Article(id=1228279670815257600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409311, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734278400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-16, revisedDate=1747238400000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774293855, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774293855, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774293855, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774293855, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9363, endPage=9370, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279671666700312, articleId=1228279670815257600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Unbiased Model Predictive Control and Sampling Noise Suppression Strategy on Traction Converter, columnId=1228279671607980054, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The voltage fluctuations in the high-voltage DC bus of the train traction converter have a significant impact on the output power quality of the traction system. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the response speed of the intermediate stage isolated DC/DC converter to reduce the power coupling between the high-voltage stage and the low-voltage stage. Taking the isolated DC/DC converter as the research object, an unbiased model predictive control and sampling noise suppression strategy was proposed to address its inherent problems of high sensitivity to circuit parameters and susceptibility to sampling noise. Firstly, the operation principle of the dual-bridge series resonant converter and the causes of the steady-state errors were analyzed, and a feedback correction method based on recursive least square algorithm was designed to eliminate the steady-state error. Then, the introduction of noise suppression coefficient reduces the sensitivity of the control variable to the control target through a simple and effective method. Furthermore, the virtual current was utilized in predictive model instead of the actual current sampling value, and it further reduces the system costs. Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the improvement of the proposed strategy in both steady-state and dynamic performance.

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列车牵引变流器高压直流母线电压存在电压波动,对牵引系统输出电能质量存在较大影响,因此需提高中间级DC/DC变换器的响应速度以减小高低压侧功率耦合。以列车牵引变流器中间级DC/DC变换器为研究对象,针对模型预测控制存在的对电路参数高敏感性和易受噪声干扰的固有问题,提出了一种无偏模型预测控制及采样噪声抑制策略。首先对双有源桥串联谐振变换器的工作原理及稳态误差产生原因进行分析,设计了基于递归最小二乘算法的控制目标反馈校正方法以消除其稳态误差。其次,引入噪声抑制系数,通过简单有效的方法降低了控制量对控制目标的敏感度。进而,采用虚拟电流代替实际电流采样值,进一步降低系统成本。最后搭建实验平台,验证了所提控制策略在稳态和动态性能上的提升。

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舒立三(1984—),男,苗族,湖南怀化人,硕士,副总工程师。研究方向:电力电气化。E-mail:

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舒立三(1984—),男,苗族,湖南怀化人,硕士,副总工程师。研究方向:电力电气化。E-mail:

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舒立三(1984—),男,苗族,湖南怀化人,硕士,副总工程师。研究方向:电力电气化。E-mail:

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2024, 39(8): 9084-9088., articleTitle=Noise tolerance strategy based on virtual capacitor for DC-DC converters with continuous control set model predictive control, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228369774791557307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279670815257600, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369774799945916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279670815257600, companyId=1228369774791557307, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=China Railway Siyuan Engineering (Hubei) Supervision Consulting Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369774808334525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279670815257600, companyId=1228369774791557307, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=铁四院(湖北)工程监理咨询有限公司, 武汉 430000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228369776423141689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279670815257600, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Topology of dual-bridge series resonant converter, figureFileSmall=D59Xt3mW8PwXkci4y2/FOw==, figureFileBig=rM2tFbIOafOjZoqkYJ62rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369776527999296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279670815257600, language=CN, label=图1, caption=双有源桥串联谐振变换器拓扑结构, figureFileSmall=D59Xt3mW8PwXkci4y2/FOw==, figureFileBig=rM2tFbIOafOjZoqkYJ62rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369776649634119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279670815257600, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Operation waveforms, figureFileSmall=GONFLFtQLC0oLca2FOcGRQ==, figureFileBig=ErAbcss6eWnuWRydXgpVAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369776825794891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279670815257600, language=CN, label=图2, caption=工作波形

ir为流过谐振电感的电流;D为移相占空比;Th为半开关周期;Vr为谐振电容和谐振电感端电压之和

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Main circuit parameters

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参数 数值
输入电压V1/V 100
输出电压V2/V 100
开关频率fs/kHz 40
谐振电感Lr/μH 44
谐振电容Cr/μF 1.0
负载电阻RL 20、40
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主电路参数

