-kun CHEN, Jian-xin XIA, Xiao WANG, Huai-ming LI. Experimental of Sedimentation Characteristics of Viscous Particles in the Polymetallic Nodule Province of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9296 -9304 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407382
矿产资源是国家发展的战略资源,中国对矿产资源的需求量逐年增长,对铜、钴、镍等金属资源的对外依存度超过70%[1]。随着陆地矿产资源的匮乏和人类需求的持续攀升,海洋中所蕴藏的矿产资源备受关注。目前已探明的海底矿产资源有多金属结核、富钴结壳和多金属块状硫化物等[2]。其中多金属结核储量大、开采相对简单,被认为是最有开发前景的矿产资源[3]。多金属结核作为一种战略资源,生长速率缓慢,赋存于深海沉积物表面,沉积物类型、水深、沉积速率等因素相互耦合,协同影响其生长[4-5]。深海高压、低温、复杂的环境条件给多金属结核的开采带来了重大的技术、环境和经济挑战[6],促进了深海矿产开发技术不断提高,多金属结核的采集系统主要有连续斗绳式、自动穿梭艇式、拖斗式和管道提升式,管道提升式因系统结构简单、运行连续性好、经济性能高,进而成为主流的采集方式[6],但作业过程中采集系统和沉积物排放过程不可避免地对沉积物产生扰动[7],导致沉积物再悬浮和再沉降,形成羽状流[8],羽状流随海流迁移、扩散到较大范围,随后沉降到海底,其中的颗粒物及其再沉降会对海洋底栖生物造成不利影响[6-8]
在深海采矿领域,众多成员国呼吁指定区域环境管理计划(regional environmental management plan, REMP)是任何区域采矿的先决条件,羽状流的环境影响正在成为深海采矿研究的热点,国际海底管理局并为此专门成立环境阈值专家组进行研究。当前深海采矿所产生羽状流的研究方法包括有现场实测[9-10]、室内试验[11]和数值模拟[12-15],Baeye等[9]在东太平洋进行的现场监测结果表明羽状流中粗颗粒会快速沉降,细小颗粒受水深等因素影响会扩散数百公里;Byishimo[11]通过实验室试验得到沉积物浓度、喷射高度和沉积物倾斜对沉积物扩散和沉积产生影响;仿真模拟[14]结果发现粒径>15 μm的颗粒在靠近源头处快速沉降,而细颗粒物可能漂浮在海上扩散至几百甚至几千米;Liu等[15]建立小规模数值模型分析了深海采矿车与沉积物羽状流的动态相互作用下羽状流扩散范围、颗粒轨迹和水动力,但模型中并未考虑到颗粒之间的相互作用。不同方法之间的相互结合对研究深海羽状流的研究提供了重要基础,在太平洋克拉里昂-克利珀顿区(Clarion-Clipperton zone,CCZ)的全球海洋矿产资源公司 (Global Sea Mineral Resources, GSR)矿区开展的深海沉积物小规模扰动实验中,通过放置海底传感器记录悬浮沉积物浓度和海流特性,采用数值模拟进行验证,Purkiani等[16]得到沉积物粒径和沉降速度显著影响了沉积物沉降模式。受扰动后沉积物扩散范围受絮凝作用影响[17],通过深海原位实验、实验室实验和模型构建,Gallard等[18]发现深海沉积物在高浓度下会发生絮凝,在对北大西洋沉积物进行高分辨率测量沉降速度时,Spearman等[19]得到沉积物羽流扩散受絮凝、背景浑浊度以及内潮作用的影响。上述试验结果表明沉积物在深海采矿所引发的羽状流研究中占据重要地位,排放物质粒径分布、排放持续时间、排放量等特性对羽状流的动态过程和环境影响起着决定性作用[20],因此,掌握沉积物沉降特性是分析羽状流迁移扩散的关键因素。
