Article(id=1228279665060676252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404845, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719504000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-28, revisedDate=1745769600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770774292483, onlineDateStr=2026-02-11, pubDate=1754582400000, pubDateStr=2025-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770774292483, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770774292483, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770774292483, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228279664221815452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='22', pageStart='9211', pageEnd='9648', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770774292283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770777611996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228293588207992893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1228279664221815452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9586, endPage=9594, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228279665526244002, articleId=1228279665060676252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=The Risk Assessment Model Based on Catastrophe Theory and Fuzzy Inference System, columnId=1228279665454940832, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the ASIST system, data on 86 917 abnormal events from 2017 to 2023 are collected as research objects, and an indicator system for abnormal events was established. To ensure the safety of aviation operations, accurate and reliable risk assessment models were developed to analyze abnormal events in depth, thereby achieving effective risk management. Firstly, the principle of catastrophe theory was introduced into the fuzzy inference system, which enables it to better handle complex issues and enhance the accuracy of evaluations. Then, a risk assessment model based on catastrophe theory and fuzzy inference system was developed to assess the risks of abnormal aviation events. Additionally, 56 cases with detailed background information records were selected for instance analysis, and compared with the cloud model, to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the model. Finally, relevant indicators were controlled using fuzzy methods, providing guidance for the safety management work of aviation operations.

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在ASIS系统上采集2017—2023年共计86 917起不正常事件数据作为研究对象,并在此基础上构建不正常事件指标体系。为了确保航空运行安全,构建准确、可靠的风险评价模型来对不正常事件进行深入分析,从而实现有效的风险管理。首先,在模糊推理系统中引入突变理论的原理,能够使其更好地应对复杂问题,提高评价的准确性。然后,构建突变理论的模糊推理系统风险评价模型对航空运行不正常事件进行风险评价。其次,选用56个有详细背景信息记录的不正常事件进行实例分析,并与云模型进行对比分析,从而验证模型的可行性和精确性。最后,对相关指标进行模糊控制,为航空运行安全管理工作提供指导。

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* 姜美岑(2001—),女,汉族,四川南充人,硕士研究生。研究方向:空管安全管理。E-mail:
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杨昌其(1976—),男,土家族,贵州思南人,硕士,教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、空管安全管理、空管信息处理。E-mail:

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杨昌其(1976—),男,土家族,贵州思南人,硕士,教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、空管安全管理、空管信息处理。E-mail:

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杨昌其(1976—),男,土家族,贵州思南人,硕士,教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、空管安全管理、空管信息处理。E-mail:

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Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1228369861638812566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, awardId=2023YFSY0025, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技计划(2023YFSY0025), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1228369854512689689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369854521078299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, companyId=1228369854512689689, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1228369854529466908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, companyId=1228369854512689689, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1228369856836334275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowchart of risk evaluation of fuzzy inference system based on mutation theory, figureFileSmall=awmcazA5Tq4stxF5yuC/YQ==, figureFileBig=Q/okl1vrwMEalgMms/qptg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369856953774794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于突变理论的模糊推理系统的风险评价流程图, figureFileSmall=awmcazA5Tq4stxF5yuC/YQ==, figureFileBig=Q/okl1vrwMEalgMms/qptg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228369857092186834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Trapezoidal and semi-trapezoidal fuzzy affiliation functions, 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Safety risk evaluation indicator system for aviation operational irregularities

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目标层 一级指标 二级指标 三级指标
航空运行不正常
事件安全风险U
人的因素U1 违规U11 突破管制指令U111
未及时与管制单位联系U112
未及时执行管制指令U113
错忘漏U12 操作错误、误听指令U121
遗忘飞行动态U122
指令时机过早U123
技能不足U13 机组冲突未识别U131
情景意识丧失U132
爬升过程中未注意有相对U133
设备因素U2 航空器U21 机身出现明火U211
TCAS故障U212
应答机故障U213
通导设备U22 陆空通信中断U221
盲降突发故障U222
自动化系统故障U223
发射机关机U224
气象设备U23 气象台发报链路故障U231
环境因素U3 天气U31 偏离离场程序U311
绕航U312
低油量U313
不明飞行干扰U32 不明应答机U321
不明飞行U322
通信频率覆盖U33 航空器陆空通信中断U331
其他用户干扰U34 军航航空器影响U341
管理因素U4 军方U41 军方要求U411
管制U42 沟通及信息的传递不及时、不准确U421
突发事件或环境改变出现的人员适应能力不足U422
), ArticleFig(id=1228369859755569960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

