Article(id=1228279672568480595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2408611, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731859200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-18, revisedDate=1747238400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774294272, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774294272, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774294272, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774294272, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9495, endPage=9504, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279675550630844, articleId=1228279672568480595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Mechanism of Urban Road Collapse Caused by Pipeline Leakage Based on DEM-CFD Method, columnId=1228279670542627833, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pipeline leakage is a major cause of urban road collapse accidents. Understanding the evolution process and catastrophic mechanisms of road subsidence is crucial for preventing such safety incidents. Focusing on sewage pipelines in Beijing municipal roads, this study employs DEM-CFD(discrete element method-computational fluid dynamics) coupled flow-solid approach. Microscopic model parameters were calibrated based on laboratory experiments to simulate deformation and cavity evolution in sandy soil layers under various pipeline leakage locations and burial depths. Key parameters, including particle displacement, soil compactness, and medium flow, were analyzed during cavity formation. The results indicate that leakage at the top and middle of the pipeline leads to the formation of a funnel-shaped cavity as water and soil are lost. Without traffic load, the road surface exhibits negligible settlement. By analyzing particle displacement and compactness variations, the soil deformation was divided into stable, loose, and cavity zones, and an elliptical partition model was established for the loose zone. Based on the particle loss rate, the progressive failure process of the soil was classified into three stages: particle migration, rapid loss, and gradual convergence. In terms of cavity formation time, subsidence extent, particle loss rate, and total particle loss, leakage at the pipeline’s middle section yielded the highest values, followed by the top section, with the lowest at the bottom section. However, bottom leakage resulted in the largest loose zone. These findings provide theoretical support for detecting and identifying underground risks associated with urban road collapse disasters.

