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Fire flooding is a primary method used to enhance heavy oil recovery, often replacing steam stimulation. However, it encounters challenges such as low sweep efficiency and delayed effective times in heavy oil development. A new fire flooding PGI (pulse gas injection) technology was used to solve these problems. The combustion sweep effect of fire flooding can be improved by adjusting the working system of the gas injector. Based on the geological characteristics of the Hongqian 1 heavy oil reservoir in Xinjiang, the feasibility and mechanism of PGI were elucidated through numerical simulations. The influence of geological and engineering factors was studied on the development effect of PGI, and the consequences are applied to the fire flooding field. The combustion front can be controlled by the peak-valley value stage of PGI, accelerating the uniform movement of the combustion front and improving the oil displacement efficiency. Specifically, PGI can reduce the effective time by approximately 600 days and increase combustion sweep by more than 30%. This technique is particularly suitable for medium heterogeneous reservoirs with a vertical permeability contrast of less than 15 and crude oil viscosities ranging from 2 000 to 10 000 mPa·s. The optimal pulse amplitude ranges between 1.5 and 2, with a recommended step length of 30 days. When applied to the Hongqian 1 fire flooding industrial area in Xinjiang, daily oil production increased by 0.5 to 2.8 t for the well group, and the air-oil ratio decreased by 34%. PGI can achieve a better production increase effect for field production.

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袁士宝(1977—),男,汉族,黑龙江宾县人,博士,教授。研究方向:热采及油藏管理。E-mail:。

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袁士宝(1977—),男,汉族,黑龙江宾县人,博士,教授。研究方向:热采及油藏管理。E-mail:。

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袁士宝(1977—),男,汉族,黑龙江宾县人,博士,教授。研究方向:热采及油藏管理。E-mail:。

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1代表脉冲峰值注汽时间为1个月;3代表脉冲谷值注气时间为3个月

, figureFileSmall=iyK1e3d2pzGat65Z4HrVqw==, figureFileBig=QQA8bFa6xKUje2ey+67nYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369773940110170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Permeability distribution schematic of the pulsed gas injection fireflooding model, figureFileSmall=YudwRz5u2BLXg2qB0wnOlw==, figureFileBig=mdjtyIs97Gamtbz0GwUm0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774036579170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=图2, caption=脉冲注气火驱模型渗透率分布示意图, figureFileSmall=YudwRz5u2BLXg2qB0wnOlw==, figureFileBig=mdjtyIs97Gamtbz0GwUm0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774133048167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of daily oil production between pulse gas injection and stable gas injection, figureFileSmall=QraotMWAVUJqmRxaqmyh4g==, figureFileBig=QKrOuNtdXDEHlclBdy8gfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774229517168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=图3, caption=脉冲注气与稳定注气日产油量对比, figureFileSmall=QraotMWAVUJqmRxaqmyh4g==, figureFileBig=QKrOuNtdXDEHlclBdy8gfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774325986165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of fire flooding sweep effect of different gas injection methods, figureFileSmall=egdzHrfjTW1MHDVRdTFPYw==, figureFileBig=KrIDsX4kWIGXl5Kn6U90PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774414066554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同注气方式火驱波及效果对比图, figureFileSmall=egdzHrfjTW1MHDVRdTFPYw==, figureFileBig=KrIDsX4kWIGXl5Kn6U90PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774489564035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Flow characteristics of crude oil in different pulse