Article(id=1228279671633150801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406415, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724601600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-26, revisedDate=1746979200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774294050, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774294050, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774294050, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774294050, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9249, endPage=9259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279673650611059, articleId=1228279671633150801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Method of Wind Shear Identification Based on Three-dimensional Wind Lidar, columnId=1228279673541559150, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·General Natural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Low level wind shear is an important factor affecting aircraft flight safety. Based on the observations from a three-dimensional scanning wind lidar at Baiyun Airport, Guangzhou during March 2023, the measurements from the wind lidar were preprocessed firstly. Then, TSSI (two-step identification method for wind shear) was proposed, which combined TDSI (two-dimensional synthetic wind shear identification) method with an adaptive window and the temporal wind shear identification method. The wind shear results recognized by the TSSI and TDSI methods were compared, and the evolutions of wind shear were analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows. Data preprocessing effectively removes isolated points and radial fluctuations observed by wind lidar, and fills in the missing data. The TSSI method is conducive to early warning of wind shear. During the observation period at Baiyun Airport, Guangzhou in March 2023, a total of 25 wind shear processes are identified by the TSSI. Among them, 21 cases are warned ahead of the TDSI, with an average warning time of 3~5 minutes, and TSSI also has a good alarm recognition function for both time and space dimension wind shear. Most of the identified wind shear processes occur around noon (e.g. 11:00-15:00) and last for about 15 minutes. The wind shear position is greatly influenced by the background wind field. The TSSI method proposed in this study can identify low-level wind shear earlier and more comprehensively, which is helpful to improve the accuracy of wind shear warning and provide guarantees for aircraft flight safety.

, correspAuthors=Gai-li WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bing-jie XIE, Gai-li WANG, Xin-xin LU, Hong-fei CHEN, Ke-yi CHEN, Jia-feng ZHENG, Qi-chao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279677979132926, articleId=1228279671633150801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于三维测风激光雷达的风切变识别方法, columnId=1228279673826771837, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自然科学总论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=低空风切变是对飞机飞行安全产生重要影响的因素。利用三维扫描型测风激光雷达2023年3月期间在广州白云机场的观测数据,在对测风激光雷达的观测数据进行预处理的基础上,提出了结合自适应窗口的二维合成风切变识别和时间风切变识别的两步识别方法(简称风切变两步识别法),对比了风切变两步识别法和二维合成法对风切变的识别效果,并对识别的风切变的演变进行了分析。结果表明:数据预处理有效地去除了测风激光雷达观测的孤立点及径向数据间的脉动,并对缺测数据进行了填补;风切变两步识别法有利于风切变的提前预警,在2023年3月广州白云机场观测期间,风切变两步识别法共识别到25起风切变,其中有21起比二维合成风切变识别方法提前预警,平均早预警3~5 min,且对时间维度和空间维度风切变均有较好的识别告警作用;识别的风切变过程大多发生于中午前后(11:00—15:00)时且持续时间多在15 min左右,风切变位置受背景风场影响较大。研究中提出的风切变两步识别法能更早、更全面地识别出低空风切变,有助于提高风切变预警的准确性,为飞机飞行安全提供保障。, correspAuthors=王改利, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王改利(1973—),女,汉族,陕西眉县人,博士,研究员。研究方向:雷达气象和云降水物理。E-mail:
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谢冰洁(1998—),女,汉族,浙江余姚人,硕士研究生。研究方向:雷达气象学。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=HFXV0UdftgsUCIbCwFKfQw==, figureFileBig=UVhuF49h3ujtU6k6b4FEmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369779665334338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Flow chart of TSSI, figureFileSmall=8+Kk6abZp3tvbMfhfIksRA==, figureFileBig=MFSiwzRZBZPMPZ+a/8WWuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369779745026122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=CN, label=图4, caption=风切变两步识别法的流程图, figureFileSmall=8+Kk6abZp3tvbMfhfIksRA==, figureFileBig=MFSiwzRZBZPMPZ+a/8WWuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369779862466636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Wind shear identification results with TDSI and TSSI in PPI mode at 3° elevation angle at 14:16, March 12, 2023, figureFileSmall=acnjPcZSdbi0HsGuqfTkEQ==, figureFileBig=xOMilAgEGequsHxQY1V+ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369779979907156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2023年3月12日14:16的3°仰角的PPI模式下合成法和两步法风切变识别图, figureFileSmall=acnjPcZSdbi0HsGuqfTkEQ==, figureFileBig=xOMilAgEGequsHxQY1V+ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369780118319190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Wind shear identification results with TSSI and TDSI and radial wind velocity maps for PPI models at 14:18 on March 12, 2023, figureFileSmall=dTctyAoObM5JStu5b+mZyA==, figureFileBig=yFX54rfDLZO1BFbK7wP0Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369780239954012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2023年3月12日14:18时刻PPI模式下两步法和合成法的风切变识别图以及径向风速图