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参数 数值
输入电压V1/V 100
输出电压V2/V 100
开关频率fs/kHz 40
谐振电感Lr/μH 44
谐振电容Cr/μF 1.0
负载电阻RL 20、40
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电工技术列车牵引变流器无偏模型预测控制及采样噪声抑制策略
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(22): 9363-9370
电工技术列车牵引变流器无偏模型预测控制及采样噪声抑制策略
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舒立三
作者信息
  • 铁四院(湖北)工程监理咨询有限公司, 武汉 430000
  • 舒立三(1984—),男,苗族,湖南怀化人,硕士,副总工程师。研究方向:电力电气化。E-mail:

Unbiased Model Predictive Control and Sampling Noise Suppression Strategy on Traction Converter
Li-san SHU
Affiliations
  • China Railway Siyuan Engineering (Hubei) Supervision Consulting Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409311
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列车牵引变流器高压直流母线电压存在电压波动,对牵引系统输出电能质量存在较大影响,因此需提高中间级DC/DC变换器的响应速度以减小高低压侧功率耦合。以列车牵引变流器中间级DC/DC变换器为研究对象,针对模型预测控制存在的对电路参数高敏感性和易受噪声干扰的固有问题,提出了一种无偏模型预测控制及采样噪声抑制策略。首先对双有源桥串联谐振变换器的工作原理及稳态误差产生原因进行分析,设计了基于递归最小二乘算法的控制目标反馈校正方法以消除其稳态误差。其次,引入噪声抑制系数,通过简单有效的方法降低了控制量对控制目标的敏感度。进而,采用虚拟电流代替实际电流采样值,进一步降低系统成本。最后搭建实验平台,验证了所提控制策略在稳态和动态性能上的提升。

隔离式DC/DC变换器  /  模型预测控制  /  递归最小二乘算法  /  采样噪声  /  无电流传感器控

The voltage fluctuations in the high-voltage DC bus of the train traction converter have a significant impact on the output power quality of the traction system. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the response speed of the intermediate stage isolated DC/DC converter to reduce the power coupling between the high-voltage stage and the low-voltage stage. Taking the isolated DC/DC converter as the research object, an unbiased model predictive control and sampling noise suppression strategy was proposed to address its inherent problems of high sensitivity to circuit parameters and susceptibility to sampling noise. Firstly, the operation principle of the dual-bridge series resonant converter and the causes of the steady-state errors were analyzed, and a feedback correction method based on recursive least square algorithm was designed to eliminate the steady-state error. Then, the introduction of noise suppression coefficient reduces the sensitivity of the control variable to the control target through a simple and effective method. Furthermore, the virtual current was utilized in predictive model instead of the actual current sampling value, and it further reduces the system costs. Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the improvement of the proposed strategy in both steady-state and dynamic performance.