stages, figureFileSmall=b0402Qv/pqi0sLDa3ME2jw==, figureFileBig=/udn0ZOXjmPJFL+7e8jDSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774581838728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=图5, caption=原油在不同脉冲阶段中流动特征, figureFileSmall=b0402Qv/pqi0sLDa3ME2jw==, figureFileBig=/udn0ZOXjmPJFL+7e8jDSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774686696333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison of pulse gas injection and stable gas injection combustion sweep, figureFileSmall=PYOdnRT6ee5lnP+N+WkL/Q==, figureFileBig=5lQsCwGYC4Qi/nIABroWlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774799942548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=图6, caption=脉冲注气与稳定注气燃烧波及对比, figureFileSmall=PYOdnRT6ee5lnP+N+WkL/Q==, figureFileBig=5lQsCwGYC4Qi/nIABroWlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774896411547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of pulse gas injection to increase production under different rhythms grade difference and viscosity, figureFileSmall=dA2+xndT6kiESVFYPfiHiw==, figureFileBig=iwAg7kcKOCvOegmGAhKenw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369774984491934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同韵律级差和黏度下脉冲注气增产效果, figureFileSmall=dA2+xndT6kiESVFYPfiHiw==, figureFileBig=iwAg7kcKOCvOegmGAhKenw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775055795106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The change of recovery rate at different pulse gas injection steps, figureFileSmall=FOV4TsfSXgWCBOmCxIcbRg==, figureFileBig=ILU40b38HbJ6Yiu+6RhcSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775156458410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同脉冲注气步长时采收率变化, figureFileSmall=FOV4TsfSXgWCBOmCxIcbRg==, figureFileBig=ILU40b38HbJ6Yiu+6RhcSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775248733103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of production at different pulse starting time, figureFileSmall=5RSSq8DQoH9ugkPMS4x3yQ==, figureFileBig=Q5zvE2EF0w9tic8W0Dj+zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775361979313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同脉冲开始时机产量对比, figureFileSmall=5RSSq8DQoH9ugkPMS4x3yQ==, figureFileBig=Q5zvE2EF0w9tic8W0Dj+zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775483614137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Production curve of E Well group after regulation, figureFileSmall=r45/HvvDzzielWkcYMGkFQ==, figureFileBig=CjhgTpV6RCi1tREJcn5dqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775638803395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=图10, caption=E井组调控后生产曲线, figureFileSmall=r45/HvvDzzielWkcYMGkFQ==, figureFileBig=CjhgTpV6RCi1tREJcn5dqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369775752049606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Pulse gas injection scheme design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 脉冲谷值/
(104 m3·d-1)		 脉冲峰值/
(104 m3·d-1)		 脉冲
振幅		 脉冲
频率		 累产油量/
104 m3
稳定注气 — — — — 1.53
方案1 0.9 1.35 1.5 3∶2 1.62
方案2 0.9 1.62 1.8 3∶4 1.63
方案3 0.9 1.80 2.0 1∶2 1.75
方案4 0.9 2.07 2.3 1∶3 1.65
方案5 1.0 1.60 1.6 1∶2 1.82
方案6 1.0 1.80 1.8 1∶3 1.76
方案7 1.0 2.00 2.0 1∶4 1.87
), ArticleFig(id=1228369775865295823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

脉冲注气方案设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 脉冲谷值/
(104 m3·d-1)		 脉冲峰值/
(104 m3·d-1)		 脉冲
振幅		 脉冲
频率		 累产油量/
104 m3
稳定注气 — — — — 1.53
方案1 0.9 1.35 1.5 3∶2 1.62
方案2 0.9 1.62 1.8 3∶4 1.63
方案3 0.9 1.80 2.0 1∶2 1.75
方案4 0.9 2.07 2.3 1∶3 1.65
方案5 1.0 1.60 1.6 1∶2 1.82
方案6 1.0 1.80 1.8 1∶3 1.76
方案7 1.0 2.00 2.0 1∶4 1.87
), ArticleFig(id=1228369775961764817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pulse gas injection test effect statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井组 试验前 试验后
日产液/t 日产油/t 含水/% 日产液/t 日产油/t 含水/%
A 7.3 1.1 84.9 16.0 1.6 90.0
B 10.7 1.0 90.7 21.1 3.8 82.1
C 10.3 0.8 92.2 17.4 2.7 84.5
