Article(id=1228279666390270641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404247, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=1744128000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774292800, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774292800, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774292800, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774292800, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9273, endPage=9286, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279666906170047, articleId=1228279666390270641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Statistics in Vector Scanning for Microseismic, columnId=1228279666805506749, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The two important characteristics of microseismic are: tiny and shear rupture. The resulting monitoring characteristics are significantly different from those used to monitor natural earthquakes and artificial seismic exploration sources. Microseismic and its monitoring characteristics are the cornerstone of the development, application, and judgment of microseismic monitoring methods. First, different monitoring methods were investigated, suggestions were puts forward for their development and scope of application, and the reasons why some methods have not improved much were exploved. Among them, the most important ones are: when the number of microseismic, positive and negative initial motion, and signal-to-noise ratio are not easy known, it is necessary to conduct large-scale trial calculations and statistically investigate the combination of focal mechanisms with a high probability, so as to complete reasonable migration stacking. Mathematical statistics in the denoising should be used throughout all steps of detection, and so on. From the perspective of probability and mathematical statistics, following the characteristics of microseismic and its monitoring, the results show that microseismic monitoring has to be based on the fact of low signal-to-noise ratio, summarizes and improves the principle and denoising of VS(vector scanning). In the process of VS processing and interpretation automation, a large number of mathematical statistics are implemented to confirm the noise coherence parameters and analyze the microseismic activity. It makes up also for the defect that the vertical accuracy of ground monitoring is poor and cannot confirm the vertical height of the stimulation rock volume. VS has formed a relatively complete ground monitoring system after more than 20 years of research and development. Probability and mathematical statistics are important concepts and tools to ensure the success of the development and application of microseismic monitoring methods.

, correspAuthors=Bei-yuan LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming CHEN, Long-fei SUN, Yuan-bao SHI, Wei XIONG, Rui-xin SHI, Yang SHEN, Jian-li WANG, Bei-yuan LIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228279670299362065, articleId=1228279666390270641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=向量扫描微地震监测中的数理统计, columnId=1228279666973278914, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微地震的两个重要特性是:微小和剪破裂为主;由此导出的监测特性同一般监测天然地震与人工地震勘探震源有重大差异。微震及其监测特性是研发、应用、与判断微震监测方法的基石。首先通过调研不同监测方法,对它们的特点和适用范围提出了建议,探索了一些方法改进不大的原因;其中最重要的是:在不知道微震个数、正负初动及信噪比时,需大规模试算统计考察大概率的震源机制组合,从而完成合理的偏移叠加;数理统计确认干扰特性的去噪要贯彻监测始终。其次,遵循微震及其监测特性,从概率与数理统计角度,说明微震监测不得不基于低信噪比的事实,对微破裂向量扫描(vector scanning,VS)原理与去噪进行了总结提高;对VS处理解释自动化过程中大量数据实施了数理统计,确认噪声相干参数,分析微震活动;弥补了地面监测垂向精度差不能很好地确认压裂改造体积的垂向高度这一瑕疵。VS经过20余年的研发,形成了较完整的地面监测体系。概率与数理统计是保证研发与应用微震监测方法成功的重要理念与工具。

, correspAuthors=梁北援, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 梁北援(1952—),汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,技术总监。研究方向:微地震监测的理论和方法。E-mail:
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陈明(1986—),男,汉族,湖北孝感人,高级工程师。研究方向:煤层气勘探开发。E-mail:

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陈明(1986—),男,汉族,湖北孝感人,高级工程师。研究方向:煤层气勘探开发。E-mail:

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陈明(1986—),男,汉族,湖北孝感人,高级工程师。研究方向:煤层气勘探开发。E-mail:

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Tulsa: SEG, 2010: 293-300., articleTitle=Passive seismic and surface monitoring of geomechanical deformation associated with steam injection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228369789215764737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=80, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Belayouni N, Gesret A, Daniel G, journalName=Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Belayouni N, Gesret A, Daniel G, et al. Microseismic event location using the first and reflected arrivals[J]. Geophysics, 2015, 80(6): WC133-WC143., articleTitle=Microseismic event location using the first and reflected arrivals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228369789295456516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=60, authorNames=Belayouni N, Kats D, Grechka V, journalName=87th Annual International Meeting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Belayouni N, Kats D, Grechka V, et al. Microseismic event location using direct and reflected waves: a woodford case study[C]. 87th Annual International Meeting. Tulsa: SEG, 2017., articleTitle=Microseismic event location using direct and reflected waves: a woodford case study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228369789366759687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=4, pageStart=49, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Hickman R, Gallop J, journalName=First Break, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hickman R, Gallop J. Microseismic monitoring during hydraulic fracture treatments complements 3D geomechanics modelling[J]. First Break, 2022, 40(4): 49-54., articleTitle=Microseismic monitoring during hydraulic fracture treatments complements 3D geomechanics modelling, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228369771700351779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369771708740389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, companyId=1228369771700351779, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company Limited, Beijing 100018, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369771712934694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, companyId=1228369771700351779, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中石油煤层气有限责任公司, 北京 100018)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228369771796820780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369771801015085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, companyId=1228369771796820780, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Co-Sail Petroleum Technology, Co., Beijing 100085, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369771813597997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, companyId=1228369771796820780, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京科胜伟达石油科技股份有限公司, 北京 100085)]), AuthorCompany(id=1228369771914261297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369771931038515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, companyId=1228369771914261297, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 GeoImage LLC, CA 94118, USA)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228369778360905734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the seismic location principle,and location error caused by the geometric distribution of the target relative to a seismic network, figureFileSmall=FO2SLCVeTHABz0wGiKQ1xA==, figureFileBig=W8i8Dui2OWzuYCzQ/UdG4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369778490929167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=CN, label=图1, caption=地震监测定位原理、监测台网几何与空间定位误差示意, figureFileSmall=FO2SLCVeTHABz0wGiKQ1xA==, figureFileBig=W8i8Dui2OWzuYCzQ/UdG4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369778604175379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=2D planar energy distribution of real-time fracturing microseismic monitoring in one layer of J2-64X4 coalbed methane well for important intervals, figureFileSmall=OFJl2idOJAb4tdrzZVI+Bw==, figureFileBig=wtIE2sO/Qu2MU+yMS1cVng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369778688061463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=CN, label=图2, caption=J2-64X4煤层气井某层实时压裂微震监测重要时段的2D平面能量分布

