Article(id=1217789899642688028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407648, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728921600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-15, revisedDate=1745251200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273337516, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273337516, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273337516, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273337516, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9081, endPage=9089, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789900578017929, articleId=1217789899642688028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Annual Variation Characteristics of Soil Temperature in Medium-shallow Buried Tube Heat Exchanger System, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the annual variation characteristics of soil temperature around the medium-shallow coaxial tube ground heat exchanger, a two-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model for the medium-shallow coaxial tube ground heat exchanger was established. The model was solved based on the finite volume method and validated using experimental data from the project. The research findings indicate that under individual heating and cooling conditions, the circulation mode of outer-in and inner-out has a greater impact on soil temperature at a depth of 100 m, while the inner-in and outer-out mode has a more significant effect on soil temperature at a depth of 500 m. During summer conditions, reverse heat transfer is more likely to occur with the outer-in and inner-out circulation mode. At the end of the first winter (or summer) season, the thermal influence radius of the soil is less than 10 m, but this radius increases over time. At the end of one operational cycle, the soil temperature increases at depths shallower than approximately 300 m and decreases at depths deeper than approximately 300 m. Orthogonal experiments reveal that the inlet water temperature in both winter and summer has a notable impact on temperature fluctuations at a soil depth of 100 m, while the inlet water temperature in summer significantly affects temperature fluctuations at a soil depth of 500 m.

, correspAuthors=Ling-ling BAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-jie NIU, Ling-ling BAO, Jing-gang WANG, Zhen-rui ZHANG, Jing-xin YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217789903270761403, articleId=1217789899642688028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=中浅层地埋管换热系统全年土壤温度变化特性, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器周围土壤温度全年变化特性,建立了二维中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器非稳态传热模型,基于有限体积法进行求解,并用项目实验数据进行验证。研究结果表明:单独制热制冷工况下,循环方式外进内出对土壤深度100 m温度影响较大,内进外出对土壤深度500 m温度影响较大,夏季工况在外进内出循环方式下更易出现逆向传热现象。第一年冬(夏)季结束时土壤热影响半径小于10 m,随着时间增加土壤热影响半径增大。一个运行周期结束,300 m左右以浅土壤温度升高,300 m左右以深土壤温度降低。通过正交实验可得,冬夏季进水温度对土壤深度为100 m的温度波动影响显著,夏季进水温度对土壤深度为500 m的温度波动影响显著。

, correspAuthors=鲍玲玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 鲍玲玲(1982—),女,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士,教授。研究方向:传热传质理论及应用、中深层地热资源利用。E-mail:
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牛晓洁(1998—),女,汉族,河北邢台人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地热资源利用。E-mail:

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Results of grid independence verification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数 出口水温/℃ 网格数 出口水温/℃
35 654 35.04 125 774 35.15
83 934 35.11 270 174 35.15
), ArticleFig(id=1217860116121047409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789899642688028, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

网格无关性验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数 出口水温/℃ 网格数 出口水温/℃
35 654 35.04 125 774 35.15
83 934 35.11 270 174 35.15
), ArticleFig(id=1217860116242682240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789899642688028, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental parameters and simulated parameters in this paper

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
换热器深度/m 300
