Article(id=1217789897222570822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404702, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=1744041600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273336940, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273336940, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273336940, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273336940, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9184, endPage=9194, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789897780413320, articleId=1217789897222570822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimized Design of Operating Procedures for Double-aisle U-shaped Apron Area of Large Airports, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to enhance the safety and efficiency of operations in the double-channel U-shaped apron area of large airports, an optimized operational procedure for the double-channel U-shaped area was studied. Firstly, the utilization and partitioning of taxiways in the double-channel U-shaped apron area were designed, and the positions of pushback holding points were optimized. Secondly, based on the partitioning of the double-channel U-shaped apron area and the optimized positions of pushback holding points, different operational procedures for aircraft were designed for various scenarios. Then, evaluation indicators were designed from the perspectives of safety and efficiency, and corresponding evaluation models were established. Finally, simulation experiments were conducted using Wuhan Tianhe Airport as the object. The results show that the proposed optimized operational procedure can reduce the total operation time by 13.3%, total waiting time by 31.4%, and waiting rate by 22.4%. The flight density was gradually increased until reaching the maximum theoretical capacity of the U-shaped apron area, and further verification was conducted. The results indicate that the proposed optimized operational procedure performs better across different indicators under varying flight volumes, verifying its effectiveness and providing theoretical references for current and future operational procedures of double-channel U-shaped apron areas.

, correspAuthors=Xin-ping ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-han LI, Qi LI, Ke TANG, Xin-ping ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217789901328793827, articleId=1217789897222570822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=大型机场双通道U型机坪区运行程序优化设计, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高大型机场双通道U型区运行安全与效率,研究了双通道U型区优化运行程序。首先,设计双通道U型机坪区滑行通道的使用方式与分区,并优化设计推出等待点位置;其次,基于双通道U型机坪区的分区与优化的推出等待点位,分不同情形设计航空器的优化运行方式;然后,从安全和效率的角度设计评价指标,建立对应评价模型;最后,以华中地区武汉天河机场为对象开展仿真实验。结果表明,采用提出的优化运行程序,可使总运行时间减少13.3%;总等待时间减少31.4%;等待率减少22.4%。梯度增密航班密度,直至该U型机坪区最大理论容量,并做了进一步验证。结果表明,提出的优化运行程序在不同航班量下的不同指标均有更好表现,验证了所提优化运行程序的有效性,可为双通道U型机坪区现在及未来的运行程序提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=朱新平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 朱新平(1983—),男,汉族,湖南常德人,博士,教授。研究方向:新一代空中交通管理,民航应急管理。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=cswZjxaZQ/oXmBSQI/mHzg==, magXml=z8/OWXQwqCOLtysalefmrQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5lB3FN0hwp4QZWubBvW87Q==, pdfFileSize=6081415, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=yqD6f7PZkpS4ZIU584D9kA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=JAfh5Y9ugaUyCCJinawBBg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李治寒(1997—),男,汉族,四川资阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机场场面运行优化。E-mail:

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李治寒(1997—),男,汉族,四川资阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机场场面运行优化。E-mail:

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李治寒(1997—),男,汉族,四川资阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机场场面运行优化。E-mail:

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for different flight volumes, figureFileSmall=sfBLltWTmjWIwJbmomZVOw==, figureFileBig=HEeyQaRaMumjxEgrhSPPXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860125960884229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789897222570822, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同航班量平均等待时间, figureFileSmall=sfBLltWTmjWIwJbmomZVOw==, figureFileBig=HEeyQaRaMumjxEgrhSPPXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860126048964620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789897222570822, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Departure flight frequency statistics table

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机位编号 坐标数据 离场航班使用频次
345 (118,110) 5
346 (118,154) 4
347 (118,198) 6
348 (118,242) 6
349 (118,286) 4
350 (-78,286) 4
351 (-78,242) 3
352 (-78,198) 5
353 (-78,154) 6
354 (-78,110) 6
), ArticleFig(id=1217860126183182354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789897222570822, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