航空运行不正常事件安全风险评价指标体系

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目标层 一级指标 二级指标 三级指标
航空运行不正常
事件安全风险U
人的因素U1 违规U11 突破管制指令U111
未及时与管制单位联系U112
未及时执行管制指令U113
错忘漏U12 操作错误、误听指令U121
遗忘飞行动态U122
指令时机过早U123
技能不足U13 机组冲突未识别U131
情景意识丧失U132
爬升过程中未注意有相对U133
设备因素U2 航空器U21 机身出现明火U211
TCAS故障U212
应答机故障U213
通导设备U22 陆空通信中断U221
盲降突发故障U222
自动化系统故障U223
发射机关机U224
气象设备U23 气象台发报链路故障U231
环境因素U3 天气U31 偏离离场程序U311
绕航U312
低油量U313
不明飞行干扰U32 不明应答机U321
不明飞行U322
通信频率覆盖U33 航空器陆空通信中断U331
其他用户干扰U34 军航航空器影响U341
管理因素U4 军方U41 军方要求U411
管制U42 沟通及信息的传递不及时、不准确U421
突发事件或环境改变出现的人员适应能力不足U422
), ArticleFig(id=1228369859860427566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Key points and principles of modeling theory

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型的理论关键点 原理
引入突变点 由于系统在某个控制参数超过临界值时会发生突变,突变点的产生可以将这个控制参数与模糊规则的权重或置信度相关联
定义突变函数 突变函数可以根据输入控制参数的变化来调整模糊规则的权重或置信度,也可以通过拓扑学和微分几何学的方法进行定义,以捕捉系统状态从一个稳定状态到另一个稳定状态的突变过程
调整模糊规则的
权重或置信度
若控制参数超过临界值,突变函数会重新计算新的权重或置信度,并将其应用于后续模糊推理过程中
), ArticleFig(id=1228369859977868085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型理论关键点及原理

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型的理论关键点 原理
引入突变点 由于系统在某个控制参数超过临界值时会发生突变,突变点的产生可以将这个控制参数与模糊规则的权重或置信度相关联
定义突变函数 突变函数可以根据输入控制参数的变化来调整模糊规则的权重或置信度,也可以通过拓扑学和微分几何学的方法进行定义,以捕捉系统状态从一个稳定状态到另一个稳定状态的突变过程
调整模糊规则的
权重或置信度
若控制参数超过临界值,突变函数会重新计算新的权重或置信度,并将其应用于后续模糊推理过程中
), ArticleFig(id=1228369860086919999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Personnel system IF-THEN derivation rules

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IF-THEN推导规则
%假设我们有以下变量,它们分别表示人员的技能水平、错忘漏情况和是否违规
skillLevel = ‘好’; % 技能水平
mistakeOmitLeak = ‘好’; % 错忘漏情况
violation = ‘好’; % 是否违规
%使用逻辑运算符来判断系统风险等级
if strcmp(skillLevel, ‘好’) && strcmp(mistakeOmitLeak, ‘好’) && strcmp(violation, ‘好’)
riskLevel = ‘低风险(V级风险)’;
else
riskLevel = ‘其他风险等级’; % 如果不满足上述条件,则默认为其他风险等级
end
), ArticleFig(id=1228369860271469385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

人员系统IF-THEN推导规则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IF-THEN推导规则
%假设我们有以下变量,它们分别表示人员的技能水平、错忘漏情况和是否违规
skillLevel = ‘好’; % 技能水平
mistakeOmitLeak = ‘好’; % 错忘漏情况
violation = ‘好’; % 是否违规
%使用逻辑运算符来判断系统风险等级
if strcmp(skillLevel, ‘好’) && strcmp(mistakeOmitLeak, ‘好’) && strcmp(violation, ‘好’)
riskLevel = ‘低风险(V级风险)’;
else
riskLevel = ‘其他风险等级’; % 如果不满足上述条件,则默认为其他风险等级
end
), ArticleFig(id=1228369860380521295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Potential functions of the three mutant systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
突变类型 状态变
量数目
控制变
量数目
势函数
尖点突变 1 2 $f\left(x\right)={x}^{4}+u{x}^{2}+vx$
燕尾突变 1 3 $f\left(x\right)={x}^{5}+u{x}^{3}+v{x}^{2}+wx$
蝴蝶突变 1 4 $f\left(x\right)={x}^{6}+u{x}^{4}+v{x}^{3}+w{x}^{2}+tx$
), ArticleFig(id=1228369860489573207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