岩土体导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 2.09
岩土体体积比热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 2.46×106
钻孔直径/m 0.133
外管外径/m 0.108
外管内径/m 0.099
内管外径/m 0.063
内管内径/m 0.052 6
外管导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 45
内管导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.24
回填材料导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 1.83
外管体积比热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 3.45×106
内管体积比热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 1.9×106
回填材料体积比热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 2.42×106
大气年平均温度(地表温度)/℃ 14.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217860116439814542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789899642688028, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验参数与本文模拟参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
换热器深度/m 300
岩土体导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 2.09
岩土体体积比热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 2.46×106
钻孔直径/m 0.133
外管外径/m 0.108
外管内径/m 0.099
内管外径/m 0.063
内管内径/m 0.052 6
外管导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 45
内管导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 0.24
回填材料导热系数/[W·(m·K)-1] 1.83
外管体积比热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 3.45×106
内管体积比热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 1.9×106
回填材料体积比热容/[J·(m3·K)-1] 2.42×106
大气年平均温度(地表温度)/℃ 14.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217860116615975332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789899642688028, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Orthogonal experimental factors and levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 因素 水平1 水平2 水平3
A 冬季进水温度/℃ 4 6 8
B 夏季进水温度/℃ 29 32 35
C 冬夏季循环流量/
(m3·h-1)
2.5 3.5 4.5
), ArticleFig(id=1217860116762775985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789899642688028, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交实验因素和水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 因素 水平1 水平2 水平3
A 冬季进水温度/℃ 4 6 8
B 夏季进水温度/℃ 29 32 35
C 冬夏季循环流量/
(m3·h-1)
2.5 3.5 4.5
), ArticleFig(id=1217860116884410817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789899642688028, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Orthogonal experimental results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 A B C 空白组 z=100 m
土壤温差/℃
z=500 m土壤
温差绝对值/℃
1 1 1 1 1 0.35 0.37
2 1 2 3 2 0.59 0.32
3 1 3 2 3 0.73 0.18
4 2 1 3 3 0.46 0.42
5 2 2 2 1 0.62 0.28
6 2 3 1 2 0.72 0.16
7 3 1 2 2 0.51 0.38
8 3 2 1 3 0.63 0.24
9 3 3 3 1 0.93 0.14
K1 1.67 1.32 1.70 1.90 z=100 m土壤温差为目标的极差分析因素影响次序:B>A>C
K2 1.8 1.84 1.86 1.82
K3 2.07 2.38 1.98 1.82
k1 0.56 0.44 0.57 0.63
k2 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.61
k3 0.69 0.79 0.66 0.61
R 0.13 0.35 0.09 0.03
K1 0.87 1.17 0.77 0.79 z=500 m土壤温差绝对值为目标的极差分析因素影响次序:B>A>C
K2 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.86
K3 0.76 0.48 0.88 0.84
k1 0.29 0.39 0.26 0.26
k2 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.29
k3 0.25 0.16 0.29 0.28
R 0.04 0.23 0.03 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1217860117039600082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789899642688028, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

正交实验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 A B C 空白组 z=100 m
土壤温差/℃
z=500 m土壤
温差绝对值/℃
1 1 1 1 1 0.35 0.37
2 1 2 3 2 0.59 0.32
3 1 3 2 3 0.73 0.18
4 2 1 3 3 0.46 0.42
5 2 2 2 1 0.62 0.28
6 2 3 1 2 0.72 0.16
7 3 1 2 2 0.51 0.38
8 3 2 1 3 0.63 0.24
9 3 3 3 1 0.93 0.14
K1 1.67 1.32 1.70 1.90 z=100 m土壤温差为目标的极差分析因素影响次序:B>A>C
K2 1.8 1.84 1.86 1.82
K3 2.07 2.38 1.98 1.82
k1 0.56 0.44 0.57 0.63
k2 0.6 0.61 0.62 0.61
k3 0.69 0.79 0.66 0.61
R 0.13 0.35 0.09 0.03
K1 0.87 1.17 0.77 0.79 z=500 m土壤温差绝对值为目标的极差分析因素影响次序:B>A>C
K2 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.86
K3 0.76 0.48 0.88 0.84
k1 0.29 0.39 0.26 0.26
k2 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.29
k3 0.25 0.16 0.29 0.28
