Article(id=1228279672178410322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405967, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723046400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-08, revisedDate=1745769600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774294180, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774294180, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774294180, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774294180, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9533, endPage=9541, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279677475816424, articleId=1228279672178410322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Analysis on Flow Characteristics in the Flood Discharge Stilling Basin with Step-down Floors by Using 3-Dimensional CFD Model, columnId=1228279676427240414, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Hydraulic Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The flow pattern and its characteristics in the flood discharge stilling basin with step-down floors play dominant roles in effectively dissipating the discharged flooding water energy, guaranteeing the safety of the hydraulic structure and its downstream river bank stability as well as navigable flow conditions. A three-dimensional numerical model for water-air two-phase flows with strong nonlinearity, involving large free surface deformation and complicated solid-wall boundary conditions was established, and was applied to analyze flow characteristics in Xiangjiaba flood discharge stilling Basin with step-down floors. RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) equations, Realizable k-ε turbulence model and VOF free surface tracking method were used in the developed numerical model. The model was firstly validated through comparisons of the simulated results and measured data for the flow patterns as well as the time-averaged pressure at the dam surface induced by the flood discharge jet. It is then applied to simulate the 3-D flow structure and fluctuation characteristics in the stilling basin with step-down floors induced by flood discharge from dam under the same discharge amount but different flood discharge scenarios. The results show that, for the flood discharge stilling basin with high and low step-down floors,under the same flood discharge condition, different scenarios of dam discharge gate open mode significantly affects the three-dimensional structure and characteristics of discharged flow in the dissipative pool induced by flood jets. The combined discharge from dam surface and middle holes results in the strong turbulent mixing of submerged multi-layer and multi-jet flows, effectively dissipating the energy of the discharged water and reducing the water surface fluctuations. The established numerical model can better reproduce the high-speed flooding jets and its turbulent motion in the dissipative pool associated with flood water discharge.

, correspAuthors=Qin JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhen-yu ZHONG, Bo-yu CHEN, Qin JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279683020685669, articleId=1228279672178410322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=高低跌坎消力池三维水流运动特性数值模拟, columnId=1228279677610034158, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·水利工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

泄洪消力池水流流态对有效削弱下泄水流能量,保障枢纽结构安全及其下游河道河岸稳定与通航建筑物引航道口门区通航水流条件具有重要影响。以向家坝枢纽高低跌坎式出流消力池为例,采用雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes)方程,Realizable k-ε湍流模型和VOF自由表面追踪模型,建立用于复杂固壁边界条件下具有大自由液面变形的强非线性水气二相流三维数值计算模型,对坝面泄洪射流及其在消力池内的流动特性进行模拟研究。首先,基于向家坝枢纽单池泄洪水流运动物理模型试验,通过对比坝面泄洪射流产生的消力池下泄水流流态及表孔与中孔坝面时均压强的模拟结果与实测数据,验证本数值计算模型的模拟精度。在此基础上,模拟分析表孔、中孔单独泄洪及表、中孔联合泄流情景下消力池射流形态、水流结构及消力池与尾坎水面波动特性。结果表明,对高低跌坎式出流底流消能消力池,在相同泄洪流量条件下,不同的表、中孔坝面泄洪调度方式显著影响消力池淹没射流的三维水流运动结构;表、中孔联合泄流可实现多层多股射流的强烈掺混、有效耗散下泄水流能量、降低消力池及尾坎水面波动;所建立的三维湍流运动数值计算模型能够较好地再现高速射流及消力池水流运动。

, correspAuthors=蒋勤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 蒋勤(1963—),男,汉族,河北秦皇岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:河口海岸动力学。E-mail:
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钟振宇(1991—),男,汉族,湖南岳阳人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:水运工程和水利工程设计。E-mail:

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钟振宇(1991—),男,汉族,湖南岳阳人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:水运工程和水利工程设计。E-mail:

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钟振宇(1991—),男,汉族,湖南岳阳人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:水运工程和水利工程设计。E-mail:

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articleId=1228279672178410322, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of grid refinements in surface, middle hole and water surface area, figureFileSmall=ru7SiJZBMv7UQxsyZc6AfQ==, figureFileBig=z15QG8junoooLt0PJnrg7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369859742987046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=CN, label=图2, caption=表孔、中孔及水面区域网格局部加密示意图, figureFileSmall=ru7SiJZBMv7UQxsyZc6AfQ==, figureFileBig=z15QG8junoooLt0PJnrg7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369859818484524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of flow pattern between simulaed and experimental results of discharge flow in stilling basin, figureFileSmall=wysrLq/I9FQKNi2bMmTueg==, figureFileBig=hB0ZjN/xAYAHhmw6oJxIPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369859952702258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=CN, label=图3, caption=消力池泄流流态模拟结果与试验结果对比, figureFileSmall=wysrLq/I9FQKNi2bMmTueg==, figureFileBig=hB0ZjN/xAYAHhmw6oJxIPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369860061754175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of time averaged pressure on dam surfaces between simulated results and observed data, figureFileSmall=TAq/gEjEpiyzm4rc/n2VdQ==, figureFileBig=Sd44k/mCPlPfZIQop83bhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369860145640259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=CN, label=图4, caption=表孔、中孔联合泄洪时坝面时均压强模拟结果与实测值对比, figureFileSmall=TAq/gEjEpiyzm4rc/n2VdQ==, figureFileBig=Sd44k/mCPlPfZIQop83bhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369860263080776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=EN, label=Fig.5, 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figureFileBig=yYqpTEf8CxiTZsQ4LhZykQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369861324239753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Comparison of Z direction flow diagram of stilling basin under different working conditions, figureFileSmall=FzPWnd06Ht/FSYGKFmz3Lw==, figureFileBig=a2ayIpiab04nZkjtsNzK4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369861403931533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=CN, label=图10, caption=各工况消力池Z方向流线图对比, figureFileSmall=FzPWnd06Ht/FSYGKFmz3Lw==, figureFileBig=a2ayIpiab04nZkjtsNzK4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369861521372048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Comparison of simulated mean water level along the flow direction, figureFileSmall=rdbj4t9dJTNhxyjyKQ4Ysw==, 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Parameters of numerical model verification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算
工况
闸门开
启方式
上游
水位/
m
下游
水位/
m
实测泄
洪流量/
(m3·s-1)
模拟泄
洪流量/
(m3·s-1)
1 表孔全开 380 270 12 800 13 546
2 中孔全开 380 270 10 178 10 512
3 表、中孔全开 380 270 24 300 26 291
), ArticleFig(id=1228369863580775342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值模型验证工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算
工况
闸门开
启方式
上游
水位/
m
下游
水位/
m
实测泄
洪流量/
(m3·s-1)
模拟泄
洪流量/
(m3·s-1)
1 表孔全开 380 270 12 800 13 546
2 中孔全开 380 270 10 178 10 512
3 表、中孔全开 380 270 24 300 26 291
), ArticleFig(id=1228369863673050036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Conditions of numerical calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 泄洪方式 表孔
泄量/
(m3·s-1)
中孔
泄量/
(m3·s-1)
总泄
洪量/
(m3·s-1)
上游
水位/
m
下游
水位/
m
a 表孔泄洪 12 600 0 12 600 380 285
b 中孔泄洪 0 12 600 12 600 380 285
c 表孔、中孔
组合泄洪
6 300 6 300 12 600 380 285