, correspAuthors=Shu-ya LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lian-jin TAO, Qi WU, Shu-ya LI, Bo-han SONG, Jing PAN, Wei SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279687273710231, articleId=1228279672568480595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于DEM-CFD方法的管线渗漏引发城市道路塌陷的致灾机理, columnId=1228279671742197785, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

管线渗漏是城市道路塌陷事故的重要诱因,明确道路塌陷的演化规律与灾变机理是安全事故防控的关键。针对北京市政道路污水管线,采用离散元-流体力学(DEM-CFD)流固耦合方法,在室内试验基础上标定模型细观参数,模拟管线不同破损位置和埋深条件下,砂土地层变形损失规律和空洞演化规律,重点分析颗粒位移、密实度和介质流量等参数在空洞形成过程中的变化特征。研究结果表明:管线顶部和腰部渗漏时,砂土层随着水和土体的流失会形成漏斗状的空洞。在无交通荷载作用下,路面基本不发生沉降。结合颗粒位移及密实度变化规律,可将地层变形破坏分为稳定区、疏松区和空洞区,并建立了疏松区的椭圆分区模型。根据颗粒损失率将地层渐进破坏过程分为颗粒运移阶段、快速损失阶段和缓慢收敛阶段。在空洞形成时间、沉槽范围、颗粒流失速度和总量等指标方面,腰部渗漏工况为最大值,顶部渗漏次之,底部渗漏为最小值,但底部渗漏引发的疏松区的范围最大。研究结果可对城市道路致塌地下灾害风险检测与识别提供理论支持。

, correspAuthors=栗书亚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 栗书亚(1993—),男,汉族,河南开封人,博士,讲师。研究方向:地下结构抗震分析与设计方法。E-mail:
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陶连金(1964—),男,汉族,黑龙江鸡西人,博士,教授。研究方向:地下结构抗震分析与设计方法。E-mail:

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陶连金(1964—),男,汉族,黑龙江鸡西人,博士,教授。研究方向:地下结构抗震分析与设计方法。E-mail:

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陶连金(1964—),男,汉族,黑龙江鸡西人,博士,教授。研究方向:地下结构抗震分析与设计方法。E-mail:

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Numerical model condition setting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 埋深 漏点位置
1 1D/2D 顶部
2 1D/2D 腰部
3 1D/2D 底部
), ArticleFig(id=1228369864897786854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672568480595, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值模型工况设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 埋深 漏点位置
1 1D/2D 顶部
2 1D/2D 腰部
3 1D/2D 底部
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Summary of calibrated values of fine parameters for sandy soil layers

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细观参数 参数取值
颗粒密度/(kg·m-3) 2 725
颗粒摩擦系数 0.3
黏聚力/kPa 2.38
颗粒法向接触刚度/(N·m-1) 1.00×108
颗粒切向接触刚度/(N·m-1) 1.00×108
阻尼系数 0.70
孔隙率 0.18
墙体法向接触刚度/(N·m-1) 1.00×108
墙体切向接触刚度/(N·m-1) 1.00×108
墙体摩擦系数 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228369865103307761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672568480595, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