R 0.04 0.23 0.03 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1217860117157040605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789899642688028, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of variance analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 离差平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
A 0.028 2 0.013 9 19.52 0.049 显著 z=100 m土壤温
差为目标的
方差分析
B 0.187 2 0.093 6 131.69 0.007 显著
C 0.013 2 0.006 6 9.25 0.098
误差 0.001 2 0.000 7 1 0.500
A 0.002 2 0.001 2 2.85 0.260 z=500 m土壤温
差绝对值为
目标的方差分析
B 0.079 2 0.039 7 91.62 0.011 显著
C 0.002 2 0.001 0 2.38 0.295
误差 0.001 2 0.000 4 1 0.500
), ArticleFig(id=1217860117299646954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789899642688028, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 离差平方和 自由度 均方 F P 显著性
A 0.028 2 0.013 9 19.52 0.049 显著 z=100 m土壤温
差为目标的
方差分析
B 0.187 2 0.093 6 131.69 0.007 显著
C 0.013 2 0.006 6 9.25 0.098
误差 0.001 2 0.000 7 1 0.500
A 0.002 2 0.001 2 2.85 0.260 z=500 m土壤温
差绝对值为
目标的方差分析
B 0.079 2 0.039 7 91.62 0.011 显著
C 0.002 2 0.001 0 2.38 0.295
误差 0.001 2 0.000 4 1 0.500
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中浅层地埋管换热系统全年土壤温度变化特性
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牛晓洁 1 , 鲍玲玲 1, * , 王景刚 2 , 张贞瑞 3 , 杨晶鑫 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(21): 9081-9089
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(21): 9081-9089
中浅层地埋管换热系统全年土壤温度变化特性
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牛晓洁1 , 鲍玲玲1, * , 王景刚2, 张贞瑞3, 杨晶鑫1
作者信息
  • 1 河北工程大学能源与环境工程学院, 邯郸 056038
  • 2 河北工程技术学院, 石家庄 050091
  • 3 中国煤炭地质总局第一水文地质队, 邯郸 056004
  • 牛晓洁(1998—),女,汉族,河北邢台人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地热资源利用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 鲍玲玲(1982—),女,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士,教授。研究方向:传热传质理论及应用、中深层地热资源利用。E-mail:
Annual Variation Characteristics of Soil Temperature in Medium-shallow Buried Tube Heat Exchanger System
Xiao-jie NIU1 , Ling-ling BAO1, * , Jing-gang WANG2, Zhen-rui ZHANG3, Jing-xin YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Handan 056038, China
  • 2 Hebei Institute of Engineering and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
  • 3 The First Hydrogeological Team of China Coal Geology Administration, Handan 056004, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407648
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为研究中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器周围土壤温度全年变化特性,建立了二维中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器非稳态传热模型,基于有限体积法进行求解,并用项目实验数据进行验证。研究结果表明:单独制热制冷工况下,循环方式外进内出对土壤深度100 m温度影响较大,内进外出对土壤深度500 m温度影响较大,夏季工况在外进内出循环方式下更易出现逆向传热现象。第一年冬(夏)季结束时土壤热影响半径小于10 m,随着时间增加土壤热影响半径增大。一个运行周期结束,300 m左右以浅土壤温度升高,300 m左右以深土壤温度降低。通过正交实验可得,冬夏季进水温度对土壤深度为100 m的温度波动影响显著,夏季进水温度对土壤深度为500 m的温度波动影响显著。

中浅层地热  /  地埋管换热器  /  土壤温度  /  全年运行

To investigate the annual variation characteristics of soil temperature around the medium-shallow coaxial tube ground heat exchanger, a two-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model for the medium-shallow coaxial tube ground heat exchanger was established. The model was solved based on the finite volume method and validated using experimental data from the project. The research findings indicate that under individual heating and cooling conditions, the circulation mode of outer-in and inner-out has a greater impact on soil temperature at a depth of 100 m, while the inner-in and outer-out mode has a more significant effect on soil temperature at a depth of 500 m. During summer conditions, reverse heat transfer is more likely to occur with the outer-in and inner-out circulation mode. At the end of the first winter (or summer) season, the thermal influence radius of the soil is less than 10 m, but this radius increases over time. At the end of one operational cycle, the soil temperature increases at depths shallower than approximately 300 m and decreases at depths deeper than approximately 300 m. Orthogonal experiments reveal that the inlet water temperature in both winter and summer has a notable impact on temperature fluctuations at a soil depth of 100 m, while the inlet water temperature in summer significantly affects temperature fluctuations at a soil depth of 500 m.