Sh_114400_114500中,Sh表示波形,114400(时分秒—hhmmss)和114500为格林尼治时间本时段始终

, figureFileSmall=OFJl2idOJAb4tdrzZVI+Bw==, figureFileBig=wtIE2sO/Qu2MU+yMS1cVng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369778801307674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=2D plane energy distribution with some possible noise coherence in real-time fracturing microseismic monitoring of a layer of J2-64X4 coalbed methane well, figureFileSmall=rw1RUFmwpaVemnVbQIs6MQ==, figureFileBig=ZC8O2ZVMdOdIqHP+mQ6pRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369778922942493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=CN, label=图3, caption=J2-64X4煤层气井某层实时压裂微震监测中部分可能混淆噪声相干的2D平面能量分布, figureFileSmall=rw1RUFmwpaVemnVbQIs6MQ==, figureFileBig=ZC8O2ZVMdOdIqHP+mQ6pRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369779031994402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=More serious influence of noise coherence on microseismic released energy in the microseismic monitoring for stage 1 of well Y7-13P, figureFileSmall=O3iPEcWntMHJcdNIGFRAww==, figureFileBig=3lTphQsDeENFfNtlykHeXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369779149434921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Y7-13P井第1段监测中较严重的噪声相干对微震释放能量分布的影响

黑虚线表示水平井轨迹的射孔段

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Z为垂深

, figureFileSmall=+/VGATHqTDTXcwkF2mA0tg==, figureFileBig=whfIheH1yqpbPWbGPdCeCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369779518533691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fracturing results of 8 layers of 8 wells in the coalbed methane block where Well J2-64X4 is located, figureFileSmall=RWDy+/Tve5rE4mla0t/PIw==, figureFileBig=Jh9rLVifx04E2gdfeELkyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369779619196992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=CN, label=图6, caption=J2-64X4井所在煤层气区块8口井8层的2D平面高破裂释放能量的压裂效应, figureFileSmall=RWDy+/Tve5rE4mla0t/PIw==, figureFileBig=Jh9rLVifx04E2gdfeELkyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369779728248902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The orientation statistics of fractures in microseismic monitoring of 8 wells in the coalbed methane block where Well J2-64X4 is located, figureFileSmall=ECgBSfq6nDWvIuMjqpIS2A==, figureFileBig=uTv7J2j+OJbQb7ZRGm2LDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369779833106507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=CN, label=图7, caption=J2-64X4井所在煤层气区块8口井8层压裂结果—有效连通缝网内较明显的网内裂缝带走向统计玫瑰图

黑粗箭头对表示可能的构造最大主压应力方位;细箭头对表示可能的断层带或压裂缝网带错动方式

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Microseismic characteristics and its corresponding monitoring characteristics[1-10]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微震特性 微震监测特性
微小(压裂破裂M≈[-3,-2],
相当于爆竹与枪弹)
①一般距震源几百米外,凸显于背景噪声的初至振幅接近背景噪声范围,传统地震定位失效;②由此推论,在地表,微震信号常常淹没于监测记录的背景噪声中;③由此推论,必须考虑有效躲避噪声源。尽力在定量确定的安静点布台,提高信噪比;④需要有效去除大的噪声干扰,如抽油机等的共振和激励、远震、和重型车辆的大面积污染,使得背景噪声记录基本是随机的;⑤即使如此,残余噪声干扰将一直伴随着数据处理全过程,去噪将一直到最后空间缝网的几何确定;⑥由于微小,但数量巨大;人们对一定时长内的震源个数、信噪比、震源初至极性,常常一概不知,故不得不使用概率与数理统计的理念,从大量的记录中,获取微震或噪声的共性(台记录的相关性)
剪破裂为主(压裂时,
离开井眼米距离后)
①微震一般为被动地震,剪切破裂机制为主。剪切错动向不同方向发射压缩或拉伸而初动符号不同的纵波与横波,后者振幅是纵波的至少几倍以上、频率低而衰减慢、从而传播远;②由此推论,由于纵波振幅太小了,在地面监测中需主要考虑剪破裂与使用横波,需要用剪切错动机制与相应的地震波传播知识解析空间振动向量,实施处理
), ArticleFig(id=1228369780357394527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微震特性和相应的微震监测特性[1-10]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微震特性 微震监测特性
微小(压裂破裂M≈[-3,-2],
相当于爆竹与枪弹)
①一般距震源几百米外,凸显于背景噪声的初至振幅接近背景噪声范围,传统地震定位失效;②由此推论,在地表,微震信号常常淹没于监测记录的背景噪声中;③由此推论,必须考虑有效躲避噪声源。尽力在定量确定的安静点布台,提高信噪比;④需要有效去除大的噪声干扰,如抽油机等的共振和激励、远震、和重型车辆的大面积污染,使得背景噪声记录基本是随机的;⑤即使如此,残余噪声干扰将一直伴随着数据处理全过程,去噪将一直到最后空间缝网的几何确定;⑥由于微小,但数量巨大;人们对一定时长内的震源个数、信噪比、震源初至极性,常常一概不知,故不得不使用概率与数理统计的理念,从大量的记录中,获取微震或噪声的共性(台记录的相关性)
剪破裂为主(压裂时,
离开井眼米距离后)
①微震一般为被动地震,剪切破裂机制为主。剪切错动向不同方向发射压缩或拉伸而初动符号不同的纵波与横波,后者振幅是纵波的至少几倍以上、频率低而衰减慢、从而传播远;②由此推论,由于纵波振幅太小了,在地面监测中需主要考虑剪破裂与使用横波,需要用剪切错动机制与相应的地震波传播知识解析空间振动向量,实施处理
), ArticleFig(id=1228369780441280611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Several current typical microseismic monitoring methods[2-10]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法类别 方法简述 优点 局限性 建议
井中邻近监测 传统定位。将检波器阵置于邻近观测目标附近的观测井中,基于M大小和震源几何分布解释破裂裂缝4D分布 当克服了其局限性,满足建议栏中所有条件时,因靠近震源,可作为微震研究的最佳方法 ①要求监测目标邻近有观测井,以便放置检波器阵;②随着目标(如压裂段)距检波器阵渐远,必定存在一个距离(300~500 m,有人总结为100~600 m,据专业会议调研),在此之外无法实施传统定位。这也表明一般在地表观测无法传统定位;③邻近检波器的介质速度由于大量的微震群(如压裂诱发的)在不断变小,不及时修正,常常一二十分钟到1小时就会定位到很远的错误地点。其中后两条限制,遍查文献中的井中邻近监测,大都有此问题或嫌疑 可作为科学和技术研究的最佳方法,因为它能靠近震源,但应:①有≥2个监测井;②地震检波器阵列跨越储层;③除了几百米内使用传统定位方法外,可研究使用偏移叠加扩大监测范围;④对震源定位和速度模型同时进行不间断的反演,以校正压裂过程中介质力学性质的较大变化
微破裂向量
扫描(VS)
偏移叠加,一般以横波为主 性价比高、施工简单、可4D实时 使用它的代价,即压裂地面监测不能可靠地确定缝网垂高,随着最近的研究及可靠的井中邻近监测的支持,这个最后的地面监测的技术问题,已基本解决 可作为伴随生产的日常监测工具
地面大规模单
分量阵列
使用纵波(或偏移叠加追踪纵波到时后,再)传统定位 无,除非为仅监测较强微震以上(M>-1)目的 已知P波的振幅成倍地小于S波的,故对每一观测点需千以上点的叠加才可能看到微破裂波形,实施传统定位;成功率极低(<5%),且已知成功的监测深度<2 700 m(专业会议调研) 放弃,除非为仅监测较强微震目的
), ArticleFig(id=1228369780516778086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