3种突变系统的势函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
突变类型 状态变
量数目
控制变
量数目
势函数
尖点突变 1 2 $f\left(x\right)={x}^{4}+u{x}^{2}+vx$
燕尾突变 1 3 $f\left(x\right)={x}^{5}+u{x}^{3}+v{x}^{2}+wx$
蝴蝶突变 1 4 $f\left(x\right)={x}^{6}+u{x}^{4}+v{x}^{3}+w{x}^{2}+tx$
), ArticleFig(id=1228369860627985244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Personnel system-calculation of risk affiliation values for all levels of non-compliance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险级别 隶属函数值
高风险(Ⅰ) ${R}_{{U}_{11}}^{{f}_{1}}=\frac{\sqrt{{f}_{1}\left({U}_{111}\right)}+\sqrt[3]{{f}_{1}\left({U}_{112}\right)}+\sqrt[4]{{f}_{1}\left({U}_{113}\right)}}{3}$
较高风险(Ⅱ) ${R}_{{U}_{11}}^{{f}_{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{{f}_{2}\left({U}_{111}\right)}+\sqrt[3]{{f}_{2}\left({U}_{112}\right)}+\sqrt[4]{{f}_{2}\left({U}_{113}\right)}}{3}$
中等风险(Ⅲ) ${R}_{{U}_{11}}^{{f}_{3}}=\frac{\sqrt{{f}_{3}\left({U}_{111}\right)}+\sqrt[3]{{f}_{3}\left({U}_{112}\right)}+\sqrt[4]{{f}_{3}\left({U}_{113}\right)}}{3}$
一般风险(Ⅳ) ${R}_{{U}_{11}}^{{f}_{4}}=\frac{\sqrt{{f}_{4}\left({U}_{111}\right)}+\sqrt[3]{{f}_{4}\left({U}_{112}\right)}+\sqrt[4]{{f}_{4}\left({U}_{113}\right)}}{3}$
低风险(Ⅴ) ${R}_{{U}_{11}}^{{f}_{5}}=\frac{\sqrt{{f}_{5}\left({U}_{111}\right)}+\sqrt[3]{{f}_{5}\left({U}_{112}\right)}+\sqrt[4]{{f}_{5}\left({U}_{113}\right)}}{3}$
), ArticleFig(id=1228369860749620070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

人员系统—违规情况各级风险隶属值计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险级别 隶属函数值
高风险(Ⅰ) ${R}_{{U}_{11}}^{{f}_{1}}=\frac{\sqrt{{f}_{1}\left({U}_{111}\right)}+\sqrt[3]{{f}_{1}\left({U}_{112}\right)}+\sqrt[4]{{f}_{1}\left({U}_{113}\right)}}{3}$
较高风险(Ⅱ) ${R}_{{U}_{11}}^{{f}_{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{{f}_{2}\left({U}_{111}\right)}+\sqrt[3]{{f}_{2}\left({U}_{112}\right)}+\sqrt[4]{{f}_{2}\left({U}_{113}\right)}}{3}$
中等风险(Ⅲ) ${R}_{{U}_{11}}^{{f}_{3}}=\frac{\sqrt{{f}_{3}\left({U}_{111}\right)}+\sqrt[3]{{f}_{3}\left({U}_{112}\right)}+\sqrt[4]{{f}_{3}\left({U}_{113}\right)}}{3}$
一般风险(Ⅳ) ${R}_{{U}_{11}}^{{f}_{4}}=\frac{\sqrt{{f}_{4}\left({U}_{111}\right)}+\sqrt[3]{{f}_{4}\left({U}_{112}\right)}+\sqrt[4]{{f}_{4}\left({U}_{113}\right)}}{3}$
低风险(Ⅴ) ${R}_{{U}_{11}}^{{f}_{5}}=\frac{\sqrt{{f}_{5}\left({U}_{111}\right)}+\sqrt[3]{{f}_{5}\left({U}_{112}\right)}+\sqrt[4]{{f}_{5}\left({U}_{113}\right)}}{3}$
), ArticleFig(id=1228369860841894765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Risk level and acceptance criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险等级 接受准则
低风险 Ⅰ级风险 允许发生,无需采取措施
一般风险 Ⅱ级风险 可接受:在考虑所有风险要素后,继续工作
中等风险 Ⅲ级风险 审查:在采取措施进行全面管理后,继续工作
较高风险 Ⅳ级风险 不可接受:停止工作,直到已执行足够的控制措施将风险降低到可接受的水平
高风险 Ⅴ级风险 完全不能接受,需立即排除风险源
), ArticleFig(id=1228369860955140982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