红色圈和黑色圈为风切变过程Q1和Q2

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红色圈和黑色圈为风切变过程Q1和Q2

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红色圈和黑色圈为风切变过程Q1和Q2

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黑色圈为风切变过程

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黑色圈为风切变过程

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黑色圈为风切变过程

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Main parameters of 3D scanning wind measurement lidar

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参数 数值
激光波长/μm 1.5
扫描范围(方位角/仰角)/(°) 0~360/0~90
径向探测范围/m 45~6 000
数据更新率/Hz 1~10
径向距离分辨率 15 m/30 m/用户设定
扫描模式 DBS/VAD/PPI/RHI
风向测量精度/(°) <3
风速测量精度/(m·s-1) ≤0.1
风速测量范围/(m·s-1) -37.5 ~37.5
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三维扫描型测风激光雷达主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
激光波长/μm 1.5
扫描范围(方位角/仰角)/(°) 0~360/0~90
径向探测范围/m 45~6 000
数据更新率/Hz 1~10
径向距离分辨率 15 m/30 m/用户设定
扫描模式 DBS/VAD/PPI/RHI
风向测量精度/(°) <3
风速测量精度/(m·s-1) ≤0.1
风速测量范围/(m·s-1) -37.5 ~37.5
), ArticleFig(id=1228369783108858010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of k neighborhood frequency method in measuring radial velocity of wind lidar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 窗口大小 区间数
P
剔除阈值
k1
补值阈值
k2
U V
径向速度 3 7 10 6 10
), ArticleFig(id=1228369783222104218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

k邻域频数法在测风激光雷达径向速度中的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型 窗口大小 区间数
P
剔除阈值
k1
补值阈值
k2
U V
径向速度 3 7 10 6 10
), ArticleFig(id=1228369783352127645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Low-level wind shear intensity grade standard

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等级 二维合成风切变
强度/s-1
时间风切变强度/
(m·s-1·min-1)
<0.004 <0.6
轻度 0.004~0.008 0.6~1.2
中度 0.008~0.012 1.2~1.8
严重 0.012~0.016 1.8~2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1228369783461179553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