D 7.7 0.7 90.9 9.9 1.8 81.4
E 7.5 0.7 90.6 13.4 2.9 78.7
F 2.3 0.4 82.2 12.9 3.0 76.9
), ArticleFig(id=1228369776058233813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665723376294, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

脉冲注气试验效果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
井组 试验前 试验后
日产液/t 日产油/t 含水/% 日产液/t 日产油/t 含水/%
A 7.3 1.1 84.9 16.0 1.6 90.0
B 10.7 1.0 90.7 21.1 3.8 82.1
C 10.3 0.8 92.2 17.4 2.7 84.5
D 7.7 0.7 90.9 9.9 1.8 81.4
E 7.5 0.7 90.6 13.4 2.9 78.7
F 2.3 0.4 82.2 12.9 3.0 76.9
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脉冲注气改善稠油火驱效果的机理及应用
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袁士宝 1 , 辛文宾 1, 2 , 杨凤祥 3 , 孙新革 3 , 蒋海岩 1 , 展宏洋 3 , 任梓寒 1 , 李海波 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(22): 9342-9348
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(22): 9342-9348
脉冲注气改善稠油火驱效果的机理及应用
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袁士宝1 , 辛文宾1, 2, 杨凤祥3, 孙新革3, 蒋海岩1, 展宏洋3, 任梓寒1, 李海波3
作者信息
  • 1 西安石油大学石油工程学院, 西安 710065
  • 2 中石化西北油田分公司采油一厂, 轮台 841600
  • 3 中国石油新疆油田分公司, 克拉玛依 834000

    • 袁士宝(1977—),男,汉族,黑龙江宾县人,博士,教授。研究方向:热采及油藏管理。E-mail:。

Mechanism and Application of Pulse Gas Injection to Improve the Effect of Heavy Oil Fire Flooding
Shi-bao YUAN1 , Wen-bin XIN1, 2, Feng-xiang YANG3, Xin-ge SUN3, Hai-yan JIANG1, Hong-yang ZHAN3, Zi-han REN1, Hai-bo LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Petroleum Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
  • 2 Sinopec Northwest Oilfield Company
  • 3 Oil Production Plant No.1, Luntai 841600, China
  • 3 PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company, Karamay 834000, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406628
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摘要
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火驱作为接替蒸汽吞吐提高采收率的主要开采方式之一,在开发稠油时存在波及效率低、见效时间晚等问题。针对稠油油藏的特点,提出了一种脉冲注气的火驱方式,该方式通过调整注气井的工作制度,以改善火驱的燃烧波及效果。在新疆红浅1稠油油藏地质特征基础上,利用数值模拟揭示了脉冲注气的可行性和作用机理,研究了地质因素和工程因素对脉冲注气开发效果的影响,最后应用于火驱矿场。结果表明:脉冲注气通过脉冲的峰值与谷值对燃烧前缘进行调控,加速了燃烧前缘的均匀推进,从而提高了驱油效率。脉冲注气可使见效时间提前600 d左右,燃烧波及增加30%以上。脉冲注气适用于储层纵向渗透率级差小于15、原油黏度为2 000~10 000 mPa·s的中等非均质储层,最佳的脉冲振幅为1.5~2、步长为30 d。将研究成果应用于新疆红浅1火驱工业区后,井组日产油增加0.5~2.8 t,空气油比降低34%,取得了较好的增产效果。
稠油油藏  /  火驱  /  脉冲注气  /  非均质储层  /  数值模拟

Fire flooding is a primary method used to enhance heavy oil recovery, often replacing steam stimulation. However, it encounters challenges such as low sweep efficiency and delayed effective times in heavy oil development. A new fire flooding PGI (pulse gas injection) technology was used to solve these problems. The combustion sweep effect of fire flooding can be improved by adjusting the working system of the gas injector. Based on the geological characteristics of the Hongqian 1 heavy oil reservoir in Xinjiang, the feasibility and mechanism of PGI were elucidated through numerical simulations. The influence of geological and engineering factors was studied on the development effect of PGI, and the consequences are applied to the fire flooding field. The combustion front can be controlled by the peak-valley value stage of PGI, accelerating the uniform movement of the combustion front and improving the oil displacement efficiency. Specifically, PGI can reduce the effective time by approximately 600 days and increase combustion sweep by more than 30%. This technique is particularly suitable for medium heterogeneous reservoirs with a vertical permeability contrast of less than 15 and crude oil viscosities ranging from 2 000 to 10 000 mPa·s. The optimal pulse amplitude ranges between 1.5 and 2, with a recommended step length of 30 days. When applied to the Hongqian 1 fire flooding industrial area in Xinjiang, daily oil production increased by 0.5 to 2.8 t for the well group, and the air-oil ratio decreased by 34%. PGI can achieve a better production increase effect for field production.