几种当前的典型微震监测方法[2-10]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法类别 方法简述 优点 局限性 建议
井中邻近监测 传统定位。将检波器阵置于邻近观测目标附近的观测井中,基于M大小和震源几何分布解释破裂裂缝4D分布 当克服了其局限性,满足建议栏中所有条件时,因靠近震源,可作为微震研究的最佳方法 ①要求监测目标邻近有观测井,以便放置检波器阵;②随着目标(如压裂段)距检波器阵渐远,必定存在一个距离(300~500 m,有人总结为100~600 m,据专业会议调研),在此之外无法实施传统定位。这也表明一般在地表观测无法传统定位;③邻近检波器的介质速度由于大量的微震群(如压裂诱发的)在不断变小,不及时修正,常常一二十分钟到1小时就会定位到很远的错误地点。其中后两条限制,遍查文献中的井中邻近监测,大都有此问题或嫌疑 可作为科学和技术研究的最佳方法,因为它能靠近震源,但应:①有≥2个监测井;②地震检波器阵列跨越储层;③除了几百米内使用传统定位方法外,可研究使用偏移叠加扩大监测范围;④对震源定位和速度模型同时进行不间断的反演,以校正压裂过程中介质力学性质的较大变化
微破裂向量
扫描(VS)
偏移叠加,一般以横波为主 性价比高、施工简单、可4D实时 使用它的代价,即压裂地面监测不能可靠地确定缝网垂高,随着最近的研究及可靠的井中邻近监测的支持,这个最后的地面监测的技术问题,已基本解决 可作为伴随生产的日常监测工具
地面大规模单
分量阵列
使用纵波(或偏移叠加追踪纵波到时后,再)传统定位 无,除非为仅监测较强微震以上(M>-1)目的 已知P波的振幅成倍地小于S波的,故对每一观测点需千以上点的叠加才可能看到微破裂波形,实施传统定位;成功率极低(<5%),且已知成功的监测深度<2 700 m(专业会议调研) 放弃,除非为仅监测较强微震目的
), ArticleFig(id=1228369780646801513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The obvious red band strike (NE degrees)with effectively connecting in the fracture network from the fracturing results of 8 layers of 8 wells in the block where well J2-64X4 is located

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方位 井号 方位 井号 方位 井号 方位 井号 方位 井号 方位 井号 方位 井号或断层
20 X1 20 X2 30 X3 15 X4 30 J2-64X4 45 X5 30 X7
10 X1 0 X2 45 X3 35 X4 45 J2-64X4 45 X5 30 区块内断层
45 X1 15 X2 30 X3 30 X4 5 J2-64X4 75 X5 30 区块内断层
45 X1 15 X2 40 X3 30 X4 20 J2-64X4 45 X7 40 区块内断层
15 X2 35 X2 30 X3 20 X4 10 J2-64X4 50 X7 25 区块内断层
25 X2 30 X3 35 X3 20 X4 120 J2-64X4 45 X7 35 区块内断层
), ArticleFig(id=1228369780760047728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279666390270641, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

J2-64X4井所在区块8口井8层的压裂结果,有效连通缝网内明显的红色条带走向(NE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方位 井号 方位 井号 方位 井号 方位 井号 方位 井号 方位 井号 方位 井号或断层
20 X1 20 X2 30 X3 15 X4 30 J2-64X4 45 X5 30 X7
10 X1 0 X2 45 X3 35 X4 45 J2-64X4 45 X5 30 区块内断层
45 X1 15 X2 30 X3 30 X4 5 J2-64X4 75 X5 30 区块内断层
45 X1 15 X2 40 X3 30 X4 20 J2-64X4 45 X7 40 区块内断层
15 X2 35 X2 30 X3 20 X4 10 J2-64X4 50 X7 25 区块内断层
25 X2 30 X3 35 X3 20 X4 120 J2-64X4 45 X7 35 区块内断层
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向量扫描微地震监测中的数理统计
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陈明 1 , 孙龙飞 1 , 石元宝 1 , 熊巍 1 , 施瑞鑫 1 , 沈洋 2 , 王建立 2 , 梁北援 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(22): 9273-9286
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(22): 9273-9286
向量扫描微地震监测中的数理统计
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陈明1 , 孙龙飞1, 石元宝1, 熊巍1, 施瑞鑫1, 沈洋2, 王建立2, 梁北援3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中石油煤层气有限责任公司, 北京 100018
  • 2 北京科胜伟达石油科技股份有限公司, 北京 100085
  • 陈明(1986—),男,汉族,湖北孝感人,高级工程师。研究方向:煤层气勘探开发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 梁北援(1952—),汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,技术总监。研究方向:微地震监测的理论和方法。E-mail:
Statistics in Vector Scanning for Microseismic
Ming CHEN1 , Long-fei SUN1, Yuan-bao SHI1, Wei XIONG1, Rui-xin SHI1, Yang SHEN2, Jian-li WANG2, Bei-yuan LIANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company Limited, Beijing 100018, China
  • 2 Co-Sail Petroleum Technology, Co., Beijing 100085, China
  • 3 GeoImage LLC, CA 94118, USA
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404247
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微地震的两个重要特性是:微小和剪破裂为主;由此导出的监测特性同一般监测天然地震与人工地震勘探震源有重大差异。微震及其监测特性是研发、应用、与判断微震监测方法的基石。首先通过调研不同监测方法,对它们的特点和适用范围提出了建议,探索了一些方法改进不大的原因;其中最重要的是:在不知道微震个数、正负初动及信噪比时,需大规模试算统计考察大概率的震源机制组合,从而完成合理的偏移叠加;数理统计确认干扰特性的去噪要贯彻监测始终。其次,遵循微震及其监测特性,从概率与数理统计角度,说明微震监测不得不基于低信噪比的事实,对微破裂向量扫描(vector scanning,VS)原理与去噪进行了总结提高;对VS处理解释自动化过程中大量数据实施了数理统计,确认噪声相干参数,分析微震活动;弥补了地面监测垂向精度差不能很好地确认压裂改造体积的垂向高度这一瑕疵。VS经过20余年的研发,形成了较完整的地面监测体系。概率与数理统计是保证研发与应用微震监测方法成功的重要理念与工具。