), ArticleFig(id=1228369863790490550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279672178410322, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型计算工况条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 泄洪方式 表孔
泄量/
(m3·s-1)
中孔
泄量/
(m3·s-1)
总泄
洪量/
(m3·s-1)
上游
水位/
m
下游
水位/
m
a 表孔泄洪 12 600 0 12 600 380 285
b 中孔泄洪 0 12 600 12 600 380 285
c 表孔、中孔
组合泄洪
6 300 6 300 12 600 380 285
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高低跌坎消力池三维水流运动特性数值模拟
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钟振宇 1 , 陈柏雨 2 , 蒋勤 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025,25(22): 9533-9541
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025, 25(22): 9533-9541
高低跌坎消力池三维水流运动特性数值模拟
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钟振宇1 , 陈柏雨2, 蒋勤2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司, 长沙 410014
  • 2 河海大学港口海岸与近海工程学院, 南京 210098
  • 钟振宇(1991—),男,汉族,湖南岳阳人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:水运工程和水利工程设计。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 蒋勤(1963—),男,汉族,河北秦皇岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:河口海岸动力学。E-mail:
Numerical Analysis on Flow Characteristics in the Flood Discharge Stilling Basin with Step-down Floors by Using 3-Dimensional CFD Model
Zhen-yu ZHONG1 , Bo-yu CHEN2, Qin JIANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Power China Zhongnan Engineering Co., Ltd., Changsha 410014, China
  • 2 College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405967
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泄洪消力池水流流态对有效削弱下泄水流能量,保障枢纽结构安全及其下游河道河岸稳定与通航建筑物引航道口门区通航水流条件具有重要影响。以向家坝枢纽高低跌坎式出流消力池为例,采用雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes)方程,Realizable k-ε湍流模型和VOF自由表面追踪模型,建立用于复杂固壁边界条件下具有大自由液面变形的强非线性水气二相流三维数值计算模型,对坝面泄洪射流及其在消力池内的流动特性进行模拟研究。首先,基于向家坝枢纽单池泄洪水流运动物理模型试验,通过对比坝面泄洪射流产生的消力池下泄水流流态及表孔与中孔坝面时均压强的模拟结果与实测数据,验证本数值计算模型的模拟精度。在此基础上,模拟分析表孔、中孔单独泄洪及表、中孔联合泄流情景下消力池射流形态、水流结构及消力池与尾坎水面波动特性。结果表明,对高低跌坎式出流底流消能消力池,在相同泄洪流量条件下,不同的表、中孔坝面泄洪调度方式显著影响消力池淹没射流的三维水流运动结构;表、中孔联合泄流可实现多层多股射流的强烈掺混、有效耗散下泄水流能量、降低消力池及尾坎水面波动;所建立的三维湍流运动数值计算模型能够较好地再现高速射流及消力池水流运动。

高低跌坎消力池  /  坝面泄洪射流  /  水气二相流  /  水流运动特性  /  三维数值模拟

The flow pattern and its characteristics in the flood discharge stilling basin with step-down floors play dominant roles in effectively dissipating the discharged flooding water energy, guaranteeing the safety of the hydraulic structure and its downstream river bank stability as well as navigable flow conditions. A three-dimensional numerical model for water-air two-phase flows with strong nonlinearity, involving large free surface deformation and complicated solid-wall boundary conditions was established, and was applied to analyze flow characteristics in Xiangjiaba flood discharge stilling Basin with step-down floors. RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) equations, Realizable k-ε turbulence model and VOF free surface tracking method were used in the developed numerical model. The model was firstly validated through comparisons of the simulated results and measured data for the flow patterns as well as the time-averaged pressure at the dam surface induced by the flood discharge jet. It is then applied to simulate the 3-D flow structure and fluctuation characteristics in the stilling basin with step-down floors induced by flood discharge from dam under the same discharge amount but different flood discharge scenarios. The results show that, for the flood discharge stilling basin with high and low step-down floors,under the same flood discharge condition, different scenarios of dam discharge gate open mode significantly affects the three-dimensional structure and characteristics of discharged flow in the dissipative pool induced by flood jets. The combined discharge from dam surface and middle holes results in the strong turbulent mixing of submerged multi-layer and multi-jet flows, effectively dissipating the energy of the discharged water and reducing the water surface fluctuations. The established numerical model can better reproduce the high-speed flooding jets and its turbulent motion in the dissipative pool associated with flood water discharge.

