Article(id=1228279667317208006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406509, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724947200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-30, revisedDate=1746979200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774293021, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774293021, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774293021, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774293021, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9595, endPage=9603, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279669577937882, articleId=1228279667317208006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Evaluation Methods for Node Importance in Air Route Networks under Thunderstorm Weather, columnId=1228279665454940832, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the operational carrier of civil aviation transportation network, the air route network undertakes the important task of ensuring the safe and efficient operation of aircraft. When important waypoints fail due to thunderstorm disturbances, it is easy to chain reaction to adjacent nodes, ultimately leading to a significant decrease in network performance. Aiming at the problem that existing complex network node importance evaluation models do not effectively consider thunderstorm disturbances, the characteristics of thunderstorm disturbances were incorporated into the waypoint importance evaluation system for thunderstorm weather scenarios. The evaluation indicators were weighted using game theory methods, and the TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution) comprehensive evaluation method was improved based on gravity model theory. A node importance evaluation model based on game theory improved TOPSIS method was established, and the K-medoids algorithm was then used to achieve waypoint clustering and grading. Taking flight operations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an example, the importance of air route network nodes in thunderstorm weather scenarios was evaluated. The results show that within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei route network, route points in the southern region are more susceptible to thunderstorm weather and are more densely distributed. The route network contains 9 important route points. When important route points in the route network fail due to thunderstorm impact, it will have a significant negative impact on the performance of the route network. The proposed node importance evaluation model based on game theory-improved TOPSIS method can effectively identify important waypoints in the route network during thunderstorm seasons or areas with high thunderstorm incidence, providing effective basis for optimizing the route network structure and resource allocation in thunderstorm scenarios.

