Article(id=1228279673772245880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407561, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=1747152000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774294560, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774294560, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774294560, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774294560, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9408, endPage=9416, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279676104279003, articleId=1228279673772245880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Resource Optimization Allocation Algorithm for Low-delay Dual-mode Communication, columnId=1228279666528682676, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electronic and Communicational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dual-mode communication based on wireless and PLC (power line communication) can complement each other, and is widely used in smart metering and power Internet of Things. For the application of OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) dual-mode communication system in new energy low-latency service access and other applications, an OFDM subcarrier diversity combination and power adaptive allocation algorithm considering the non-ideal channel estimation was proposed. Firstly, an adaptive optimal power allocation model was established with the constraints of service data volume and transmission power and the goal of minimizing the total delay. Then, on the basis of diversity grouping, whale optimization algorithm and threshold recovery were used to optimize power allocation, to achieve the compromise between algorithm complexity and performance. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the average transmission delay and stability while satisfying constraints such as rate, providing enhanced performance guarantees for real-time data acquisition in applications such as distribution equipment status monitoring.

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基于无线和电力线通信(power line communication,PLC)的双模通信可以实现二者优势互补,被广泛用于智能计量和电力物联网中。针对正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)双模通信系统在新能源低时延业务接入等应用,提出了一种计及非理想信道估计的OFDM子载波分集组合和功率自适应分配算法。首先建立了以业务数据量、传输功率等为约束,以总时延最小化为目标的功率自适应优化分配模型;接着在分集分组的基础上,利用鲸鱼优化算法和阈值回收进行功率优化分配,实现算法复杂度和性能的折中。仿真实验结果表明,提出的算法在满足速率等约束条件下,减小传输平均时延和稳定性,为台区设备状态监测等实时业务数据采集提供更高的性能保障。