isolated DC/DC converter  /  model predictive control  /  recursive least square algorithm  /  sampling noise suppression  /  current sensorless control
舒立三. 电工技术列车牵引变流器无偏模型预测控制及采样噪声抑制策略. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9363 -9370 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409311
Li-san SHU. Unbiased Model Predictive Control and Sampling Noise Suppression Strategy on Traction Converter[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9363 -9370 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409311
随着中国铁路行业的快速发展,车载高功率密度电力电子变压器(power electronic transformer, PET)成为下一代高速列车的关键装备[1]。相比于传统工频牵引变流器,PET具有高效率、轻量化、高功率密度等优势[2-4]。模块化多电平变流器(modular multilevel converter, MMC)型电力电子变压器的列车牵引系统包括前级MMC整流器、中间级隔离DC/DC变换器和后级三相逆变器。MMC直流侧电压高达数十千伏,中间级隔离DC/DC变换器通常采用输入串联输出并联(input series output parallel, ISOP)拓扑[5]。列车运行过程中,高压侧直流母线电压存在电压脉动,影响低压交流侧电能质量,因此提高中间级DC/DC变换器响应速度、降低高压母线脉动对低压交流侧电能质量的影响尤为重要[6]。双有源桥串联谐振变换器(dual-bridge series resonant converter,DBSRC)具有高效率、高功率密度、无直流偏磁等优势,因此本文研究中以该拓扑做为研究对象。
针对中间级直流变换器动态性能的提升,现有文献提出了负载电流前馈控制[7]、输入电压前馈控制[8]、模型预测控制[9-10]等策略,其中模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)具有响应速度快、易于增加约束条件、多目标优化等优势,近年来逐渐被应用于电力电子领域。然而模型预测控制本质为开环控制,预测模型的偏差会影响控制目标的精度,且模型预测控制优异的动态性能依赖于其对控制目标偏差的高敏感性,较小的采样噪声即会引起控制量的剧烈变化[11]
针对模型预测控制下控制目标存在对电路参数高敏感性的固有问题,现有文献主要通过引入反馈校正的方法解决。文献[12]提出了一种虚拟功率控制策略,使得预测移相角的大小仅与输入输出电压测量值和虚拟功率相关,但虚拟功率的求解依赖比例积分(proportional-integral,PI)控制环路,需要对不同工况下PI参数进行整定。此外,部分文献通过引入参数辨识算法对电路参数代入值进行校正。文献[13]将模型预测控制与递归最小二乘算法结合,实现了预测控制下多模块变换器均功率运行;文献[14]采用梯度下降法对高频变压器漏感进行估计。但上述解决方法均增加了控制器计算负担。
模型预测控制下变换器系统的快速动态响应依赖于其对控制目标偏差的高敏感性,但这也大大降低了其应对外界扰动时的稳定性。文献[15]分析了开关噪声、量化噪声和测量噪声产生的机理及其对变换器的影响,并提出了部分硬件解决方案,但这些方法显著增加了系统成本。部分文献采用软件滤波的方法抑制噪声的影响[11,16],但其对控制器算力要求较高。文献[17]提出了一种基于虚拟电容的噪声抑制策略,在不增加计算负担的前提下,有效限制了采样噪声对控制量的影响。
针对此现状,现提出一种无偏模型预测控制策略。该策略通过递归最小二乘算法解决由模型参数失配引起的控制目标稳态误差,在此基础上引入噪声容限系数,以极低的计算代价降低控制量对采样噪声的敏感度。首先对DBSRC工作原理进行概述;其次分析传统模型预测控制误差来源,并引入递归最小二乘算法对预测模型进行反馈校正;再次,借鉴文献[17]提出一种简单高效的采样噪声抑制策略,并分析无电流传感器控制的有效性;最后对前文所提方法进行实验验证。
图1为双有源串联谐振变换器拓扑结构图,其由两组全桥模块(包含开关管Q1 ~ Q8及其反并联二极管)、高频变压器(匝数比为n∶1)、谐振电感Lr和谐振电容Cr组成。V1V2分别为变换器两侧电压,I1I2分别为变换器两侧电流,C1C2分别为直流侧支撑电容。忽略高频变压器漏感,谐振电容和谐振电感串联阻抗可表示为
Xr=2πfsLr-1/fsCr
式(1)中:fs为开关管Q1 ~ Q8的开关频率,其大小略大于谐振频率ωr=1/$\sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{r}}{C}_{\mathrm{r}}}$
双有源串联谐振变换器通常采用定频移相调制策略对传输功率进行控制,即通过控制各组开关管(以上下两互补开关管为一组)驱动信号相位差,实现功率的双向流动。本文聚焦于变换器动态性能优化,此处不再进行多重移相调制策略分析。图2为单移相调制下系统工作波形。由于三角函数的正交性,不同频次电压与电流乘积为零,而由LrCr组成的谐振腔端电压Vr的频率与谐振频率接近,谐振电流ir接近正弦波,高次谐波含量极少,因此变换器传输功率可由基波分析法近似计算,其近似过程将在下文中进行分析。