flood discharge stilling basin with step-down floors  /  dam surface flooding jet  /  water-air two-phase flow  /  flow pattern and its characteristics  /  numerical simulation
钟振宇, 陈柏雨, 蒋勤. 高低跌坎消力池三维水流运动特性数值模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9533 -9541 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405967
Zhen-yu ZHONG, Bo-yu CHEN, Qin JIANG. Numerical Analysis on Flow Characteristics in the Flood Discharge Stilling Basin with Step-down Floors by Using 3-Dimensional CFD Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9533 -9541 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405967
高低跌坎式出流消力池是高水头、大流量泄洪水工建筑物的主要消能结构型式之一,首先在向家坝枢纽高坝泄洪消能工程中获得应用。泄洪消力池作为连接枢纽大坝与其下游河道水体的水工建筑物,其水流运动特性直接影响枢纽结构安全及其下游河道河岸的稳定。特别是,消力池尾坎出流的水面波动会引起枢纽通航建筑物下游引航道口门区的水面波动和水流流态,进而影响进出通航建筑物的船舶航行安全。因此,开展高低跌坎式消力池水流运动特性研究具有重要的工程实用价值。
迄今,中外关于跌坎型底流消能工结构消力池内水流运动特性的研究大多采用物理模型试验的方法[1-2],侧重于研究跌坎高度、入池角度及多股水平淹没射流对消力池内底流流速、底板脉动荷载与消能效果的影响[3-6];雷显阳等[7]通过水工试验研究了表深孔同轴碰撞的泄洪消能的有效性。物理模型试验在揭示各种复杂流体运动过程及其运动机理方面具有不可或缺的作用,但受限于耗时、耗力和模型比尺等问题,难以满足实际工程设计中的快速解析需求。
近年来,数值模拟方法在水利工程流体力学实际问题中得到广泛应用。流体域体积法(volume of fluid,VOF)被广泛运用于泄洪消力池水流运动分析[8];Deng等[9]、Bayón等[10]和Chen等[11]研究了多股水平淹没射流条件下消力池内水跃形态、主流衰减、湍动能耗散的分布特性;郑雪等[12]基于VOF法和$k-\epsilon $湍流模型模拟分析了跌坎高度对消力池内水力特性的影响;Huang等[13]基于OpenFOAM软件研究了不同型式消力池内消力墩与尾坎对池内气泡上升速度的影响。然而,迄今开发的CFD软件虽然能够在一度上再现一般的水力学现象,但在模拟实际工程中包含水-气-建筑物作用的复杂流体运动问题时,在模型的适用性和计算精度等方面尚有待于进一步研究。
因此,现针对向家坝水利枢纽高低跌坎式消力池坝面泄洪射流实际问题,通过建立三维大自由液面变形紊流运动水气二相流数值计算模型,开展高低跌坎式消力池水流运动特性研究。首先,采用南京水利科学研究院[3]物理模型试验实测结果对所建立的数值计算模型进行验证;在此基础上,模拟分析表孔、中孔单独泄洪及表、中孔联合泄洪三种典型坝面泄洪模式对消力池内射流形态及水跃特性、水流结构及尾坎水面波动等变化特性的影响,探索数值模拟技术在泄洪消力池水力特性研究中的适用性。
高低跌坎坝面泄洪射流及消力池水流运动具有高速、掺气、强紊动特性。考虑到本文研究侧重于泄洪射流在消力池内的紊流运动特性,采用黏性不可压缩流体运动的雷诺平均RANS方程和Realizable k-ε湍流模型描述紊流运动,利用VOF自由表面追踪技术再现自由液面运动,建立三维水气二相流数值计算模型,对坝面泄洪射流及其在消力池内的流动特性进行模拟研究。
水、气二相流均满足不可压缩流体的质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程。
$\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \rho {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}=0$
$\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left({u}_{i}{u}_{j}\right)}{\partial {x}_{j}}=-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial p}{\partial {x}_{i}}+{G}_{i}+\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial }{{x}_{j}}\left(\mu \frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right)$