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陈智雄(1983—),男,汉族,福建莆田人,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力物联网、电力线通信。E-mail:

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陈智雄(1983—),男,汉族,福建莆田人,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力物联网、电力线通信。E-mail:

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陈智雄(1983—),男,汉族,福建莆田人,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力物联网、电力线通信。E-mail:

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Gz为第z个子载波混合分组的等效信道增益;Pz为预分配给第z个子载波混合分组的功率;${P}_{\mathrm{z}}^{\mathrm{*}}$为经过回收分配后最终分配给子载波组合的功率

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System simulation parameters

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参数 数值
子载波数量 512
PLC衰落系数/dB 2
估计误差/dB 0.01
脉冲噪声概率 0.1
${{\sigma }_{\mathrm{I}}}^{2}$/${{\sigma }_{\mathrm{p}}}^{2}$ 20
速率门限/(Kb·s-1) 1.5
鲸鱼数量 30
最大迭代次数 500
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系统仿真参数

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参数 数值
子载波数量 512
PLC衰落系数/dB 2
估计误差/dB 0.01
脉冲噪声概率 0.1
${{\sigma }_{\mathrm{I}}}^{2}$/${{\sigma }_{\mathrm{p}}}^{2}$ 20
速率门限/(Kb·s-1) 1.5
鲸鱼数量 30
最大迭代次数 500
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低时延双模通信资源优化分配算法
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陈智雄 1, 2 , 杨智慧 1 , 窦增 3 , 毕彦君 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电子技术、通信技术 2025,25(22): 9408-9416
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电子技术、通信技术 2025, 25(22): 9408-9416
低时延双模通信资源优化分配算法
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陈智雄1, 2 , 杨智慧1, 窦增3, 毕彦君3
作者信息
  • 1 华北电力大学电子与通信工程系, 保定 071003
  • 2 河北省电力物联网技术重点实验室, 保定 071003
  • 3 国网吉林省电力有限公司信息通信公司, 长春 130000
  • 陈智雄(1983—),男,汉族,福建莆田人,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力物联网、电力线通信。E-mail:

Resource Optimization Allocation Algorithm for Low-delay Dual-mode Communication
Zhi-xiong CHEN1, 2 , Zhi-hui YANG1, Zeng DOU3, Yan-jun BI3
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2 Hebei Province Electric Power Internet of Things Technology Key Laboratory, Baoding 071003, China
  • 3 State Grid Jilin Province Electric Power Company Information Community Company, Changchun 130000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407561