离场航班使用频次统计表

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机位编号 坐标数据 离场航班使用频次
345 (118,110) 5
346 (118,154) 4
347 (118,198) 6
348 (118,242) 6
349 (118,286) 4
350 (-78,286) 4
351 (-78,242) 3
352 (-78,198) 5
353 (-78,154) 6
354 (-78,110) 6
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大型机场双通道U型机坪区运行程序优化设计
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李治寒 , 李琦 , 唐科 , 朱新平 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(21): 9184-9194
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(21): 9184-9194
大型机场双通道U型机坪区运行程序优化设计
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李治寒 , 李琦, 唐科, 朱新平*
作者信息
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307
  • 李治寒(1997—),男,汉族,四川资阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机场场面运行优化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 朱新平(1983—),男,汉族,湖南常德人,博士,教授。研究方向:新一代空中交通管理,民航应急管理。E-mail:
Optimized Design of Operating Procedures for Double-aisle U-shaped Apron Area of Large Airports
Zhi-han LI , Qi LI, Ke TANG, Xin-ping ZHU*
Affiliations
  • School of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404702
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为了提高大型机场双通道U型区运行安全与效率,研究了双通道U型区优化运行程序。首先,设计双通道U型机坪区滑行通道的使用方式与分区,并优化设计推出等待点位置;其次,基于双通道U型机坪区的分区与优化的推出等待点位,分不同情形设计航空器的优化运行方式;然后,从安全和效率的角度设计评价指标,建立对应评价模型;最后,以华中地区武汉天河机场为对象开展仿真实验。结果表明,采用提出的优化运行程序,可使总运行时间减少13.3%;总等待时间减少31.4%;等待率减少22.4%。梯度增密航班密度,直至该U型机坪区最大理论容量,并做了进一步验证。结果表明,提出的优化运行程序在不同航班量下的不同指标均有更好表现,验证了所提优化运行程序的有效性,可为双通道U型机坪区现在及未来的运行程序提供理论参考。

机场  /  U型机坪区  /  运行程序  /  运行优化

In order to enhance the safety and efficiency of operations in the double-channel U-shaped apron area of large airports, an optimized operational procedure for the double-channel U-shaped area was studied. Firstly, the utilization and partitioning of taxiways in the double-channel U-shaped apron area were designed, and the positions of pushback holding points were optimized. Secondly, based on the partitioning of the double-channel U-shaped apron area and the optimized positions of pushback holding points, different operational procedures for aircraft were designed for various scenarios. Then, evaluation indicators were designed from the perspectives of safety and efficiency, and corresponding evaluation models were established. Finally, simulation experiments were conducted using Wuhan Tianhe Airport as the object. The results show that the proposed optimized operational procedure can reduce the total operation time by 13.3%, total waiting time by 31.4%, and waiting rate by 22.4%. The flight density was gradually increased until reaching the maximum theoretical capacity of the U-shaped apron area, and further verification was conducted. The results indicate that the proposed optimized operational procedure performs better across different indicators under varying flight volumes, verifying its effectiveness and providing theoretical references for current and future operational procedures of double-channel U-shaped apron areas.