, correspAuthors=Zi-hao SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ning FU, Zi-hao SONG, Mei XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279671666700313, articleId=1228279667317208006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=面向雷暴天气场景的航路网络节点重要度评估方法: 以京津冀地区航班运行为例, columnId=1228279665631101603, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

航路网络作为民航运输网络的运行载体,承担着保障航空器安全高效运行的重要任务。当重要航路点因雷暴扰动失效时,易连锁反应至相邻节点最终导致网络性能的显著下降。针对现有复杂网络节点重要度评估模型未有效考虑雷暴扰动的问题,面向雷暴天气场景,将雷暴扰动特性纳入航路点重要度评估体系,利用博弈论方法对评估指标进行组合赋权,基于引力模型理论改进了TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)综合评价方法,建立基于博弈论-改进TOPSIS法的节点重要度评估模型,进而采用K中心点算法实现航路点聚类分级。以京津冀地区航班运行为例,对雷暴天气场景下的航路网络节点重要度进行评估,结果表明:在京津冀航路网络内,南部地区的航路点更易受雷暴天气影响且分布较为密集,该航路网络包含9个重要航路点,当航路网络中的重要航路点因雷暴影响而失效时,会对航路网络性能产生显著的负面影响。提出的基于博弈论-改进TOPSIS法的节点重要度评估模型可以有效识别出雷雨季节或雷暴高发地区航路网络中的重要航路点,从而为雷暴场景下航路网络结构优化与资源配置提供有效依据。

, correspAuthors=宋子豪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 宋子豪(1999—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士研究生。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:
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傅宁(1978—),女,汉族,辽宁大连人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:航空气象预报和服务技术。E-mail:

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傅宁(1978—),女,汉族,辽宁大连人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:航空气象预报和服务技术。E-mail:

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傅宁(1978—),女,汉族,辽宁大连人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:航空气象预报和服务技术。E-mail:

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Node importance index weight

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 CRITIC法权重 熵权法权重 组合权重
度中心性 0.078 2 0.079 9 0.079 3
介数中心性 0.090 8 0.029 0 0.050 6
接近中心性 0.066 0 0.167 4 0.131 9
特征向量中心性 0.092 9 0.184 3 0.152 3
全局效率损失率 0.061 9 0.108 7 0.092 3
连通度下降率 0.059 6 0.087 3 0.077 6
高峰小时流量 0.131 0 0.126 8 0.128 3
平均小时流量 0.118 1 0.169 9 0.151 8
雷暴扰动概率 0.141 0 0.017 6 0.060 8
雷暴扰动平均强度 0.160 5 0.029 1 0.075 1
), ArticleFig(id=1228369861177439102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279667317208006, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

节点重要度指标权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 CRITIC法权重 熵权法权重 组合权重
度中心性 0.078 2 0.079 9 0.079 3
介数中心性 0.090 8 0.029 0 0.050 6
接近中心性 0.066 0 0.167 4 0.131 9
特征向量中心性 0.092 9 0.184 3 0.152 3
全局效率损失率 0.061 9 0.108 7 0.092 3
连通度下降率 0.059 6 0.087 3 0.077 6
高峰小时流量 0.131 0 0.126 8 0.128 3
平均小时流量 0.118 1 0.169 9 0.151 8
雷暴扰动概率 0.141 0 0.017 6 0.060 8
雷暴扰动平均强度 0.160 5 0.029 1 0.075 1
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Ranking of importance of air route network nodes under thunderstorm weather(Top 25)

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航路点序号 航路点名称 综合重要度 排名
5 VYK 2.624 5 1
2 SOTMU 2.235 5 2
1 HUR 2.064 5 3
3 LADIX 1.435 0 4
22 BELAX 0.895 2 5
4 CG 0.877 2 6
7 BUMDU 0.858 0 7