图3为DBSRC等效电路图。当系统处于稳态时,由于支撑电容的作用变换器两侧电压几乎不变,因此谐振腔端电压可由两不同相位的方波电压叠加而成。对谐振腔端电压进行傅里叶分解并仅考虑开关频次基波分量,可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{·}{U}}_{1}=\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{\mathrm{\pi }}{V}_{1}\\ {\stackrel{·}{U}}_{2}=\frac{2\sqrt{2}n{V}_{2}}{\mathrm{\pi }}(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\varphi -\mathrm{j}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi )\end{array}\right.$
式(2)中:ϕD,其中D图2所示移相占空比大小。
流过谐振腔的电流$\stackrel{·}{I}$=(${\stackrel{·}{U}}_{1}$-${\stackrel{·}{U}}_{2}$)/Xr,其中Xr=ωsLr-1sCr,ωs为开关角频率。变换器有功功率可由端口电压向量和电流向量的共轭复数之积求得,即
$\stackrel{·}{S}$=$\stackrel{·}{U}$${\stackrel{·}{I}}^{\mathrm{*}}$=P+jQ
式(3)中:PQ分别为端口有功功率和无功功率;I*为共轭复数;jQ为虚部。
联立式(2)和式(3)可得变换器传输功率为
P=$\frac{8n{V}_{1}{V}_{2}}{{\mathrm{\pi }}^{2}{X}_{\mathrm{r}}}$sin(πD)
当移相占空比D=0时,谐振腔端电压为直流量保持不变,谐振电感和谐振电容无能量的储存与释放,变换器无有功功率传输;当移相占空比为0.5或-0.5时,变换器以最大能力进行正向或反向功率传输,若V1保持不变(由前级变换器控制),则V2以最快速度上升或下降。
为进一步探索上述基波分析法所求传输功率与实际传输功率之间的误差,本文研究对实际传输功率的各频次分量进行了对比。通过图4可知,系统传输功率的基波分量远大于其高次谐波分量,且随着传输功率的增加,基波分量占比也随之增大。因此在一般场合下,变换器传输功率可采用式(4)所示的基波分量进行简化。
应用于双有源桥串联谐振变换器的传统模型预测控制算法是一种集预测模型与滚动优化的开环控制技术,其控制精度高度依赖于预测模型的准确性。电路系统中存在多种磁性器件,如谐振电感、高频变压器等,其磁导率受工作温度、磁化电流、交流磁场等因素影响,无法确定工作点的精确模型。同时,随着变换器工作时间的增加,电解电容容值也会发生改变,精确地预测模型更难以获得。
当电路实际参数与预测模型完全相同时,以对输出电压V2控制为例,对支撑电容C2列写基尔霍夫电流方程为
C2$\frac{\mathrm{d}{v}_{2}}{\mathrm{d}t}$=$\frac{P}{{V}_{2}}$-I2
式(5)中:v2为输出电压V2的瞬时值。
对式(5)进行离散化处理,离散时间为开关周期Ts,可得
C2$\frac{{v}_{2}(k+1)-{v}_{2}\left(k\right)}{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}$=$\frac{P}{{V}_{2}}$-I2
为保证下一时刻输出电压能够快速跟踪其参考值${V}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}$,现定义代价函数J(k) =[v2 (k+1)-${V}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}$]2,并令其导数为0,可得
πD=arcsin$\left\{\frac{{\mathrm{\pi }}^{2}{X}_{\mathrm{r}}{C}_{2}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}{8n{V}_{1}}[{V}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}-{v}_{2}(k)+\frac{{I}_{2}}{{C}_{2}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}]\right\}$
当式(4)和式(6)中电气参数与电路实际参数一致时,使移相占空比满足式(7)所示,即可使输出电压以最快速度跟踪其参考值。当预测移相占空比计算值在(-0.5, 0.5)范围内,输出电压V2理论能够在一个开关周期内达到给定值。
当式(7)所示的电气参数与电路实际参数不一致时,输出电压则会出现稳态误差。现记V2XrC2为电路实际值,V'2X'rC'2为预测模型代入值,对于控制器内预测控制算法,满足