本文中低空风切变强度等级标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 二维合成风切变
强度/s-1
时间风切变强度/
(m·s-1·min-1)
<0.004 <0.6
轻度 0.004~0.008 0.6~1.2
中度 0.008~0.012 1.2~1.8
严重 0.012~0.016 1.8~2.4
), ArticleFig(id=1228369783553454245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of the results of two wind shear identification methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 时间 二维合
成风切
变算法
告警开
始时间
差/min
日期 时间 二维合
成风切
变算法
告警开
始时间
差/min
2023-3-06 15:46 15:48 2 2023-3-11 14:21 14:23 2
2023-3-07 12:06 12:09 3 2023-3-12 13:20 12:20 0
2023-3-07 12:29 12:31 2 2023-3-12 13:36 13:38 2
2023-3-07 13:31 13:33 2 2023-3-12 14:16 14:18 2
2023-3-07 14:08 14:12 3 2023-3-12 15:00 15:00 0
2023-3-07 14:38 14:40 2 2023-3-12 16:02 16:05 3
2023-3-07 15:15 15:18 3 2023-3-12 17:09 17:15 6
2023-3-08 13:03 13:03 0 2023-3-12 18:55 18:57 2
2023-3-09 13:41 13:43 2 2023-3-12 20:14 20:16 2
2023-3-10 13:38 13:43 5 2023-3-13 10:51 10:51 0
2023-3-10 14:36 14:38 2 2023-3-13 11:38 11:43 5
2023-3-11 13:01 13:05 4 2023-3-13 12:33 12:35 2
2023-3-11 13:21 13:23 2
), ArticleFig(id=1228369783658311847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279671633150801, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两种风切变识别方法的结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 时间 二维合
成风切
变算法
告警开
始时间
差/min
日期 时间 二维合
成风切
变算法
告警开
始时间
差/min
2023-3-06 15:46 15:48 2 2023-3-11 14:21 14:23 2
2023-3-07 12:06 12:09 3 2023-3-12 13:20 12:20 0
2023-3-07 12:29 12:31 2 2023-3-12 13:36 13:38 2
2023-3-07 13:31 13:33 2 2023-3-12 14:16 14:18 2
2023-3-07 14:08 14:12 3 2023-3-12 15:00 15:00 0
2023-3-07 14:38 14:40 2 2023-3-12 16:02 16:05 3
2023-3-07 15:15 15:18 3 2023-3-12 17:09 17:15 6
2023-3-08 13:03 13:03 0 2023-3-12 18:55 18:57 2
2023-3-09 13:41 13:43 2 2023-3-12 20:14 20:16 2
2023-3-10 13:38 13:43 5 2023-3-13 10:51 10:51 0
2023-3-10 14:36 14:38 2 2023-3-13 11:38 11:43 5
2023-3-11 13:01 13:05 4 2023-3-13 12:33 12:35 2
2023-3-11 13:21 13:23 2
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基于三维测风激光雷达的风切变识别方法
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谢冰洁 1, 2 , 王改利 2, * , 陆欣欣 3 , 陈鸿飞 2 , 陈科艺 1 , 郑佳锋 1 , 王琪超 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自然科学总论 2025,25(22): 9249-9259
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自然科学总论 2025, 25(22): 9249-9259
基于三维测风激光雷达的风切变识别方法
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谢冰洁1, 2 , 王改利2, * , 陆欣欣3, 陈鸿飞2, 陈科艺1, 郑佳锋1, 王琪超4
作者信息
  • 1 成都信息工程大学大气科学学院, 成都 610225
  • 2 中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室, 北京 100081
  • 3 中国民用航空中南地区空中交通管理局气象中心, 广州 510000
  • 4 青岛镭测创芯科技有限公司, 青岛 266000
  • 谢冰洁(1998—),女,汉族,浙江余姚人,硕士研究生。研究方向:雷达气象学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王改利(1973—),女,汉族,陕西眉县人,博士,研究员。研究方向:雷达气象和云降水物理。E-mail:
Method of Wind Shear Identification Based on Three-dimensional Wind Lidar
Bing-jie XIE1, 2 , Gai-li WANG2, * , Xin-xin LU3, Hong-fei CHEN2, Ke-yi CHEN1, Jia-feng ZHENG1, Qi-chao WANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3 Meteorological Center of Central South Air Traffic Management Bureau of CAAC, Guangzhou 510000, China
  • 4 Qingdao Leice Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406415
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低空风切变是对飞机飞行安全产生重要影响的因素。利用三维扫描型测风激光雷达2023年3月期间在广州白云机场的观测数据,在对测风激光雷达的观测数据进行预处理的基础上,提出了结合自适应窗口的二维合成风切变识别和时间风切变识别的两步识别方法(简称风切变两步识别法),对比了风切变两步识别法和二维合成法对风切变的识别效果,并对识别的风切变的演变进行了分析。结果表明:数据预处理有效地去除了测风激光雷达观测的孤立点及径向数据间的脉动,并对缺测数据进行了填补;风切变两步识别法有利于风切变的提前预警,在2023年3月广州白云机场观测期间,风切变两步识别法共识别到25起风切变,其中有21起比二维合成风切变识别方法提前预警,平均早预警3~5 min,且对时间维度和空间维度风切变均有较好的识别告警作用;识别的风切变过程大多发生于中午前后(11:00—15:00)时且持续时间多在15 min左右,风切变位置受背景风场影响较大。研究中提出的风切变两步识别法能更早、更全面地识别出低空风切变,有助于提高风切变预警的准确性,为飞机飞行安全提供保障。
三维测风激光雷达  /  低空风切变  /  二维合成风切变  /  时间风切变  /  风切变两步识别法

Low level wind shear is an important factor affecting aircraft flight safety. Based on the observations from a three-dimensional scanning wind lidar at Baiyun Airport, Guangzhou during March 2023, the measurements from the wind lidar were preprocessed firstly. Then, TSSI (two-step identification method for wind shear) was proposed, which combined TDSI (two-dimensional synthetic wind shear identification) method with an adaptive window and the temporal wind shear identification method. The wind shear results recognized by the TSSI and TDSI methods were compared, and the evolutions of wind shear were analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows. Data preprocessing effectively removes isolated points and radial fluctuations observed by wind lidar, and fills in the missing data. The TSSI method is conducive to early warning of wind shear. During the observation period at Baiyun Airport, Guangzhou in March 2023, a total of 25 wind shear processes are identified by the TSSI. Among them, 21 cases are warned ahead of the TDSI, with an average warning time of 3~5 minutes, and TSSI also has a good alarm recognition function for both time and space dimension wind shear. Most of the identified wind shear processes occur around noon (e.g. 11:00-15:00) and last for about 15 minutes. The wind shear position is greatly influenced by the background wind field. The TSSI method proposed in this study can identify low-level wind shear earlier and more comprehensively, which is helpful to improve the accuracy of wind shear warning and provide guarantees for aircraft flight safety.