18 ELKUR 0.703 8 8
19 AVBOX 0.698 0 9
20 OMDEK 0.520 7 10
25 TEKIL 0.492 1 11
6 PEGSO 0.437 9 12
13 GUVBA 0.411 9 13
26 GUVRI 0.390 9 14
81 LUX 0.375 8 15
32 ATPIR 0.359 5 16
29 BONLU 0.326 2 17
9 DOTRA 0.322 4 18
8 OSUBA 0.319 9 19
12 AVLAP 0.300 4 20
21 DUGEB 0.279 9 21
31 BEKDO 0.266 8 22
45 LEBUN 0.266 7 23
11 ASAVA 0.259 7 24
35 OC 0.241 3 25
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雷暴天气下航路网络节点重要度排名(前25)

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航路点序号 航路点名称 综合重要度 排名
5 VYK 2.624 5 1
2 SOTMU 2.235 5 2
1 HUR 2.064 5 3
3 LADIX 1.435 0 4
22 BELAX 0.895 2 5
4 CG 0.877 2 6
7 BUMDU 0.858 0 7
18 ELKUR 0.703 8 8
19 AVBOX 0.698 0 9
20 OMDEK 0.520 7 10
25 TEKIL 0.492 1 11
6 PEGSO 0.437 9 12
13 GUVBA 0.411 9 13
26 GUVRI 0.390 9 14
81 LUX 0.375 8 15
32 ATPIR 0.359 5 16
29 BONLU 0.326 2 17
9 DOTRA 0.322 4 18
8 OSUBA 0.319 9 19
12 AVLAP 0.300 4 20
21 DUGEB 0.279 9 21
31 BEKDO 0.266 8 22
45 LEBUN 0.266 7 23
11 ASAVA 0.259 7 24
35 OC 0.241 3 25
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面向雷暴天气场景的航路网络节点重要度评估方法: 以京津冀地区航班运行为例
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傅宁 1 , 宋子豪 1, * , 徐梅 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(22): 9595-9603
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(22): 9595-9603
面向雷暴天气场景的航路网络节点重要度评估方法: 以京津冀地区航班运行为例
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傅宁1 , 宋子豪1, * , 徐梅2
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学空中交通管理学院, 天津 300300
  • 2 天津市气象信息中心, 天津 300300
  • 傅宁(1978—),女,汉族,辽宁大连人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:航空气象预报和服务技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 宋子豪(1999—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士研究生。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:
Evaluation Methods for Node Importance in Air Route Networks under Thunderstorm Weather
Ning FU1 , Zi-hao SONG1, * , Mei XU2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2 Tianjin Meteorological Information Center, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406509
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航路网络作为民航运输网络的运行载体,承担着保障航空器安全高效运行的重要任务。当重要航路点因雷暴扰动失效时,易连锁反应至相邻节点最终导致网络性能的显著下降。针对现有复杂网络节点重要度评估模型未有效考虑雷暴扰动的问题,面向雷暴天气场景,将雷暴扰动特性纳入航路点重要度评估体系,利用博弈论方法对评估指标进行组合赋权,基于引力模型理论改进了TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)综合评价方法,建立基于博弈论-改进TOPSIS法的节点重要度评估模型,进而采用K中心点算法实现航路点聚类分级。以京津冀地区航班运行为例,对雷暴天气场景下的航路网络节点重要度进行评估,结果表明:在京津冀航路网络内,南部地区的航路点更易受雷暴天气影响且分布较为密集,该航路网络包含9个重要航路点,当航路网络中的重要航路点因雷暴影响而失效时,会对航路网络性能产生显著的负面影响。提出的基于博弈论-改进TOPSIS法的节点重要度评估模型可以有效识别出雷雨季节或雷暴高发地区航路网络中的重要航路点,从而为雷暴场景下航路网络结构优化与资源配置提供有效依据。

雷暴  /  航路网络  /  节点重要度  /  博弈论-改进TOPSIS法  /  K-medoids聚类