砂土层细观参数标定值汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
细观参数 参数取值
颗粒密度/(kg·m-3) 2 725
颗粒摩擦系数 0.3
黏聚力/kPa 2.38
颗粒法向接触刚度/(N·m-1) 1.00×108
颗粒切向接触刚度/(N·m-1) 1.00×108
阻尼系数 0.70
孔隙率 0.18
墙体法向接触刚度/(N·m-1) 1.00×108
墙体切向接触刚度/(N·m-1) 1.00×108
墙体摩擦系数 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228369865212359666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672568480595, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Summary of fine parameters of road surface layer, road base and soil base layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 路面层 路基层 土基层
颗粒半径/m 0.035 0.04 0.03~0.05
颗粒密度/(kg·m-3) 2 400 2 135 2 000
颗粒摩擦系数 0.7 0.54 0.3
颗粒法向/切向接触刚度/
(N·m-1)
5×109 4.5×108 8.1×107
接触连接法向/切向强度/N 1.7×109 6.5×109 8.4×107
), ArticleFig(id=1228369865342383097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672568480595, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

路面层、路基层和土基层细观参数汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 路面层 路基层 土基层
颗粒半径/m 0.035 0.04 0.03~0.05
颗粒密度/(kg·m-3) 2 400 2 135 2 000
颗粒摩擦系数 0.7 0.54 0.3
颗粒法向/切向接触刚度/
(N·m-1)
5×109 4.5×108 8.1×107
接触连接法向/切向强度/N 1.7×109 6.5×109 8.4×107
), ArticleFig(id=1228369865455629307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672568480595, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Summary of ellipse parameters for different burial depth conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 埋深1D 埋深2D
as bs as bs
顶部渗漏 1.75D 1.38D 2.88D 1.88D
腰部渗漏 1.88D 1.63D 3.00D 2.13D
底部渗漏 3.50D 2.50D 2.13D 2.63D
), ArticleFig(id=1228369865589846018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672568480595, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同埋深工况下椭圆参数汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 埋深1D 埋深2D
as bs as bs
顶部渗漏 1.75D 1.38D 2.88D 1.88D
腰部渗漏 1.88D 1.63D 3.00D 2.13D
底部渗漏 3.50D 2.50D 2.13D 2.63D
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基于DEM-CFD方法的管线渗漏引发城市道路塌陷的致灾机理
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陶连金 , 吴琦 , 栗书亚 * , 宋博涵 , 潘菁 , 孙伟
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(22): 9495-9504
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(22): 9495-9504
基于DEM-CFD方法的管线渗漏引发城市道路塌陷的致灾机理
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陶连金 , 吴琦, 栗书亚* , 宋博涵, 潘菁, 孙伟
作者信息
  • 北京工业大学城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室, 北京 100124