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基于无线和电力线通信(power line communication,PLC)的双模通信可以实现二者优势互补,被广泛用于智能计量和电力物联网中。针对正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)双模通信系统在新能源低时延业务接入等应用,提出了一种计及非理想信道估计的OFDM子载波分集组合和功率自适应分配算法。首先建立了以业务数据量、传输功率等为约束,以总时延最小化为目标的功率自适应优化分配模型;接着在分集分组的基础上,利用鲸鱼优化算法和阈值回收进行功率优化分配,实现算法复杂度和性能的折中。仿真实验结果表明,提出的算法在满足速率等约束条件下,减小传输平均时延和稳定性,为台区设备状态监测等实时业务数据采集提供更高的性能保障。

双模通信  /  分集组合  /  低时延  /  非理想信道估计  /  功率分配

Dual-mode communication based on wireless and PLC (power line communication) can complement each other, and is widely used in smart metering and power Internet of Things. For the application of OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) dual-mode communication system in new energy low-latency service access and other applications, an OFDM subcarrier diversity combination and power adaptive allocation algorithm considering the non-ideal channel estimation was proposed. Firstly, an adaptive optimal power allocation model was established with the constraints of service data volume and transmission power and the goal of minimizing the total delay. Then, on the basis of diversity grouping, whale optimization algorithm and threshold recovery were used to optimize power allocation, to achieve the compromise between algorithm complexity and performance. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the average transmission delay and stability while satisfying constraints such as rate, providing enhanced performance guarantees for real-time data acquisition in applications such as distribution equipment status monitoring.

dual-mode communication  /  diversity combination  /  low delay  /  non-ideal channel estimation  /  power allocation
陈智雄, 杨智慧, 窦增, 毕彦君. 低时延双模通信资源优化分配算法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9408 -9416 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407561
Zhi-xiong CHEN, Zhi-hui YANG, Zeng DOU, Yan-jun BI. Resource Optimization Allocation Algorithm for Low-delay Dual-mode Communication[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9408 -9416 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407561
新型电力系统[1]对数据传输的时延、有效性和稳定性等提出了更高要求。基于电力线通信((power line communication, PLC)[2]和无线通信(wireless line communication, WLC)的双模通信具有接入灵活、覆盖能力强等特点[3],已成为解决“信号孤岛”难题的有效通信方式,将在配电环境采集和台区设备状态监测中得到广泛应用。面向新型电力系统可观、可测、可控的需求,有必要在双模通信可靠接入的基础上,研究其时延性能及其综合提升算法。