微地震  /  监测  /  数理统计  /  向量扫描

The two important characteristics of microseismic are: tiny and shear rupture. The resulting monitoring characteristics are significantly different from those used to monitor natural earthquakes and artificial seismic exploration sources. Microseismic and its monitoring characteristics are the cornerstone of the development, application, and judgment of microseismic monitoring methods. First, different monitoring methods were investigated, suggestions were puts forward for their development and scope of application, and the reasons why some methods have not improved much were exploved. Among them, the most important ones are: when the number of microseismic, positive and negative initial motion, and signal-to-noise ratio are not easy known, it is necessary to conduct large-scale trial calculations and statistically investigate the combination of focal mechanisms with a high probability, so as to complete reasonable migration stacking. Mathematical statistics in the denoising should be used throughout all steps of detection, and so on. From the perspective of probability and mathematical statistics, following the characteristics of microseismic and its monitoring, the results show that microseismic monitoring has to be based on the fact of low signal-to-noise ratio, summarizes and improves the principle and denoising of VS(vector scanning). In the process of VS processing and interpretation automation, a large number of mathematical statistics are implemented to confirm the noise coherence parameters and analyze the microseismic activity. It makes up also for the defect that the vertical accuracy of ground monitoring is poor and cannot confirm the vertical height of the stimulation rock volume. VS has formed a relatively complete ground monitoring system after more than 20 years of research and development. Probability and mathematical statistics are important concepts and tools to ensure the success of the development and application of microseismic monitoring methods.