式中:$\rho $为流体密度;t为时间;xixj为笛卡尔坐标系的3个坐标方向,ij=1,2,3;uiuj分别为ij方向的时均速度;p为压强;Gixi方向的重力加速度;$\mu 为$动力黏性系数;$\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial }{{x}_{j}}\left(\mu \frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right)$xi方向的黏滞力,i=1,2,3。
采用Realizable $k-\epsilon $双方程湍流模型,包括湍流动能k和湍流耗散率$\epsilon $的输运方程。
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(\rho k\right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left(\rho k{u}_{i}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left[\left(\mu +\frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{k}}\right)\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{i}}\right]+\\   {P}_{k}-\rho (\epsilon -{\epsilon }_{0})+{S}_{k}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l}\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left(\rho \epsilon \right)+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left(\rho \epsilon {u}_{i}\right)=\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left[\left(\mu +\frac{{\mu }_{t}}{{\sigma }_{\epsilon }}\right)\frac{\partial \epsilon }{\partial {x}_{i}}\right]+\\   \frac{1}{{T}_{\mathrm{e}}}{C}_{\epsilon 1}{P}_{\epsilon }-{C}_{\epsilon 2}{f}_{2}\rho \left(\frac{\epsilon }{{T}_{\mathrm{e}}}-\frac{{\epsilon }_{0}}{{T}_{0}}\right)+{S}_{\epsilon }\end{array}$
式中:${\mu }_{\mathrm{t}}$为湍流涡黏度;${\sigma }_{k}、{\sigma }_{\epsilon }、{C}_{\epsilon 1}、{C}_{\epsilon 2}$为模型系数;Pk${P}_{\epsilon }$为结果项;f2为阻尼函数;${T}_{\mathrm{e}}=k/\epsilon $为大涡时间尺度;T0为单位时间尺度;Sk${S}_{\epsilon }$为用户指定的源项;${\epsilon }_{0}$为源项中抵消湍流衰减的环境湍流值。
采用VOF法捕捉水与空气的交界面,水的体积分数F(F=V/V)的输送方程为
$\frac{\partial F}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{i}}\left(F{u}_{i}\right)=0$
式(5)中:V为网格单元中水的体积;V为网格单元的体积;F=0为气体网格单元,0<F<1为水气界面网格单元,F=1为液体网格单元;i=1、2、3,为笛卡尔坐标系的3个方向,据此可得水气界面位置。
此外,交界面网格单元中流体的密度$\rho $和动力黏性系数$\mu $分别为
$\rho ={\rho }_{水}F+{\rho }_{空气}(1-F)$
$\mu ={\mu }_{水}F+{\mu }_{空气}(1-F)$
针对上述控制方程,采用有限体积法与SIMPLE法对速度和压力进行耦合求解,利用高分辨率交界面捕捉(modified HRIC)格式与一阶迎风(first-order upwind)格式计算各流体组分的对流输送。
选取向家坝枢纽单池溢流坝段(上游水库、溢流坝体、消力池至尾坎)为模拟区域,对所建立的数