双模通信研究的一个重点是理论性能分析和优化[4-7],可利用中继、双接口自适应选择、中继节点位置选择和协作协议选择等提升系统速率和可靠性等性能。文献[8]通过在双模中继节点处使用能量收集和放大转发协议,实现了更高的数据速率和能源效率。史燕平等[9]针对基于中继协议的双模通信系统提出了自适应中继算法,根据信道质量动态选择中继协议,在不增加系统复杂度的前提下,获得相对最优的中断概率性能。文献[10]提出了双模通信的物理层频谱检测、信道均衡优化方案,有效提升网络通信性能。已有研究关注双模通信的速率、可靠性等方面的性能,极少涉及时延,有必要在可靠通信的基础上进一步改善时延性能,为智能电网终端监控的性能提升和业务拓展等创造有利条件。
分集处理技术已经被广泛应用在通信领域,成为提高系统性能、改善时延的关键技术。文献[11]通过时间分集和频率分集来提高抵抗周期性脉冲噪声和窄带干扰的能力,降低了一定的交织时延。文献[12]针对多播PLC系统,采用马尔可夫链分析方法,综合考虑数据包的平均传输延迟推导了系统的可靠性能。双模并行通信本身也属于特殊的分集方式[13],胡永红等[14]根据通信需求,综合考虑时延、带宽、丢包率等多种性能指标,将定量分析和定性分析相结合,提出了基于层次分析的信道切换方法,实现了多媒介异构网络的快速、平滑切换。上述文献的分集方式大多考虑的是时间分集、频率分集、接收分集等,很少有对正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)调制的双模通信子载波间混合分集的研究,更少有深入探讨具体的分组方法对系统时延的影响。因此进一步探讨自适应的双模通信选择和分组数量设置对于系统时延、稳定性等性能影响具有一定的探索价值。
由于信道时变性,除了将子载波分集组合,对子载波进行合适的资源分配也可以有效降低时延,改善系统性能[15-18]。文献[19]针对双模系统,在总功率和信道功率约束下,最大化可实现的数据速率。文献[20]通过电力线、无线合理地子载波置换,实现速率最大化或平均误码率最小化。但大多双模通信系统的功率分配问题,都假设能够获得完美信道状态信息(channel state information,CSI),但实际系统总是存在误差。而且没有考虑到不同业务需求不同,需要满足不能的性能门限。史建超等[21]研究多跳中继PLC网络跨层资源分配问题,提出了基于公平性门限控制的物理层子载波分配算法。对于低时延业务,需要更加关注单次传输中较差信道性能的短板问题。在非理想条件下,根据门限要求,将不符合要求的子载波资源回收再分配,对于提升确定性传输能力和资源利用率,支撑电力市场实时交互、计量自动化等业务开展,具有一定的实际意义。
因此,现针对OFDM调制的PLC和WLC双模通信系统,考虑非理想信道和低时延业务需求,在业务总量、功率等约束下,以传输速率最大化(对应最小整体时延)为目标,建立基于子载波分集组合的功率优化模型。利用鲸鱼优化算法和阈值回收求解模型,实现功率优化分配。利用鲸鱼算法进行基础功率求解,接着考虑子载波速率门限进行回收再分配,提升整体时延性能及稳定性。仿真分析分组数量和信道参数对系统时延性能的影响。实际系统可根据信道条件和业务要求,综合考虑速率、子载波中断率、时延等指标,进行自适应分配,实现分集和复用折中。
考虑不同业务的传输质量随信道的瞬时状态而动态变化,根据信道实时状态和业务特点进行自适应的双模通信选择,分组数量设置以及功率的优化分配,实现系统时延及稳定性等性能的综合提升。
图1所示为PLC和WLC双模通信的系统模型图。发送的比特流经过OFDM调制,通过电力线信道和无线信道进行传输,无线信道采用瑞利衰落,噪声为加性高斯白噪声;电力线信道采用对数正态衰落,脉冲噪声模型[22]。设x为发送信号,在接收端电力线信道接收信号yp和无线信道接收信号yw分别表示为
yp=hpx+np+nI
yw=hwx+nw
式中:hphw分别为电力线和无线的信道衰落系数;npnw为信道上的时域高斯噪声,满足均值为0,方差分别为${\sigma }_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}$${\sigma }_{\mathrm{w}}^{2}$的分布;nI为时域脉冲噪声,方差为${{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{I}}$,且${{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{I}}$/${{\sigma }^{2}}_{\mathrm{p}}$≫1。
在非理想信道条件下,基于资源与性能等多重约束,进行自适应的双模通信选择、分组数量设置以及功率的优化分配。在发送端针对不同业务的服务质量(quality of service,QoS)要求,进行双模通信的子载波混合分组,同一个子载波组传输相同的数据,分配相等的功率。根据功率预分配结果,计算相应传输速率,考虑门限要求,将预分配给低于速率门限的子载波功率回收,二次分配给信道条件较好的子载波,充分利用资源,实现系统时延及稳定性等性能的提升。
为得到信道传输速率,需要知道完美CSI,即精确信道参数,但实际通信系统,获得高精度或理想CSI复杂度高、代价大,总是存在一定误差,因此需要研究非理想信道估计对系统时延性能的影响。
hm,k(m=p,w)表示第k个子载波上的真实信道衰落系数,m表示传输方式,当m=p时表示电力线信道,m=w表示无线信道。考虑估计误差问题,令${\hat{h}}_{m,k}$表示信道参数估计值;${\dot{h}}_{m,k}$为估计误差,服从均值为0、方差为${\dot{\sigma }}_{m}^{2}$的高斯分布。则信道衰落系数hm,k等于其估计值与估计误差的加和[23],即