microseismic  /  monitoring  /  statistics  /  vector-scanning
陈明, 孙龙飞, 石元宝, 熊巍, 施瑞鑫, 沈洋, 王建立, 梁北援. 向量扫描微地震监测中的数理统计. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9273 -9286 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404247
Ming CHEN, Long-fei SUN, Yuan-bao SHI, Wei XIONG, Rui-xin SHI, Yang SHEN, Jian-li WANG, Bei-yuan LIANG. Statistics in Vector Scanning for Microseismic[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9273 -9286 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404247
微地震监测的目的是,监测和研究与人类生产生活密切相关的地下岩体中的微震活动,为环保、安全、提高生产效率以及一般地学科研提供参数和建议。从地震学的角度,通过微震监测,人们要研究与获得监测区域内:①微震活动的时空规律;②这些规律与相应时空的生产生活事件的关联;③这类规律和关联所对应的已知或可能的当地岩石物理化学及地质构造特性。特别在油气能源领域,压裂、注水气生产、储气库建设、矿山安全预警等,常常通过有效的微震监测实施评估。
然而,目前微地震监测的中外整体发展不尽如人意;究其原因,最重要的仍然是曾经反复强调过的[1]:由于微震微小与剪切破裂为主,人们对传统定位所需的震源数、信噪比、微震波到达观测点的初至极性,或者代价极大地靠近震源,或者束手无策,而不能有效去噪并与噪声残余共存,使用概率与数理统计的理念处理解释数据。
文献[1-2]总结了微破裂向量扫描(vector scanning,VS)依据微震监测特性的研发与应用。近几年,VS的持续研发发现,由于微震微小,噪声干扰将一直伴随着数据处理解释的全过程。因而,不仅对监测前期的去噪和偏移叠加,甚至到解释等步骤,概率与数理统计理念的使用将一直进行到最后有效连通裂缝带(stimulated rock volume,SRV)的时空几何确定。另一方面,近些年的数据处理解释自动化的研发过程要求通过大量的数理统计确认噪声相干和SRV的特征参数。这对VS应用成功的必要条件[2]从数理统计的意义上予以了重要补充。
为了克服发展微震监测的技术瓶颈,现全面回顾微震特性及其监测现状,评价各类监测方法的优缺点,讨论发展局限性的原因。从数理统计的意义上对VS原理与去噪给予总结提升。针对中外一些地面监测的局限性,论述了在一定时长内的震源个数、信噪比、震源地震波初至极性一概不知时,如何根据地震波及其传播特性通过数理统计性的大规模试算获得大概率可靠的震源机制解,从而保证偏移叠加的成功。总结自动化解释中的数理统计研究,最后给予结论。以期对微震监测方法的研发、应用与评价有所帮助,使微震监测严格建立在满足微震及其监测特性的地震学基础上。
微震监测研发者与应用者首先需要确认微震及相应的监测特性(表1),这是研发、应用、与判断微震监测方法的基石。为判定监测方法的可靠性,还要了解监测台网几何与空间定位误差(图1)的关联[3-4]。这里所谓的特性,是与震级M≥0的天然小震和人工勘探爆炸源比较,按照测震学和可靠的微震监测为基础加以说明的。此外,需了解传统定位[4-6](图1)和偏移叠加[2]
图1(a)所示为理想台网,观测点(红色点)错落包围目标(白色球),接近目标,记录信噪比高;但很难做到。图1(b)~图1(d)中,红蓝灰实方块表示地震台;由纪录中的已知地震波初至经已知速度模型得其球半径;数个球面交汇处即为震源;球面(这里显示平面圆线)有一定宽度表示误差,交汇点的三个圆的叠影表示定位的震源误差,由红色椭圆标出。从图1(b)可知观测点在台网内,误差小。从图1(c)可知台网外水平某方向的目标,误差加大。从图1(d)可知目标垂向距台网很远,误差极大。
传统定位,即在震源处点点画圈描述震源时空及强度参数(x, y, z, t, M):①确定由震源处振动传播到达各台的时刻;②寻找空间中的一点,使由此点发射出的地震波到达各台的时刻同观测到时之差最小,即是最可能的震源;③注意这是发震初始破裂点。
偏移叠加定义为,针对地下某目标点,叠加由此点地震波传播到各地震台的记录,观察此点的某种信息,如释放的能量。常针对信噪比较低,看不到有用信号的情形。
由此可知,微地震监测不可能照搬常用天然或勘探地震学的软硬件,而应进行大量的实验和检验,创新研发。由于观测点与目标通常由固体远隔,微震监测和检验其可靠性比监测隐形航空器和航海器还要艰难;因为流体或真空相隔,总可以设置并接近目标,加以比较。
使用1.1节的基本概念,可评价当前各类常用的微震监测方法(表2)。
为满足表1提出的微震及其监测特性,VS提出了识别检查应用VS可靠性的缺一不可的要点如下[2]
(1)使用适合监测微震的具有较低自然频率的、可旋入地下的螺旋状检波器。
(2)地震台网的各监测台点应处于定量确定的安静地点,离散水平分布覆盖监测域。
(3)扫描叠加必须考虑剪切破裂特性。一般放弃振幅小得多的纵波,而使用到达较远处可携带能量大得多的横波,即Sh与Sv波[5-7]
(4)使用大于等于一个有统计意义的最小扫描台站数Nmin[≥(10±2)]实施扫描叠加。
(5)有效去噪,特别是远震和地面机器的干扰。
(6)信噪比下限(释放能量)≥1%(20余年实测统计确认),为微震时空存在的阈值。
(7)研究并使用特征参数,去除噪声相干的干扰,获得微震活动能量释放随时间的变化。
(8)在概率与统计意义上,定义与判断目标域微震能量释放的空间几何。
这些举措就是检验VS微震监测大概率成功的必要条件,可据此在应用中进一步定量化。VS已被应用于大量的压裂以及各类长短期微震监测中[2,11-20]
遗憾的是,当前,中外的很多微地震监测仍然处于可靠性的研发阶段,甚至监测的野外数据采集就不过关(表2),远远不到对微地震活动以及SRV分布规律进行细节描述阶段。无论怎样强调微震及其监测的这些特性,每逢发文就要提到[1-2,11-20],甚至为此专门发文[1],这些年经过与数个微震监测团队的交流或对比,以及追踪微震监测的会议书刊,发现国内外许多微震监测者和应用者仍未能摆脱传统定位和/或地震勘探中多为仅使用纵波的微震监测局限性。
许多微震监测,特别是地面监测,想尽办法使用振幅小得多的纵波追踪那些不可靠甚至不可能的初至,坚持拾取初至的传统定位[21-23]。而在矿山安全的监测中,坚持仅仅适合采空区垮塌的强微震(M≥-1)的传统定位[23];而不能变换研发思路,去统计大量的记录,提取微震特性,将强微震和小震(此时已发生事故)预警提高到微震级别[1]
