Article(id=1217789898552168885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=1744128000000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273337257, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273337257, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273337257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273337257, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8814, endPage=8822, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789899323920883, articleId=1217789898552168885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Highly Adaptive Method for Automatic Localization of Human Acupoints Based on Back Morphology Classification, columnId=1156262732384031076, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The current acupoint automatic positioning technology for massage robots is faced with issues such as dress restrictions, limited application scope, and poor positioning accuracy. A new method for human back acupoint positioning, based on back morphology classification and a multilayer perceptron network morphology classification-multilayer perceptron-based accurate point location(BMC-MPAPL) has been proposed. A substantial collection of diverse human back images, along with skeletal key point positioning techniques, kernel density estimation, and the maximum interclass variance approach, was used to investigate the statistical distribution and effective categorization of back morphologies. To counteract the restrictions imposed by clothing on positioning, a dataset encompassing key back points and the Dazhui acupoint was developed based on classification outcomes, and the automatic positioning of the Dazhui acupoint was accomplished through a deep learning model of the multi-layer perceptron network. Utilizing the Dazhui acupoint's positioning results, a human coordinate system was established, and the automatic positioning of 60 common back acupoints was achieved with the integration of ancient Chinese bone measurement methods. The results show that the Dazhui acupoint positioning model, tailored to various back morphologies, has realized high-precision positioning, with an average accuracy of 94.87% at an allowable error of 20 mm, marking a 13.37% enhancement over models without back classification. For other common back acupoints, the positioning accuracy stands at 91.58% within an allowable error of 20 mm, irrespective of patient attire or background constraints. It is concluded that the method presented effectively enhances the accuracy and applicability of acupoint automatic positioning.

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针对当前按摩机器人穴位自动定位技术存在着装限制、适用范围局限以及定位精度较差等问题,提出了一种基于背部形态分类与多层感知机网络的人体背部穴位定位方法(morphology classification-multilayer perceptron-based accurate point location, BMC-MPAPL)。通过采集大量不同人体背部图像数据结合骨骼关键点定位技术、核密度估计和最大类间方差方法,研究了背部形态的统计分布与有效分类。为克服衣物覆盖对定位的限制,基于分类结果制作包含背部关键点和大椎穴的各类坐标数据集,同时利用多层感知机网络深度学习模型实现大椎穴的自动定位。依据大椎穴的定位结果建立人体坐标系,结合中医骨度分寸法实现人体背部60个常见穴位的自动定位。结果表明: 基于不同背部形态的大椎穴定位模型,实现了对大椎穴的高精度定位,在允许误差为20 mm时的平均精度为94.87%,较未进行背部分类的大椎穴定位模型精度提高13.37%。对于背部其他常见穴位,在患者服饰、背景没有限制的情况下,其定位精度在允许误差为20 mm时为91.58%。可见,所提方法有效提高了穴位自动定位的精度和适用性。

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曹莹瑜(1981—),女,汉族,北京人,博士,副教授。研究方向:医疗康复机器人技术及应用。E-mail:

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曹莹瑜(1981—),女,汉族,北京人,博士,副教授。研究方向:医疗康复机器人技术及应用。E-mail:

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曹莹瑜(1981—),女,汉族,北京人,博士,副教授。研究方向:医疗康复机器人技术及应用。E-mail:

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h1-256下角标中1表示本模型5-LPM的隐藏层中第一个全连接层,256表示该层的维度为256维

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定位误差为10 mm的点 定位误差为20 mm的点 定位误差为30 mm的点

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黄色圆点表示预测的穴位位置

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Comparison of skeletal key point localization methods

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方法 准确率/% 处理速度/(帧·s-1)
OpenPose 62 10
Mask-RCNN 67 5
AlphaPose 71 20
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骨骼关键点定位方法对比

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方法 准确率/% 处理速度/(帧·s-1)
OpenPose 62 10
Mask-RCNN 67 5
AlphaPose 71 20
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Dataset creation results

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分类 训练集 测试集 验证集
窄背型(narrow) 606 76 80
标准型(standard) 802 101 108
宽背型(broad) 440 56 62
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数据集制作结果

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分类 训练集 测试集 验证集
窄背型(narrow) 606 76 80
标准型(standard) 802 101 108
宽背型(broad) 440 56 62
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Calculation formulas for selected acupoints