风险等级与接受准则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
风险等级 接受准则
低风险 Ⅰ级风险 允许发生,无需采取措施
一般风险 Ⅱ级风险 可接受:在考虑所有风险要素后,继续工作
中等风险 Ⅲ级风险 审查:在采取措施进行全面管理后,继续工作
较高风险 Ⅳ级风险 不可接受:停止工作,直到已执行足够的控制措施将风险降低到可接受的水平
高风险 Ⅴ级风险 完全不能接受,需立即排除风险源
), ArticleFig(id=1228369861064192890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Specificresults of actual and calculated risk ratings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 事件
等级
风险
等级
编号 事件
等级
风险
等级
编号 事件
等级
风险
等级
1 20 39
2 21 40
3 22 41
4 23 42
5 24 43
6 25 44
7 26 45
8 27 46
9 28 47
10 29 48
11 30 49
12 31 50
13 32 51
14 33 52
15 34 53
16 35 54
17 36 55
18 37 56
19 38
), ArticleFig(id=1228369861181633408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

实际风险等级和计算风险等级具体结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 事件
等级
风险
等级
编号 事件
等级
风险
等级
编号 事件
等级
风险
等级
1 20 39
2 21 40
3 22 41
4 23 42
5 24 43
6 25 44
7 26 45
8 27 46
9 28 47
10 29 48
11 30 49
12 31 50
13 32 51
14 33 52
15 34 53
16 35 54
17 36 55
18 37 56
19 38
), ArticleFig(id=1228369861299073927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Table of results of evaluation indicators of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 风险评价模型
云模型 CT-FIS
一致性指标 0.354 7 0.345 4
信息熵 5.709 5 5.715 8
相对误差 0.462 2 0.195 5
), ArticleFig(id=1228369861399737227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1228279665060676252, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

模型的评价指标结果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标 风险评价模型
云模型 CT-FIS
一致性指标 0.354 7 0.345 4
信息熵 5.709 5 5.715 8
相对误差 0.462 2 0.195 5
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航空、航天基于突变理论的模糊推理系统风险评价模型
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杨昌其 , 姜美岑 , 林灵
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(22): 9586-9594
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(22): 9586-9594
航空、航天基于突变理论的模糊推理系统风险评价模型
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杨昌其 , 姜美岑 , 林灵
作者信息
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307
  • 杨昌其(1976—),男,土家族,贵州思南人,硕士,教授。研究方向:空中交通管理、空管安全管理、空管信息处理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 姜美岑(2001—),女,汉族,四川南充人,硕士研究生。研究方向:空管安全管理。E-mail:
The Risk Assessment Model Based on Catastrophe Theory and Fuzzy Inference System
Chang-qi YANG , Mei-cen JIANG , Ling LIN
Affiliations
  • Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
出版时间: 2025-08-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404845
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在ASIS系统上采集2017—2023年共计86 917起不正常事件数据作为研究对象,并在此基础上构建不正常事件指标体系。为了确保航空运行安全,构建准确、可靠的风险评价模型来对不正常事件进行深入分析,从而实现有效的风险管理。首先,在模糊推理系统中引入突变理论的原理,能够使其更好地应对复杂问题,提高评价的准确性。然后,构建突变理论的模糊推理系统风险评价模型对航空运行不正常事件进行风险评价。其次,选用56个有详细背景信息记录的不正常事件进行实例分析,并与云模型进行对比分析,从而验证模型的可行性和精确性。最后,对相关指标进行模糊控制,为航空运行安全管理工作提供指导。

风险评价  /  不正常事件  /  突变理论  /  模糊推理系统  /  风险指标

In the ASIST system, data on 86 917 abnormal events from 2017 to 2023 are collected as research objects, and an indicator system for abnormal events was established. To ensure the safety of aviation operations, accurate and reliable risk assessment models were developed to analyze abnormal events in depth, thereby achieving effective risk management. Firstly, the principle of catastrophe theory was introduced into the fuzzy inference system, which enables it to better handle complex issues and enhance the accuracy of evaluations. Then, a risk assessment model based on catastrophe theory and fuzzy inference system was developed to assess the risks of abnormal aviation events. Additionally, 56 cases with detailed background information records were selected for instance analysis, and compared with the cloud model, to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the model. Finally, relevant indicators were controlled using fuzzy methods, providing guidance for the safety management work of aviation operations.