As the operational carrier of civil aviation transportation network, the air route network undertakes the important task of ensuring the safe and efficient operation of aircraft. When important waypoints fail due to thunderstorm disturbances, it is easy to chain reaction to adjacent nodes, ultimately leading to a significant decrease in network performance. Aiming at the problem that existing complex network node importance evaluation models do not effectively consider thunderstorm disturbances, the characteristics of thunderstorm disturbances were incorporated into the waypoint importance evaluation system for thunderstorm weather scenarios. The evaluation indicators were weighted using game theory methods, and the TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution) comprehensive evaluation method was improved based on gravity model theory. A node importance evaluation model based on game theory improved TOPSIS method was established, and the K-medoids algorithm was then used to achieve waypoint clustering and grading. Taking flight operations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an example, the importance of air route network nodes in thunderstorm weather scenarios was evaluated. The results show that within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei route network, route points in the southern region are more susceptible to thunderstorm weather and are more densely distributed. The route network contains 9 important route points. When important route points in the route network fail due to thunderstorm impact, it will have a significant negative impact on the performance of the route network. The proposed node importance evaluation model based on game theory-improved TOPSIS method can effectively identify important waypoints in the route network during thunderstorm seasons or areas with high thunderstorm incidence, providing effective basis for optimizing the route network structure and resource allocation in thunderstorm scenarios.

thunderstorm  /  route network  /  node importance  /  game theory-improved TOPSIS method  /  K-medoids clustering
傅宁, 宋子豪, 徐梅. 面向雷暴天气场景的航路网络节点重要度评估方法: 以京津冀地区航班运行为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9595 -9603 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406509
Ning FU, Zi-hao SONG, Mei XU. Evaluation Methods for Node Importance in Air Route Networks under Thunderstorm Weather[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9595 -9603 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406509
航路网络作为空中交通系统的核心运行载体,一旦网络中的重要节点遭遇扰动,不仅会大幅降低航班运行效率和安全性,还会造成旅客、机场和航空公司等多方主体不同程度的时间和经济损失。雷暴是影响航班正常运行的重要因素[1],强雷暴天气极易导致航路网络产生明显扰动,当航路网络节点受到强雷暴影响时,会连锁反应至相邻节点,导致运行能力下降,甚至引发网络崩溃。因此,探究科学有效的雷暴天气下航路网络节点重要性评估方法,准确快速地识别出雷雨季节或雷雨高发地区的航路网络关键节点,具有重要的理论和现实意义。
目前,复杂网络节点重要度评估方法主要可分为3类:网络结构分析法、系统科学分析法及多指标综合分析法[2]。网络结构分析法利用复杂网络的结构特征属性评估节点重要度,主要评估指标包括:度中心性、紧密中心性、特征向量中心性、K-shell分解、H-index等[3-8],此外有学者对部分网络结构指标加以改进,形成新的重要度评价指标,例如,Yang等[9]提出了扩展邻域K-shell总和指标,通过计算给定节点两阶以内邻居的K-Shell 指数之和识别重要节点;Xu等[10]基于网络的邻域信息,提出一种综合考虑邻域拓扑、邻域节点数量和质量的邻域聚类H-index度量指标。系统科学分析法通过研究删除节点后网络性能的变化程度评估节点重要度,其变化程度通过性能指标进行量化,主要评估指标包括最大连通子图下降率、网络效率[11]和冗余度[12]等。为克服单一度量方法的局限性,研究学者利用节点及网络信息,结合多属性决策方法提出了用于评价节点重要度的多指标综合分析法,主要评估方法包括:灰色关联分析、TOPSIS法、多准则妥协解排序法和层次分析法等[13-16],此类方法提高了复杂网络节点重要度评估的准确性。