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穴位 X坐标 Y坐标
大椎穴 X0 Y0
大抒穴 X0±1.5cun Y0+1.5cun
身柱穴 X0 Y0+1.5cun+(5-1.5)cun/2
膏盲穴 X0±3cun Y0+5cun+(10-5)cun/4
膈关穴 X0±3cun Y0+10cun
肝俞穴 X0±1.5cun Y0+10cun+2(15-10)cun/3
脊中穴 X0 Y0+14cun+(18-14)cun/4
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部分穴位计算公式

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穴位 X坐标 Y坐标
大椎穴 X0 Y0
大抒穴 X0±1.5cun Y0+1.5cun
身柱穴 X0 Y0+1.5cun+(5-1.5)cun/2
膏盲穴 X0±3cun Y0+5cun+(10-5)cun/4
膈关穴 X0±3cun Y0+10cun
肝俞穴 X0±1.5cun Y0+10cun+2(15-10)cun/3
脊中穴 X0 Y0+14cun+(18-14)cun/4
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Performance of the dazhui acupoint model

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网络
模型
数据集 性能指标 定位精度/%
Loss MSE R2 10 mm 20 mm
5-LPM Narrow 0.39 0.72 0.997 74.6 95.3
Standard 0.41 0.79 0.995 73.8 94.5
Broad 0.49 0.96 0.991 73.4 94.8
Original 0.96 5.24 0.983 64.6 81.5
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大椎穴模型性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络
模型
数据集 性能指标 定位精度/%
Loss MSE R2 10 mm 20 mm
5-LPM Narrow 0.39 0.72 0.997 74.6 95.3
Standard 0.41 0.79 0.995 73.8 94.5
Broad 0.49 0.96 0.991 73.4 94.8
Original 0.96 5.24 0.983 64.6 81.5
), ArticleFig(id=1217860121208734684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789898552168885, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Positioning errors of some acupoints

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穴位名称 定位误差
平均像素差/
pixel
实际误差/%
10 mm 20 mm
大抒穴 8.65 65 90
身柱穴 7.98 65 92
膏盲穴 8.72 60 90
膈关穴 8.34 70 90
肝俞穴 7.68 65 95
脊中穴 7.74 65 92.5
), ArticleFig(id=1217860121317786598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789898552168885, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

部分穴位定位误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
穴位名称 定位误差
平均像素差/
pixel
实际误差/%
10 mm 20 mm
大抒穴 8.65 65 90
身柱穴 7.98 65 92
膏盲穴 8.72 60 90
膈关穴 8.34 70 90
肝俞穴 7.68 65 95
脊中穴 7.74 65 92.5
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基于背部形态分类的高适应性人体穴位自动定位方法
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曹莹瑜 1 , 高少伟 1 , 王朝飞 1 , 黄军芬 1 , 陆闯 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·医药、卫生 2025,25(21): 8814-8822
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·医药、卫生 2025, 25(21): 8814-8822
基于背部形态分类的高适应性人体穴位自动定位方法
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曹莹瑜1 , 高少伟1, 王朝飞1, 黄军芬1, 陆闯2
作者信息
  • 1 北京石油化工学院机械工程学院, 北京 102617
  • 2 河南翔宇医疗设备股份有限公司, 安阳 456399
  • 曹莹瑜(1981—),女,汉族,北京人,博士,副教授。研究方向:医疗康复机器人技术及应用。E-mail:

Highly Adaptive Method for Automatic Localization of Human Acupoints Based on Back Morphology Classification
Ying-yu CAO1 , Shao-wei GAO1, Chao-fei WANG1, Jun-fen HUANG1, Chuang LU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
  • 2 Xiangyu Medical Eguipment Co., Ltd., Anyang 456399, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405162
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针对当前按摩机器人穴位自动定位技术存在着装限制、适用范围局限以及定位精度较差等问题,提出了一种基于背部形态分类与多层感知机网络的人体背部穴位定位方法(morphology classification-multilayer perceptron-based accurate point location, BMC-MPAPL)。通过采集大量不同人体背部图像数据结合骨骼关键点定位技术、核密度估计和最大类间方差方法,研究了背部形态的统计分布与有效分类。为克服衣物覆盖对定位的限制,基于分类结果制作包含背部关键点和大椎穴的各类坐标数据集,同时利用多层感知机网络深度学习模型实现大椎穴的自动定位。依据大椎穴的定位结果建立人体坐标系,结合中医骨度分寸法实现人体背部60个常见穴位的自动定位。结果表明: 基于不同背部形态的大椎穴定位模型,实现了对大椎穴的高精度定位,在允许误差为20 mm时的平均精度为94.87%,较未进行背部分类的大椎穴定位模型精度提高13.37%。对于背部其他常见穴位,在患者服饰、背景没有限制的情况下,其定位精度在允许误差为20 mm时为91.58%。可见,所提方法有效提高了穴位自动定位的精度和适用性。

穴位定位  /  背部形态  /  分类阈值  /  骨度分寸法

The current acupoint automatic positioning technology for massage robots is faced with issues such as dress restrictions, limited application scope, and poor positioning accuracy. A new method for human back acupoint positioning, based on back morphology classification and a multilayer perceptron network morphology classification-multilayer perceptron-based accurate point location(BMC-MPAPL) has been proposed. A substantial collection of diverse human back images, along with skeletal key point positioning techniques, kernel density estimation, and the maximum interclass variance approach, was used to investigate the statistical distribution and effective categorization of back morphologies. To counteract the restrictions imposed by clothing on positioning, a dataset encompassing key back points and the Dazhui acupoint was developed based on classification outcomes, and the automatic positioning of the Dazhui acupoint was accomplished through a deep learning model of the multi-layer perceptron network. Utilizing the Dazhui acupoint's positioning results, a human coordinate system was established, and the automatic positioning of 60 common back acupoints was achieved with the integration of ancient Chinese bone measurement methods. The results show that the Dazhui acupoint positioning model, tailored to various back morphologies, has realized high-precision positioning, with an average accuracy of 94.87% at an allowable error of 20 mm, marking a 13.37% enhancement over models without back classification. For other common back acupoints, the positioning accuracy stands at 91.58% within an allowable error of 20 mm, irrespective of patient attire or background constraints. It is concluded that the method presented effectively enhances the accuracy and applicability of acupoint automatic positioning.