heavy oil reservoir  /  fire flooding  /  pulse gas injection  /  heterogeneous reservoir  /  numerical simulation
袁士宝, 辛文宾, 杨凤祥, 孙新革, 蒋海岩, 展宏洋, 任梓寒, 李海波. 脉冲注气改善稠油火驱效果的机理及应用. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9342 -9348 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406628
Shi-bao YUAN, Wen-bin XIN, Feng-xiang YANG, Xin-ge SUN, Hai-yan JIANG, Hong-yang ZHAN, Zi-han REN, Hai-bo LI. Mechanism and Application of Pulse Gas Injection to Improve the Effect of Heavy Oil Fire Flooding[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9342 -9348 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406628
正文
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火烧油层(火驱)已经成为稠油油藏开发中不可或缺的重要手段之一[1-3]。该技术通过向储层中注入空气,成功点火后引发一系列物理化学反应,实现提高稠油产量。火驱的适用油藏类型广泛,受储层非均质性影响其动用程度有待提高[4-5],主要生产特征是火线过早突破、推进不均匀,井间连通性差等问题,进而影响火驱波及效率,延缓生产井见效时间,降低驱替效果[6]。储层渗透率级差越大,燃烧波及越不规律,油层越难以动用[7]。因此,探索适应储层非均质性的火驱生产技术十分必要。
储层非均质性会影响火驱的波及效率,在流体和地质因素的共同影响下,若采用常规注气方式,可能导致燃烧波及范围受限、燃烧前缘发展不均衡。通过调整注气参数可以增大火驱波及系数,维持火线均匀推进[8],是控制火驱燃烧状态和增强驱油效果的有效途径[9]。在致密砂岩油藏注气开发过程中采用脉冲注气可以有效缓解气窜的发生,并且可以为地层补充能量[10-12]。通过调整注采井工作制度实现了控制火驱初期阶段的燃烧波及范围,并在非均质储层中得到了成功的应用[13]。然而,以上研究未能有效解决稠油油藏火驱生产井见效时间晚的问题。因此,提出了一种改变火驱气体注入方式的开采方法——将常规的稳定注气改为脉冲注气,有效解决高黏油藏火驱见效晚、火驱波及不均匀等问题。
因此,现提出脉冲注气火驱模式,明确脉冲注气在非均质储层中的可行性,并对脉冲注气增产机理进行分析。然后从油藏地质和工程开发两因素考虑,研究脉冲注气火驱在非均质储层中的适用条件以及应用时机,最终成功应用于中国新疆红浅1火驱工业区。脉冲注气火驱技术有效缓解燃烧前缘在非均质储层中纵向波及不均匀,生产井见效时间晚的现象,为现场可持续稳产调整提供理论依据。
1 脉冲注气火驱模式的提出
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火驱过程中,地层的非均质性对火线推进有很大的影响,经常造成火线推进的不均衡,影响火驱生产。在火驱注气的过程中,注气强度的变化会造成火驱开发效果的差异,合理的注气速度对燃烧有一定的促进作用[14]。
周期注水在非均质性强的储层的提采效果明显,借鉴周期注水提高注水波及效率的开发方式[15-18],提出了脉冲注气的火驱工艺。设计了脉冲注气的操作参数(图1),定义脉冲峰值与谷值的注气速度比为脉冲振幅(Rg),脉冲峰值与脉冲谷值时间比为脉冲频率(Fa),脉冲时间的倍数为脉冲步长(St)。