$h_{m, k} \triangleq \hat{h}_{m, k}+\widetilde{h}_{m, k}$
将估计误差作为噪声进行处理,则在传输方式mk个子载波上的信噪比SNRm,k可以表示为
SNRm,k=$\frac{{p}_{m,k}{\left|{\hat{h}}_{m,k}\right|}^{2}}{{p}_{m,k}{{\dot{\sigma }}_{m}}^{2}+{N}_{m}}$
式(4)中:pm,k为传输方式mk个子载波上的发射功率;Nm为噪声功率;pm,k${{\dot{\sigma }}_{m}}^{2}$为信道误差产生的干扰项。
对于低时延业务,特别是数据量较小时,在物理层有限资源约束下,信道条件差、传输速率较低的子载波占用资源的同时,又不能起到实际传输效果。同时单独电力线或者无线传输存在一定缺点和局限性,还因为存在误差,进行资源优化分配时需要充分考虑非理想信道估计带来的影响。为解决以上问题,文中考虑将双模的子载波混合分集,根据信道条件和业务需求,进行自适应的双模通信选择、分组数量设置以及功率优化分配,并将不满足门限要求的资源回收再分配。克服单模信道缺点,降低误差带来的影响,实现资源的最大限度利用。
假设子载波数量为M,计算每个子载波的信道噪声增益gm,k,即
gm,k=$\frac{{\left|{\hat{h}}_{m,k}\right|}^{2}}{{N}_{m}}$
将PLC和WLC不同衰落程度的子载波按信道增益升序排列得到
Gp={g'p,1,g'p,2,…,g'p,M}Gw={g'w,1,g'w,2,,g'w,M}
排序后的子载波进行分集组合得到新的子载波集合,即衰落较大的子载波与衰落较小的子载波组成子载波组合,减小系统时延的同时平衡子载波之间的差异,提升系统稳定性。得到的子载波组合为
G'c={G'c,1,G'c,2,…,G'c,i,…,G'c,Z}
式(7)中:c(c=M,H)为组合方式,c=M表示电力线、无线子载波单独组合后两种并行介质接收的信号采用最大比合并,c=H表示电力线、无线子载波混合组合;i为第i个子载波组合;假设分集组合后共有Z个子载波组合, G'c,i为组合方式ci个子载波组合的信道噪声增益和。
每个子载波组合中的子载波作为一个整体,传输相同信息,分配相等功率。对应计算出相应子载波组合速率为
rc,i=B[log2(1+SNRc,i)]=B[log2(1+pc,iG'c,i)]
考虑到低时延业务需求,当信道传输速率低于速率门限Rth时将认为发生中断,因此第i个子载波组合有效的传输速率Rc,i
Rc,i=rc,iU(rc,i-Rth)
式(9)中:U(·)为单位阶跃函数;Rth为满足通信需求的速率门限。
两种子载波组合方式传输的数据速率为
Rc=$\stackrel{Z}{\sum _{i=1}}$Rc,i=$\stackrel{Z}{\sum _{i=1}}$rc,iU(rc,i-Rth)
不失一般性,令OFDM的传输时隙持续时间相等,即Tt=T,假设完成业务传输需要Nt个时隙,则Nt个时隙内传输的有效数据量为
Dc=$\stackrel{{N}_{t}}{\sum _{t=1}}$Dc,t=$\stackrel{{N}_{t}}{\sum _{t=1}}$TtRc=NtTRc
假设Dall为对于给定业务需要传输的数据量,该业务所需要传输的数据量Dall是一定的,想让时延NtT尽可能小,即让有效传输速率Rc尽可能最大。因此系统自适应优化模型建立为
max Rc{pc,i}s.t.$\left\{\begin{array}{l}C1:{D}_{c}\ge {D}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}}\\ C2:\stackrel{Z}{\sum _{i=1}}{p}_{c,i}\le {P}_{\mathrm{T}}\\ \mathrm{C}3:\stackrel{N}{\sum _{i=1}}{p}_{m,i}\le {P}_{m}\\ \mathrm{C}4:0\le {p}_{c,i}\le {P}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\\ \mathrm{C}5:{r}_{c,i}\ge {R}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}}, {d}_{c,i}\in {S}_{c,1}\end{array}\right.$
式(12)中:C1表示单个业务的总数据量约束,保证所能传输的数据量超过业务数据量;C2表示总发射功率约束;PT为混合发射机的总发射功率,由电力线和无线部件共享;C3表示单个传输方式发送节点处的最大传输功率约束;Pm为传输方式m允许使用的传输功率;C4表示单个子载波组合上非负的发射功率约束;Pmax为单个子载波组合的最大发射功率;C5表示考虑业务QoS需求,对能够进行有效传输的子载波组合传输速率约束。
针对所提出的优化模型,是NP困难的问题,本文研究中采用鲸鱼算法[24]来求得此模型的近似最优解。鲸鱼算法是模仿自然界中座头鲸捕食行为的新型智能优化算法,模仿鲸鱼游走搜寻、包围收缩、螺旋捕食的方式进行迭代寻优,调整参数少、寻优能力强。