acupoint positioning  /  back shape  /  classification threshold  /  bone measurement method
曹莹瑜, 高少伟, 王朝飞, 黄军芬, 陆闯. 基于背部形态分类的高适应性人体穴位自动定位方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8814 -8822 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405162
Ying-yu CAO, Shao-wei GAO, Chao-fei WANG, Jun-fen HUANG, Chuang LU. Highly Adaptive Method for Automatic Localization of Human Acupoints Based on Back Morphology Classification[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8814 -8822 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405162
现代社会中,快节奏和高压力导致青年学生和职场人士忽视健康,长时间坐姿引发多种健康问题[1]。同时,中国老龄人口从1999年的10%增至2022年的19.8%,60岁以上人口达2.8亿,预计2025年超3亿[2],这增加了关节疼痛、肌肉僵硬等健康问题,推动了按摩设备的需求和发展。中医按摩作为一种传统治疗方法,在临床治疗中广泛应用于颈椎病、肩周炎、腰椎间盘突出症以及亚健康状态等多种病症[3-4]。徐欣等[5]的研究证实,腰背部按摩对产后腰背痛的康复治疗具有显著效果,能够降低疼痛评分、改善功能障碍、提升腰部活动能力,从而促进康复进程。然而,传统人工按摩在实际应用中存在穴位定位难、专业性强以及重复劳动等问题。针对这些问题,基于视觉技术的按摩机器人[6-7]已然成为了一种极具效力的解决途径。
人体穴位自动定位是按摩以及相关理疗机器人开发的核心技术,国内外诸多学者都曾针对此展开过相关的研究。张子昂[8]使用单目相机,采用标签和色调-饱和度-亮度(hue-saturation-value,HSV)颜色分割实现对穴位的定位,此方法虽原理简单和操作方便,然而没有从根本上解决穴位自定定位问题,仍然需要人工辅助标记;况荣欣[9]通过自制数据集、HRNet(high-resolution network)和腧穴识别深度学习网络完成了对背部腧穴的识别,但是该方法要求人体背部裸漏,对于女性数据集的采集工作难以有效开展;付阳阳等[10]提出的基于梯度下降与滑动窗口混合算法的人体穴位定位技术,主要依赖于传统的图像处理手段,在面对具有复杂背景的场景时,该方法的处理效能受限,难以有效应对背景干扰带来的挑战;Ji等[11]提出一种基于图卷积和三维深度穴位的定位方法,设计点聚合(aggregation on points, AOP)网络,对三维点云特征进行提取,进而进行图聚类投影以预测穴位位置,此方法涉及点云采集和人体三维模型重建,然而不同人体重复建模所需时间较长,适应性较差,并不适宜按摩机器人使用;Hu等[12]通过深度学习获取人体关节信息,结合比例几何测量与三维信息实现穴位的精准实时定位,尽管这种方法能够快速定位穴位,但由于其对所有穴位均基于比例进行估算,因此在精度上存在一定局限,可能会影响按摩治疗的效果。
综上,人体穴位自动定位方法目前存在以下问题:需要人工辅助标记、对患者着装限制(通常要求裸露)以及自动定位方法适应性不足等问题。现提出一种基于背部形态分类与多层感知机网络的人体背部穴位定位方法(morphology classification-multilayer perceptron-based accurate point location, BMC-MPAPL),在以下几个方面实现了创新和优化。
一是背景噪声与个体差异消减:通过计算背部形态分类阈值并构建坐标数据集,有效消减服饰和背景干扰,适应多种背部形态。
二是高效的大椎穴定位预测方法:采用五层感知机(5-LPM)深度学习架构,优化大椎穴预测模型,提高预测精度和训练效率。
三是中医传统方法融合:结合中医骨度分寸法,将传统穴位定位方法数值化,减少对专业医师经验的高度依赖,并实现背部常见穴位的自动定位。