绝大多数井中监测至今仍没有克服它的有效监测距离小、台网几何形状差从而误差较大、不能及时校正监测中破碎岩体对速度模型的严重影响而未能及时矫正等局限性[1,2,7-10]。克服了表2中的井中监测的局限性的例子仅占百分之几[20]。一些微震监测应用方[24]从压裂施工曲线和油气产量等生产因素,强烈质疑一些井中监测的微震几何分布;事实上,从表2的井中邻近监测的评价,可知其局限性会导致极大的误差。
尽管重要学术会议相关专题未断,正式出版发表的有关微震监测的学术专题文章数量却逐年减少,而最新的应用[25],除了使用性能可能稍好的光纤传感器(distributed acoustic sensing,DAS)外,多不公布震源垂向分布,仍然囿于原有的局限性很大的井中监测与传统定位。上述的井中监测的性能“可能”稍好,是指这些井中监测报告的传统定位,均无震级大小区分的标示,这是面对微小地震而坚持中小以上地震传统定位的重大缺陷;而由震级(即微震能量强弱的)缺失和不能灵活分布的监测检波器的分布,可以立即看到井中观测的局限性。
为此,不得不探究“仍未能摆脱传统定位和/或地震勘探中多为仅使用纵波的微震监测局限性”的具体原因。
首先,在微震监测中考虑剪破裂与使用横波之所以未能被微震监测者广泛正确地使用,特别是在地面监测中,通过对比与交流,可能的难点是:①微震监测的地震台不在定量确定的离散安静点上,或监测者仍然将微地震与几千倍能量大的勘探爆炸源对待(见表1监测特性第7~第8条);②从记录中获得各自独立传播的、相互正交、又都处于与纵波震动方向正交的平面内的Sh波与Sv波[4-6]的振动向量需要空间坐标变换与使用检波器3个记录分量的投影;③要使用每一S(甚至P)波形的正负极性。
上面第①条是任何监测的常识,很奇怪有些监测者十几、二十年了也无改进,可能涉及只会等距监测点的数据处理。如果说上述第①、第②点仅仅是空间解析几何与基础地震学的应用,不应成为多大障碍,那么第③点就涉及应用数理统计知识的技巧,而这可能就是中外使用偏移叠加微震监测的主要障碍之一。不同于传统中小以上地震的监测,对于隐含于背景噪声中的微震的正负初动,甚至具体信噪比,以及空间一点附近有几个微震,常常一概不知。盲目简单叠加通常不可能成功,例如,走滑断层的破裂群隐含于随机背景噪声的微震记录的直接叠加可能趋于0,而不是如愿压制噪声并突出有用信号。因而,本文研究考虑了微震的震源机制特性的偏移叠加的数理统计做法,更细致的描述见2.3节。
其次,微震微小但存在巨大数量[2],识别微震和分析其活动性不仅应当还有可能大量使用概率与数理统计的理念与方法。事实上,过去在VS原理与去噪的研发过程中,多处使用了数理统计的概念[2]。最近几年,VS在实现观测数据去噪、偏移叠加、与解释的实时自动化监测过程中发现,数据去噪与偏移叠加后的能量时空分布仍然含有噪声干扰残余;换句话说,微震活动与噪声干扰的辨别与分离应当贯穿于整个监测过程中(表1),包括数据整理、去噪、与偏移叠加后输出的能量时空分布的分析解释过程。否则,就不可能获得最后在概率与数理统计意义上的较可靠的微震释放能量分布,及其与SRV的几何关联。
本文研究强烈地建议:所有微震监测方法研发者应当具有天然地震学的基础(如文献[4-6]);所有微震监测应用者应适当了解各种微震监测方法如表2所示的局限性和误差特性,有效地质疑监测输出的微震活动或其释放能量分布的可靠性。
一般地面监测条件下,地震台记录的有用微震信号完全淹没在背景噪声中。在地面监测中所发现的信噪比(signal over noise,S/N),除了监测千米深度内无支护采空区诱发的震级M≥-1的强微震外[26],去除与压制相当程度的噪声后,即使对横波,一般不会超过百分之几十,百分之几是常事[2]。故依据凸显的地震事件到时振幅记录的传统定位完全失效。使用成千上万个台,性价比极低,而不能成为常规手段(表2)。换句话说,对地面微震监测,岩石中数量很大的微震在时空记录上与背景噪声混在一起,如何分辨?
设微震发生在空间一点P,各台记录中有无这事件所释放的类似的波动记录?而搜寻这个共性,经常遇到可能的“有规律的”干扰噪声(如周期性的抽油机抽取油气的激励),如何分辨与去除这类噪声,使得一般的背景噪声记录在叠加等处理前成为随机或近随机的?否则,就会违背前言中提到的成功必要条件,微震监测必然失败。对这类问题求解,数理统计中的相关性分析就成为基本思路。一个最基本的常用公式是相关性系数r[27-28]
r(P)=$\frac{\frac{1}{M}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{n=1}}[\stackrel{M}{\sum _{j=1}}{x}_{j}{\left(n\right)]}^{2}}{\stackrel{M}{\sum _{j=1}}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{n=1}}{x}_{j}^{2}\left(n\right)}$
式(1)中:xj(n)为信号样点;M为不同地点的台站(或波型),或一个台站不同时段的记录;N为一个时段的样点数;P为一个时段、周期、或空间中一点;r为不同台站或一个台不同时段等长记录波形之间的相关性,0≤r≤1,0表示波形之间完全不相似,没有任何共性;1表示各波形完全相同。
数据处理必须去噪,以确保一般的记录基本是随机的[29]。除了远震、地面车辆等易辨别的噪声外,有规律的干扰,特别是隐含于一般背景噪声中的,如油田的抽油机真空抽取流体的激励,必须去除。此时式(1)中,P表示一个周期;式(1)首先对M个相似周期内的所有样点实施相位叠加,平方后再对这个周期内的N个样点求和。若存在相似性较高的周期干扰,叠加所有记录中的周期记录,可获得此周期P的振动模型。
S(P)=$\frac{1}{M}\stackrel{M}{\sum _{j=1}}$xj(P), P=[1,N]
然后反号按此周期送入记录中去,即可消除或消弱此周期的干扰。不同周期的干扰或周期长短不明,可以反复搜寻比较,确认一个个周期;并从干扰最大的开始去除,直到r较小。
亦称向量扫描(VS)。去噪后,对各台某波型在同一子时段(如分钟)的记录,人们寻找它们之间的相关性或可能的有用微震信号共性。此时,对空间中一点P,针对某种波型,叠加M个台、N个样点的信号xj(n)。此时式(1)中的分母为总能量;分子中xj=sj+nj,为有用信号与背景噪声之和,均为向量。xj的叠加,消弱了随机分布的背景噪声,相对而言增强了淹没于其中的有用微震信号。这个过程相当于移动所有台站到一个参考地点,相对于观测点P,根据速度模型,适当错动到时差后,经过叠加,确认这个相关性系数r的大小。
若定义信噪比R=S/N[30],则
R=$\frac{S}{N}$=$\frac{\stackrel{L}{\sum _{j=1}}\stackrel{M}{\sum _{i=1}}{s}_{ij}^{2}}{\stackrel{L}{\sum _{i=1}}\stackrel{M}{\sum _{i=1}}{n}_{ij}^{2}}$
可导出式(4)[31]
EP=r(P)-rminR=S/N