  • 陶连金(1964—),男,汉族,黑龙江鸡西人,博士,教授。研究方向:地下结构抗震分析与设计方法。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 栗书亚(1993—),男,汉族,河南开封人,博士,讲师。研究方向:地下结构抗震分析与设计方法。E-mail:
Mechanism of Urban Road Collapse Caused by Pipeline Leakage Based on DEM-CFD Method
Lian-jin TAO , Qi WU, Shu-ya LI* , Bo-han SONG, Jing PAN, Wei SUN
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2408611
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管线渗漏是城市道路塌陷事故的重要诱因,明确道路塌陷的演化规律与灾变机理是安全事故防控的关键。针对北京市政道路污水管线,采用离散元-流体力学(DEM-CFD)流固耦合方法,在室内试验基础上标定模型细观参数,模拟管线不同破损位置和埋深条件下,砂土地层变形损失规律和空洞演化规律,重点分析颗粒位移、密实度和介质流量等参数在空洞形成过程中的变化特征。研究结果表明:管线顶部和腰部渗漏时,砂土层随着水和土体的流失会形成漏斗状的空洞。在无交通荷载作用下,路面基本不发生沉降。结合颗粒位移及密实度变化规律,可将地层变形破坏分为稳定区、疏松区和空洞区,并建立了疏松区的椭圆分区模型。根据颗粒损失率将地层渐进破坏过程分为颗粒运移阶段、快速损失阶段和缓慢收敛阶段。在空洞形成时间、沉槽范围、颗粒流失速度和总量等指标方面,腰部渗漏工况为最大值,顶部渗漏次之,底部渗漏为最小值,但底部渗漏引发的疏松区的范围最大。研究结果可对城市道路致塌地下灾害风险检测与识别提供理论支持。

管线渗漏  /  道路塌陷  /  流固耦合  /  空洞  /  椭圆分区模型

Pipeline leakage is a major cause of urban road collapse accidents. Understanding the evolution process and catastrophic mechanisms of road subsidence is crucial for preventing such safety incidents. Focusing on sewage pipelines in Beijing municipal roads, this study employs DEM-CFD(discrete element method-computational fluid dynamics) coupled flow-solid approach. Microscopic model parameters were calibrated based on laboratory experiments to simulate deformation and cavity evolution in sandy soil layers under various pipeline leakage locations and burial depths. Key parameters, including particle displacement, soil compactness, and medium flow, were analyzed during cavity formation. The results indicate that leakage at the top and middle of the pipeline leads to the formation of a funnel-shaped cavity as water and soil are lost. Without traffic load, the road surface exhibits negligible settlement. By analyzing particle displacement and compactness variations, the soil deformation was divided into stable, loose, and cavity zones, and an elliptical partition model was established for the loose zone. Based on the particle loss rate, the progressive failure process of the soil was classified into three stages: particle migration, rapid loss, and gradual convergence. In terms of cavity formation time, subsidence extent, particle loss rate, and total particle loss, leakage at the pipeline’s middle section yielded the highest values, followed by the top section, with the lowest at the bottom section. However, bottom leakage resulted in the largest loose zone. These findings provide theoretical support for detecting and identifying underground risks associated with urban road collapse disasters.