针对不同背部形态,提出了一种基于背部形态分类与深度学习的穴位自动定位方法。为了克服传统穴位定位技术中需人体背部裸露的限制,采用AlphaPose[13]框架定位背部骨骼关键点,并结合专业医师的精准标注,构建坐标数据集。大椎穴作为穴位定位的核心基础,基于深度学习模型多层感知机网络(multilayer perceptron, MLP)强大的非线性建模能力,选择以其为基础构建五层感知机网络(5-layer perceptron model, 5-LPM),捕捉背部骨骼关键点与大椎穴之间的空间几何关系,实现大椎穴自动定位。同时为了提高方法鲁棒性,还引入了背部形态分类,首先依据骨骼关键点的定位结果,绘制出人体背部形态统计分布图,融合核密度估计[14]与最大类间方差法[15],计算背部形态的分类阈值,以此为依据对坐标数据集进行分类并分别训练模型,提升了模型对不同背部形态的适应性。最后以大椎穴为原点,背部骨骼关键点确定方向建立人体背部坐标系,并结合中医骨度分寸法[16],计算剩余背部穴位位置,完成穴位定位。具体流程如图1所示。
人体背部图片数据采集是所有工作的前提与基础,为保证实验结果的可靠性,基于按摩应用环境,在按摩床上方固定深度相机,模拟实际按摩治疗场景进行数据采集。采集300名志愿者数据,涵盖不同体型的人群,其中男性183名,女性117名,年龄区间为18~65岁,每名志愿者采集7种不同姿态的图片,保证图片尺寸均为1 280×720,共计采集2 100张人体背部图片,其中部分图片数据如图2所示。
考虑到患者服饰差异,直接提取患者背部边缘存在困难,通过构建基于背部骨骼关键点的等效形态,用于计算背部形态分类阈值。目前,骨骼关键点检测的方法有很多,基于人体姿势估计[17]主流方法有OpenPose、Mask-RCNN和AlphaPose。在同一设备下,AlphaPose各方面表现均优于其他方法,最终选择AlphaPose作为骨骼关键点定位的方案,表1展示了这些方法的数据表现。
为更好地还原背部形态,分别选择左肩、右肩、左臀和右臀骨骼关键点进行计算,具体位置如图3所示。统计300名志愿者的背部骨骼关键点图像坐标,所述骨骼关键点分别记为AiBiCiDi(i对应不同背部图片)。为更准确描述背部形态,通过上述骨骼关键点,计算背部“宽高比”,表示背部形态宽度和高度的比例关系。具体计算过程如下:将背部4个骨骼关键点构成封闭四边形,分别使用ABCDACBD的(x,y)坐标计算各边中点M1M2M3M4,以AB为例,计算公式表达式为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} M_{1 x}=\left(A_{x}+B_{x}\right) / 2 \\ M_{1 y}=\left(A_{y}+B_{y}\right) / 2 \end{array}\right. $
基于各中点位置分别计算各张图片中的Ratio(宽高比),其中Ratio计算公式表达式为
$ \text { Ratio }=\frac{\sqrt{\left(M_{1 x}-M_{2 x}\right)^{2}+\left(M_{1 y}-M_{2 y}\right)^{2}}}{\sqrt{\left(M_{1 x}-M_{3 x}\right)^{2}+\left(M_{2 y}-M_{4 y}\right)^{2}}} $
由于个体体型差异导致背部形态多样,若直接使用神经网络训练模型会影响定位精度。为提高大椎穴定位精度,对不同背部形态的数据集进行分类,分类阈值通过Ratio数据计算。具体操作为:统计所有Ratio数据,以Ratio为x轴,对应样本比重为y轴,x轴间隔为0.02生成Ratio分布图,由于无法直接计算分类阈值,需将其拟合成一条连续的曲线,选择通过核密度估计将分布图拟合成一条连续的核密度估计曲线f(x),计算公式表达为
$ f(x)=\frac{1}{n h} \sum_{i=1}^{n} K\left(\frac{x-x_{i}}{h}\right) $
式(3)中:n为样本数量;xi为第i个样本;K为核函数。
图4为数据统计与计算结果。曲线主要呈现3个波峰,代表背部形态主要集中为三类,其中这三类总和影响比重超90%,可以涵盖大部分形态,其余部分所占比重不足10%。具体计算过程为:假设曲线f(x)各个波峰为Pi,其中波峰起始点分别为 P s i P e i,计算各个波峰的综合影响分值(composite impact score, CIS),计算对应波峰区域面积Si,最后,计算每个波峰区域占整个函数曲线下总面积的比重,具体计算公式为
S i = p d i p s i   f ^ ( x ) d x C S I i = S i / - f ^ ( x ) d x
选择影响分值最大的3个波峰P1P2P3,计算最优分类阈值,针对相邻两个波峰,使用最大类间方差方法计算分类阈值Threshold1、Threshold2,将背部形态划分为窄背型(narrow)、标准型(standard)和宽背型(broad)。以Threshold1为例,确定两个波峰的区间[ P s i, P e i],计算区间内样本数量N和平均值m,遍历每个阈值T,找到使类间方差最大的阈值T,具体计算公式为
σ2=p1(m1-m)2+p2(m2-m)2