式(4)中:rmin为有用信号成分很小的一个时空内的最小值;EPP点的信噪比下限。
若能确定下限EP,而真实的信噪比大于它,就能判断此点在一个时段内监测的可靠程度,它的分布就是微震活动释放能量强弱的标志。经20余年实际观测统计确认,这个信噪比下限(释放能量)应≥1%为微震时空存在的可靠必要条件或阈值。
偏移叠加中,必须考虑微震的剪切破裂特性[4-6],即震源处辐射的地震波成大致正负(压和拉)两两斜对称的空间四象限的格局向外传播。也即要考虑地震波到达时的初动正负极性。否则,式(1)平方前的分子之和存在趋于零的可能。这里特别注意,无论是P波还是S波,对于剪切破裂机制,均存在正负初动情形,且依台点相对于震源的方位及不同波型而变化[4-6]
因而,在不知道微震震源机制的情形时,需要大规模试算,即指定任一台记录为参考台,对其余随后叠加上来的台记录需要试算正负号,观察式(1)叠加后再平方的系列值的高低。对随机记录背景而没有微震的空间点扫描叠加,一般相关性较低。
经过记录数据的整理去噪,根据式(4)对所关心的时空域应用VS后,就可得到大量的定长子时段(如分钟)的释放能量的分布。此时任一时段均可能有3种情况:①微震活动占扫描输出能量的主要成分;这样的时段称之为具有微震释放较高能量的时段,简称重要时段;②微震活动较弱,噪声相干占主导地位;③很难辨别微震活动与噪声相干的干扰孰强孰弱。故解释中最关键的是如何辨别噪声相干或噪声残余干扰。噪声相干可以理解为任何与目标域内微震能量释放无关的干扰[32-33]。这个辨别依赖于统计量化的噪声相干特征参数。
VS监测的最终目的是使用大量的重要时段的高能量分布来表达微震活动随时间的变化,并集成每个重要时段所表达的一个局部的较高能量分布,获得最终SRV的空间分布,例如,图2最后的直到第49组时所有重要时段的累积。
图2所示为在解释过程中去除了较强干扰嫌疑(情况②与情况③)后的集成,在总共注入液量约2 500 m3的约3 h内共发现49组(1 min)。每组两个子图,其中左图为当前时段的波型在射孔段或井眼(每图中央黑点,垂深1 391 m)附近有较高能量释放的平面能量分布,以信噪比形式表达,例如,第49组左图最大值为5.0%;右图为到此时刻所有选中的重要时段归一化(最小、最大值为0、1.0)后空间每点的累积平均值分布。故3D空间点对点叠加集成平均后总体最高值不变或逐步下降。一个重要时段中可能选中1~2个S波波型,即互相正交独立传播的Sh和Sv波。图2仅仅显示了49组中约半数,每图纵坐标由南向北,横坐标由西向东,跨度均为1 000 m。
所谓微震活动释放能量占主要成分(情况①),对于VS的台网,一个最基本的阈值是第2.3节式(4)中的EP≥1%的点值。即使如此,候选者中仍存在残余噪声相干[2,33](图3),原因为:①即使是完全没有微震活动也没有较强干扰的随机记录,也可能偶然在个别点叠加出“高能量值”;②到达台网时即使已较弱(较强或易辨别的已被偏移叠加前去除)的远震或重载车辆,或任何类似的远方噪声,虽然振幅小不易被发现,但污染了相当数量的观测点;这在偏移叠加中表现为成片的“高能量”分布,并常常延伸到监测域边界等。
图3是被舍去的具有残余噪声相干的时段例子。上排是在搜寻高能量区域内(以图中央黑点射孔段为圆心,300 m为半径的圆),或者没有超过EP阈值(1%)的高能量点,或者这样的高能量面积太少(<总扫描面积的0.05%)而有虚假“高能量”的嫌疑。下排是在整个扫描区域内(1 000 m×1 000 m),“高破裂能量”面积超过总扫描面积的2%,或者这类高能量分布到达扫描边界,其溢出面积未知而可能是很大的干扰嫌疑。
上述干扰①与干扰②,对应着情况②或情况③,均应舍去。
如果比较图2中每组当前时段图和图3(f)~图3(i),似乎差别并不是那样大,或者说图3(f)~图3(i)所示的干扰嫌疑不明显。那么,图4就是很多台站受到普遍干扰的典型例子;它是煤层气井Y7-13P第1段的压裂微震监测2D平面高能量面积高于总扫描面积2%时的波形的例子,均被舍去;与图3的J2-64X4井监测的噪声相干阈值类似。
图4可知,这些时段有共同的特性:①“高能量”点面积较大;②多从射孔段(图中央黑点所过的黑线段)附近延伸至扫描域远边界;③这5个时段的平均扫描台站数仅为11.8(台站总数25)。 显然其余台站可能受干扰较大在投入扫描计算前的自动去噪时已被删去。而使用的这些台均为隐含噪声相干的记录。因而,在解释中设置相应参数去除噪声相干嫌疑是必要的。
在投入偏移叠加前去除了可辨别的凸显的噪声(第2.2节及文献[29]),以及在解释输出的能量释放中也去除了干扰嫌疑较大的时段或波形(图3图4),就可获得如图2所示的微震活动能量释放随时间的变化。
实施微震监测的最终目的常常是获得监测区域内有效连通缝网(SRV)的时空分布。为此,应当对类似图2的大量子时段的能量时空分布实施统计累积,在能量释放平均值或概率高低的意义上表达SRV的有效性。图2中每组第2个图即为到那个重要时段时,所有已有重要时段的累积。
这种集成的数理统计意义是:由于微震活动是有间歇性和跳跃性的[1],每个子时段的能量释放仅仅同最后SRV的一部分相关;进一步必须逐步集成这些能量,方可获得最终的空间能量累积平均值分布,如图2中每组的第2个累积图。即使去除了凸显的甚至部分隐含的噪声相干,剩余的数据仍然存在可能的较弱的残余干扰。换句话说,空间中一点一时的“高能量值”,仍可能含干扰残余。通过大量的子时段的叠加,最后排除或消弱偶然因素,在能量释放平均值或概率高低的意义上表达SRV。图2中的第49组的集成平均就是最终这个压裂的空间效应(图5)。
图5(a)为2D平面射孔段(图中央黑点)附近有较高能量的分布(已归一化),白线表示SRV走向和长度。图5(b)为过图5(a)白线的纵剖面,黑点是射孔段投影,白线表示缝网倾向。这两个2D图中,为突出储层及射孔段附近的高能量特性,已对这个小区域外的能量值压制了10%。图5(c)为3D分布;白点表示此段射孔段,黄线为井迹。仅画出60%以上的能量分布。纵坐标由南向北,横坐标由西向东,跨度均为1 000 m。
某个空间破裂点在某时段中输出能量的高低与这点的破裂因素,如裂缝大小、新旧、介质强度、甚至偶然的噪声相干等,均可能有关,但很难建立起同其中某一个因素有肯定的必然相关性。因而,VS不得不首先归一化每个目标域内有较高破裂能量的重要时段或波型(图2中的累积能量分布图,即每组两个子图的右图),即令时段内最高最低能量值分别为1和0。然后考虑它们的平均集成。 依据微震能量分布的统计意义,排除偶然性,集成后的SRV可定义为:①大概率的SRV,如图5中累计图中高值或红色域;②较高概率的SRV,如图5中累计图中黄色域;③其余为低概率的SRV。
岩石压破裂所形成的剪裂带在岩石力学原理上是X型破裂[34],或者是X的一部先破裂而释放了集中的应力导致其余部分未裂开;这里,构造最大主压应力(σ1)的方位通常处于X缝组中两个对称锐角的范围里。在微震监测中,时常可见形成的裂缝带显示出构造地质中常见的包括主裂缝及其共轭裂缝(或者这类裂缝的一部分)的几何特性[2]