若通过鲸鱼算法可直接求出满足所有约束条件的解,即为最优功率分配结果。但考虑到不同类型业务对时延敏感程度不同,具有不同的速率门限要求。而且功率有限,根据求解得到的功率分配结果,未必能使所有子载波都满足门限要求。为保证整体时延,使得分配功率的子载波都能为系统传输起到作用,提出一个基于鲸鱼优化和门限功率回收再分配的两阶段方法来求解该模型,得到近似最优解。
在第一阶段基于CSI和业务需求等信息,根据优化目标和约束条件(C1~C4),在功率和数据量的要求下通过鲸鱼算法对子载波组合进行功率预分配,以达到总传输速率最大的目标。得到每个子载波组合分配的功率值为pc,i,计算出相应的速率值Rc,i
考虑约束条件C5,如果Rc,i<Rth,则令其标记值dc,i=0,如果Rc,iRth,则令dc,i=1。根据标记值dc,i,将子载波组合分为两个集合,将dc,i=0的子载波组合放入集合Sc,0,共有Nc,0个,将dc,i=1的子载波组合放入集合Sc,1,共有Nc,1个(Nc,0+Nc,1=Z)。集合Sc,0中的子载波组合由于不满足约束条件C5被舍去,分配给这部分的功率将会造成浪费。
在第二阶段将预分配给集合Sc,0的功率回收,分配给满足速率约束的子载波组合。以实现功率的最大限度利用,避免功率浪费,增大有效传输速率,减小时延和子载波中断比例。已分配的功率Pa,c
Pa,c=$\stackrel{Z}{\sum _{i=1}}$dc,ipc,I
则可回收的功率Pr,c
Pr,c=PT-Pa,c
Sc,1中的子载波组合重新标记为dc,j,其中j=1,2,…,Nc,1。回收的功率,平均分配给满足速率约束的子载波组合,则二次分配后子载波组合分配的功率为
pc,j=dc,jpc,j+$\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{r},c}}{{N}_{c,1}}$
不同业务在不同约束条件下,所追求的目标也会有所不同。对于低时延业务,则更需要放弃一些其他性能来换取更低的时延。本文中进一步研究了分组数量对时延性能的影响,使得业务可以综合考虑传输速率、子载波中断比例、时延等性能指标,自适应选择合适的分组数量设置,实现分集和复用的折中。
为了便于计算,假设有S个不同的业务需要传输,有S个子载波用于业务传输,按数据量大小排序为(D1<D2<…<DS-1<DS),其中DS代表第S个业务的数据量。假设缓冲区无限长,在传输过程中主要考虑传输时延和排队时延。在同等传输条件下进行业务传输,传输顺序并不影响传输时延,但是先传输数据量小的业务,排队时延相对最小。为使传输完所有业务所需的总时延最小,按照数据量从小到大的顺序依次传输业务。具体的时延分析如下。
(1)子载波不进行组合:每个子载波传输一种业务,无子载波需要排队,排队总时延TQ,1=0,最大排队时延Tmax,1=0,传输时延大小为
TT,1=$\frac{{D}_{1}+{D}_{2}+\dots +{D}_{S-1}+{D}_{S}}{{R}_{1}}$
式(16)中:R1为子载波不进行组合时的有效传输速率。
(2)假设A(A≥2)个子载波组成一个子载波组合,传输同种业务,则得到S/A个子载波组合,能同时传输S/A种业务,其余的S(1-1/A)种业务需要进行排队,依次传输。所需的传输时延TT,A
TT,A=$\frac{{D}_{1}+{D}_{2}+\dots +{D}_{S-1}+{D}_{S}}{{R}_{A}}$
式(17)中:AA个子载波组合成一个子载波组合,A≥2;RAA个子载波组合成一个子载波组的有效传输速率。
排队总时延为
$$\begin{aligned} T_{Q, A}= & \frac{1}{R_A}\left\{(A-1)\left(D_1+D_2+\cdots+D_{S / A}\right)+\right. \\ & (A-2)\left(D_{S / A+1}+D_{S / A+2}+\cdots+D_{2 S / A}\right)+\cdots+ \\ & 2\left[D_{(A-3) S / A+1}+D_{(A-3) S / A+2}+\cdots+D_{(A-2) S / A}\right]+ \\ & {\left.\left[D_{(A-2) S / A+1}+D_{(A-2) S / A+2}+\cdots+D_{(A-1) S / A}\right]\right\} }\end{aligned}$$
式(18)中:D2S/AD(A-2)S/A分别为第2S/A、第(A-2)S/A个业务的数据量。
最大排队时延为
Tmax,A=$\frac{{D}_{S/A}+{D}_{2S/A}+\dots +{D}_{(A-1)S/A}}{{R}_{A}}$
总传输时延记为传输时延与排队时延之和为
TD,A=TT,A+TQ,A
例如,当4个子载波构成一个子载波组,传输同种业务,得到S/4个子载波组合,能同时传输S/4种业务,其余的3S/4种业务需要进行排队,依次进行传输。传输时延为
TT,4=$\frac{{D}_{1}+{D}_{2}+\dots +{D}_{S-1}+{D}_{S}}{{R}_{4}}$
排队时延为
$\begin{aligned}T_{_{Q,4}} & =3\frac{D_{1}+D_{2}+\cdots+D_{S/4-1}+D_{S/4}}{R_{4}}+ \\ & 2\frac{D_{S/4+1}+D_{S/4+2}+\cdots+D_{2S/4-1}+D_{2S/4}}{R_{4}}+ \\ & \frac{D_{2S/4+1}+D_{2S/4+2}+\cdots+D_{3S/4-1}+D_{3S/4}}{R_{4}}\end{aligned}$