risk assessment  /  abnormal events  /  catastrophe theory  /  fuzzy inference system  /  risk indicators
杨昌其, 姜美岑, 林灵. 航空、航天基于突变理论的模糊推理系统风险评价模型. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9586 -9594 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404845
Chang-qi YANG, Mei-cen JIANG, Ling LIN. The Risk Assessment Model Based on Catastrophe Theory and Fuzzy Inference System[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (22) : 9586 -9594 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404845
安全一直是交通运输行业的永久主题,为加强航空运行事故的原因调查和预防,按照《国际民航组织公约》附件13中的规定,各国必须建立强制性事故报告系统并自愿增设事故征候报告系统[1]。由于不正常事件的复杂性、多变性,中国在对不正常事件的研究目前仍集中在事件成因与风险因素分析上,近年来,越来越多的专家学者开始对模糊集合、模糊规则及模糊逻辑运算等方面进行深入研究,使得模糊推理系统已广泛应用于工业控制、智能导航、风险评价等领域。Bagherian[2]提出了一种模糊逻辑系统可以寻找接近最优的飞行路径的方法。Yang等[3]构建了模糊环境下的危险品运输风险识别、评估和控制的管理框架。Wei等[4]提出了一种基于模糊证据推理的深基坑建设项目风险评价方法,达到评价整个项目风险状态的目的。高钰凯等[5]提出采用自适应神经模糊推理系统的方法,得到较理想的输入输出关系规则库。崔玉荣等[6]将模糊正态分布作为模糊评价等级的隶属函数分布,结合信度结构模型建立改进的模糊信度结构模型,得到工程各类突发事件的风险评价结果。陈致远等[7]提出了一种基于模糊推理和证据理论的空中目标敌我识别方法,通过实例验证了该方法的有效性和合理性,可为相关研究提供参考。腾媛媛等[8]分别在规则海浪波和不规则海浪波下对系统进行仿真,并把模糊控制策略的效果和传统控制策略的效果进行比较,证明了模糊控制算法有着明显的优势。方婉薇等[9]构建基于突变理论的模糊推理系统的风险评价模型,在模糊推理系统(fuzzy inference system,FIS)中引入突变理论(catastrophe theory,CT),为有效解决内河通航风险评价问题提供了一种新思路。大量的研究再次验证了模糊推理系统在处理复杂和不确定性问题时所具有的优秀自适应能力和鲁棒性。
现以航空运行安全管理为主线,围绕2017—2023年的不正常事件数据,构建不正常事件指标体系,基于突变理论的模糊推理系统风险评价模型对航空运行不正常事件进行风险评估。并在此基础上,选用56个有详细背景信息记录的不正常事件进行实例分析,并与云模型进行对比分析,从而验证模型的可行性和精确性。通过构建准确、可靠的风险评价模型来对不正常事件进行深入分析,并对相关指标进行模糊控制,从而实现有效的风险管理,确保航空运行安全。
在民航局ASIS系统上采集到2017—2023年共计86 917起不正常事件数据作为本文的研究对象,首先对不正常事件从事发原因、事件类型、事发月份和事发时点多维度进行分类统计研究。然后,利用K均值聚类算法(K-means)[10]识别风险指引,结合问卷调查与二元、多元有序线性回归模型[11-12]分析筛选出风险评价指标。最后,构建出航空运行不正常事件安全风险评价指标体系如表1所示。其中,一级指标4个、二级指标12个、三级指标27个。
模糊推理系统是模糊集、模糊隶属函数和模糊规则的集合,用来对决策过程进行仿真[13]。突变理论适合研究不同稳定状态间发生转变的内在规律,且系统突变分为连续的和非连续的变化跃迁[14]。在模糊推理系统中引入突变理论的原理是将突变理论的非线性特性应用于模糊逻辑推理过程中,提高系统对复杂不确定问题的建模与处理能力,从而更清晰地关注到系统的状态变化与突变,确保能够其更好地应对复杂问题,提高评价的准确性。基于突变理论的模糊推理系模型原理如表2所示。
构建基于突变理论的模糊推理系统的模型(catastrophe theory-fuzzy inference system,CT-FIS)来进行风险评价,并按照如图1所示的流程展开。
构建基于突变理论的模糊推理系统的航空运行不正常事件风险评价模型,必须要在模糊推理系统输入前对变量进行模糊化处理并在输出前解模糊化[15]。由此构建出航空运行不正常事件风险评价模型的模糊集,并对航空运行不正常事件的风险影响因素和安全风险系统状态变化进行评价研究。