three-dimensional wind lidar  /  low level wind shear  /  two-dimensional synthetic wind shear  /  temporal wind shear  /  two-step identification of wind shear
谢冰洁, 王改利, 陆欣欣, 陈鸿飞, 陈科艺, 郑佳锋, 王琪超. 基于三维测风激光雷达的风切变识别方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9249 -9259 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406415
Bing-jie XIE, Gai-li WANG, Xin-xin LU, Hong-fei CHEN, Ke-yi CHEN, Jia-feng ZHENG, Qi-chao WANG. Method of Wind Shear Identification Based on Three-dimensional Wind Lidar[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9249 -9259 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406415
低空风切变是影响飞机飞行安全最重要的气象因素之一。20世纪80年代,美国一架飞机在机场上方受低空风切变影响下坠毁,此次事故导致137人丧生,至此风切变成为一项国际安全课题进入航空领域的研究中。航空气象中,根据风切变所处的高度不同一般被分为低空风切变和中高空风切变。低空风切变通常指近地面600 m高度以下的大气层中风速或风向在水平或垂直方向上发生急剧变化的现象。低空风切变的突发性、强破坏性及尺度小等特点对航空安全产生了难以预估的影响,尤其在飞机的起飞和着陆阶段,飞机的动力和高度条件受到了限制,此时高度较低、空速较小,面对低空风切变,可能会由于短时间内高度和飞机的姿态变化过大且没有足够的空间来修正飞机的姿态而造成危险,极易发生重大的飞行安全事故,是国际公认的“隐形杀手”。
随着气象雷达技术的发展,各种气象雷达探测技术不断运用到风切变识别的领域,传统的风切变探测设备包括地表风速计、多普勒天气雷达和风廓线雷达等[1]。近些年来测风激光雷达的高分辨率、高精度等特点[2]使其在风切变识别领域开展了新兴的研究方向。地表风速计只能针对地表附近的风切变进行识别,作用范围十分有限。最初的多普勒天气雷达主要被用于监测降水,由于切变线对我国主要降水天气有着重要的作用,并作为多次局部暴雨的触发因素,开始利用天气雷达对于切变线的探测[3]。20世纪80年代,多普勒天气雷达才开始在机场等重要场合进行风切变探测识别的相关实验,除此之外多普勒天气雷达还应用于低空辐合线等强对流天气的探测识别之中[4]。在多普勒天气雷达数据基础上,蒋立辉等[5]在基于最小二乘法的风切变识别算法上增加了风切变强度因子的计算,以此减少识别算法中窗口选择对识别结果的影响。但多普勒天气雷达的探测目标是降水粒子,故其探测性能在晴空条件下其探测效果不佳,且其探测精度随着距离的增加而减小,对较小尺度的风切变难以得到有效的识别。风廓线雷达可用于晴空条件下的风场探测,在分析微下击暴流等特殊强对流引起的风切变中得到广泛应用[6-7],但其探测范围较小,只能探测其顶部风场的情况。随着中国飞行事业的发展,在航空安全方面产生了更高的要求,而传统的测风方法在很多情况下不能很好地识别到突发风切变,测风激光雷达作为目前晴空条件下测风效果最佳的遥感仪器,恰好可以弥补传统雷达仪器在风切变识别方面的不足。近来常用的基于测风激光雷达的风切变算法主要包括以下几种:下滑道逆风廓线算法[8-10]、二维合成风切变识别算法[11-13]、区域散度法[14-16]、单双斜坡检测法[16-17]及纹理特征识别法[18]等。上述基于测风激光雷达的风切变算法对低空风切变均能做到有效的实时识别,但是风切变在时间上的前瞻性识别对有效预警更为重要。基于激光测风雷达的多种扫描模式,白寒冰等[19-20]运用雷达混合扫描模式进行风切变的识别,可提前5 min实现对风切变的识别并进行预警,更好地实现了对风切变的预警能力。
风切变尺度小且观测困难,对航空飞行有极大的安全隐患,风切变的预报和预警一直是航空气象中的重难点。每年3月左右,广州开始出现以强对流天气为主导的天气情况,此时风切变频繁发生。作为中国重要空中交通枢纽之一的广州白云机场是中国南方地区连接全球的主要空港枢纽,因此对于广州白云机场的风切变识别预警工作尤为重要。混合扫描模式固然能较好地实现风切变的提前预警,但单模式观测雷达由于其简便性和成本效益,仍然更具有广泛的应用场景。
因此,现针对单模式观测雷达数据进行风切变预警的研究,基于广州白云机场2023年3月的多普勒测风激光雷达观测数据,提出风切变两步识别法,增加时间维度上对风切变的识别,并对比分析风切变两步法与二维合成法对风切变识别的效果。同时,对观测期间的风切变发生过程进行时间和空间方面的分析。旨在通过采用风切变两步识别法进行风切变识别,以实现单模式扫描下雷达对低空风切变的提前识别和预警准确性。
研究中采用的激光测风雷达资料来源于2023年3月—31日三维扫描型测风激光雷达在广州白云国际机场进行的低空风切变观测试验。广州白云机场目前共有3条跑道,分别是01/19(西跑道)、02L/20R(东内侧跑道)和02R/20L(东外侧跑道)。测风激光雷达(红色五角星)位于跑道19端一侧,如图1所示。