pipeline leakage  /  road collapse  /  fluid-solid coupling  /  cavity  /  elliptic partition model
陶连金, 吴琦, 栗书亚, 宋博涵, 潘菁, 孙伟. 基于DEM-CFD方法的管线渗漏引发城市道路塌陷的致灾机理. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9495 -9504 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2408611
Lian-jin TAO, Qi WU, Shu-ya LI, Bo-han SONG, Jing PAN, Wei SUN. Mechanism of Urban Road Collapse Caused by Pipeline Leakage Based on DEM-CFD Method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9495 -9504 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2408611
随着城市化进程的加速,地下空间的开发和利用逐渐增多,城市道路塌陷事件的频发成为一个突出的城市问题[1]。道路塌陷具有隐蔽性、突发性和严重性等特征,通常难以提前察觉,其破坏后果极为严重[2]。统计数据显示,在导致路面塌陷的诸多因素中,管道破裂和渗漏是主要诱因之一,占据了较大比例。随着城市道路塌陷事件的日益增多,公众对此问题的关注逐渐提升,中外研究人员也在该领域开展了大量研究工作。
目前对管线渗漏引发道路坍塌的研究主要分为塌陷事故调查、模型试验和数值模拟3种方法。国内的塌陷事故调查聚焦于调查事故原因,提出相关治理措施。宋谷长等[3]总结了北京市城市道路的表观特征、时空分布特征和空间分布特征,为城市道路事故的预防和处理提供支撑;胡聿涵等[4]统计了全国120次城市道路坍塌案例,分析了时空分布特点和成因,并提出了以预防为主的防治措施。国外研究多从地下管线诱发道路坍塌的方向开展。如Kuliczkowska等[5]调查了地下管线系统与路面塌陷事故的关系,针对管线老化渗漏问题,提出了降低安全事故发生风险的建议。Lee等[6]以数值模拟的手段分析了道路下伏空洞的高度和深度对道路坍塌的影响,探究空洞引发路面坍塌的机理。上述研究结果表明道路坍塌事故,与水力作用下易侵蚀土体通过管线破口流失密切相关。
室内模拟试验是研究工程、地质灾害机理的传统手段。顾展飞等[7]聚焦于粉土地区地下管线的渗漏问题,分析了不同渗漏口大小和方向对地面沉降的影响。戴自立等[8]定量分析管道外渗引起的孔隙水压力和地表位移变化特征,并探究了管内水流速度、管道埋深、土体初始含水率以及缺陷位置4个因素对土体冲蚀过程和塌陷坑形态的影响。刘成禹等[9]设计了一套研究管线破损诱发地面沉降的可视化装置,发现土体渗流侵蚀有只突水无沉降、形成土拱并发生沉降和溃砂沉降3种模式,土体骨架粒径是决定渗流模式的主要因素。
室内试验中,渗流侵蚀过程中土体颗粒的位移、孔隙率及接触力链的微观参数无法获取,需借助数值模拟的方法精确的模拟颗粒渗流现象。陶连金等[10]借助PFC软件,发现道路路面沉降随着空洞埋深的减小和尺寸的增大,出现先急剧增加后趋于平缓的过程。王越林等[11]采用CFD-DEM耦合方法针对上海城区地层开展了研究,发现砂性土体的流失量和扰动区范围随着裂缝尺寸的增大而增大。张小玲等[12]建立了双向耦合作用下细观模拟分析模型,发现高速渗流工况下,流体压力梯度力数值与颗粒半径成正。蔡剑韬等[13]针对不同地下水位工况进行研究,发现渗漏导致土体流失、地层变形的影响范围为漏点埋深的2~3倍。
综上所述,中外关于管线渗漏诱发城市道路坍塌的研究中,物理模型试验由于简化处理难以全面反映真实地层条件,且现有渗漏侵蚀的数值研究多集中于单一因素分析,存在水力梯度和沥青路面基础未充分考虑等问题,未能全面揭示复杂工况下地层变形与灾变演化的内在规律。因此,借助DEM-CFD耦合方法,结合北京地区排水管网的实际情况,更系统地研究道路塌陷过程的演化规律和灾变机理具有重要意义。
因此,现采用离散元-流体力学(discrete element method-computational fluid dynamics,DEM-CFD)流固耦合方法,真实模拟沥青路面地层及排水管线的分布情况。在室内试验基础上标定模型细观参数,模拟管线不同破损位置和埋深条件下,砂土地层变形损失规律和空洞演化规律,重点分析颗粒位移、密实度和介质流量等参数在空洞形成过程中的变化特征。以揭示地表塌陷的演化规律及其灾变机制,并讨论导致宏观现象差异的微观成因。
北京地区排水管网多为承插式混凝土管道,一般分布在地表下1.5~3 m,管道本身抗变形能力差,易受到盾构隧道和临近基坑施工等因素的影响[14]。依据管网渗漏控制标准[15],镇供水管网的基本漏率应不超过12%。然而,许多早期铺设的管网由于腐蚀严重,渗漏现象较为普遍,导致管线周围土体软化、稳定性降低,地下管线破损诱发城市道路坍塌的事故时有发生,如图1所示。