V'2(k+1)=$\frac{8n\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi }{{\mathrm{\pi }}^{2}C\text{'}{}_{2}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}X\text{'}{}_{\mathrm{r}}}$-$\frac{{I}_{2}}{C\text{'}{}_{2}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}$+v2(k)=${V}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}$
而对于实际电路,满足
V2(k+1)=$\frac{8n\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\varphi }{{\mathrm{\pi }}^{2}{C}_{2}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{X}_{\mathrm{r}}}$-$\frac{{I}_{2}}{{C}_{2}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}$+v2(k)=V2
当采用模型预测控制对下一时刻移相占空比进行预测时,需要控制器根据式(8)实施滚动优化,此时预测模型中该采样时刻输出电压大小与实际输出电压值相等,即
V2(k+1)=V2(k)=V'2(k)=V2
联立式(8)~式(10),可得
$\frac{{V}_{2}}{{V}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}}$=$\frac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{1-\frac{{X}_{\mathrm{r}}-X\text{'}{}_{\mathrm{r}}}{X\text{'}{}_{\mathrm{r}}}\frac{4P}{{{V}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}}^{2}C\text{'}{}_{2}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}}+1\right)$
通过式(11)可以看出,控制目标侧支撑电容及谐振腔参数的偏差均会对控制目标精度产生影响。但当谐振腔阻抗与实际阻抗匹配时,支撑电容容值的偏差不会使控制目标出现稳态误差。因此传统无反馈校正的模型预测控制策略难以避免稳态误差。
在传统模型预测控制策略中,式(7)所示预测移相占空比计算过程复杂,且受实际电路参数的影响,对此本节对预测模型进行简化,并采用递归最小二乘算法对预测模型进行反馈校正。
预测移相占空比与当前时刻电压偏差相关,当功率参考突变时,由于支撑电容的作用,输出电压无法立即响应外部扰动,而输出电流能够及时对负载突变情况作出快速响应,因此预测移相占空比的求解与电压偏差和输出电流密切相关。设简化后的控制目标偏差为
ΔV2=AD-BI2
式(12)中:A为待辨识参数,其大小对控制目标偏差起关键作用,根据式(7)可知B=1/C2 fs
将式(12)采用矩阵形式表达为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{\Delta }{V}_{2}=H\left(k\right)X\left(k\right)\\ H\left(k\right)=\left[D {I}_{2}\right]\\ X\left(k\right)={[A -B]}^{\mathrm{T}}\end{array}\right.$
建立基于递归最小二乘法的数据驱动模型,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}G\left(k\right)=G(k-1)-\\    \frac{G(k-1)H\left(k\right)H{\left(k\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}G(k-1)}{\lambda +H\left(k\right)G(k-1)H{\left(k\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}}\\ X\left(k\right)=X(k-1)+\\    \frac{G\left(k\right)H{\left(k\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}}{\lambda }[\mathrm{\Delta }{V}_{2}-H(k\left)X\right(k-1\left)\right]\end{array}\right.$
式(14)中:G为递归计算中间矩阵;λ(0<λ<1)为遗忘因子,表示递归过程中旧数据对于辨识计算的重要性。
λ越小,系统响应速度越快,但稳定性较差;λ越大,系统稳定性越好,但其跟踪性能下降,响应速度较慢。模型预测控制具有极快的响应速度,动态性能的略微牺牲在实际应用中可忽略不计,因此后文实验中λ取值设置为0.99。
通过式(13)和式(14),可在数个控制周期内对参数A进行精确辨识,以保证输出电压偏差为零。基于递归最小二乘算法的反馈校正环节的引入,使得预测模型不再与电路参数相关,对于任意外部扰动变换器控制目标总能快速跟踪其参考值。