近年来,交通强国战略加速推进,航空网络作为典型的交通网络,成为当前复杂网络研究的热点。在航空网络节点重要度评估方面,目前研究大多聚焦于机场网络,对航路网络关注较少。已有的航路网络节点重要度评估研究主要有两类。一是通过研究节点中心性特征指标值大小或节点移除后网络性能变化情况判断节点的关键程度。例如,蒋一森[17]结合紧密中心性与介数中心性对航路网络节点重要度进行评估,得到航路网络中的关键节点;Kim等[18]分别利用度中心性、紧密中心性和介数中心性识别了东北亚航线网络中的重要节点;张轶宁等[19]选取网络效率和聚类系数等特征指标,从脆弱性角度对蓄意扰动下的广州-珠海地区航路网络节点进行重要度评估。二是基于节点拓扑结构及交通特性等建立综合指标体系,利用多属性决策方法综合评估节点重要度。例如,Fang等[20]通过对航路节点中心度指标与流量指标组合加权,得到华东地区航路点重要性排序;李亚飞等[21]在上述两种指标基础上添加改航可达性指标,并采用TOPSIS法识别了中国航路网络中的关键节点。然而,当航路网络涉及雷暴天气场景时,已有研究所构建的航路节点重要度评估体系存在局限性,无法有效评估雷雨季节或雷雨高发地区航路网络节点的重要程度,并且此类研究中多数重要度评估方法忽略了航路邻居节点间的相互影响。
据此,现提出面向雷暴天气场景的航路网络节点重要度评估方法。首先,在网络拓扑结构特性、交通特性、鲁棒性基础上融合雷暴扰动特性,构建航路节点重要度评价指标体系;其次,结合引力模型,建立基于博弈论-改进TOPSIS法的航路网络节点重要度评估模型,并利用K-medoids算法实现雷暴天气下航路网络节点的聚类分级;以京津冀地区航班运行为例,进行航路节点重要度评估及聚类分级,并通过计算不同类别航路节点失效对航路网络性能的影响验证了航路节点重要度评估方法的有效性,以期为雷暴天气场景下航路网络的结构优化及资源配置等提供参考。
为了更好地评估雷暴天气下的航路网络节点重要度,需要从现有信息中恰当且全面地选取评估指标,以便提高节点重要度评估结果的准确性。因此,在考虑航路网络拓扑结构特性、交通特性与鲁棒性的基础上,将雷暴扰动特性纳入节点重要度评估过程,构建了涵盖4种特性指标的节点重要度综合评估指标体系,具体评价指标及其之间的关系如图1所示。
在复杂网络节点重要度评估相关研究中,常采用TOPSIS法评估节点重要度。TOPSIS法是一种常用的多指标综合分析方法,能够根据节点与理想目标的接近程度对节点重要度进行排序,适合用于评价指标较多的多属性决策问题。然而,传统的TOPSIS法以欧氏距离来衡量节点与理想目标的接近程度,当指标之间存在高度相关性或者指标尺度差异较大时,无法准确反映指标间的实际差异,且未考虑邻居节点信息对节点重要度的影响。因此以相对熵代替欧氏距离,并引入引力模型,提出了一种基于博弈论-改进TOPSIS法的航路网络节点重要度评估方法,并根据重要性评估结果对雷暴天气下的航路网络节点进行聚类并实现分级,进而更加清晰直观地识别出雷雨季节或雷雨高发地区航路网络中的关键节点。
基于博弈论-改进TOPSIS法的航路网络节点重要度评估模型包括三部分:一是构造初始评价矩阵并将其规范化;二是利用CRITIC(criteria importance though intercrieria correlation)法与熵权法分别计算指标权重,基于博弈论为评价指标综合赋权;三是利用改进TOPSIS法计算节点重要度。评估模型主要步骤流程如图2所示。
假设雷暴天气下航路网络节点重要度评估体系中,航路点数目为N,评估指标数目为M,根据航路数据、航班运行数据及雷暴数据,可构造初始评价矩阵$X=({x}_{ij}{)}_{N\times M},其中{x}_{ij}$为航路点ij项指标的值。
$\mathrm{X}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{x}_{11}& {x}_{12}& \dots & {x}_{1M}\\ {x}_{21}& {x}_{11}& \dots & {x}_{2M}\\ ︙& ︙& & ︙\\ {x}_{N1}& {x}_{N2}& \dots & {x}_{NM}\end{array}\right]$
由于指标评价体系中不同指标间量纲存在差异,为了避免量纲差异对评价结果造成影响,需要对初始评价矩阵进行标准化处理,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}效益型指标:{y}_{ij}=\frac{{x}_{ij}-\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{x}_{j}}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}{x}_{j}-\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{x}_{j}}\\ 成本型指标:{y}_{ij}=\frac{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}{x}_{j}-{x}_{ij}}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}{x}_{j}-\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}{x}_{j}}\end{array}\right.$
标准化处理后的矩阵为Y=(yij)N×M
针对复杂网络节点重要度综合评价问题,CRITIC法及熵权法是最常用的两种客观赋权方法,其中CRITIC法能够综合考虑指标间的冲突性特征与对比强度,进而得到合理客观的指标权重。然而,单一的CRITIC无法反映各评价指标本身的离散程度,而熵权法能够有效地弥补CRITIC法的缺陷[22],利用指标离散程度来确定指标权重。基于此,结合CRITIC法与熵权法,采用博弈论组合赋权法确定指标的综合权重,从而更加科学准确地反映评价指标的重要程度。
(1)CRITIC法计算权重。
${\sigma }_{j}=\sqrt{\frac{\stackrel{N}{\sum _{i=1}}({y}_{ij}-{\stackrel{-}{y}}_{j}{)}^{2}}{N-1}}$