研究中使用的测风激光雷达是一部由青岛镭测创芯科技有限公司研制的三维扫描型激光测风雷达Wind3D 6000,该测风激光雷达具有高分辨率、高精度、小体积、轻重量、低功耗、可方便地在户外建站及转场运输等特点,其主要性能如表1所示。该测风激光雷达扫描模式包括风廓线(doppler beam swing, DBS)扫描模式、平面位置(plan position indicator, PPI)扫描模式、距离高度(range height indica-tor, RHI)扫描模式等。此次激光测风雷达观测采用PPI模式和RHI模式交替进行的扫描模式。
测风激光雷达和其他遥感设备一样,在对风场进行探测的过程中往往会伴随噪音、缺测等问题,使得雷达资料中出现一些离散孤立的数据,如果测风激光雷达附近有高大地形的影响,则会产生区域性的数据缺测。为了减少病态数据对风切变识别效果的影响,在进行风切变识别之前需要对基数据进行预处理。本文研究中采用的预处理方法主要有信噪比质控、k邻域频数法和滑动平均。
信噪比指计算机、雷达等电子设备或电子系统中信号与噪声的比值。一般来说,信噪比越大,混在信号里产生的噪声越少。故本文首先通过设定信噪比的阈值来筛除信噪比过小的病态基数据,并根据雷达设备的验证选取SNRmin = 10 dB作为信噪比阈值进行信噪比质控。
采用信噪比阈值法筛选出有效的径向风速数据后,为了进一步提高数据质量,参照梁海河等[21]提出的k邻域频数法消除径向风速数据孤立点并进行资料缺测点填补。k邻域频数法原理如下:首先,将雷达的最大可测速度±Nyquist速度划分为P个等间隔区间,Δd为区间间隔。然后分别沿径向和切向选择合适的U×V滑动窗口(其中UV分别为滑动窗口在径向和切向方向上的窗口格数),滑动窗口中心点的速度值记为Vij。特别地,令第P+1个区间表示为Vij±Δd/2。最后,统计每个滑动窗口中所有速度点在各个区间内的频数,分别记为${\chi }_{1}、{\chi }_{2}、\dots 、{\chi }_{p}$$\chi,$${\chi }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$为不同区间的分布频数中的最大值,取${\chi }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$所对应的区间的中点值为Vn,则U×V滑动窗口中心点的新值V'ij表达式为
$V\text{'}{}_{ij}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& \chi \le {k}_{1}\\ {V}_{ij},& \chi >{k}_{1}\end{array}\right.,{V}_{ij}\ne 0$
$V\text{'}{}_{ij}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{V}_{n},& {\chi }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\ge {k}_{2}\\ {V}_{ij},& {\chi }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}<{k}_{2}\end{array}\right.,{V}_{ij}\approx 0$
式中:k1为剔除噪声的阈值;k2为填补缺测点的阈值;一般情况下k1<k2
k邻域频数法的数据处理效果与参数UVPk1k2的取值有关。k1k2的取值取决于UV的大小。在剔除数据方面,k1越大,剔除越多。在填补数据方面,k2越小,填补越多;U×V越大,同样填补越多。周长青等[22]针对k1的取值,提出了k1=(U×V)/4的结论。故根据k邻域频数法的参数之间的关系以及参考本文测风激光雷达的相关参数后选取的k邻域频数法的最优参数如表2所示。
不同步长的平滑平均对数据滤波的效果影响较大,故分别选取步长n=3、5、10做滤波平滑。图2为2023年3月12日12:53时2.33°方位角的径向速度滤波平滑与原始数据的对比图。步长n=3时绝大多数的脉动仍然明显存在,平滑效果不明显;步长n=10时平滑模糊了数据原本的梯度趋势。而步长n=5时则基本能在保留原有梯度走势的基础上平滑突兀的脉动,故选取n=5的步长进行滤波平滑。
图3为激光雷达观测原始图以及经过数据预处理后的径向速度图的对比。可以看出激光雷达数据在预处理之前[图3(a)],激光雷达的探测范围边缘信噪比明显减小,出现杂波。经数据预处理之后[图3(b)],这些边缘的杂波点被有效地滤除,消除了数据的脉动性,同时保留了合理、可靠的数据,0°径向上缺测的数据也得到了填充。预处理过程提升了数据的质量,是后续风切变识别和分析的基础。
风切变两步识别法首先在空间上进行二维合成风切变识别,然后在时间上再进行风切变识别,在归一化的基础上将两者的识别结果相比较取最大值,对同时满足风切变的等级阈值以及范围阈值的识别结果进行告警,其具体流程如图4所示。
针对测风激光雷达不同模式下的风场观测,对风切变的识别方法也不同。本文研究采用测风激光雷达平面位置扫描(plan position indicator,PPI)模式下的观测数据,采用二维合成风切变算法进行空间上的风切变识别。该算法首先分别计算风速的一维径向切变和一维切向切变,后将两种一维风切变进行组合得到二维合成风切变,最后与风切变阈值相比较,判断是否有风切变产生。