脉冲注气设计原则有以下两点:一是确保脉冲注气和稳定注气总注气量相当;二是为防止原油的回流并确保燃烧的连续性,脉冲峰值与谷值不宜相差过大。
2 脉冲注气火驱可行性研究
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2.1 火驱模型的建立
数值模拟建立网格为16×22×30的稠油油藏脉冲注气火驱非均质模型,油藏长220 m,宽160 m,厚10 m,孔隙度为0.1 ~ 0.3,渗透率为100~1 000 mD,油层条件下原油黏度为3 000 mPa·s。模型中有7种组分:水、重质油、轻质油、焦炭、O2、CO2、CO/N2。稠油油藏火驱过程中发生的反应方程式为
重质油→轻质油+焦炭
重质油+O2→水+CO2+CO/N2+焦炭
轻质油+O2→水+CO2+CO/N2
焦炭+O2→水+CO2
将注气井设在模型中心位置并以反五点法为依据建立生产井网(图2),井距为90 m,生产时间为5 000 d。在火驱初始阶段脉冲注气,注气振幅为2,步长为30 d。
2.2 脉冲注气火驱可行性
学者认为火驱燃烧过程分为4个阶段:燃烧建立阶段、油井见效阶段、热效驱油阶段和油井见火阶段[19]。在燃烧建立阶段,两种注气方式对火驱的开采效果几乎相当(图3),但是脉冲注气明显使火驱见效时间提前600 d左右。脉冲注气有利于在非均质油藏中快速实现注采连通,缩短油井见效时间,进而获得更显著的经济效益。
根据生产井2、生产井3、生产井4的含油饱和度场图(图4)分析火驱波及效果,在初期2 000 d时,稳定注气与脉冲注气波及效果相当[图4(a)],此时波及体积仅增加1.55%。当燃烧前缘即将到达生产井时,脉冲注气通过脉冲峰值为燃烧提供更多能量,加速原油向生产井流动,脉冲注气火驱的燃烧前缘提前到达生产井,此时波及体积增加6.94%[图4(b)]。然而,当燃烧前缘已经到达生产井时,稳定的流动通道形成,此时稳定注气可以使原油平稳的流向生产井。
相比之下,由于脉冲注气中注气速度的变化,燃烧产生的能量也随之变化。当燃烧前缘推进至生产井后,无论脉冲注气和稳定注气都不能持续维持产量稳定(图3),但脉冲注气较稳定注气的波及体积增加11.05%[图4(c)]。
3 脉冲注气火驱增产机理研究
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稠油油藏火驱受到储层非均质性的显著影响,非均质性较强时,火线易朝着渗透率较高的区域突进,导致气窜的形成,对火驱的波及范围造成影响。从图5(a)可知,在稳定注气的条件下,原油在单一通道中流动,且流动方向不易改变,导致高渗通道中原油流动速度远大于低渗通道,对于生产造成不利影响。
在脉冲注气峰值时,原油流动方向与稳定注气相同[图5(b)],但原油最大流动速度增加55%。
在脉冲注气谷值时,原油流动方向发生较大变化[图5(c)],在低注气速度的驱替下高渗通道中的部分原油流向低渗通道,有效降低了高渗通道中原油的流动速度,同时有利于驱替储层中底部原油流动,减小底部剩余油含量。
脉冲注气使原油平均流速增加了33%,有利于促进燃烧前缘在纵向上的均匀波及,表现出较好的储层非均质性适应性。
脉冲注气与稳定注气火驱燃烧波及体积如图6所示,脉冲注气火驱燃烧波及范围均大于稳定注气。在燃烧初期阶段,脉冲注气火驱的波及体积较小,但在中后期波及体积逐渐增大,生产至4 000 d时燃烧波及增长率达到31.26%,进一步证明了脉冲注气可以有效扩大燃烧的波及体积。
综上所述,相较于稳定注气,脉冲注气火驱显著缩短了火驱见效时间,有效缓解了高黏油藏见效慢、井间连通性差的问题。
由此得出脉冲注气火驱的驱油增产机理为:利用脉冲谷值调控高渗层内燃烧进程,防止高渗层内燃烧前缘推进速度过快,促进燃烧前缘在纵向上均匀波及;利用脉冲峰值为燃烧和驱替提供更多的能量,加快低渗透层内燃烧前缘推进速度,提高火驱平面波及效率,降低储层非均质性对燃烧前缘推进的限制。