首先,定义航空运行不正常事件风险评价模型的输入变量模糊集:A={差,较差,中等,较好,好},输出变量所对应模糊集:B={高风险,较高风险,中等风险,一般风险,低风险},便于模型后续计算和理解,将模糊集B的风险等级用数字等级代替。等级越高代表风险越高,低风险为I级风险,一般风险为II级风险,中等风险为III级风险,较高风险为IV级风险,高风险为V级风险。
对于模糊集A,
$A=\{u,{\mu }_{A}(u\left)\right\}, {\mu }_{A}\left(u\right)=f\left(x\right)$
式(1)中:u为输入变量;${\mu }_{A}$为隶属函数;${\mu }_{A}\left(u\right)$u在集合A上的隶属度;f(x)为[0,1]上的函数。
其次,需要构造一个推理规则,从而实现对输入与输出变量的关联。为了更加清楚地了解该规则,构建一个以人员系统风险推理为例的IF-THEN推导规则,如表3所示。
另外,在构建模糊推理系统时通过选用偏小、偏大和中间型的梯形与半梯形模糊隶属函数,可以确定各输入变量隶属于模糊集A的程度,并随着指标状态的不同,不断地修改和调整隶属函数。具体函数形式如图2所示。
最后,依据越大越优的原则对隶属函数输出值进行解模糊化处理,来确定航空运行安全风险等级。但输出变量隶属于模糊集B是由突变理论的模糊推理系统内部的具体推理引擎决定,因此,构建合理的推理引擎对评价结果也至关重要。
René Thom利用突变理论对新事物的产生、发展过程中的突变与间断变化现象进行探索研究,并将突变模型总结为折叠突变、尖点突变、燕尾突变、蝴蝶突变等7种模型。所涉及的各系统的势函数和结构示意图分别如表4图3所示。
不正常事件的航空运行系统是一个多层次的复杂系统,整体风险水平受到由多级指标分别构成的子系统的风险影响,传统的推理引擎很难体现出风险影响因素的微小变化和复杂的内在机制。为此,构建基于突变理论的模糊推理系统,扩展简单的IF-THEN规则,根据突变系统的不同特征决定每个子系统的风险状况,并按照从下级指标到上级指标的次序,逐级聚合到整个系统。
根据不同的突变系统选用相应的归一化公式进行处理,用尖点突变系统的势函数求出该系统的平衡曲面方程和奇点集方程为
4x3+2ux+v=0
12x2+2u=0
将式(2)和式(3)联立,得到尖点突变的分歧点集方程,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}u=-6{x}^{2}\\ v=8{x}^{3}\end{array}\right.$
对式(4)进行推导求解,可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{u}=\sqrt{-\frac{u}{6}}\\ {x}_{v}=\sqrt[3]{\frac{v}{8}}\end{array}\right.$
将控制变量和状态变量的取值范围均控制在[0,1],从而使突变理论与模糊推理系统有效衔接,令u=-6u',v=-8v',推得${x}_{u}=\sqrt{u\text{'}},{x}_{v}=\sqrt[3]{v\text{'}}。$通过上述分析,尖点突变、燕尾突变和蝴蝶突变的归一化公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{u}={u}^{1/2}\\ {x}_{v}={v}^{1/3}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{u}={u}^{1/2}\\ {x}_{v}={v}^{1/3}\\ {x}_{w}={w}^{1/4}\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{u}={u}^{1/2}\\ {x}_{v}={v}^{1/3}\\ {x}_{w}={w}^{1/4}\\ {x}_{t}={t}^{1/5}\end{array}\right.$
在进行了突变理论归一化之后,接下来就是对各个指标的各级风险隶属度进行计算。以基于不正常事件的航空运行系统的人员系统—违规情况的风险状态推理为例进行推理计算,基于突变理论的模糊推理逻辑如图4所示。
二级指标人员系统风险指标U11下含3个三级风险评价指标,其相对重要度排序为U111、U112、U113;通过对模糊评价集A的隶属函数进行计算,得到其对于模糊集A的模糊隶属函数值矩阵,采用燕尾突变对人员系统—违规情况的风险状态进行模糊推理。根据燕尾突变模型公式(7),得到指标层的燕尾突变归一值矩阵,即