在一维风切变计算的过程中,单一窗口尺度的选择具有较强的主观性,不能有效的识别不同尺度的风切变,会产生一定的漏报。故参照蒋立辉等[5]提出的自适应窗口下基于最小二乘法的合成二维风切变识别算法,进行测风激光雷达PPI模式下的风切变识别。在对风切变进行识别之前,首先需要对风切变识别时的窗口大小进行选择,研究中考虑测风激光雷达距离库长、径向探测范围以及方位角扫描分辨率等参数,选取450、900、1 500、2 100 m 4个窗口分别计算风切变强度因子I,选取最大的风切变强度因子对应的窗口作为风切变识别算法的最优窗口尺度。风切变强度因子的计算公式为
$I=\frac{\mathrm{d}V}{\mathrm{d}t}{\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }V}{{V}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}}}\right)}^{2}=\frac{1}{{V}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}}}{\left|\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }V}{{R}^{1/3}}\right|}^{3}$
式(3)中:dV/dt为沿着拟合路径的单位时间内风速的变化量;ΔV沿拟合路径的风速变化量;R为拟合路径的尺度;Vapp为飞机的标准进近速度,标准进近速度指的是飞机接近机场准备降落阶段的飞行速度,通常设为75 m/s。
一维径向风切变(CRS)公式是基于最小二乘法的原理,由雷达径向方向上的m个距离库之间的风速差与库长之比得到的,即
${C}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{S}}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }v}{\mathrm{\Delta }R}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }v}{\mathrm{\Delta }r}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }r}{\mathrm{\Delta }R}=\frac{\stackrel{m}{\sum _{i=0}}{v}_{i}\stackrel{m}{\sum _{i=0}}{r}_{i}-m\stackrel{m}{\sum _{i=0}}{v}_{i}{r}_{i}}{\stackrel{m}{\sum _{i=0}}{r}_{i}\stackrel{m}{\sum _{i=0}}{r}_{i}-m\stackrel{m}{\sum _{i=0}}{r}_{i}^{2}}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }r}{\mathrm{\Delta }r+{L}_{\mathrm{R}}}$
式(4)中:Δv为拟合窗口内开始和结束的距离库中心点的速度差;ΔR为拟合窗口的径向长度;Δr为拟合窗口中开始距离库与结束距离库的中心点之间的径向长度;LR为距离库径向长度;vi为拟合窗口中从开始计算的径向库的第i个距离库的径向速度;ri为第i个距离库到雷达的距离。
一维切向风切变(CAS)的公式同样也是基于最小二乘法的原理,由雷达切向方向上的n个距离库之间的风速差与库长之比得到的。一维切向风切变公式为
$\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{S}}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }v}{r(\mathrm{\Delta }\theta +{\theta }_{\mathrm{R}})}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }v}{r\mathrm{\Delta }\theta }\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\theta }{\mathrm{\Delta }\theta +{\theta }_{\mathrm{R}}}\\ =\frac{\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=0}}{v}_{i}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=0}}{\theta }_{i}-n\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=0}}{v}_{i}{\theta }_{i}}{r(\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=0}}{\theta }_{i}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=0}}{\theta }_{i}-n\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=0}}{\theta }_{i}^{2})}\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\theta }{\mathrm{\Delta }\theta +{\theta }_{\mathrm{R}}}\end{array}$