${r}_{i,j}=\frac{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{v}(i,j)}{\sqrt{{\sigma }_{i}{\sigma }_{j}}}$
${W}_{j}^{1}=\frac{{\sigma }_{j}\stackrel{M}{\sum _{i=1}}(1-{r}_{i,j})}{\stackrel{M}{\sum _{j=1}}\left[{\sigma }_{j}\stackrel{M}{\sum _{i=1}}\right(1-{r}_{i,j}\left)\right]}$
式中:${\sigma }_{j}$为各指标列标准差;${\stackrel{-}{y}}_{j}$为第j项指标的平均值;ri,j为不同指标列之间的相关系数;$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{v}(i,j)$为第i项指标与第j项指标间的协方差;${W}_{j}^{1}$为由CRITIC法确定的第j项指标权重值;最终得到指标权重向量${W}_{1}=({W}_{1}^{1},{W}_{2}^{1},\dots,{W}_{j}^{1})。$
(2)熵权法计算权重。
${e}_{j}=-\frac{1}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}N}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{i=1}}{p}_{ij}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}{p}_{ij}$
${W}_{j}^{2}=\frac{1-{e}_{j}}{\stackrel{M}{\sum _{j=1}}(1-{e}_{j})}$
${p}_{ij}=\frac{{y}_{ij}+0.01}{\stackrel{N}{\sum _{i=1}}({y}_{ij}+0.01)}$
式中:ej为指标j的信息熵;${W}_{j}^{2}$为由熵权法确定的第j项指标权重值;最终得到指标权重向量${W}_{2}=({W}_{1}^{2},{W}_{2}^{2},\dots,{W}_{j}^{2})。$
(3)博弈论组合赋权。博弈论组合赋权法能够兼顾不同赋权方法的优势,从而得到更加合理的指标综合权重。组合赋权步骤如下。
步骤1 根据两种赋权方法得到的权重向量,构造组合权重,计算公式为
$W={\alpha }_{1}{{W}^{\mathrm{T}}}_{1}+{\alpha }_{2}{{W}^{\mathrm{T}}}_{2}$
式(8)中:${\alpha }_{1}、{\alpha }_{2}$分别为CRITIC法与熵权法的线性组合系数。
步骤2 根据矩阵微分性质,变换式(8)为一阶导数情况下的线性方程组,即
$\left[\begin{array}{ll}{W}_{1}{{W}^{\mathrm{T}}}_{1}& {W}_{1}{{W}^{\mathrm{T}}}_{2}\\ {W}_{2}{{W}^{\mathrm{T}}}_{1}& {W}_{2}{{W}^{\mathrm{T}}}_{2}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}{\alpha }_{1}\\ {\alpha }_{2}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{l}{W}_{1}{{W}^{\mathrm{T}}}_{1}\\ {W}_{2}{{W}^{\mathrm{T}}}_{2}\end{array}\right]$
步骤3 求解${\alpha }_{1}、{\alpha }_{2},$并将其归一化处理,得到$\alpha \text{'}{}_{1}、\alpha \text{'}{}_{2},$计算公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\alpha \text{'}{}_{1}=\frac{{\alpha }_{1}}{{\alpha }_{1}+{\alpha }_{2}}\\ \alpha \text{'}{}_{2}=\frac{{\alpha }_{2}}{{\alpha }_{1}+{\alpha }_{2}}\end{array}\right.$
步骤4 确定综合权重,计算公式为
$W\text{'}=\alpha \text{'}{}_{1}{{W}^{\mathrm{T}}}_{1}+\alpha \text{'}{}_{2}{{W}^{\mathrm{T}}}_{2}$
最终得到指标权重向量$W\text{'}=({w}_{1},{w}_{2},\dots,{w}_{M})。$
根据博弈论组合赋权法所确定的指标权重,结合改进TOPSIS法,构建雷暴天气下的航路网络节点重要度评估模型,具体步骤如下。
步骤1 构造加权决策矩阵。根据得到的指标综合权重,对标准化矩阵进行加权处理,构造加权标准化矩阵S,计算公式为
$S=({s}_{ij}{)}_{N\times M}=({y}_{ij}{w}_{j})$
式(13)中:sij为加权处理后航路点i的第j项指标值。
步骤2 确定正、负理想解。根据加权标准化矩阵中指标列最大值与最小值,确定正理想解S+与负理想解S-,计算公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}^{+}=\underset{i\in \{\mathrm{1,2},\dots,N\}}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}\left({s}_{ij}\right)=\{{s}_{1}^{+},{s}_{2}^{+},\dots,{s}_{M}^{+}\}\\ {S}^{-}=\underset{i\in \{\mathrm{1,2},\dots,N\}}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\left({s}_{ij}\right)=\{{s}_{1}^{-},{s}_{2}^{-},\dots,{s}_{M}^{-}\}\end{array}\right.$
式(14)中:${s}_{j}^{+}为第j$列指标中的最大值;${s}_{j}^{-}为第j$列指标中的最小值。