式(5)中:m1m2为每个类别的平均值,概率为p1=N1/Np2=N2/N,N1N2为每个类别的数量。最终计算背部形态分类区间为(0.45, Threshold1, Threshold2, 0.85)。
在处理大椎穴预测的图像数据时,拍摄角度、光照和患者服饰差异会导致直接使用图片标注的数据集引入噪声,影响模型学习。相比之下,坐标数据作为一种特殊类型的图像数据,通过精确的关键点位置信息,去除背景干扰并保留关键点的几何特征,从而提高模型预测准确性和鲁棒性,同时也能显著缩短训练时间,而不影响最终的预测效果。
根据患者背部形态分类,分别制作了相应的数据集。具体制作过程为:利用Alphapose定位背部4个骨骼关键点位置以及专业医师标注大椎穴的图像坐标,组成A(x, y)、B(x, y)、C(x, y)、D(x, y)、GV14(x, y)的数据集,其中GV14(x, y)为大椎穴的图像坐标。整理坐标数据集,将其分为输入特征(已知坐标ABCD)和目标变量(待预测坐标GV14)。然后,根据Narrow、Standard、Broad制作训练集、测试和验证集,控制其比例为8∶1∶1,各类数据集制作结果如表2所示,位置示意图如5所示。
大椎穴预测的任务目标是通过输入的图像坐标数据,预测出大椎穴在图像中的精确位置,即预测出一组连续的坐标值,这种对连续值的预测正是回归任务的特点。针对所研究内容,选择基于多层感知机(MLP)构建5-LPM。该模型结构包括输入层、4个隐藏层和输出层,最早由Frank Rosenblatt[18]在1958年提出的单层感知机(perceptron)发展而来,如图6所示。通过增加隐藏层来增强模型的表达能力和学习能力,从而解决单层感知机无法处理的非线性问题,同时可以使用不同的优化算法和损失函数来训练,这使得它能够适应各种不同的场景和需求。具体的,在前向传播过程中,输入数据依次通过每一层全连接层和激活函数,最终输出预测的坐标值。这个多层感知机模型结构通过多个隐藏层和Relu激活函数[19],能够有效地捕捉输入数据中的复杂非线性关系,从而提高大椎穴位置预测的准确性。
图7所示为5-LPM结构示意图。可以看出,5-LPM的三类给定层(输入、隐藏、输出层)中的每个节点都会连接到相邻层中的每个节点(全连接),以下是该模型的详细结构及其对应的数学表达式。
(1) 输入层接收一个8维的输入向量x,代表输入数据的特征,表示图像坐标的空间关系。
(2) 隐藏层:该模型包括4个隐藏层,每层由全连接层(dense layer)和激活函数组成。线性回归本质上就是一个全连接层,通过添加激活函数(如Sigmoid、Relu等),才能实现非线性拟合各种各样的函数。在该模型中,第一个全连接层将输入特征映射到256维,同时应用激活函数,具体公式表达为
h1=Relu(W1x+b)
式(6)中:W1为256×8的权重矩阵;b为256维的偏向矩阵;Relu为激活函数,定义为Relu(x)=max(0, x)。
接下来的隐藏层遵循类似的模式,其中第二隐藏层将第一隐藏层的输出h1映射到一个大小为128的隐藏层输出向量h2,第三层h3进一步将维度降至64维,第四层h4最终降至32维,每层变化可以表示为
hi=Relu(Wihi-1+bj)
对于i=2,3,4和j=1,2,3,其中W2的维数为128×256, b1的维数为128;W3的维数为64×128,b2的维数为64;W4的维数为32×64,b3的维数为32,每层激活函数选择Relu。
(3)输出层将第四隐藏层的输出h2映射到一个大小为2的隐藏层输出向量y,其中权重矩阵W5大小为2×32,偏置向量b4大小为2。
综合起来,输入数据x经过各个全连接层和激活函数的处理,最终得到模型的输出y,即大椎穴在图像中的预测坐标值,表达式为
y=W5[Relu(W4{Relu[W3(Relu{W2·[Relu(W1x+b)]+b1})+b2]}+b3)]+b4
基于5-LPM预测结果,结合国家标准[20]对背部部分穴位位置的定义,并且考虑到人体的个异,因此采用骨度分寸法进行穴位辅助定位。
《腧穴定位人体测量方法》(GB/T 23237—2009)中对背部穴位的定位采用骨度分寸法,其中上肢部-前臂,以肘横纹和腕横纹之间距离作12寸,下肢部,股骨大转子至膝中距离为19寸,其中寸(cun)是一个相对概念,用于等分人体不同部位之间的距离,以便确定穴位的位置。为提高计算寸的准确性,结合两个部位进行个人身寸与图片像素的转换,图8分别为骨度分寸法和肢体选择示意图,具体表达公式为
cun=a1(L10+L11)+a2(L20+L21)
式(9)中:a1a2为权重;L10L11分别为上肢中左臂和右臂肘横纹到腕横纹之间的像素长度;L20L21分别为下肢中左腿和右腿股骨大转子至膝中之间的像素长度。
为计算剩余背部穴位位置,需以大椎穴为原点,人体背部竖直方向沿背部向下为y轴,背部向右为x轴建立人体坐标系,如图9(a)所示,其中红色坐标系是以图片水平为x轴,竖直为y轴的标准坐标系,绿色坐标系为人体坐标系。为正确构建人体坐标系,需计算人体坐标系与标准坐标系的旋转角度θ,而θ由背部骨骼关键计算,具体表达公式为