式(5)中:Δv为拟合窗口内开始和结束的距离库中心点的速度差;r为所选切向圈到雷达的距离;Δθ为拟合窗口的方位角;θR为雷达的方位角分辨率;θi为拟合窗口中从开始计算切向库的第i个距离库的方位角度数。
二维合成风切变(CS)是由一维径向风切变和一维切向风切变合成得到的,计算公式为
${C}_{\mathrm{S}}=\sqrt{({C}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{S}}{)}^{2}+({C}_{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{S}}{)}^{2}}$
时间风切变(TS)指在同一径向距离、同一方位角和同一仰角处,两次相邻体扫之间的风速差与时间差的比值。它体现了时间尺度上风速风向的突变。
${T}_{\mathrm{S}}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }v}{\mathrm{\Delta }t}=\frac{{v}_{t2}-{v}_{t1}}{\mathrm{\Delta }t}$
式(7)中:Δv为两次时间相邻的体扫的风速差;vt1vt2分别为同一位置处的前后两次相邻体扫时的径向风速;Δt为相邻两次体扫之间的时间差。
当前后两次体扫中有至少一次数据缺失时,不进行时间风切变的计算。将计算得到的时间风切变值与阈值相比较,判断是否有风切变产生。
本文研究中的二维合成风切变识别算法是基于三维扫描型测风激光雷达的PPI扫描模式来进行的,参考丁婕等[12]对兰州中川机场中风切变识别方法中的合成风切变阈值,故本文研究中选取的二维合成风切变阈值与时间风切变阈值如表3所示。
归一化旨在将数据按比例缩放,使数据落入一个特定区间之中如[0,1],以便对不同量纲或量级的数据进行后续的数据分析。此处运用线性归一化,公式为
${X}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}}=\frac{X-{X}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{{X}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{X}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}$
式(8)中:Xnorm为归一化后的数据;X为原始数据;XminXmax为集中数据的最小和最大值。
风切变两步识别法是根据二维合成风切变识别结果和时间风切变识别结果进行比较选取最大值得到识别结果。由于二维合成风切变和时间风切变两者强度值存在量纲及数值差异,故先根据两者的强度范围先对两类强度值进行归一化处理,后将比较得到归一化后的最大值作为两步法的识别结果。其中,两步法产生告警的条件需要同时满足等级阈值以及区域阈值两个条件,其中等级阈值选取归一化后的中度等级,即当二维合成风切变和时间风切变中至少一项达到中度等级;区域阈值方面则要求风切变规模尺度要达到千米级别,故同时满足等级阈值和范围阈值才会发生告警。
利用2023年3月份广州白云机场扫描型测风激光雷达PPI模式下的探测数据,分别采用风切变两步识别法、二维合成风切变算法及时间风切变算法进行风切变过程的识别。二维合成风切变识别算法共识别出25起风切变,风切变两步识别法对这25起风切变同样产生了告警。但风切变两步识别法得到的风切变过程的告警开始时间有21起比二维合成识别算法早。将二维合成风切变算法的告警时间与风切变两步法的告警时间相减得到告警时间差,两种识别算法的风切变告警时间及告警时间差如表4所示。
以2023年3月12日为例进行风切变过程的分析。从3月12日08:00(北京时)ERA5再分析资料700 hPa形势图(图略)上可以看出,广州白云机场位于东亚大槽的南侧,整体位于较均匀的西北气流中,天气形势总体较为稳定,没有降水,低空风切变发生期间,附近气象站的气压、温度、相对湿度、风等气象要素没有显著变化。因此,风切变仅凭地面气象站的气象要素变化分析很难判断,需借助高时空分辨率的三维测风激光雷达来进行相关的识别。从识别结果来看,3月12日计算的风切变强度达到中度及以上等级的过程实例共有8起,其中有3起过程中的部分区域风切变强度达到严重等级。下面对其中2起风切变强度达到严重等级的时间段进行分析。
2023年3月12日14:16风切变两步识别法在雷达东南方向2 km距离圈上产生风切变告警,同时刻下二维合成风切变识别未能产生风切变告警,图5为两种方法在14:16时刻下的风切变识别图,图5中黑圈处为发出告警的风切变区域。其中两步法发出了告警,二维合成风切变并未发出告警。这是由于时间风切变的存在,使得两步法识别中风切变的强度和范围均大于二维合成风切变的识别结果,故两步法于14:16提前发出告警。
从2023年3月12日14:16开始,在风切变两步识别法的识别结果中有显著严重等级的风切变发生,且其附近有超过千米级范围的中度等级风切变强度的区域,记为一次典型的风切变过程。为详细分析本次风切变过程中的风切变强度及位置的变化,图6~图8给出了14:18、14:20和14:22时刻两步法风切变计算结果、二维合成风切变计算结果以及径向速度图。本次过程中两步法共识别出两个连续风切变过程,分别位于雷达中心的西北方向和东南方向,且均与径向速度场有较好的对应,后续分析将西北方向的风切变称为Q1,东南方向的风切变称为Q2。