全球深海沉积物的复杂性和多样性,导致在长期海洋环境条件不同的情况下,深海沉积物类型不尽相同[21]。沉积物的沉降特性受其类型显著影响,这些特性进一步决定了颗粒在水中运动的行为,从而影响沉降速度。邓韬等[22]和王银等[23]分别对西北太平洋多金属结核矿区不同航次和站位的表层沉积物中黏土矿物类型和物质来源进行了研究,得到西太表层沉积物中黏土矿物类型以伊利石为主,绿泥石和高岭石次之,蒙脱石最少,与太平洋CCZ矿区矿物组成存在差异[24]。沉降速度的研究主要集中于内陆区域泥沙沉降[25-26]的研究,陈柏文等[25]基于前人的研究成果,对黄河口黏性非均匀泥沙进行研究,扽洗了絮凝沉降速度的变化规律。当前对于深海多金属结核矿区沉积物沉降特性的研究较少,虽然詹琳等[27]采用西北太平洋多金属结核矿区原位沉积物沉降特性进行研究,但由于试验样品及条件限制,试验水样为超纯水,样品为单一站位0~28 cm的沉积物,采样深度较深,随着埋藏深度增加,深海沉积物含水率降低,抗剪强度增大[28],深海采矿过程对深层沉积物影响较小,沉降试验在超纯水中进行忽略了海水特性对沉积物沉降特性的影响,以光学浓度来表征沉积物样品不足以真实反映深海沉积物的沉降特性,同时也未对沉积物的质量沉降和沉降时间进行相关计算。
为更好地反映西北太平洋多金属结核矿区沉积物沉降特性,现以采集西北太平洋原位沉积物样品为研究对象,现场进行静水沉降试验,分析深海沉积物在扰动后的沉降特性及其规律,同时分析沉积物沉降所需要的时间,为评估深海采矿过程中沉积物羽状流的迁移扩散范围和环境保护措施的制定提供依据,为深海装备设计提供参数,对优化采矿作业流程和保护深海生态环境有着关键意义。
研究区位于西北太平洋北京先驱多金属结核矿区,该矿区由C-1、C-2、M-1、M-2四个区块组成。本文研究的试验样品采自北京先驱矿区M-2区块,中国大洋81航次利用50型箱式取样器采集两个站位的表层沉积物样品(DY81Ⅰ-M2-BC30和DY81Ⅰ-M2-BC39)(图1),海水样品通过CTD(conducti-vity, temperature, depth)取得。
该试验采用的是静水试验,在沉降筒中进行。沉降筒为自制透明玻璃筒,直径为15 cm,高1.3 m,在距离筒底0.1 m处留有出口阀,方便定期取样。静水沉降试验装置如图2所示。
试验开始之前将海水装入沉降筒至距离出口阀110 cm处,将水样静置沉淀48 h,从而减少海水中杂质对试验测量结果的影响,取100 g沉积物混合于2 L海水中,将沉积物和海水充分搅拌均匀,得到浓度为50 g/L的海水和沉积物的混合物,随后将混合物均匀平稳的加入沉降筒中,为减小试验误差,混合物从沉降筒中间倒入并开始计时,定期间隔一段时间取样,直至观察到水样澄清后停止取样,因观察到混合物在前0.5 h内沉降速度较快,因此前半小时取样频率为2 min一次,之后取样间隔为2~3 h一次。将取样混合物装入离心管放入常温下,之后利用Mastersizer3000激光粒度分析仪进行粒径分布测量,测量之前将混合物进行震荡,使得海水和混合物充分混淆均匀,还原取样时的状态。
沉降速度通过两种方式得到,第一种是利用试验方法。本文研究中静水颗粒沉降计算方法为颗粒物从110 cm高出沉降到10 cm期间的平均速度,计算公式为
ω1=$\frac{x}{t}$
式(1)中:ω1为静水沉降颗粒平均沉降速度,mm/s;x为颗粒距离底部出水口的距离,本次试验统一为100 cm;t为颗粒沉降到底部出水口的时间,s。
第二种为理论计算。单颗粒沉降速度的公式[29]
ω2=$\sqrt{{\left(13.95\frac{\gamma }{d}\right)}^{2}+1.09\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{w}}}gd}$-13.95$\frac{\gamma }{d}$
式(2)中:ω2为单颗粒的沉降速度,mm/s;γ为运动黏滞系数,m2/s;d为颗粒粒径,mm;ρsρw分别为沉积物密度和海水密度,kg/m3