4 脉冲注气火驱影响因素分析
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在火驱过程中,油藏的非均质性对开发动态起着至关重要的作用,在实际非均质储层中实现对燃烧前缘的控制是实现均质燃烧的前提。因此,在非均质的储层条件下,选择合理的工程开发参数,探究地质因素与工程因素对脉冲注气火驱的影响,在增产的同时实现对燃烧前缘波及的调控。
4.1 地质因素
黏度是影响原油流动性的重要因素之一,在合理范围内火驱效果随原油黏度增加而增强。但过高的黏度可能导致燃烧区流动性变差,严重影响采油速度,因此要确定合理的黏度适用范围。此外,渗透率也同时影响原油流动能力,渗透率级差和储层韵律性等储层非均质性可能进一步加剧火驱波及差异,研究以上地质因素对脉冲注气的影响至关重要。
绘制不同韵律性和黏度下脉冲注气火驱增产图版(图7),随着渗透率级差的增加,脉冲注气火驱增量效果整体呈减弱的趋势。当渗透率级差为2时增产效果最显著,渗透率级差大于15时增产效果逐渐减弱。可见应将脉注气应用于渗透率级差小于15的非均质储层。
当原油黏度较低时(2 000 mPa·s),原油流动性较好,稳定注气的条件下火线可以平稳地向生产井推进,脉冲注气对燃烧前缘波及的调控效果有所减弱。
随着原油黏度的增加,脉冲注气增产效果呈现先增强后减弱的趋势。是因为随着原油黏度增加其流动性变差,脉冲注气产生的压差难以顺利推动原油,非均质差异导致脉冲注气时超覆现象加剧。当原油黏度较高时(10 000 mPa·s),增产量逐渐减少,此时脉冲注气火驱驱油效果不如稳定注气火驱。可见脉冲注气适用于原油黏度为2 000~10 000 mPa·s、渗透率级差小于15的非均质储层。
4.2 工程因素
非均质储层火驱主要调整措施有:优化注气策略、改善低渗透区渗透性、采用助剂或辅助技术等。脉冲注气则通过优化注气策略改善火驱波及,避免高渗层燃烧速度过快,无需额外投入就能改善项目收益。脉冲注气的主要工程参数有:脉冲注气振幅、脉冲注气步长以及脉冲注气开始时机。
4.2.1 脉冲注气振幅
为防止脉冲峰值注气速度过高,导致振幅过大,进而影响燃烧的连续性,将脉冲注气速度谷值定为0.9×104、1.0×104 m3/d,分别进行7组脉冲方案对比(表1)。
对比方案1~方案4,当脉冲谷值相同时,累产油量随着脉冲峰值的增大先增后减。是由于随着脉冲峰值的增加,火驱燃烧的平面波及和纵向波及效果增强,从而加速了燃烧前缘的推进速度,促进了注采连通的速度,因此产量增加。然而当脉冲峰值过大时,短时间内注气量迅速增加,增加了火驱高温气窜的风险,因此脉冲峰值不宜过大。
不同脉冲谷值的开发效果显示,脉冲谷值为1.0×104 m3/d时,累产量均大于0.9×104 m3/d,是由于火驱需要燃烧前缘均匀稳定地向生产井推进,当脉冲谷值减小时注气振幅变化波动较大,不利于燃烧前缘稳定前进。
通过对比相同脉冲振幅下的开发效果可以进一步验证以上结论,为确保火驱燃烧的连续性,防止原油回流,建议脉冲注气火驱振幅控制在1.5~2时,其驱油效果最佳。
4.2.2 脉冲注气步长
在明确脉冲振幅对火驱效果的影响后,对脉冲步长进一步分析,将步长分别设置为10、20、30、40 d,即当步长为10、脉冲频率为1∶4时,注气时间为峰值10 d、谷值40 d。
对比不同步长下的采收率和空气油比(图8),脉冲步长较短时,脉冲峰值的燃烧时间较短,导致燃烧驱替受阻,原油向生产井移动速度减慢,从而降低了生产速度;当脉冲步长较长时,脉冲峰值燃烧时间也相应增加,虽然峰值阶段原油得到充分燃烧,但对应脉冲谷值阶段的燃烧时间也随之增加,且谷值燃烧时间远远大于峰值燃烧时间,从而会导致燃烧前缘不能均匀推进,燃烧不能连续进行,并增加了在非均质储层中原油回流的风险。因此,综合考虑,脉冲注气火驱步长为30 d时效果最佳。
4.2.3 脉冲注气时机