步骤3 计算各航路点与正、负理想解的相对熵。利用相对熵计算各航路点与正、负理想解的接近程度,计算公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{R}_{i}^{+}=\stackrel{M}{\sum _{j=1}}[{s}_{j}^{+}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\left(\frac{{s}_{j}^{+}}{{s}_{ij}}\right)+(1-{s}_{j}^{+}\left)\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\left(\frac{1-{s}_{j}^{+}}{1-{s}_{ij}}\right)\right]\\ {R}_{i}^{-}=\stackrel{M}{\sum _{j=1}}[{s}_{j}^{-}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\left(\frac{{s}_{j}^{-}}{{s}_{ij}}\right)+(1-{s}_{j}^{-}\left)\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{2}\left(\frac{1-{s}_{j}^{-}}{1-{s}_{ij}}\right)\right]\end{array}\right.$
式(15)中:${R}_{i}^{+}$为航路点i与正理想解的相对熵,${R}_{i}^{-}$为航路点i与负理想解的相对熵。
步骤4 计算航路点的相对贴近度。根据航路点与正、负理想解的相对熵,计算航路点的相对贴近度,计算公式为
${T}_{i}=\frac{{R}_{i}^{-}}{{R}_{i}^{+}+{R}_{i}^{-}}$
式(16)中:Ti为航路点i的相对贴近度。
步骤5 确定航路点的综合重要度。考虑到邻近航路点间的相互作用,在以上步骤的基础上引入引力模型,将航路点的相对贴近度看作其质量,两个航路点间的最短路径长度看作两点间的距离,从而确定航路点的综合重要度,计算公式为
$\mathrm{G}\left(\mathrm{i}\right)=\sum _{j\in {\varphi }_{i}}\frac{{T}_{i}{T}_{j}}{{d}_{ij}^{2}}$
式(17)中:G(i)为航路点i的综合重要度;${\varphi }_{i}$为与航路点i的距离≤设定值r(通常取值为网络平均路径长度的1/2)的相邻节点集合;TiTj分别为航路点i与航路点j的相对贴近度;${d}_{ij}^{2}$为航路点i与航路点j的距离。
为更准确直观地识别雷暴天气下的关键航路节点,引入K-medoids算法对航路网络中的所有节点进行聚类分析。K-medoids是一种基于K-means的新型聚类算法,其弥补了K-means算法聚类结果易受异常值影响的缺陷。该算法的基本思想为:将给定数据点划分为不同的点簇,使得各数据点到其所属的簇中心点的距离之和最小。对于给定数据点集合$V=({v}_{1},{v}_{2},\dots,{v}_{N}),K$-medoids聚类步骤如下。
(1)计算不同聚类数目下的簇内聚度和簇间分离度,采用手肘法与轮廓系数法确定最佳聚类数目K,即最佳点簇个数。计算公式为
$SSE=\stackrel{m}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{{m}_{i}}{\sum _{j=1}}{d}^{2}({x}_{j{m}_{i}},{x}_{0{m}_{i}})$
$S\left(i\right)=\frac{b\left(i\right)-a\left(i\right)}{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\left\{a\right(i),b(i\left)\right\}}$
式中:SSE为误差平方和(用于度量簇的内聚度);m为聚类数目;mi为第i簇中的数据点个数;${x}_{j{m}_{i}}$为第i簇中的第j个数据点;${x}_{0{m}_{i}}$为第i簇中的簇中心点;S(i)为轮廓系数(用于度量簇间分离度);a(i)为数据点i和簇内其他数据点的平均距离;a(i)为数据点i和最近邻簇内数据点的平均距离。
(2)从给定数据点集合V中随机选择K个数据点作为初始的簇中心点,其集合为${V}_{1}=({v}_{1}^{1},{v}_{2}^{1},\dots,{v}_{K}^{1}),$剩余非中心点的数据点集合为${V}_{2}=({v}_{1}^{2},{v}_{2}^{2},\dots,{v}_{N-K}^{2})。$
(3)计算其余N-K个数据点到各个中心点的距离,根据距离大小将其余N-K个数据点到分配到距其最近的中心点所在簇。计算公式为
$disp({v}_{i}^{2},{v}_{j}^{1})=\sqrt{\stackrel{N-K}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{K}{\sum _{j=1}}({v}_{i}^{2}-{v}_{j}^{1}{)}^{2}}$
式(20)中:$\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{p}({v}_{i}^{2},{v}_{j}^{1})$为数据点${v}_{i}^{2}$与中心点${v}_{j}^{1}$间的距离。
(4)在每一簇中,计算每个数据点与其他点距离之和,选取距离之和最小的点作为新的簇中心点。
(5)重复步骤(3)与步骤(4),直至中心点不再改变或达到最大迭代次数,得到聚类结果。
使用京津冀地区航班运行数据进行实例分析。绘制京津冀地区航路网络拓扑结构,如图3所示。利用华北地区2023年8月的航班运行数据,统计后得到各航路点的流量信息。使用2018—2023年京津冀地区自动站数据,对该地区6年来雷暴天气下各航路点的受扰情况进行统计分析,航路点受扰概率情况如图4所示,航路点符号大小反映了其受雷暴天气影响的概率,可见,在京津冀航路网络中,南部地区航路点受雷暴天气影响的概率明显高于北部地区,且该区域航路点分布较为密集。
根据所构建的航路网络与获取的数据,,得到所有航路点各评价指标值,从而形成雷暴天气下的航路点重要度评估问题的初始评价矩阵X。由各评价指标定义可知,所有指标均为效益型指标,故应用式(2)对初始评价矩阵进行标准化处理,得到标准化评价矩阵Y。