质量浓度是单位体积混合物中某组分的质量,通过测量各时间段样品的浓度减海水浓度得到不同时间段沉积物浓度,计算公式为
ρ=$\frac{{m}_{样}}{{v}_{样}}$-$\frac{{m}_{海}}{{v}_{海}}$
式(3)中:ρ为不同时间样品的质量浓度,g/cm3;m为不同时间段样品的质量,g;v为不同时间段样品的体积,cm3;m为海水初始质量,g;v为海水初始体积,cm3
密尼奥根据经验认为泥沙中小于30 μm的颗粒具有明显的絮凝作用,在含盐量较高的海岸区域,以30 μm作为能否发生明显絮凝现象的界限[30]。沉积物粒径分布频率及累积曲线如图3所示,沉积物粒径范围均为0~66.89 μm,其中DY81Ⅰ-M2-BC30沉积物的中值粒径D50为4.47 μm,小于30 μm的颗粒占比为91.05%,DY81Ⅰ-M2-BC39沉积物的中值粒径D50为2.57 μm,小于30 μm的颗粒占比为94.93%。其中,DY81Ⅰ-M2-BC30沉积物的粒径呈现出单峰态,整体众数2~6 μm,DY81Ⅰ-M2-BC39沉积物的粒径呈现出不对称双峰态,主峰值集中在2~6.7 μm,次峰值集中在0.04~0.09 μm。
不同沉降时间黏性颗粒占比如表1所示,可以看出,原位沉积物中小于30 μm的沉积物颗粒占比达到91.05%,沉积物中占比>1%的粒径介于0.52~45.61 μm,总和>90%,其中小于30 μm的颗粒占比达到91.6%;随着沉降时间的增加,样品中值粒径逐渐减小,细颗粒沉积物占比逐渐增大,大于30 μm的沉积物占比逐渐减小,同时占比>1%的沉积物粒径范围也逐渐减小,14 min样品中可发生絮凝作用的沉积物颗粒占比达到90.64%,粒径占比>1%的粒径介于2.42~45.61 μm,总和达到89.2%,其中可发生絮凝作用的沉积物颗粒占比90.59%。
选用分散颗粒中的中值粒径D50作为粒径的代表,其定义为频率累积曲线上50%对应的粒径[31],通过不同取样时间D50来代表样品粒径的变化趋势。光学浓度是在减去背景散射后,与颗粒散射和吸收的光总能量相比,所聚焦和透射的光量的量度,其中浓度用光输出总量的百分比来表示[27]。如图3所示,沉积物粒径91.05%均分布于0~30 μm区间内,颗粒粒径差异不大,因此可以使用激光粒度仪分析沉积物的光学浓度代表不同时间段的样品浓度[32]
不同沉降时间样品光学浓度和粒径分布如图4所示,从开始沉降到沉降5 h,沉积物光学浓度呈现出升高后降低的趋势,沉积物样品中值粒径整体上不断减小,到5 h样品中值粒径D50<0.1 μm,0~14 min的时间内,随着沉积物沉降,样品粒径较大,光学浓度不断升高,表明该时间段内样品颗粒不断增多,而样品中值粒径减小,沉降的沉积物中细颗粒沉积物占比不断增大,大于30 μm粒径的沉积物占比降低;14 min达到峰值,在该时间段,样品中沉积物颗粒最多,光学浓度最大,而在14 min之后,开始出现下降趋势。在5 h达到最小值,在此之后激光粒度仪未能探测到,显示此样品中具有最多组分的沉积物颗粒的沉降速度为1.19 mm/s。
沉积物中30~66.9 μm粒径的沉积物在沉降过程中受到絮凝作用较弱,主要受重力作用,因此其沉降速度较快且在沉积物中占比不大,主要在前30 min发生沉降,在前半个小时的时间里,受重力影响作用较大的30~66.9 μm粒径的沉积物几乎全部完成沉降,沉降速度为0.56~16.66 mm/s。在沉降的0~14 min时间段内,大颗粒沉积物占比大,其受重力作用沉降,同时有易发生絮凝作用的小颗粒沉积物相互碰撞粘接在一起形成较大的絮团,从而具有较高的沉降速度,因此,在沉降初期样品中可测量到小于30 μm的颗粒。
为分析深海沉积物在沉降过程中的沉降速度与沉积物粒径之间的关系,对不同时间取得的样品进行粒径测量,以不同样品中值粒径为代表的沉积物沉降速度拟合曲线如图5所示,可以看出,随着中值粒径逐渐增加,沉积物的沉降速度增大,表明随着沉降试验的发生,样品粒径由开始的大粒径转变为之后的小粒径,沉降速度也逐渐减小,将中值粒径和沉积物颗粒平均沉降速度之间的关系用指数方程拟合,拟合结果为