值模型进行验证。该坝段坝面设有6个表孔和5个中孔,表孔单孔宽度8 m,中孔单孔宽度6 m,表孔、中孔间隔布置(图1)。其工作原理为利用高低坎多孔口多股水平淹没射流在池内的剧烈紊动掺混,消刹下泄高速水流的巨大能量。
参照南京水利科学研究院物理模型试验[3],取数值模型长590 m、宽110 m、高150 m。图1为模拟区域及网格划分示意图。考虑到坝面泄洪射流和消力池内水流运动的特点,模型采用不同疏密的非均匀网格进行了网格划分。
图2为模型表、中孔及水面附近区域局部网格加密示意图。其中,在自由水面等流体变形较大的区域采用0.5~1.0 m的正六面体网格进行局部加密,模型最大网格为2.0 m,总网格数约为270×104个。
计算域上游和下游(X轴方向)均采用固定水位边界,分别为380 m和270 m;自由液面采用大气压强边界;固壁边界均设为粗糙高度为0.5 mm的无滑移边界。
根据向家坝枢纽泄洪坝段1∶40大比尺单池水工模型试验[3],设置了表孔和中孔单独泄洪及表、中孔联合泄洪3种工况条件,对消力池内的水流流态和作用于表孔与中孔坝面的时均压强进行了模拟计算。通过与实测数据的对比,对所建立的数值计算模型的模拟精度进行了验证。表1为数值模型验证计算工况条件。
图3为3种工况条件下得到的消力池内泄流流态的数值模拟结果与水工模型试验结果的对比图。由图3可见,在表孔、中孔单独泄洪和表、中孔联合泄洪条件下,下泄水体在消力池内分别呈现出浅表射流、淹没水跃和强紊动掺混的湍流剪切水流流态,模拟结果与模型试验结果吻合良好。
图4给出了表、中孔联合泄洪(工况3)情况下,作用于泄洪表孔坝面及中孔顶、底坝面测点的时均压强分布的数值模拟结果与试验实测结果的对比图。与实测结果相比,数值模拟得到的沿消力池泄洪坝面各测点的时均压强无论在量值上还是分布趋势上均与实测结果吻合良好。
通过上述数值模拟结果与实测数据的对比,证明本文建立的三维湍流数值计算模型可以较好地再现高低跌坎泄洪消力池水流运动的物理现象。
为探明不同坝面泄流方式对消力池水流运动特性的影响,选取图1所示的向家坝单池溢流坝段,模拟分析了泄洪流量及上、下游水位相同情景下,表孔、中孔单独泄洪以及表孔、中孔联合泄洪3种典型方式对消力池内水跃形态、水流结构及水面波动特性的影响。表2列出了模拟工况计算条件。图5为消力池及尾坎下游桩号与水面波动测点平面布置图。
图6为模拟得到的表孔、中孔单独泄洪和表、中孔联合泄洪方式下坝面泄洪射流在消力池内的水流运动形态剖面图。其中,C-C(桩号0+127附近)表示跌坎前流速最大、水深最小的收缩断面。图7为相应的消力池和尾坎水域的液面位置(水体积分数为0.5的等值面)及回流区形态的对比图。由图7可见,3种工况的下泄水流均呈现出水平淹没射流特性,但在相同泄水流量条件下,泄洪方式对淹没射流及水跃形态具有显著影响。
当表孔单独泄洪时,射流集中在水面附近、且高速水流延伸较远;下泄水流经过收缩断面后发生壅水,水体壅高可延伸至消力池后端;水跃发生位置离跌坎较远(起点约在X=200 m处),表现为远离水跃,回流区长度较小;此外,消力池前端水面低,水跃起点、翻滚区发生位置靠后。
相较于表孔泄洪,中孔单独泄洪时,射流淹没深度增加,射程缩短;雍水发生在收缩断上游,并延伸至消力池中部;发生淹没水跃的位置提前(起点约在X=170 m处),回流长度较长;消力池前沿水位较表孔单独泄洪升高5 m,水跃发生位置、翻滚区位置均有所提前。
表孔、中孔联合泄洪时,来自表孔与中孔的下泄水流形成双层叠加的淹没射流,二股水流相互作用,淹没水舌传播距离较短;水体在消力池前端壅高,水跃及翻滚区发生位置距跌坎较近(起点位于X=140附近), 回流区长度较小;消力池前沿水位较表孔泄洪雍高7~10 m。
图8为模拟得到的工况a~工况c条件下消力池内水流运动三维流速剖面分布云图。图9图10分别为与三维流场对应的沿y向断面与沿z向平面流线分布图。结果表明:
(1)当表孔单独泄洪时,主流(流速大于10 m/s),远离消力池底板,集中在消力池前端(133 m<X<378 m)的浅表层,并沿主轴(X方向)逐渐向四周(YZ)方向扩散。其中,在消力池前部(133 m<X<225 m)主流平直强劲,无明显横向涡旋;在消力池中、后段(225 m<X<360 m),流线呈分散状,出现明显的横向涡旋,紊动较强,形成集中在表层的回流翻滚区(225 m<X<310 m);且主流贴近边墙传播,在消力池尾部主流趋于平缓;在尾坎下游(X=378~409 m),受尾坎影响出现强紊动纵向回流漩涡,此后流态达到平稳状态。
(2)当中孔单独泄洪时,主流呈淹没水舌状集中在消力池前端(133 m<X<317 m)的底板上方水域,并沿主轴向四周(YZ方向)扩散;在更靠近跌坎的消力池前端(140 m<X<256 m)发生淹没水跃,形成极强的回流翻滚区,且横向涡旋不明显;在消力池中、后段(256 m<X<360 m),流线发散,主流在靠近y方向中轴线附近横向涡旋显著,且在消力池中部主流弥散消失;在尾坎下游(360 m<X<540 m),越过尾坎后的水流出现纵向回流漩涡,流态紊乱,此后水流趋于平稳。