$\begin{array}{l}{R}_{{\mathrm{U}}_{11}}=\\ \left[\begin{array}{lllll}\sqrt{{f}_{1}\left({U}_{111}\right)}& \sqrt{{f}_{2}\left({U}_{111}\right)}& \sqrt{{f}_{3}\left({U}_{111}\right)}& \sqrt{{f}_{4}\left({U}_{111}\right)}& \sqrt{{f}_{5}\left({U}_{111}\right)}\\ \sqrt[3]{{f}_{1}\left({U}_{112}\right)}& \sqrt[3]{{f}_{2}\left({U}_{112}\right)}& \sqrt[3]{{f}_{3}\left({U}_{112}\right)}& \sqrt[3]{{f}_{4}\left({U}_{112}\right)}& \sqrt[3]{{f}_{5}\left({U}_{112}\right)}\\ \sqrt[4]{{f}_{1}\left({U}_{113}\right)}& \sqrt[4]{{f}_{2}\left({U}_{113}\right)}& \sqrt[4]{{f}_{3}\left({U}_{113}\right)}& \sqrt[4]{{f}_{4}\left({U}_{113}\right)}& \sqrt[4]{{f}_{5}\left({U}_{113}\right)}\end{array}\right]\end{array}$
在用相应的突变公式进行计算后,考虑到各级指标层的特点和实际情况,选择互补原理评价原则,当各级系统的不同指标对航空运行安全影响程度大致相同时,则可以通过计算出的各指标突变值的平均值来确定系统的整体风险状况的模糊隶属度,即
$x=\frac{{x}_{a}+{x}_{b}+\dots +{x}_{m}}{m}$
式(10)中:${x}_{a},{x}_{b},\dots,{x}_{m}$为计算出的指标突变值。
根据互补原则,计算人员系统—违规情况风险指标U11的模糊隶属函数值,如表5所示。其中,根据民航局相关法律法规和行业标准[16]并结合航空运行的实际情况将风险等级进行划分为5个等级,等级越高代表风险越高,具体等级划分如表6所示。
首先通过推理得到二级指标U11、U12、U13、U21、U22、U23、U31、U32、U33、U34、U41、U42的风险状态;其次,按照从上到下,从外到里的顺序,通过模糊推理,得到一级评价指标U1、U2、U3、U4的风险状态,进而计算得出目标层航空运行不正常事件U的风险模糊隶属值;最终,根据隶属函数值越大越优的原则,对输出变量进行解模糊化处理,得出以不正常事件为基础的航空运行系统的安全风险水平。
为验证所建风险评价模型的有效性,在2023年全年发起调查事件的调查报告中选用56个有详细背景信息记录的不正常事件作为实例分析的样本。利用基于突变理论的模糊推理系统对各样本的风险状态进行计算,比较样本的计算结果与实际情况的一致性程度。此外,为识别基于不正常事件的航空运行安全风险防范的重点,还对各级风险评价指标进行深入分析,进而为航空运行安全管理工作提供实践和案例背景信息。
利用所构建的风险评价模型对56个样本进行计算,将样本进行风险等级推理,根据隶属度越大越优的原则,计算得到样本的风险等级,并将其与实际的风险等级进行对比,其一致性趋势如图5所示。其中,绿色实线代表样本的实际风险等级,红色点线代表引入突变理论的模糊推理系统的计算风险等级。可以看出,样本的计算风险等级和样本的实际风险等级基本一致。
56个样本的风险等级具体评价结果如表7所示。计算的风险等级与实际情况符合的案例数目有54个,占比96.42%,计算结果符合期望。
构建云模型(cloud model)与基于突变理论的模糊推理系统模型(CT-FIS)进行对比,选取评价指标对所构建的两个模型进行定量对比,通过计算一致性指标(consistency index)、信息熵(entropy)和相对误差(relative error)的数值,分析模型在评价航空运行风险等级结果的稳定性和准确性。将云模型和基于突变理论的模糊推理系统的评价等级和真实等级输入各指标的数学表达式并进行计算[17-18],公式为
${C}_{i}=\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}(y-\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{y}_{i}{)}^{2}}}{\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{y}_{i}}$
${E}_{i}=\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{P}_{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{g}}_{a}\frac{1}{{P}_{i}}$
${R}_{i}=\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}\frac{\left|{y}_{i}-y\right|}{y}$