medium-shallow geothermal  /  ground heat exchanger  /  soil temperature  /  annual operation
牛晓洁, 鲍玲玲, 王景刚, 张贞瑞, 杨晶鑫. 中浅层地埋管换热系统全年土壤温度变化特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9081 -9089 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407648
Xiao-jie NIU, Ling-ling BAO, Jing-gang WANG, Zhen-rui ZHANG, Jing-xin YANG. Annual Variation Characteristics of Soil Temperature in Medium-shallow Buried Tube Heat Exchanger System[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9081 -9089 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407648
随着能源革命不断推进,地热能在建筑供冷、供热领域中得到广泛应用[1]。浅层地热能埋管深度浅,需要设置大量地埋管,占地面积大[2],并且由于建筑全年负荷存在差值导致土壤吸热量与放热量不同,长期运行会导致系统性能下降[3]。中深层地热能的钻井风险和钻井成本随着埋管深度的增加而增加[4],并且中深层地热能只能满足建筑的供暖需求无法满足制冷需求,长期运行会导致土壤冷堆积[5]。中浅层地热能可以通过减少打井数量来缓解占地面积大的问题并且可以供暖与制冷,同时钻孔深度相对较浅,因此中浅层地热能的开发得到广泛关注[6]
土壤温度场的变化对地埋管换热系统的长期运行有重要影响。黄帅等[7-8]模拟研究中深层土壤温度变化特性,结果表明,经过8个月恢复期,岩土温度基本可以恢复到初始状态,且随着系统运停比减小,深层岩土温度可以得到部分恢复。景登岩等[9]基于TRNSYS软件建立中深层地源热泵供暖系统,发现地温梯度、运行时间等因素是影响土壤温度恢复的主要因素。Deng等[10]开展现场试验和仿真模拟,结果表明,随着土壤深度增加,土壤温度下降越大,其相互作用也越明显。李俏楠[11]以严寒地区某花卉基地为研究对象,建立了600 m埋深的单根换热器传热模型,分析了地下水渗流和弥散度对土壤温度的影响。王科荀[12]建立了中浅层地埋管管群三维传热模型,研究了不同参数下换热器取热量、排热量和循环流体温度以及土壤温度分布规律。Wang等[13]研究发现随着埋管深度从200 m增加到500 m,中浅层地埋管换热器的载荷不平衡率从20.76%增加到60.29%。Li等[14]采用数值解模拟300 m单孔、双孔和四孔的换热性能,为中浅层多孔换热奠定基础。
在中浅层地埋管换热器研究中,对不同运行参数全年运行下的土壤温度变化研究较少,而冬夏季运行参数的不同会导致土壤温度变化不同甚至出现逆向传热现象。故现建立二维中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器非稳态传热模型,研究不同循环方式对单独制热、单独制冷工况下土壤温度影响,全年运行下不同埋管深度、冬季进水温度、夏季进水温度以及循环流量对土壤温度影响,以期为中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器系统运行提供理论参考。
中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器及其周围岩土体示意图如图1所示,其工质的循环方式分为外进内出和内进外出两种。外进内出即循环工质从套管环腔流入,从内管流出;内进外出即循环工质从套管内管流入,从环腔流出。
中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器与周围岩土体换热是一个复杂的三维非稳态传热过程。其换热过程复杂主要体现在岩土体作为主要的传热介质具有不确定性,为了能够方便构建模型,对传热过程做出合理的简化与假设。
(1)将岩土体和固井材料看作均匀介质,各向同性,热物性参数为常数,忽略地下水渗流带来的对流换热,将岩土体与固井材料的换热过程看作单纯的导热过程。
(2)将地表温度设置为恒定温度。
(3)同轴套管式换热器内的循环工质是不可压缩流体,以对流换热为主,忽略轴向的热传导。
(4)忽略套管底部流动换热[15],通过UDF使内外管流体温度相等[16]
经过合理简化,将三维传热模型简化为二维模型。如图2所示为部分中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器与周围岩土体的几何结构,同轴套管式地埋管换热器与周围岩土体为轴对称模型,x轴热通量为零。