(3)表孔、中孔联合泄洪时,来自表孔、中孔的多股下泄水流相互作用,在靠近消力池前缘(133 m<X<240 m)区域形成贴近消力池底板上方的高速淹没射流,并向池底及两侧扩散;在消力池前部(140<X<225)发生表层射流与淹没射流叠加的淹没水跃,产生极强的回流翻滚区,消力池前端壅水较大;相较于表孔和中孔单独泄洪,垂向紊动掺混显著增强,沿消力池主轴流速降低,侧向扩散运动减弱,横向涡旋显著;在消力池中、后段(225 m<X<360 m),水流流速减小,流态较平稳;在尾坎下游(360 m<X<540 m),尾坎后水体涡旋相对较弱,表层水体的流线分布接近平行,流态相对平稳。
图11图12分别为3种工况条件下沿消力池主轴方向平均水面高度和特征波高(1/10部分大波)沿程变化对比图。图13为相应的特征波高(1/10大波)沿消力池Y方向分布变化对比图。
图11可见,在下泄流量相同时,受淹没射流强大水流冲击作用的影响,3种工况下消力池前端的平均水面高度均有所下降,并在消力池末端趋于稳定,恢复到接近平均水位。按消力池前端雍水高度由大到小,水跃发生起点位置和翻滚区发生位置距消力池前端由近到远,3种工况排序依次为表、中孔联合泄洪,中孔泄洪和表孔泄洪。
图12所示的水面波动来看,3种工况均表现为在消力池前端波高较大,随后在中段和末端逐渐减小,在尾坎附近略有增大的趋势,表明受下泄水流水平淹没射流影响,在消力池前段水体扰动增强,水面波动增大;之后,随着水流紊动强度的减弱,水面波动趋于平缓。其中,表孔泄洪引起的池内波高最大(约14 m),中孔泄洪次之(约11.5 m),表、中孔联合泄洪的波高最小(约8 m)。其原因在于,在表孔、中孔单独泄洪时分别形成浅表层射流和中表层淹没射流,在表、中孔联合泄洪时存在多股双层水流射流的交互作用,最大程度耗散了波动的能量,削减了波高,故所形成的水面扰动依次减小。此外,水体越过跌坎儿后产生的二次水跃会小幅增大尾坎下游的波高。其中,表孔、中孔联合泄洪受跌坎影响引起的二次水跃诱发的水面波动相对较大,中孔泄洪次之,表孔泄洪较小。
另一方面,如图13所示,在垂直于消力池主轴的各横截面上波高呈不均匀分布,受消力池两侧壁面反射的影响,总体上表现为两头高、中间低的U型分布形态。
基于CFD流体运动软件建立了模拟坝面泄洪射流与消力池内水流运动的三维水气二相流数值计算模型。模型采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程、Realizable $k-\epsilon $湍流模型及VOF自由表面追踪法,并通过有限体积法对控制方程进行离散求解。以向家坝枢纽高低跌坎式消力池为例,模拟了泄洪流量相同条件下,表孔、中孔单独泄洪以及表、中孔联合泄洪3种典型泄洪模式下消力池内水流运动,对高低跌坎式出流消力池的射流形态及水跃特性、三维水流结构及运动特性、以及消力池与尾坎水面波动特性进行了分析,得出如下结论。
(1)通过与水工模型试验实测结果对比证明,所建立的三维水气二相流湍流数值计算模型能够以较高的计算精度再现复杂固壁边界条件下高速、大自由液面变形、强非线性坝面泄洪射流及其在消力池内的水流运动过程。
(2)表孔、中孔单独泄洪及表、中孔联合泄洪的下泄水流均会在消力池内产生水平淹没射流。但在相同泄水流量条件下,泄洪方式对淹没射流及水跃形态具有显著影响。
(3)在表孔单独泄洪、中孔单独泄洪及表中孔联合泄洪情况下,消力池内的水流运动相应地依次呈现为水平淹没射流的下潜深度增加、水流紊动掺混加强、射流水舌长度和水跃回流尺度减小及尾坎出流波动减弱的趋势。
  • 向家坝水电站升船机下游引航道口门区水流条件研究项目(823121916)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3008100)
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405967
  • 接收时间:2024-08-08
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-08
  • 修回日期:2025-04-28
基金
向家坝水电站升船机下游引航道口门区水流条件研究项目(823121916)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3008100)
作者信息
    1 中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司, 长沙 410014
    2 河海大学港口海岸与近海工程学院, 南京 210098

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* 蒋勤(1963—),男,汉族,河北秦皇岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:河口海岸动力学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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