θ=tan-1[( M 2 x- M 1 x)/( M 2 y- M 1 y)]
以《经穴部位》(GB-12346-90)中规定的穴位分布情况为依据,进行剩余59个穴位坐标计算,其分布情况通过身寸和人体坐标系确定,完成背部穴位定位。假设大椎穴图像坐标为(X0,Y0),部分穴位计算公式如表3所示,图9(b)为穴位定位结果。
硬件环境:选择Intel RealSense深度相机,并将其安装于按摩床体上方1 000 mm处。经计算,图片中单像素代表空间实际距离为1.8 mm,电脑配备的GPU为NVIDIA GTX 3060,使用CUDA 11.8版本。
软件环境:模型训练环境采用基于Python的Pytorch深度学习框架,具体为Python3.8和Pytorch2.0。设置初始学习率为0.000 825,迭代次数为100 000,步长为100。
由于穴位定位结果个人评估存在困难,选择专业医师对人体背部图片中60个穴位进行标注,并与自动定位结果进行误差计算。该误差以像素差表示,并通过深度相机转换为空间误差。为更直观地评判定位精度,选择以医师标注穴位为圆心,允许误差为半径画圆,以直观呈现定位结果。分别对10 mm和20 mm的允许误差下的穴位定位精度进行测试。图10为穴位允许误差示意图,其中内圈表示允许误差为10 mm,外圈表示允许误差为20 mm。
为了验证有无背部形态分类模型对大椎穴预测准确率的影响,采用原始数据集未分类数据集(Original)和背部分类数据集分别训练大椎穴定位模型,并通过损失值(Loss)、均方误差(mean square error,MSE)和R2共3个指标评估模型性能,同时对各模型在误差允许范围分别为10 mm和20 mm时的大椎穴定位精度进行了验证,不同的模型性能表现详如表4所示。
对人体背部其他59个常见穴位共进行了500次重复定位,并计算定位结果与专业医师标定位置的误差,如表5所示。结果显示,大多数穴位定位误差在20 mm以内,只有少部分误差超过最大允许误差,且平均定位准确率可达91.58%,表明该方法能够实现较高的穴位定位精度。为了更直观地展示该方法的有效性,还选取了部分志愿者进行裸背测试,专业医师通过标准操作在志愿者背部标定穴位位置,并使用红色贴纸标注对应穴位。如图11图12所示,通过对比预测结果与实际标定位置,表明预测穴位与标定位置吻合度高,验证了该方法能够满足穴位按摩所需的精度要求,从而进一步证明了其有效性和准确性。
提出一种针对不同背部形态的人体穴位自动定位方法,并通过实验验证了其在按摩背景下背部部分穴位自动定位的高适应性和准确性。具体总结如下。
(1)针对目前现有视觉定位技术存在的缺陷,为解除患者服饰限制,采用骨骼关键点定位,构建等效背部形态并计算背部形态分类阈值,实现背部形态的划分,有效去除了患者服饰和背景对穴位定位的干扰,方便大椎穴预测模型的特征提取,保证了大椎穴的定位精度。
(2)为实现大椎穴的精准定位,制作二维坐标数据集,打破传统图像数据集,并基于背部形态分类阈值进行数据三分类,基于多层感知机网络构建五层感知机,实现了大椎穴的精准定位,且模型性能表现良好。
(3)为实现剩余背部部分穴位的定位,采用结合骨度分寸法和背部坐标系的构建策略,通过上下肢分权重结合提高个人身寸计算精度。基于骨骼关键点构建坐标系,实现与图像坐标系的旋转角度计算,最终实现剩余59个背部穴位的定位,在允许误差为20 mm时,平均定位准确率达到91.58%。
通过基于背部形态分类与多层感知机网络的人体背部穴位定位方法实现60个常见背部穴位的有效定位,能够适应各类人群,为穴位定位提供新方案,有助于提高机器人穴位按摩的精准度和疗效。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC0122700)
  • 北京市属高校分类发展项目(11000023T000002199202)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405162
  • 接收时间:2024-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-10
  • 修回日期:2025-04-09
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC0122700)
北京市属高校分类发展项目(11000023T000002199202)
作者信息
    1 北京石油化工学院机械工程学院, 北京 102617
    2 河南翔宇医疗设备股份有限公司, 安阳 456399
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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