在柱坐标中,套管内循环工质的湍流流动以及换热过程可用式(1)~式(4)表达,套管的内外管壁、回填材料以及土壤的导热方程由式(4)表达[17]
连续性方程为
$ \nabla v=\frac{\partial v_{x}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v_{r}}{\partial r}+\frac{v_{r}}{r}=0$
动量方程为
$ \begin{array}{l} \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial\left(r \rho v_{x} v_{x}\right)}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial\left(r \rho v_{r} v_{x}\right)}{\partial x}=-\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}+ \\ \frac{2}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(r \mu \frac{\partial v_{x}}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left[r \mu\left(\frac{\partial v_{x}}{\partial r}+\frac{\partial v_{r}}{\partial x}\right)\right] \end{array}$
能量方程为
$ \begin{array}{r} \frac{\partial(\rho E)}{\partial t}+\nabla[v(\rho E+p)]=S_{\mathrm{h}}+ \\ {\left[k_{\mathrm{eff}} \nabla T-\sum_{j} h_{j} J_{j}+\left(\tau_{\mathrm{eff}} v\right)\right]} \end{array}$
$E=\int_{T_{\text {ref }}}^{T} c \mathrm{~d} T+\frac{v^{2}}{2}$
式中:x为轴向坐标,m;r为径向坐标,m;v为速度,m/s;vr为径向速度,m/s;ρ为密度,kg/m3;p为压力,Pa;μ为分子黏度,Pa·s;E为能量,J;keff为有效导热系数,W/(m·K);T为温度,K;hj为物质j的比焓,J/kg;Jj为物质j的扩散通量;τeff为应力张量,Pa;c为热容量,J/(kg·K);Sh为体积热源,W/m3;Tref为模拟的基准参考温度,K。
在Fluent求解设置中,考虑到中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器与岩土体相比,流体域细长,所以为了提高计算精度,选择双精度求解器,采用压力基求解器,使计算结果更接近实际值。在湍流模型的选择中,采用标准k-ε方程,地埋管近壁面采用增强壁面函数。模型地层上边界和底边界为恒温边界条件,径向边界为绝热边界条件,流体与固体交界面、固体与固体交界面为耦合传热条件。流体初始速度为零,温度同土壤温度初始温度场一致。
网格质量大小对模拟结果有直接影响,选择4种不同网格数,以循环流量(L)为3.5 m3/h,进水温度为40.6 ℃进行模拟,模拟时间44 h对应出口温度如表1所示,网格数在270 174和125 774个网格数时出口水温一致,为增加模拟时间,选择125 774个网格数。
参考文献[6]研究地区为邯郸地区,通过参考文献[6]的实验数据确定模型参数,具体实验参数与本文模拟参数如表2所示。实验与模拟时间均为44 h,如图3所示,将文献[6]实验数据的平稳阶段与本文模拟数据进行对比,平均相对误差为2%,最大相对误差为7.4%,说明所建立的模型具有准确性。
邯郸地区供暖期为当年11月15日—次年3月15日,供冷期为6月1日—8月31日。全年运行包括冬季供暖期,春季过渡期,夏季供冷期,秋季过渡期。为了使模型具有普适性,在基础模型上进行参数调整,将地表温度设置为15 ℃,地温梯度为3 ℃/100 m,岩土导热系数为3 W/(m·K)。以埋管深度为500 m,冬季进水温度(td)为8 ℃,夏季进水温度(tx)为34 ℃,L=3.5 m3/h,进行不同循环方式模拟,分析单独制热、单独制冷下不同土壤深度(z)温度变化。