为探究城市道路塌陷事故的成因,本文研究对近20年来北京市发生的258起塌陷事故资料进行了梳理和分析[16],如图 2所示。统计结果表明,导致坍塌的主要原因包括管道破损、施工扰动、雨水冲刷及路基沉降等。其中,管道破损和雨水冲刷是诱发地面塌陷的主要因素,两者共占事故诱因的65.3%,是地面塌陷防控的关键环节。
实际工程中,道路坍塌事故的成因具有高度复杂性,通常是多种因素相互交织、共同作用的结果。管道破损与雨水冲刷、施工扰动等因素之间存在紧密的内在关联。在道路施工过程中,地下土体的原有应力平衡状态极易被破坏,导致周边管线所受外力发生剧烈变化,从而加剧管线形变并显著提高渗漏风险。一旦管线破损,地下水渗流路径发生改变,土体的侵蚀作用进一步增强,导致道路基础承载能力迅速下降,最终引发道路坍塌事故。因此,本文研究以排水管线破损渗漏为基础,系统研究地表塌陷的演化规律及其灾变机制,为城市道路塌陷地下灾害的风险检测与识别提供理论依据和科学支持。
根据城市道路交通工程项目规范(GB55011—2021)[17],并针对北京市区路基的典型构造及地基土壤特性,地层形式分为路面层、路基层、土基层和砂土层,模型整体长×宽×高为5.6 m×1.0 m×4.0 m,管线渗漏数值分析模型如图 3所示。为解决PFC软件无法直接进行管线裂缝模拟的问题,借助Rhino5.0生成管线及墙体的网格,导入PFC软件中进行计算,如图 4所示。在耦合计算时,可通过删除不同位置和数量的墙体单元,来模拟管线漏点。管线缺陷分为3种,分别为顶部开孔、腰部开孔和底部开孔,开孔大小为5倍平均颗粒粒径,具体的工况设置如表 1所示。
流场的计算是通过CFD程序Fluent来完成的,针对地下水渗流这类多孔介质流动问题,通常使用Fluent内置的多孔介质模型进行仿真模拟。该模型通过在常规流动方程中增加一个动量源项实现,涵盖了惯性和黏性损失两个主要部分。鉴于地下水渗流速度较低,惯性损失通常可以忽略不计,因此主要考虑黏性损失。土体的黏性阻尼系数定义为
$\epsilon =\frac{{D}_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}{n}^{3}}{150{(1-n)}^{2}}$
式(1)中:Dp为平均粒径;n为孔隙率;1/ε为黏性阻力系数。
地下水模拟是通过控制网格实现的,模拟的流场区域限定在地下水位以下,不包括管道内部。以北京地区地面下0.50 m处的水位作为标准流场模型的基准。地下水位表面被设定为压力进口边界,其进口压力设定为0 kPa,管道裂缝处被设定为压力出口边界,出口压力同样为0 kPa。除此之外,其他边界均被视为不透水边界。利用式(1)得到的黏性阻力系数,计算得到渗流场孔压梯度,如图5所示。
在模拟砂土层的微观特性时,运用了离散元方法来复现三轴试验。通过调整颗粒间的摩擦系数、切向和法向的刚度以及黏结强度等微观参数,标定出与实际土体特性相匹配的土颗粒细观参数。选择北京地区北京丽泽商务区航站楼施工现场的砂土作为模拟对象,考虑到砂土颗粒尺寸较小,如果完全按照砂土的原始粒径分布来创建颗粒,那么在进行管线渗漏模拟时,所需的颗粒数量将达到数百万,这将大大降低计算效率。为了提高计算效率,数值模拟通常采用增大砂土颗粒粒径的方法来生成模拟颗粒,如图6所示。
以砂土层为例,确定了颗粒级配后,构建了三轴试验样本,样本中包含10 439个颗粒,颗粒的孔隙率为0.18。在三轴模拟试验中,使用了线性接触模型来描述颗粒之间的相互作用,标定结果如图7所示。以实际砂土在不同围压下的偏应力-应变曲线作为微观参数校准的依据,并将三轴样本在相同围压下的模拟结果与之进行对比,结果表明,在不同围压条件下,模拟曲线与实验室测试结果的拟合度较高,这表明所选用的颗粒参数能够较好地反映实际砂土的力学行为,即此状态下的细观参数可以表示砂土真实的力学特性,砂土层细观参数值如表2所示。同理,相应的路面、路基和土基层选用平行粘结模型,结合相关试验和模拟参数设置[10,18],经试算确定相关参数设定值,如表3所示。
为验证DEM-CFD耦合计算模型的正确性,选用基于达西定律的渗流场模型渗流口流速进行验证[19]。建立如图8所示的渗流模型,模型整体尺寸为20 cm×80 cm,颗粒直径为2 mm,颗粒均分分布在渗流流体网格内。在模型底部施加水压力,顶部水压力为0 kPa。记录水压为0.8 kPa时模型顶部渗流量随时间的变化曲线如图8所示,可知渗流量稳定值为1.52×10-6 m3/s。
依据达西公式能校验数值模拟结果中顶部流量的准确性,达西公式为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}p}{\mathrm{d}x}=-\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}g}{K}{\mu }_{x0}=-\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{f}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}}}{\kappa }{\mu }_{x0}$
式(2)中:dp为流体流经dx土体微元时孔隙水压力改变量,Pa;dx为沿流体方向任意土体微元高度,m;vf为流体的运动黏滞系数,m2/s;ρf为流体密度;μx0为流体的表观速度;K为渗透系数,m/s;κ为固有渗透系数,m2
渗透系数计算公式为
$\kappa =\frac{{d}_{\mathrm{o}}^{2}{n}^{3}}{180{(1-n)}^{3}}$
式(3)中:do为颗粒平均粒径;n为孔隙率。
渗流量计算公式为
$Q=\kappa Ai$
式(4)中:A为渗流口面积;i为水力梯度。