常常可以集合这类主缝和共轭缝的方位,亦可使用缝网内的子缝走向,也可以加上当地的已有断层和裂隙带的走向,作为约束,获得较可靠的主压应力方位范围。因为在一个地域,平均最大最小主压应力方向应当满足所有这些一定方位的破裂裂缝的滑动机制[35]
本文研究以J2-64X4井所在的区块为例,已知压裂了8口煤层气井共8层,如图6表3各井的名称所示。因为比较其他油气深度,一般煤层气区块较浅,有的还处于巷道矿区,从而X型断层裂缝典型性稍差,但仍可能显示出裂缝方向与可能的最大构造主压应力的方位[2]
图6的色标尺度均为[0,1]。红色和黄色分别为大概率与较高概率的有效连通缝网域。它们的较明显的网内红色条带用黑实线标出,并大致量得相应的数值,列在表3中。X6井因缝走向未连成线,没有使用。
经过统计,这里所有已知裂缝带或断层带多呈NE30与NE45的X型走向分布(图7),这个分布对应了可能存在于这个15度内的J2-64X4所在区块的σ1方位范围。而J2-64X4井所在区块位于中国山西省,那里经大量的原地应力测量以及中国华北周边的板块构造分析,已知构造主压应力方位是NE[36]。或许还要等待更多的压裂微震监测等构造地质的工作结果,以便完善细化或改进上述结论。
图8是类似于图5的最后结果,它的特点是仅仅一个压裂段就完整地显示了X压破裂型。图8(a)为水平平面,黑点是压裂点,白实线表示裂缝带走向和长度,白虚线为共轭走向;粗细黑实线箭头对表示可能的最大最小主压应力,虚线箭头对表示X型缝的剪切错动方向。图8(b)为沿图8(a)中白实线的纵剖面,黑点是压裂点,白线表示倾向;图8(c)为3D分布,黄线是井轨迹,白点是压裂点,仅画出高于75%的能量。
有关有效连通缝网(SRV)的高度的确定也经历了统计分析过程。SRV是指一般压裂的震级M为[-3,-2]的缝网,且压裂实施于层状的储层中。
对于VS地面监测,若目标域垂深小于几百米,只要严格执行应用必要条件,各个重要时段的能量分布的水平和垂向精度差别不大[2,20]。然而,当目标域垂深大于千米甚至几千米时,垂向误差可能是水平方向上的几倍[2]。这是使用VS这类性价比高、可伴随生产的常规监测手段的代价。而这个缺陷可以通过大量统计VS的重要时段、调研可靠的井中监测、使用构造地质及岩石力学知识加以约束或改进。
(1)由于每个VS重要时段(如图2中每一组累积图)在垂向上的能量分布误差可能是随机的,最后的缝网几何在大量的集成过程中,有可能垂向误差被抵消或压制。例如,比较图5(b)图8(b)的能量垂向分布。 通过VS几百层段压裂监测的垂向能量分布的统计,图5(b)图8(b)的情形约各占50%,它们与台站数、不同噪声背景、不同诱发机制、不同时空等没有必然联系,应当是随机的。由于类似图8(b)的地面监测的VS的垂向分布(约10 m)支持缝高接近储层平均厚度,有理由假设:压裂这类震级[37](约M∈[-3,-2])的微震活动主要沿储层延展。
(2)经过对大量的井中邻近监测的文献调研,可以发现,至少在大陆地区的压裂域纵剖面显示,尽管垂向误差也不小,统计的主要微震活动几乎都在压裂起始点所在的上下百米内[8];换句话说,虽然这里误差也不小(表2),但这类统计很容易使我们猜想压裂的微震活动一般被限制在储层内。
(3)进一步,希望寻找到具有较严格观测条件(表2克服了局限性的)的井中监测,观察微震活动的纵向分布。虽然仅发现8例[8,38-44],但它们所显示的压裂主要微震活动明显地被约束在储层内。可见,SRV的高度可以是平均储层垂高。
(4)为何出现压裂微震活动一般被限制在储层内的现象?最重要的原因如下。①大陆地区的最大构造主压应力处于水平或近水平[36],在此情形下,压裂等生产活动引起的破裂很容易沿水平扩展,而无论中间主应力或最小主应力如何,最多引起缝形态呈为立走滑或斜立走滑;②层理褶皱构造分布。不同强度的层状构造变形形成层间滑移碎裂薄层;这使得这类微震向上下部扩展的可能性比水平向差了至少一个量级,这也由严格精细的井中监测所证实[7];压裂诱发微震的强度很小,不大可能像大中型正逆断层那样能够穿透多个岩层。
因而,对于在水平分层结构内的储层实施压裂的微震监测,一般情况下,用储层厚度设置为SRV的垂向高度。
(1)研发、应用、与判断微震监测方法首先要确认微震及其监测的特性。微地震最重要的两个特性是:①微小;②剪破裂为主。由此导出的监测特性同监测一般天然地震与勘探爆炸源的完全不同。微震监测和检验其可靠性比监测隐形航空器和航海器还要艰难。
(2)遗憾的是,当前,中外的很多微地震监测仍然处于可靠性的研发阶段,甚至野外数据采集就不过关。许多微震监测者和应用者仍未能摆脱传统定位和/与地震勘探中多为仅使用纵波的局限性;没有使用概率与数理统计的理念处理解释微震监测中的技术瓶颈。本文评价了各类监测方法,对它们的研发和适用范围给出了建议。
(3)遵循微地震及其监测的基本特性,微破裂向量扫描(VS)经过20余年的研发和改进,已经攻克了大量的工程技术难题,形成了大概率应用成功的必要条件,以及较完整的从原理到最后解释的监测检查体系。
(4)VS在研发中,特别在最近几年的数据处理解释自动化过程中发现:由于微地震微小且数量巨大,需要大量应用概率与数理统计的理念。本文研究对VS已有的监测体系[2],从概率与数理统计角度进一步总结提高,并予以了重要补充:①由于微震微小而淹没在记录中,在偏移叠加前需要去除显著或隐含存在的噪声,接着在偏移叠加中再次压制它们;②在最后确定微震活动释放能量的时空分布时,也要通过数理统计去除偶然的随机记录的噪声相干、污染了成片地震台的隐含干扰。
(5)本文研究在研发、对比、与调研过程中,探索了一些微震监测方法改进不大的原因。除了从根本上未能理解微震及其监测特性外,当前关键的有:①应掌握应用数理统计的技巧,在不知道一定时长内的微震个数、它们的正负初动、以及初至信噪比时,如何大规模试算统计考察大概率的震源机制组合,从而完成合理的偏移叠加;②使用统计分析去噪,需贯穿整个监测始终。
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404247
  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24
  • 修回日期:2025-04-09
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    1 中石油煤层气有限责任公司, 北京 100018
    2 北京科胜伟达石油科技股份有限公司, 北京 100085

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* 梁北援(1952—),汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,技术总监。研究方向:微地震监测的理论和方法。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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