ω=1.43×10-4ϕ3.42+0.07
式(4)中:ω为沉降速度,mm/s;ϕ为中值粒径D50,μm。
通过式(4)计算得到不同取样时间下单颗粒的沉降速度,计算结果如表2所示,其中运动黏滞系数γ=1.146,d为中值粒径,g=9.8 m/s2,沉积物密度ρs=1 340 kg/m3,海水密度ρw=1 025 kg/m3[33]
通过分析表2在不同取样时间下的静水沉降速度和单颗粒沉降速度,可以得到单颗粒沉降速度小于静水沉降速度,表明絮凝作用使得黏性颗粒聚集进而对深海沉积物沉降产生影响,在试验进行3 h的时间,沉积物单颗粒沉降速度范围为0.017~0.262 mm/s,平均沉降速度为0.093~8.33 mm/s,在静水沉降试验中,沉积物受到絮凝作用的影响,其平均沉降速度是单颗粒沉降速度的5.57~31.79倍。
不同时间采集到的样品中所含有沉积物泥样的质量不同,为分析沉积物的沉降过程,通过质量浓度来反映不同时间样品中沉积物的沉降质量,进而计算出沉积物完全沉降所需的时间。
相同时间取得的沉积物样品中质量浓度和光学浓度之间的关系如图6所示,拟合结果为
ρ=0.013ρ+0.001 6
图6可以得出,质量浓度和光学浓度呈现出近似线性的正相关关系,相关系数r=0.89,具有显著相关性,在得到的沉积物样品中,光学浓度越大,意味着质量浓度越大,质量浓度反映出样品中所沉降的沉积物的多少。光学浓度是在测量沉积物样品粒径时测得,因此在测量条件受限的情况下可通过质量浓度直接测量计算,代替光学浓度。
为分析不同取样时刻样品质量浓度之间的关系,绘制了如图7所示的不同取样时间样品的质量浓度拟合曲线。该曲线使用分段函数表示质量浓度的变化。沉积物质量浓度的拟合曲线公式为
ρ=$\left\{\begin{array}{l}-1.409\times {10}^{-9}{\mathrm{e}}^{1.005t}+0.01694{\mathrm{e}}^{0.04935t},\\              0\le t\le 14\\ 0.07499{\mathrm{e}}^{-0.09285t}+0.01285{\mathrm{e}}^{-0.004759t},t>14\end{array}\right.$
式(6)中:ρ为质量浓度,g/cm3;t为沉降时间,min。
图7可划分为上升段和下降段,从图7可知质量浓度均以指数形式上升和下降,沉降开始阶段质量浓度逐渐增加,到14 min达到峰值0.032 g/cm3,从图3不同时间沉积物粒径占比可以看出,在0~14 min沉降的沉积物主要以大粒径沉积物为主。根据2.1节中对沉积物粒径组成分析结果可以看出,沉积物粒径超过4 μm的范围,粒径越大占比越小,在开始阶段光学浓度和质量浓度均逐渐增大。沉降时间超过14 min后,样品中值粒径不断减小,即样品中所含易发生絮凝的沉积物占比不断增大,大颗粒沉积物逐渐减少,随着沉降时间的推移,样品中的光学浓度和质量浓度逐渐减小,直至5 h后样品中沉积物的中值粒径只有0.1 μm,溶液中仅剩2.5%没有沉降。
不同取样时间的样品质量浓度呈指数式上升和下降,在14 min时沉积物质量浓度最大。如图8所示,在沉积物沉降过程中,单位时间内沉积物沉降质量呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,与样品中沉积物光学浓度和质量浓度变化趋势相同。在0~14 min单位时间内沉积物沉降质量逐渐增多,在14 min时,单位时间内沉积物沉降质量最多,14 min之后,单位时间内沉积物沉降质量逐渐减少,沉积物沉降质量整体呈上升趋势。