针对砂土层土样,孔隙率为0.18,经计算本模型的理论流量值为1.48×10-6 m3/s,与数值模拟得到的渗流量稳定值误差为2.7%。因此,可认为本文建立的DEM-CFD耦合计算模型可以合理地模拟砂土在渗流场中渗漏引发的地层损失规律。
为研究模型地层变形及损失情况,根据位移大小对颗粒颜色进行标记,同时以模型纵深中部为检测面,绘制埋深2D时不同渗漏点土颗粒的位移云图,如图9~图11所示,以便于研究和分析颗粒的运动规律。
由图可知,渗漏初始阶段,不同管线渗漏位置工况均为:破损口附近的土颗粒在水和重力的作用下,通过破损口进入管线内部流失,周围的土颗粒也不断向漏点处迁移,破损口周围形成松动区,如图9图10图11(a)所示。随着渗漏过程的持续进行,松动区的范围越来越大逐渐向道路路基处发展,到达路基层后,由于路的路基层和土基层本身刚度高,抵抗变形能力强,侵蚀破坏会暂停向道路发展,在路基下形成不断扩展的空洞沉槽,如图9图10(b)所示。
对于顶部和腰部渗漏工况,随着松动区内的土体不断通过破损口排出,沉槽周围的土体不能形成一个稳定的结构,大量的土体颗粒不断落入沉降槽中流失,逐渐形成倾斜的滑移面,如图9图10(c)图10(d)所示。随着时间持续的增加,土体流失量会逐渐减小,沉槽的深度和宽度扩展到一定数值后,土体流失现象会基本消失,土体到达稳定状态,此时沉降槽成漏斗状,如图9图10(e)图10(f)所示。对于底部渗漏工况,渗漏点对土体的扰动向下发展一定的范围后,会沿管线两侧向上部扩展,最终形成小范围的空洞,且在渗漏过程中,底部的某些区域也会有空洞的演化,如图11(c)~图11(f)所示。
选取Guo等[20]开展的管线破损诱发地层侵蚀破坏的试验结果,如图12所示,与本文的模拟结果进行对比。从图12可以看出沉降槽随着水和土的流失不断扩大,沉降槽的形成过程及最终的形态特征,均与模拟得到的结果基本一致,说明了本文DEM-CFD流固耦合模型建立的正确性和适用性。
为研究管线渗漏诱发的地层变化,由“正常土层-土体疏松-空洞形成”的全过程动态演变,选用孔隙率n为参考值,来表征土层密实度变化规律。孔隙率n定义为单个测量圆内孔隙体积与测量圆总体积的比值,即n越大,代表土体密实度越低,土体越疏松。在数值模型中,沿模型长度和宽度方向,设置了如图13所示的一系列测量圆。通过测定每个测量圆的孔隙率n,绘制埋深2D时土层侵蚀变化过程密实度云图,和计算结束时密实度变化云图,如图14~图17所示。图14~图17中,颜色越深代表孔隙率越大,即土体密实度越小,孔隙率超过0.9时,可认为已形成空洞,用白色表示。同时,提取模型计算结束时数据,绘制空洞沉槽轮廓曲线如图18所示。
当渗漏点位管线顶部和腰部时,初始阶段,首先表现为渗漏点附近的土体孔隙率增大,形成疏松区,并以渗漏点为中心,“层状侵蚀”的形式逐步向周围扩展,越靠近渗漏点的位置土体密实度越低,如图14图15(a)所示。随着渗漏过程的持续进行,疏松区的范围越来越大,到达路基层后,由于路基和土基层本身刚度高,抵抗变形能力强,侵蚀破坏会暂停向道路发展,在路基下逐渐扩展,如图14图15(b)所示。
随着时间持续的增加,路基下的土体密实度降低,形成小范围的空洞,随着土体的流失,空洞沉槽会逐渐扩展,沉槽的深度和宽度扩展到一定数值后,土体流失现象会基本消失,空洞达到“漏斗状”的稳定形态,周围的土层的密实度状态,以“漏斗状”的空洞沉槽为中心,呈“层状”分布,越靠近空洞的土体密实度越低,如图14图15(c)图15(d)所示。
当渗漏点位移管线底部时,同样是先在渗漏点附近形成扰动区,以“层状侵蚀”的方式向周围发展,如图16(a)图16(b)所示。但和顶部及腰部渗漏工况不同的是,土体侵蚀到达一定深度后,会沿两侧向道路路基发展,到达路基层后持续扩展疏松,形成小范围的空洞,如图16(c)图16(d)所示。且在渗漏过程中,底部的某些区域也会有空洞的演化,如图16(c)所示。
结合图17图18,发现不考虑车辆荷载时,道路的路基层和土基层本身刚度高,抵抗变形能力强,路面基本无沉降变形。相比于管线发生腰部渗漏时,腰部渗漏引起的土体扰动区的和空洞沉槽的范围略大,但扰动区和空洞沉槽位于管线的渗漏点一测。当渗漏点位于管线底部时,由于土压力和水力共同作用,土颗粒流失量较小,但引发的扰动区范围最大,造成管线周边土体疏松。即扰动区范围:底部渗漏>腰部渗漏>顶部渗漏,空洞范围:腰部渗漏>顶部渗漏>底部渗漏,同时,增加管道埋深,扰动区和空洞的范围也会增大。
城市地下管线发生渗漏时,地层的运动变化过程与隧道局部渗漏诱发地层变形过程类似,因此,基于Janelid等[21]提出的椭圆分区法,结合颗粒位移云图及密实度变化云图,建立管线渗漏引发的地层渐进破坏分区理论模型,如图19所示。
依据椭球分区法理念,地层渐进破坏过程可用椭圆方程表示,参照土体的位移大小及密实度变化等指标为标准,模型整体上分以椭圆形为界限的稳定区、疏松区和侵蚀区。疏松椭圆以外部分为稳定区,该区内土体密实度基本不发生变化,且土体在管线渗漏过程中保持稳定,基本不产生位移。疏松椭圆和侵蚀椭圆之间为疏松区,该区域内在模拟过程中土体会发生一定的位移,但不会发生流失,相应的密实度也会降低。侵蚀椭圆以内为侵蚀区(即空洞),该区内土体在模拟过程中会进入管道内流失,密实度接近为0。
依据椭圆方程定义,疏松区椭圆方程为
$\frac{{y}^{2}}{{a}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}+\frac{{x}^{2}}{{b}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}}=1,{a}_{\mathrm{s}}>{b}_{\mathrm{s}}>0,y<0$