通过CRITIC法与熵权法分别计算各指标权重值,基于博弈论思想,将两种权重看作博弈双方,形成优势互补的最终组合权重,如表1所示,其中,最优组合权重系数分别为0.349 9和0.650 1。可以看出,由于CRITIC法与熵权法侧重不同,两种方法所得权重结果存在一定差异,其中尤以雷暴扰动概率与雷暴扰动平均强度两项指标最为突出,而博弈论组合赋权方法有效平衡了不同赋权方法间计算结果的偏差,得到的组合权重介于两种权重之间,最大程度克服了单一赋权方法的片面性。从指标权重角度分析,权重值较大的指标有特征向量中心性(0.152 3)、平均小时流量(0.151 8)、接近中心性(0.131 9)、高峰小时流量(0.128 3),说明航路点的网络结构特性与交通特性对节点重要度评估结果影响较大。根据航路网络实际运行情况可知,航路点的重要程度主要取决于航路点在网络中的位置优势及其实际交通价值(即流量),因此在航路点重要度评估问题中,节点的网络结构特性与交通特性是至关重要的影响因素,这与组合权重结果一致,体现了博弈论组合赋权的合理性。
结合各指标组合权重,根据2.1节设计的改进TOPSIS法,应用式(13)~式(17),计算得到雷暴天气下航路节点的重要度排序情况,由于航路网络中节点数目较多,仅列出综合重要度排名前25的航路点,如表2所示,其中航路点VYK、SOTMU和HUR是京津冀航路网络中最重要的节点,三者的综合重要度值均大于2。结合初始评价数据可知,综合重要度排名靠前的航路点往往有着较大的中心性与航班流量。
为了方便民航从业人员更加直观地判断雷暴天气下航路网络中的关键节点,根据航路点综合重要度值,使用K-medoids聚类算法进行重要程度等级划分。应用式(18)~式(19),计算不同聚类数目对应的误差平方和SSE与轮廓系数,如图5所示。
图5可知,误差平方和曲线在K=3处斜率变化最大,依照手肘法原理确定“肘点”为3,同时在该点处轮廓系数最大,即当聚类数目为3时,簇的内聚度和分离度达到最优。因此,选取K=3对雷暴天气下的航路点重要度进行聚类分析。根据2.2节中K-medoids算法步骤,得到航路点重要度最终聚类结果,如图6所示。
聚类结果显示,K-medoids算法基于节点综合重要度将雷暴天气下的航路点分为3类:重要航路点(类别1)、较重要航路点(类别2)和一般航路点(类别3),3类航路点数量依次为9、26和74。此外,图中红色点代表3类航路点簇的簇中心点,其航路点序号依次为22(BELAX)、31(BEKDO)、61(DHC)。在3类航路点中,重要航路点数量较少,仅有9个,按照重要度排序依次为VYK、SOTMU、HUR、LADIX、BELAX、CG、BUMDU、ELKUR、AVBOX,并且此类航路点综合重要度显著高于其余两类航路点,说明在京津冀地区航路网络中,少数航路点对网络的整体稳定和效率具有决定性影响。
为了科学评估雷暴天气下不同类别的航路点失效对航路网络运行的影响,以全局效率损失率与最大连通子图下降率为关键衡量指标,选取各类中综合重要度排名前五的节点,探讨了不同类别航路点因雷暴天气而失效时航路网络的性能变化情况,如图7所示。
图7可以看出,重要航路点的失效对航路网络性能产生了显著的负面影响。在图7(a)中,随着失效节点数目的增加,各类航路点的全局效率损失率呈现上升趋势,当失效节点数目达到5时,重要航路点的全局效率损失率达到了39.64%,而其余两类航路点全局效率损失率仅有10.38%和1.51%。在图7(b)中,当受雷暴天气影响而失效的航路点数目较少时,3类航路点的最大连通子图下降率保持一致,但随着失效节点数目的增加,重要航路点的最大连通子图下降率显著高于其余两类航路点,这是由于重要航路点的失效会导致网络中出现较多孤立节点,进而导致航路网络连通性大幅下降。综合两图分析,重要航路点对航路网络的稳定性和效率至关重要,相比之下,较重要航路点和一般航路点的失效虽然对航路网络性能有一定影响,但其影响程度相对较小。因此,在航路网络管理和维护策略中,应优先考虑保护和优化那些对网络性能有重大影响的重要航路点,而对于较重要航路点和一般航路点,仅需要进行适度的管理和监控,以确保网络的稳定性和可靠性。此外,为了提高航路网络的抗风险能力,可在网络中引入冗余设计。
针对雷暴天气场景下航路网络重要节点难以有效识别的问题,构建了一套考虑雷暴扰动概率和扰动平均强度的雷暴天气场景下航路节点重要度评估指标体系,结合引力模型理论,建立一种基于博弈论-改进TOPSIS法的航路网络节点重要度评估模型,并采用K-medoids算法实现航路点聚类分级。以京津冀航路网络为例展开分析,开展雷暴场景下的航路网络节点重要度评估方法验证,得到以下结论。
(1)在京津冀航路网络中,南部地区航路点受雷暴天气影响的概率明显高于北部地区,且该区域航路点分布较为密集。
(2)航路点VYK、SOTMU和HUR是雷暴天气场景下京津冀航路网络中最重要的节点,三者在网络中均有着显著的位置优势及实际交通价值。
(3)根据K-medoids聚类分析结果,京津冀地区航路网络包括9个重要航路点、26个较重要航路点及74个一般航路点。当航路网络中的重要航路点因雷暴影响而失效时,会对航路网络性能产生显著的负面影响,相比之下,较重要航路点和一般航路点的失效虽然会导致网络性能下降,但其影响程度相对较小。
本文建立的面向雷暴天气场景的航路网络节点重要度评估模型,能够有效识别雷雨季节或雷雨高发地区航路网络中的重要航路点,有利于合理优化雷暴天气场景下的航路网络结构及资源配置,保障航空器在航路网络中的安全高效运行。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFB1600103)
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406509
  • 接收时间:2024-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-30
  • 修回日期:2025-05-12
基金
国家重点研发计划(2020YFB1600103)
作者信息
    1 中国民航大学空中交通管理学院, 天津 300300
    2 天津市气象信息中心, 天津 300300

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* 宋子豪(1999—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士研究生。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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