最大排队时延为
Tmax,4=$\frac{{D}_{S/4}+{D}_{2S/4}+{D}_{3S/4}}{{R}_{4}}$
总传输时延为
TD,4=TT,4+TQ,4
为了验证本文算法的性能,采用MATLAB软件进行算法仿真和分析。无线和电力线信道分别采用瑞利衰落和对数正态衰落模型描述其衰落,对子载波能量和带宽进行归一化。如果没有特别说明,部分仿真参数设置如表1所示。
为验证文中基于速率门限的功率回收分配方法的优越性,还将常用的注水算法[19]和平均分配功率[20]方法与文中的求解方法进行对比。
图2所示为Rth=4 Kb/s,无线信道单独传输时功率是否回收对不同算法系统性能(有效传输速率和中断概率)的影响。可以看出在未进行功率回收时,所采用的求解方法和注水方法在有效传输速率和中断概率方面相差不多,为使系统有效速率最大,给信道条件好的子载波分配更多功率。功率回收方法能够有效提升系统性能,增大有效传输速率,减小子载波中断比例。
图3所示为Rth=1.5 Kb/s时,电力线信道传输时功率是否回收对不同算法系统性能(有效速率和方差)的影响。功率回收方法能够有效提升系统性能,增大有效传输速率,减小波动性。随着信噪比增加,回收功率所带来的性能改善程度变小。原因在于,高信噪比时更多子载波速率满足门限要求,回收总功率减小,回收功率的优势变小。平均分配功率的方法性能最差,因为没能通过自适应分配功率改善系统性能。
图4对比了在子载波分集数为2时,电力线、无线子载波混合分组(在仿真图中用HLC表示)与电力线和无线子载波独立分组后采用最大比合并(在仿真图中用MLC表示)对系统性能的影响。可以明显看到子载波混合分组的有效传输速率和稳定性都要优于子载波独立分组再进行最大比合并,说明了子载波混合分组的必要性。最大比合并涉及到电力线和无线的独立分组再合并,速率之间的波动较大。在子载波中断比例方面除了特别低的信噪比,混合分组都要优于独立分组。因为电力线受脉冲噪声的影响,无线传输的有效速率和波动性要优于电力线,大多数都满足所设定的门限,几乎不发生中断,方差也较稳定。
图5对比了分组数量对系统性能的影响,在高信噪比时,不论分组数量是多少,子载波混合分组总是优于独立分组后合并,较低信噪比时,存在着独立分组合并优于混合分组的情况。随着分组数量增加,子载波平均有效传输速率减小[对应图4(a)],但子载波组合的有效速率增大[对应图4(b)],子载波中断比例也不断减小,特别是高信噪比时,分组数量为4时子载波组合几乎都满足门限要求。系统可以根据业务需求,进行权衡,自适应选择合适的分组数量。
由以上仿真得到不同分组数量下子载波组合的传输速率,按照第4节的时延分析进行仿真,结果如图6所示。假设传输一定数量的业务,不同业务的数据量随机生成。随着分组数量的增加,传输同样数据量的排队时延、传输时延、总传输时延和最大排队时延都相应减小。因此对于远程控制等对时延要求较高的业务可采用分集组合的方法降低时延。
针对低时延业务在有限的资源约束下系统性能受限的问题,基于OFDM调制的双模通信系统,提出了一种计及非理想信道估计的OFDM子载波分集组合和功率自适应分配算法。考虑非理想信道估计,建立了基于业务数据量、传输功率等为约束,以总时延最小化为目标的功率自适应优化分配模型;在分集分组的基础上,利用鲸鱼优化算法和门限回收进行功率优化分配,实现复杂度和性能的折中,得出如下结论。
(1)本文所提出的功率回收再分配方法,在保证平均速率优化的条件下,减小子载波中断概率,实现更稳定的数据传输。
(2)采用电力线、无线子载波混合分组,可以平衡子载波间的差异,减小子载波中断比例和速率波动性,证明了子载波混合分组的必要性。
(3)分组数量在不同信噪比时对子载波平均传输速率、组合传输速率、子载波中断比例产生不同的影响,系统可以根据业务需求,自适应选择合适的分组数量。
(4)采用本文算法进行业务传输,增大分组数量,系统的排队时延、传输时延、总传输时延和最大排队时延都相应减小。因此对时延要求较高的业务可采用分集组合的方法降低时延。
本文算法在保证平均速率优化的条件下,可减小系统时延,实现稳定性、用户保障等性能的综合提升,为业务提供能满足边界要求、稳定有效的传输方案。对支撑电力市场实时交易、提高低压台区供电异常监测、促进用户参与电力需求响应等工作,具有重要实际意义。
  • 吉林省吉能电力通信有限公司科技项目
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407561
  • 接收时间:2024-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-12
  • 修回日期:2025-05-14
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吉林省吉能电力通信有限公司科技项目
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    1 华北电力大学电子与通信工程系, 保定 071003
    2 河北省电力物联网技术重点实验室, 保定 071003
    3 国网吉林省电力有限公司信息通信公司, 长春 130000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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