Q1(红色圆圈)风切变从14:16左右开始发展,在14:18时刻发出告警。在风切变强度变化方面,随着时间变化,风切变强度逐渐增强,在14:18左右达到最强,风切变强度达到严重等级,其合成风切变强度最大达到0.018 6 s-1,之后强度逐渐减弱,减弱到0.014 5 s-1,在14:22时强度再次增强达到严重等级。在风切变位置变化方面,随时间的变化,整个Q1风切变主体部分向南移动,这可能和偏北气流有关,于14:26(图略)后逐渐消散,持续时间超过10 min。在风切变范围变化方面,14:20开始两步法识别的Q1范围变大,而二维合成风切变中范围大小没有明显变化,这是由于Q1在14:18—14:20时刻前后有明显的时间风切变产生,前后风速差超过6 m/s,进而扩大了两步法对Q1的识别范围。从径向速度图[图6(c)图7(c)图8(c)]中也可以看到对应位置的风速切变。
Q2(黑色圆圈)风切变过程强度较强,在14:16时已达严重等级,同样在14:18时达到最强。在14:18,两步法的强度和范围较二维合成风切变均有所偏大,这同样是由于Q2在14:18前后存在明显的时间风切变,其中部分区域前后风速差超过8 m/s。在背景风场偏北风的作用下,Q2风切变整体向南偏移。从径向速度图中对应位置可以看到风向的切变。
从本次个例中可以得出,两步法可以同时做到判别风切变在时间和空间维度上的特点,从而提升了人们对于风切变过程的进一步了解。
2023年3月12日17:09风切变两步识别法在雷达东南方4 km处产生风切变告警,同时刻下二维合成风切变识别法未能产生告警,图9为两种方法在17:09时刻下的风切变识别图,图9中黑圈处为发出告警的风切变区域。时间风切变使得两步法识别中风切变的强度和范围均大于二维合成风切变的识别结果,并提前发出告警。
2023年3月12日17:09时起,风切变两步识别法识别出有风切变强度达到严重等级的风切变发生。图10~图12为17:12、17:15和17:17的PPI模式的两步法、二维合成法风切变计算结果以及径向速度图。在17:12时刻,二维合成风切变强度较小尚未达到严重等级,而两步法的同区域中产生严重等级风切变,根据17:12以及17:15的径向速度图可以得出,此次两步法中严重等级风切变产生的主要原因是存在时间风切变,图10~图12中黑色圈中部分区域前后时刻风速差超过6 m/s,有显著的时间风切变产生,且17:15以后该位置风速仍有增大。
从3月12日的风切变过程可以看出,考虑了时间维度和空间维度的两步法对风切变有很好的识别效果,并成功实现了对风切变的提前告警,这对于飞机飞行安全具有重要意义,也有利于进一步分析时间维度与空间维度两种风切变之间的关系。
基于三维扫描型测风激光雷达(Wind3D 6000),对2023年3月广州白云机场的观测资料进行风切变的识别及分析,利用风切变两步识别法和二维合成法进行对比实验,对比分析了两个方法的识别效果,并对3月12日达到严重等级的风切变过程进行特征分析,得到以下结论。
(1)采用信噪比质控、3×7窗口的k邻域频数法及步长为5的滑动平均,对多普勒测风激光雷达数据进行预处理,有效减少了病态数据对风切变识别算法的影响。
(2)对比分析了风切变两步识别法和二维合成风法和对风切变计算及告警的效果。2023年3月在广州白云机场试验期间,共有25起风切变过程产生了告警。风切变两步识别法在25起风切变过程中有21起做到了风切变的提前预警,平均早预警3~5 min。
(3)从3月12日的两次严重等级的风切变过程演变来看,风切变的位置受背景风场的影响,风切变区域内风速随时间的变化较大,风切变均在短时间内快速形成,持续时间不长,均在15 min以内。在风切变形成原因方面,有空间上的风速切变和风向切变,也有时间上的风速切变。
本文研究中运用的PPI模式仅采用单仰角扫描模式的数据,使得对风切变过程的垂直结构特征分析不够全面,在今后的研究工作中,将采用多仰角扫描的PPI模式数据进行风切变过程的识别和分析。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3001902)
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406415
  • 接收时间:2024-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-26
  • 修回日期:2025-05-12
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国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3001902)
作者信息
    1 成都信息工程大学大气科学学院, 成都 610225
    2 中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室, 北京 100081
    3 中国民用航空中南地区空中交通管理局气象中心, 广州 510000
    4 青岛镭测创芯科技有限公司, 青岛 266000

通讯作者:

* 王改利(1973—),女,汉族,陕西眉县人,博士,研究员。研究方向:雷达气象和云降水物理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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