airport  /  U-shaped apron area  /  operational procedures  /  operational optimization
李治寒, 李琦, 唐科, 朱新平. 大型机场双通道U型机坪区运行程序优化设计. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9184 -9194 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404702
Zhi-han LI, Qi LI, Ke TANG, Xin-ping ZHU. Optimized Design of Operating Procedures for Double-aisle U-shaped Apron Area of Large Airports[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9184 -9194 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404702
自疫情结束以来,航班量恢复迅速,机场场面运行压力逐步增加[1-3],优化场面关键区域的运行程序是提高运行效率的有效手段。机坪区域是航空活动的起点与终点,是场面拥堵的瓶颈区域,正属于场面关键区域[4-5],其中U型机坪区域运行环境又最为复杂(U型机坪区指两条相邻指廊与航站楼主楼共同构成三面围合的机坪区域[6]),目前国内存在U型机坪区域的大型机场占比较高,且呈上升趋势,但其空间拥挤,航空器在其中运行时,相互之间干扰较为严重,导致运行效率较低[7-8]。因此,针对性优化设计此区域的运行程序,对提高机坪运行效率与运行安全有重要意义。
在机坪运行优化方面,He等[9]、吴浩宁等[10]均对包含U型机坪在内的机坪滑行通道的最优使用模式进行了探究,均利用Simmod仿真软件进行验证,为停机坪滑行通道使用方案选择提供依据,但均未将航班计划和停机位空间特征考虑在内。薛钰婷等[11]以机位空间分组为依据,构建了停机位分配模型,优化U型区停机位分配,采用遗传算法求解,减少了航班运行冲突,提高了机位的利用率。黄学林等[12]关注机坪运行冲突,通过分析军用飞机与民用飞机共同使用机坪及其附近区域的滑行规则,基于模块化建模思想,建立基于停机坪区域的分层赋时着色Petri网模型,提出冲突点选择避让机制,减少了机坪运行冲突。潘卫军等[13]采用了自顶向下、模块化的建模思路和着色Petri网理论方法,对机坪内各交通模块进行精细化建模,得到机坪运行过程的全局着色Petri网模型,其建模方法具有较强的可移植性,可快速构建大型繁忙机场机坪运行模型。唐小卫等[14]提出机位组概念表征机坪空间构型,设计场面实时动态航班流量、机位组无阻碍滑行时间和机位组空间影响指数等新特征变量,这三种新特征变量可提高离场滑行时间预测精度。李明捷等[15]引入PSR(pressure-state-response)模型,从压力、状态和响应3个方面构建管理移交机场机坪运行安全评价指标体系,能够正确计算机坪运行风险水平。Coupe等[16]使用机器人模拟实验模拟飞机推出和滑行至移交点的过程,分析了此过程中飞机之间的轨迹冲突,探究了冲突概率与推出时刻的关系,但是对于国内机坪区域,航班在机坪的滑行路线偏差幅度较小,都是沿线滑行,因此不适于国内机坪优化研究。Okuniek等[17]将TRACC_PB(taxi routing for aircraft: creation and controlling for pushback optimization)应用于机坪区域的交通管理,生成在机坪区域的无冲突滑行轨迹,提高了机坪区域的滑行效率,减少了燃油消耗。Lee等[18]通过地面交通系统,获得推出时间和机坪滑行时间的历史数据,以此为基础,引入数据驱动模型,预测飞机推出时间以及机坪滑行时间,这有利于提升机坪调度效率。刘颖俪等[19]依据交通复杂度、管制员工作负荷、区域划分结构指标以及优化建模理论划分机场机坪管制区域,大大减少了机坪交通复杂度。姜雨等[20]以最小化机坪冲突概率、旅客变更登机口步行距离和指派至远机位的旅客数为目标,构建停机位实时指派的多目标优化模型,能够提升机坪运行效率。
综合分析目前机坪区域的研究现状,多数集中在停机位分配优化、机坪交通建模与航空器推出过程的优化研究,暂未对U型机坪区域的运行程序进行优化设计。基于上述考虑,现针对大型机场的双通道U型机坪区域,提出优化运行程序,有望提高U型机坪区的运行效率与运行安全性。
根据国内U型机坪区滑行通道间距的不同,将U型机坪区分为“窄距U型机坪区”“标距U型机坪区”“宽距U型机坪区”。若滑行通道间的最小间距小于区内最大运行航空器的翼展,或者间距大于区内最大运行航空器翼展但不足8 m,称其为窄距U型机坪区;若滑行通道间的最小间距大于本区最大运行航空器翼展8 m及以上,且小于15 m,称其为标距U型机坪区;若滑行通道间的最小间距大于本区最大运行航空器翼展15 m及以上,称其为宽距U型机坪区。
对于窄距双通道U型机坪区的运行方式,两架航空器不允许并行滑行或交会滑行,并且U型机坪内同一时段只允许一架航空器运行,其他进场航空器[如图1(a)中的A航空器]和离场航空器[如图1(a)中的B航空器]需等待;对于标距双通道U型机坪区,考虑航空器在滑行通道上滑行的偏移量,为了保证侧向安全间距,也不允许并行滑行或交会滑行,并且U型机坪区的同一时段内只允许一架航空器运行,如图1(b)所示;对于宽距双通道U型机坪区,允许并行滑行或交会滑行,根据管制员经验调度进离场航班,由机坪管制人员目视判定安全间距,如图1(c)所示。