通过对比不同脉冲注气时机下的累产量(图9)可以看出,随着脉冲注气时机的延迟,火驱产油量逐渐降低。
结合图3分析,在火驱前期脉冲注气开采效果差异不明显,但是随着脉冲注气时机延迟,燃烧腔内气体形成了较大的缓冲作用,脉冲效果被逐渐抵消。因此,在火驱燃烧前期就进行脉冲注气有利于扩大燃烧前缘的波及范围。
5 矿场应用
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5.1 红浅1工业区开发现状
新疆油田红浅1火驱工业化后的区域差异性明显,亟需优化调整、完善调控措施。其生产特征表现为,在火驱阶段部分高黏区多处于排水和烟道气驱阶段,还未形成连续气腔和火线,数值模拟显示排水期达600 d以上,见效普遍较慢。高黏区储层纵向渗透率分布在100 ~ 800 mD,储层渗透率级差小于15, 原油黏度分布在7 000~10 000 mPa·s。
针对高黏区火驱见效慢的特征,在A井组实施脉冲注气措施改善火驱开发效果。
5.2 脉冲注气技术的应用
根据红浅1稠油油藏高黏区井组地层属性建立数值模拟模型。在根据实际生产数据完成历史拟合后,模拟脉冲注气的可行性进而优化了其工程参数。
2022年5月红浅1工业区15个井组开展脉冲注气措施。实施脉冲注气后日产液、日产油显著提升,含水率降低,增产效果显著。脉冲峰值注气速度1.4×104 m3/d,脉冲谷值注气速度0.8×104 m3/d,注气振幅1.75, A井~F井6组试验后日产油增加0.5~2.8 t,含水率降低5.3%~11.9%,空气油比降低34%(表2)。较为典型的E井组火驱见效时间缩短30%以上,井组产量与注气方式呈现明显的正向相关性(图10)。
脉冲注气是周期注气的一种特殊方式,通过改变注气速度,提高火驱燃烧前缘波及效率,有利于缓解非均质储层火驱过程中纵向波及不均匀的现象,以此缩短生产井见效时间,激活油藏供油潜能。
6 结论
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(1)在非均质高黏稠油储层中,脉冲注气火驱体现出优异的波及效率。该技术可使生产井见效时间提前,并使火驱燃烧波及增长率达到30%以上。其主要增产机理是利用开发过程中注气波动来抵消油藏非均质性对火驱波及造成的负面影响。
(2)针对不同类型非均质储层,脉冲注气火驱展现出较稳定注气火驱更好的适应性。其较为理想的适用条件是渗透率级差小于15,原油黏度介于2 000~10 000 mPa·s的油藏;脉冲注气火驱实施过程中振幅应控制在1.5~2,步长为30 d,在燃烧早期进行脉冲注气有利于增大燃烧波及范围。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52274039)
文献
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406628
  • 接收时间：2024-09-03
  • 首发时间：2026-02-11
  • 出版时间：2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-03
  • 修回日期：2025-05-12
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国家自然科学基金(52274039)
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    1 西安石油大学石油工程学院, 西安 710065
    2 中石化西北油田分公司采油一厂, 轮台 841600
    3 中国石油新疆油田分公司, 克拉玛依 834000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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