式(5)中:as为椭圆方程长半轴;bs为椭圆方程短半轴。
对比不同埋深的地层损失破坏过程发现,疏松椭圆方程的长短半轴参数取值与管线埋深等密切相关。因此,借助MATLAB软件,拟合出了埋深和长短半轴取值的关系,汇总于表4。实际工程中,可依据该表参数值,通过获取管线埋深值,进而确定管线渗漏诱发地层渐进破坏的疏松区,对城市道路致塌地下灾害风险检测与识别提供理论支持。
为评价地层损失率对地层渐进破坏带来的影响,选用颗粒损失率来表征地层损失率,颗粒损失率ϕ定义[12]
$\varphi =\frac{{m}_{i}}{M}$
式(6)中:mi为某个时间段内颗粒流失总量;M为模型整体的颗粒数目,即颗粒损失率ϕ为某个阶段内颗粒流失数目与数值模型整体数目的比值。
不同埋深及渗漏位置工况下颗粒损失率随时间步长的变化曲线,如图20所示。由图20可知,不同工况下,受流体压力梯度作用,颗粒损失率均随着时间步长的增加,表现为:初始阶段,颗粒流失率成比例增长,随后颗粒损失率下降并保持稳定发展,最后缓慢降低,逐渐趋于0。对比不同埋深工况,随着埋深的增加,土体流失率也会增加。
根据颗粒流失速率将空洞形成过程划分3个阶段:颗粒运移阶段、快速损失阶段和缓慢收敛阶段。颗粒运移阶段中,土颗粒受到渗流力作用后,会在渗流力方向上产生位移,土体中的细颗粒,会在管线缺口处迅速流失。快速损失阶段中,土颗粒在渗流力和重力的耦合作用下,在土体内部形成贯通的渗流通道并不断扩大,土颗粒持续发生流失。管线漏点由于尺寸效应,无法让处于渗漏点附近的颗粒立刻流失,造成上方处于侵蚀状态的土颗粒堆积堵塞,地层开始出现空洞沉槽,缓慢收敛阶段表现为沉槽的水平扩展,沉槽的深度和宽度到达一定数值后,由于颗粒间摩擦力等的存在,颗粒随着沉槽滑移面流失速率会逐渐降低,最终逐渐趋于0。
对比不同埋深工况,不同计算步长时,腰部渗漏颗粒损失率略大于顶部渗漏工况,底部渗漏的数值最低。这是由于管线顶部和腰部发生渗漏时,土体是重力和渗流力共同耦合作用在管线缺口处发生流失,而底部发生渗漏时,缺口处的土体仅在渗流力的作用下进入管线缺口,且重力场在此处反而会抵抗土体的渗流力。随着土层的进一步破坏,管线会发生沉降,使下部的土体被受到挤压,从而导致颗粒损失率较降低。
本文方法在预测管线渗漏诱发的城市道路塌陷方面具有显著优势,可广泛应用于以下领域。
(1)城市管网风险评估:利用DEM-CFD耦合模型,可快速评估城市管网的渗漏风险和潜在塌陷区域,为管网维护提供科学依据。
(2)灾害预警与防控:通过实时监测管道渗漏点及周围地层变形,结合本文模型可对潜在风险区域进行提前预警,降低灾害发生概率。
(3)城市规划与设计:在城市地下工程设计阶段,结合本文提出的疏松区分区模型,可优化管网布局及排水设计,提升地下空间利用效率。
针对北京市政道路污水管线,采用DEM-CFD流固耦合方法,模拟了管线渗漏点在不同位置和埋深条件下,砂土层土体的损失变形规律及空洞的演化过程。并结合数值模拟方法和相关文献数据,验证了DEM-CFD耦合方法在模拟管线渗漏引发道路塌陷中的准确性和适用性。研究成果为城市道路致塌灾害的风险评估和防控提供了重要的理论支持和技术指导。得出如下结论。
(1)采用的DEM-CFD耦合计算方法能够有效模拟管道渗漏引起的“正常土层-土体疏松-空洞形成”的动态演变过程。基本规律为:在水力梯度和重力作用下,土颗粒从管线破损口随水流失,渗漏点周围土层首先形成扰动区,并逐步向路面扩展,最终在路基层下形成空洞。
(2)在富水砂层中,管线顶部和腰部渗漏时,水和土体的流失会形成漏斗状空洞;而底部渗漏会在路基下形成小范围的空洞。但在无交通荷载的情况下,路面基本不会发生沉降。
(3)根据地层变形特性,结合颗粒位移和密实度的变化规律,将地层变形破坏划分为稳定区、疏松区和侵蚀区,并建立了疏松区的椭圆分区模型,明确了疏松椭圆参数与管线埋深之间的关系。
(4)根据颗粒损失率,管线破损诱发的城市道路下空洞形成过程可分为3个阶段:颗粒运移阶段、快速损失阶段和缓慢收敛阶段。
(5)空洞形成时间、空洞沉槽范围、颗粒流失速度和总量等指标的变化规律为:腰部渗漏>顶部渗漏>底部渗漏;而疏松区范围的变化规律为:底部渗漏>腰部渗漏>顶部渗漏。同时,随着管道埋深的增加,各指标的极值也随之增大。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42072308)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42472340)
  • 北京市自然科学基金(8242005)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2408611
  • 接收时间:2024-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-18
  • 修回日期:2025-05-15
基金
国家自然科学基金(42072308)
国家自然科学基金(42472340)
北京市自然科学基金(8242005)
作者信息
    北京工业大学城市与工程安全减灾教育部重点实验室, 北京 100124

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* 栗书亚(1993—),男,汉族,河南开封人,博士,讲师。研究方向:地下结构抗震分析与设计方法。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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