模型预测控制对控制目标偏差的高敏感性使得控制量对微小的外部扰动也能做出较大的响应,特别是在输出电压存在较大的采样噪声时,移相占空比将在其稳态值附近上下跳变,严重影响电能质量及器件寿命。当移相占空比跳变至较小值时,变换器难以实现软开关,开关损耗增大;当移相占空比跳变至较大值时,瞬时传输功率增加,开关器件电流应力较大。因此,降低移相占空比对输出电压波动的敏感性是提高所提无偏模型预测控制稳定性的关键。
根据式(12)可知,预测移相占空比可表示为
D=$\frac{\delta {V}_{2}}{A}$+$\frac{B}{A}$I2
式(15)中:δV2为输出电压的采样噪声,包括开关处高频电压尖峰、量化噪声、热噪声等。
通过式(15)可以看出,当参数A越大,预测移相占空比受测量噪声的影响越小,其稳态工作点附近跳变范围越窄。
假设变换器系统稳态时测量噪声为零,则稳态时移相占空比大小为
D=$\frac{B}{A}$I2
在电路参数及传输功率确定的情况下,输出电流和移相占空比为固定值,因此B/A为一常数。参数A由反馈校正环节迭代求出,与B取值的大小无关。现定义B为噪声抑制系数,当B取值较大时,参数A的迭代值也较大,对采样噪声的抑制效果也越好。因此,可通过对B合理的取值实现采样噪声的抑制,通常B取值数倍于1/C2 fs的大小。
与单输出电压闭环PI控制相比,模型预测控制需要额外采集输出电流信号,以保证负载突变时移相占空比能够对输出电流变化做出快速响应。电流传感器的应用不仅使成本提高,也增加了系统的故障率。模型预测控制对输出电压偏差较为敏感,输出电压微小的扰动即会引起移相占空比的快速响应,因此无需电流传感器提高其动态性能。
现取虚拟电流Iv,满足
I2=αIv
式(17)中:α为增益系数;Iv为常数。
当输出电流发生变化时,增益系数也随之变化。将式(17)代入式(16)可得稳态时移相占空比大小为
D=$\frac{\alpha B}{A}$Iv
由3.2节分析可知,无论噪声抑制系数取值的大小,参数A总能与其匹配并保证输出电压偏差为零。虚拟电流的引入可等效为噪声抑制系数B变为原来的α倍,不会对控制目标造成影响,实际电路中可设置Iv在稳态工作点附近。
为验证本文所提控制策略的有效性,搭建了双有源桥串联谐振变换器实验平台,实验平台如图5所示,主电路参数如表1所示。样机包括RT-Unit全桥模块、谐振电容、谐振电感与变比为1∶1的高频变压器,控制芯片为TMS320F28379D。
为验证所提模型预测控制策略的动态性能,本组实验设置输入输出电压均为100 V,负载由40 Ω跳变至20 Ω,图6分别为PI控制和所提模型预测控制下的实验结果。通过实验结果可以看出,负载切换时PI控制下输出电压恢复时间为72 ms,且出现明显超调,而在所提模型预测控制策略下负载切换时输出电压基本不变,证明了本文所提控制策略具有优异的动态性能。
为验证所提模型预测控制策略的稳态性能,实验负载电阻为20 Ω,设置传统模型预测控制中谐振腔阻抗代入值Xr偏差50%,所提无偏模型预测控制下预测模型经反馈校正后得到,实验中无需计算电路参数。图7为不同预测控制下DBSRC稳态工作波形图。实验结果表明,在传统模型预测控制下,由于预测模型的偏差,使得输出电压出现0.92 V的稳态误差,而在所提无偏模型预测策略下输出电压能够严格跟踪其参考值。上述实验结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性。
该组实验设置输入输出电压均为100 V,负载由40 Ω跳变至20 Ω,图8分别为参数B为0.03和0.12时的工作波形。实验结果表明,当负载电阻为40 Ω时,随着参数B的增加,谐振电流应力由22.5 A降低至11.7 A;当负载电阻为20 Ω时,随着参数B的增加,谐振电流应力由25.1 A降低至15.9 A。且参数B变化前后,负载切换时变换器动态性能几乎不受影响。该实验结果验证了所提控制策略对采样噪声抑制的有效性。
为验证无电流传感器控制的正确性,将引入电流反馈的预测模型与采用虚拟电流控制的预测模型进行对比,实验结果如图9所示。在引入虚拟电流前后,输出电压均能够稳定在100 V,不会使控制目标出现稳态误差。当负载由40 Ω跳变至20 Ω时,采用虚拟电流代替实际电流使得输出电压出现微小波动,电压恢复时间约为2.2 ms,但该电压波动范围小于实际输出电压的5%,因此在实际应用中可忽略不计。
为解决传统模型预测控制存在的对电路参数和采样噪声高敏感性的难题,提出了一种基于递归最小二乘算法的无偏模型预测控制及简单有效的采样噪声抑制策略。基于实验结果可以得到如下结论。
(1)所提无偏模型预测控制策略具有优异的动态性能,在负载突变工况下输出电压能够快速跟踪其参考值,无明显波动。
(2)在实际电路参数与预测模型代入值出现偏差时,相比于传统模型预测控制,所提控制策略下控制目标不会出现稳态误差。
(3)通过引入噪声抑制系数,以较低的计算代价实现了对采样噪声的抑制,且该方法在无输出电流反馈信号时依然适用。
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409311
  • 接收时间:2024-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-16
  • 修回日期:2025-05-15
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    铁四院(湖北)工程监理咨询有限公司, 武汉 430000
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