图4所示,冬季工况下的土壤深度不同时,土壤到外管壁之间的距离(r)越近,土壤温度波动越大,随着径向距离增大,波动越小。第一年供暖季结束时热影响半径小于10 m,随着土壤自然恢复,由于土壤之间的传热,热影响半径逐渐增大,第二个供暖季开始前热影响半径小于15 m。供暖季结束时,在r=0.5 m,z=100、200、300、400、500 m处,内进外出循环方式下的土壤温度与初始温度相比分别下降了2.27、3.6、5.14、6.95、5.63 ℃;外进内出循环方式下土壤温度分别下降了3.98、4.62、5.28、5.98、4.17 ℃。两种循环方式下土壤主要换热深度在400 m左右。在z=100 m时外进内出比内进外出循环方式的土壤温度下降大。在z=500 m时内进外出比外进内出循环方式的土壤温度下降大。这是由于冬季工况下,循环方式为外进内出时,循环工质从环腔流入,此时循环工质温度低与土壤温度差值较小,换热程度小,导致土壤温度下降慢,随着循环工质向下流动,循环工质温度上升,土壤温度增加,土壤温度与循环工质温差增大,换热程度大,导致土壤温度下降快。循环方式为内进外出时,循环工质从内管流入,到达底部时循环工质温度与土壤温度差值较大,换热程度大,导致土壤温度下降快,随着循环工质向上流动,循环工质温度上升,土壤温度减小,两者温差减小,换热程度小,导致土壤温度下降慢。外进内出循环方式下换热量为26.25 kW,内进外出循环方式下换热量为24.34 kW,由此可知冬季更适合外进内出循环方式。
图5所示,夏季工况下的土壤深度不同时,土壤热影响半径小于10 m,随着土壤自然恢复,热影响半径逐渐增大。供冷季结束时,在r=0.5 m,z=100、200、300、400、500 m处,内进外出循环方式下的土壤温度与初始温度相比分别上升了5.71、4.61、3.49、2.32、0.68 ℃;外进内出循环方式下土壤温度分别上升了6.39、4.3、2.49、0.9、-0.31 ℃。两种循环方式下土壤主要换热深度在100 m左右。在z=100 m时,外进内出对土壤温度影响大,在z=500 m时,内进外出对土壤温度影响大。且内进外出循环方式下没有出现逆向传热现象,外进内出循环方式下出现逆向传热现象。这是由于夏季工况下,循环方式为外进内出时,循环工质从环腔流入,此时循环工质温度高与土壤温度差值较大,换热程度大导致土壤温度上升快,随着循环工质向下流动,循环工质温度下降,土壤温度增加,土壤温度与循环工质温差减小,换热程度小,导致土壤温度上升慢。循环方式为内进外出时,循环工质从内管流入,到达底部时循环工质温度高,土壤温度高,两者差值较小,换热程度小,导致土壤温度波动小,随着循环工质向上流动,循环工质温度和土壤温度减小,两者温差增大,换热程度大,导致土壤温度上升快。外进内出循环方式下换热量为17.12 kW,井底出现逆向传热现象,内进外出循环方式下换热量为19.07 kW,井底未出现逆向传热现象。由此可知夏季更适合内进外出循环方式。
图4图5可知,两种工况下,均是外进内出循环方式对z=100 m土壤温度影响大,内进外出循环方式对z=500 m土壤温度影响大。对于下文的全年运行模拟,冬季工况选择外进内出循环方式,夏季工况选择内进外出循环方式。
先进行冬季工况可以吸收部分井底热量从而有利于夏季工况运行,所以在全年运行中,先进行冬季工况后进行夏季工况模拟。如图6所示,冬季温度从4 ℃增加到8 ℃时,取热量逐渐减小,分别为32.27、30.76、29.25、27.76、26.25 kW,此时在相同的夏季进水温度31 ℃下对应的排热量由16.01 kW减小到15.65 kW。在冬季进水温度均为6℃,取热量均为29.25 kW时,随着夏季进水温度升高,夏季排热量逐渐增大,分别为14.3、15.85、17.35、18.9、20.44、21.95 kW。以td=6 ℃,tx=31 ℃进行不同循环流量分析,随着循环流量的增大,冬季取热量逐渐增大,分别为23.85、26.82、29.25、31.16、32.97 kW,对应的夏季排热量为13.67、14.87、15.85、16.58、17.19 kW。
图7所示,以r=0.5 m,z=100 m为监测点,一个运行周期结束,土壤温度较初始温度都得到增加。如图7(a)所示,一个运行周期结束,随着夏季进水温度增加,土壤温度与初始温度差值逐渐增大,分别为0.5、0.56、0.62、0.68、0.74、0.8 ℃。如图7(b)所示,随着冬季进水温度升高,土壤温度与初始温度上升了0.49、0.52、0.56、0.59、0.63 ℃。如图7(c)所示,随着循环流量的增大,土壤温度较初始温度增加了0.51、0.54、0.56、0.58、0.59 ℃。
图8所示,在r=0.5 m,z=300 m处,一个运行周期结束时土壤温度在初始温度上下小范围波动。
图8(a)所示,一个运行周期结束,随着夏季进口水温增加,土壤温度较初始温度增加了-0.06、0、0.06、0.13、0.2、0.25 ℃。如图8(b)所示,随着冬季进水温度升高,土壤温度较初始温度增加了-0.05、-0.02、0、0.03、0.05 ℃。如图8(c)所示,随着循环流量的增大,土壤温度较初始温度增加了0.2、0.1、0、-0.01、-0.01 ℃。