式中:yi、y为模型计算的风险等级和真实风险等级;${P}_{i}=P\{X={x}_{i}\},其中i=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,n。$
一致性指标可以反映模型评价结果的稳定性和准确性,若指标结果越低,说明模型的评价结果波动越大,可能存在较大的不确定性。其次,信息熵主要用于评价模型输出的集中程度,越小的指标结果代表模型的评价性能越一致;相对误差主要用于评估模型输出等级和真实等级的偏差程度,值越小说明模型拟合能力越可靠。
综上,云模型和基于突变理论的模糊推理系统的评价指标结果如表8所示。
可以发现,两个模型的一致性指标和信息熵结果相差极小,但相对误差结果差距明显,一致性指标和信息熵的结果说明云模型和基于突变理论的模糊推理系统在输出不同样本的风险等级都表现出较好的稳定性和一致性,但是,基于突变理论的模糊推理系统的相对误差值为0.195 5明显小于云模型的0.462 2,意味着基于突变理论的模糊推理系统模型的评价结果与实际情况的偏差较小,具有更好的拟合度和准确性,表明该模型在评价实际风险等级时具有更高的精度。
分别用云模型和基于突变理论的模糊推理系统对56个样本进行了风险等级推理并得出相应的评价结果,如图6所示。其中,56个样本的真实风险等级用绿色实线表示,云模型计算出的风险等级用蓝色虚线表示,基于突变理论的模糊推理系统计算出的风险等级用红色点线表示。
图6可以发现,在样本3、样本19、样本34、样本50及样本53内云模型的风险等级计算结果与真实风险等级拟合趋势效果较差,这是因为云模型无法充分考虑到模糊概念的复杂性和多样性,无法将模糊概念映射到数学空间,导致了样本信息丢失,使得评价结果不够全面、准确。另外,红色点线代表的CT-FIS模型与绿色实线代表的实际风险等级的拟合趋势相较于蓝色虚线代表的云模型要好,这与CT-FIS有着更强的表达能力和更好的学习能力有关,突变理论的引入可以更灵活地处理模糊概念和不确定性并且根据样本数据不断优化推理模型。
因此结合定量和定性对比分析得出,基于突变理论的模糊推理系统在评价航空运行安全风险等级时,具有更可靠评价结果,其次,在基于突变理论的模糊推理系统中还可以进一步对相关可控指标进行模糊控制,提高系统对航空运行安全风险的评价能力。
在27个三级指标中,突破管制指令(U111)、操作错误、误听指令(U121)、遗忘飞行动态(U122)、机组冲突未识别(U131)、爬升过程中未注意有相对(U133)、沟通及信息的传递出现不及时、不准确(U421)、突发事件或环境改变出现的人员适应能力不足(U422)等是可以通过机组人员、管制人员以及相关民航从业人员在工作时重点关注就能够改变不良局面的风险指标。利用基于突变理论的模糊推理系统进行模糊控制,将上述指标的输入控制为好的状态后,重新计算56个样本的风险等级隶属度,结果如图7所示,可以发现经过模糊控制后,在高风险(V)等级和较高风险(IV)等级的隶属度明显降低,总体分布由0.83降至0.76附近,隶属度的降低代表航空运行安全风险水平也得到了控制。
在安全风险评价指标体系基础上构建了基于突变理论的模糊推理系统对风险等级进行评价,将模型的输入模糊化后,对各指标引入不同的突变系统搭建不正常事件安全风险模糊推理递阶结构。以56个有详细案发信息的历史事件为样本,对各样本的风险状态进行推理,并对计算风险等级与实际情况的拟合程度进行可视化对比,来验证所构建模型的有效性。结果表明,选用基于突变理论的模糊推理系统对航空运行风险等级进行评价,可以得到准确、可靠的结果。
通过对航空运行不正常事件安全风险进行评价研究,得出较为可靠的评价结果,但也存在不足,有待进一步的深入研究。为了进一步提高航空运行的安全性和效率,后续可基于本文所构建的突变理论的模糊推理安全风险评价系统对航空运行安全做进一步预测,提高航空运行的安全保障能力。
  • 四川省科技计划(2023YFSY0025)
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2025年第25卷第22期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404845
  • 接收时间:2024-06-28
  • 首发时间:2026-02-11
  • 出版时间:2025-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-28
  • 修回日期:2025-04-28
基金
四川省科技计划(2023YFSY0025)
作者信息
    中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307

通讯作者:

* 姜美岑(2001—),女,汉族,四川南充人,硕士研究生。研究方向:空管安全管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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