0~14 min时间内,大粒径沉积物受重力作用下沉,同时可发生絮凝作用的黏性颗粒相互聚集成为大颗粒絮团下降,沉积物大粒径颗粒因重力作用和小于30 μm的颗粒因絮凝作用而沉降最多,因此,样品中沉积物中值粒径不断减小,而光学浓度及质量浓度则不断增大,受絮凝作用影响沉降的小粒径沉积物占比逐渐增多。14 min时达到沉降的峰值,样品中沉积物光学浓度、质量浓度及单位时间内沉降质量均达到最大值,此时,沉积物中有13.6%完成沉降。随着沉降试验的进行,大于30 μm的沉积物沉降完全,样品中沉积物中值粒径不断减小,表明占比较少的大于30 μm沉积物沉降完全,同时受絮凝作用影响的沉积物颗粒超过一定范围后直径越大,孔隙率越高,密度越小,沉降速度减小,样品中值粒径及颗粒数量不断减小,试验进行82 min后已有50%的沉积物完成了沉降;沉降试验后期,大部分沉积物沉降完全,到192 min时由80%的沉积物完成沉降,小粒径且占比不大的沉积物沉降,因此沉降后期,单位时间内沉降质量减少,样品光学浓度及质量浓度也不断降低,最终在沉降了5 h后,97.54%的沉积物完成了沉降。
由于该试验集中于研究沉积物粒径、沉降速度、沉降所需要的时间及沉降质量,因此未能对深海沉积物发生絮凝作用最适合的粒径大小,同时没有对沉积物中絮凝影响因素进行深入研究,之后可以尝试从该角度出发,研究深海沉积物发生明显絮凝作用的临界值以及促进深海沉积物在扰动后促进絮凝作用的因素,为深海沉积物受扰动后减缓羽状流影响提供方法,同时为深海采矿系统的设计提供理论依据。
针对深海采矿过程中引起沉积物扰动的问题,研究了西北太平洋多金属结核矿区原位海水和沉积物受扰动后沉积物黏性颗粒的沉降特性,研究结果对深海采矿所产生的环境问题有借鉴意义。得到如下结论。
(1)西北太平洋多金属结核矿区表层沉积物属于黏性颗粒,粒径主要分布在0~66.89 μm,中值粒径小于5 μm,粒径小于30 μm的沉积物占比大于90%,沉积物粒径分布曲线呈现双峰态和单峰态。
(2)沉积物颗粒群体沉降速度变化范围0.06~8.33 mm/s,粒径大于30 μm的沉积物颗粒沉降速度在0.56~8.33 mm/s;受絮凝作用影响,沉积物颗粒相较于单颗粒沉降速度加快了5.57~31.79倍。
(3)试验样品中光学浓度和质量浓度成正相关,可以用质量浓度定性的代替光学浓度,提高现场测试分析效率。
(4)在试验开始的14 min,沉积物样品的质量浓度达到峰值,此时单位时间内沉积物的沉降质量最大,沉降进行82 min后,沉积物的沉降量达到了50%,而在经过试验的5 h后,沉积物的沉降量达到了97.54%。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52394252)
  • 北京先驱西太多金属结核勘探资助项目(121166202001)
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407382
  • 接收时间:2024-10-07
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-07
  • 修回日期:2025-05-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(52394252)
北京先驱西太多金属结核勘探资助项目(121166202001)
作者信息
    1 中国地质大学(北京)海洋学院, 北京 100083
    2 海洋矿产与极地地质教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083
    3 自然资源部海底科学重点实验室/自然资源部第二海洋研究所, 杭州 310012

通讯作者:

* 夏建新(1969—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,教授。研究方向:深海矿产资源开发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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