图9所示,在r=0.5 m,z=500 m处,一个运行周期结束,土壤温度比初始温度小,夏季均出现不同程度的逆向传热现象。如图9(a)所示,随着夏季进水温度升高,土壤温度与初始温度相比下降了0.36、0.32、0.28、0.24、0.2、0.16 ℃。夏季出现逆向传热时长逐渐减小,分别为75、24、11、8、4、0 h。特别在tx=30 ℃,有制冷工况的土壤温度低于无制冷工况的自然恢复温度,土壤自然恢复时温度处于升温状态。
图9(b)所示,不同冬季进水温度下,一个周期结束土壤温度均下降了0.3 ℃左右,5组模拟数在夏季均出现逆向传热现象,逆向传热时长在24 h左右。如图9(c)所示,春季过渡期结束时,随着循环流量的增加,土壤温度较初始温度差值增大,分别为0.66、0.75、0.83、0.89、0.94 ℃。在夏季随着循环流量的增大,出现逆向传热的时长逐渐减小,分别为92、47、24、17、14 h。夏季结束时,土壤温度较初始温度下降了0.52、0.43、0.37、0.33、0.29 ℃。一个周期结束,土壤温度均下降了0.3 ℃左右。特别在L=2.5 m3/h时,秋季土壤自然恢复处于升温状态。由图7~图9可知。在不同的运行参数下,一个运行周期结束300 m左右以浅土壤温度与初始温度相比升高,300 m左右以深土壤温度与初始温度相比下降。
为确定冬季进水温度、夏季进水温度以及循环流量三因素对z=100 m,z=500 m的土壤温度影响程度,分别以z=100 m土壤温差、z=500 m土壤温差绝对值为目标,设计3因素3水平共9组工况进行模拟。在不考虑各因素的交互作用下,由表4可得,以z=100 m土壤温差、z=500 m土壤温差绝对值为目标的因素影响次序为夏季进水温度、冬季进水温度、循环流量。冬夏季进水温度和循环流量越大,z=100 m时土壤温差越大,冬夏季进水温度越低,循环流量越大,z=500 m时土壤温差越大。由方差分析(表5)可得,冬季进水温度和夏季进水温度对z=100 m的土壤温度影响显著。夏季进水温度对z=500 m的土壤温度影响显著。因此,建议选择较低的冬季进口水温,较高的夏季进口水温进行全年运行。
建立了二维中浅层同轴套管式地埋管换热器非稳态传热模型,研究寒冷地区全年运行工况下土壤温度变化特性。
(1)冬(夏)季运行结束后,土壤热影响半径小于10 m,因此建议钻孔间距大于10 m。随着土壤自然恢复,由于土壤之间的相互作用,土壤热影响半径增大。
(2)外进内出循环方式对土壤深度100 m温度影响较大,内进外出循环方式对土壤深度500 m温度影响较大。冬季工况下外进内出循环方式下的换热量大于内进外出换热量。夏季工况下内进外出换热量大于外进内出换热量,且外进内出的循环方式更易出现逆向传热,不利于夏季排热。因此推荐冬季选择外进内出循环方式,夏季选择内进外出循环方式。
(3)随着冬季进水温度增加,取热量减小了21.31%,排热量减小了2.25%。在冬季取热量均为29.25 kW时,随着夏季进水温度升高,排热量增加了53.5%。随着循环流量的增大,冬季取热量增加了32.16%,排热量增加了25.75%。
(4)土壤深度为100 m时,随着夏季进水温度升高,土壤温差逐渐增大。土壤深度为300 m时,土壤温度在初始温度上下小范围波动。土壤深度为500 m时,随着夏季进水温度升高,土壤温差逐渐减小。一个运行周期结束300 m左右以浅土壤温度高于初始温度,300 m左右以深土壤温度低于初始温度。
(5)通过正交实验可得,全年运行时,影响土壤深度100 m和500 m的温度波动因素次序为夏季进水温度、冬季进水温度、循环流量。
  • 河北省自然科学基金(E2023402072)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407648
  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
  • 修回日期:2025-04-22
基金
河北省自然科学基金(E2023402072)
作者信息
    1 河北工程大学能源与环境工程学院, 邯郸 056038
    2 河北工程技术学院, 石家庄 050091
    3 中国煤炭地质总局第一水文地质队, 邯郸 056004

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* 鲍玲玲(1982—),女,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士,教授。研究方向:传热传质理论及应用、中深层地热资源利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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