对于标距双通道U型机坪区,在航班量不大的情况下,采取类似于单通道的运行方式是可行的,若允许多架航空器同时运行,势必会投入更多人力资源,增加安全风险。但是,当航班量增加时,这种运行模式往往难以满足运行需求。对于宽距双通道U型机坪区,虽然允许同时运行多架航空器,但由于运行环境复杂,机坪管制人员仅依赖目视和经验判断进行调度,指挥难度较大,有一定运行风险。
基于上述考虑,设计“单向循环运行程序”,以增加双通道U型机坪区保障能力,增强管制员情景意识,降低运行风险与指挥难度,提高运行效率与安全性。
优化对象为底部无停机位的标距双通道U型机坪区和底部无停机位的宽距双通道U型机坪区。从滑行道资源使用和空间利用角度出发,提出“单向循环运行程序”。首先,规定两条滑行通道的使用方式,规定一条滑行通道用于进场,一条滑行通道用于离场。在两条滑行通道上,为保证翼尖安全间距,在某些特定情况下不允许并行运行。其次,依据国内双通道U型机坪区的一般纵深和机位分布情况,将U型机坪区进行空间分区,如图2所示,分为Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区(靠近U型机坪区底部的为Ⅰ区,靠近U型机坪区入口的为Ⅱ区)。根据共用推出等待点理念[21],在离场滑行通道上为两个区分别设置一个共用的推出等待点。离场航空器使用先推再推或者先推再拉的方式到达共用推出等待点。
优化过程分为两步:第一步是确定共用推出等待点位置与分区情况;第二步是基于共用等待点的位置与分区情况分不同运行情景设计优化运行程序。
分区方法:相对均匀将U型区空间一分为二,靠近U型机坪区底部的机位分为Ⅰ区,靠近U型机坪区入口的机位分为Ⅱ区,若区内机位数量不能均分,优先将多的机位划分给Ⅰ区(比如U型机坪区内有12个机位,则Ⅰ区6个机位,Ⅱ区6个机位;若U型机坪区包含10个机位,则Ⅰ区6个机位,Ⅱ区4个机位)。
共用推出等待点位优化确定方法:统计一定时间段内,离场航班的机位使用情况。结合每一个分区的离场航班机位使用数据统计情况,加权设计推出等待点位置,即机位使用频率越高,共用等待点就越有靠近该机位的趋势。目的是寻找总推出距离之和最小的共用推出等待点,以总体减少离场航空器的后推总距离,减少保障资源的占用。
建立共用推出等待点优化模型。首先,构建平面直角坐标系,以U型机坪区外滑行通道与机坪滑行通道的交点为坐标原点,以滑出U型机坪区的滑行通道为Y轴,垂直于滑出通道的机坪外滑行通道为X轴。滑出通道上设置等待点a和等待点b,按照U型机坪区内机位的布局情况,将U型机坪区划分为Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区,Ⅰ区内的离场航空器使用共用推出点a,Ⅱ区的离场航空器使用共用推出点b,如图3所示。
模型假设:航空器后推至滑行通道上的距离近似等于机位横坐标绝对值。
以U型机坪区内离场航班所用机位到两个等待点距离之和最小为目标函数,a等待点和b等待点的纵坐标值为决策变量。约定nr为统计时段内r机位上航空器的离场次数。因此,目标函数表示为
$\begin{aligned} F\left(y_{a}, y_{b}\right)= & \min \sum_{r^{i}=1}^{D_{1}}\left(\left|x_{r}\right|+\left|y_{a}-y_{r}\right|\right) n^{r_{1}}+ \\ & \sum_{r^{i}=D_{1}+1}^{D_{1}+D_{2}}\left(\left|x_{r}\right|+\left|y_{b}-y_{r}\right|\right) n^{r_{2}} \end{aligned}$
式(1)中:yaa等待点的纵坐标;ybb等待点的纵坐标;(xr,yr)为停机位r的坐标;ri为停机位数量编号; n r 1为在Ⅰ区r机位上的离场次数; n r 2为在Ⅱ区r机位上的离场次数;D1为Ⅰ区内的机位数量;D2为Ⅱ区内的机位数量。
同时,应该满足的约束条件如下。
$\left|y_{a}-y_{b}\right| \geqslant S$
$k_{1}+S \leqslant y_{a} \leqslant L_{3}$
$k_{1} \leqslant y_{b} \leqslant L_{3}-S $
$y_{a}, y_{b} \in \mathbf{Z}$
式中:S为两等待点间根据安全间距要求和喷流间隔要求设置的安全间距;k1为Ⅱ区共用等待点b离U型机坪区入口的最小间距(此间距是为了确保离场航空器在该等待点等待时,不干扰U型机坪区外滑行通道上滑行的航空器);L3为根据U型机坪区滑出通道的长度以及区内最大运行航空器的机型尺寸、所确定的a等待点能设置的最大纵坐标值。
优化共用推出等待点模型算法设计采用改进模拟退火算法进行求解[22],计算步骤如下。
步骤1 数据准备阶段。
(1)输入航班计划,统计每个机位离场航班的离场次数ns
(2)确定Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区离场航班所用机位坐标。
(3)设置初始和终止温度及温度衰减率。
(4)在约束条件内,初始化推出等待点yayb的位置。
步骤2 搜索最优解。
(1)在当前温度下,重复以下步骤直到达到最大迭代次数。
(2)随机调整yayb的位置,根据约束条件,生成新的候选解。
(3)计算新解的总距离,并与当前最优解比较。
(4)如果新解更优,或者根据概率接受差的解(以逃避局部最优),则更新当前最优解。
步骤3 降温及重升温操作,当温度低于一定值进行重升温。
步骤4 直至到达最大迭代次数结束。
步骤5 输出找到的最优解yayb的位置坐标,以及此时的后推总距离。
推出等待点位置确定后,根据分区情况和优化共用推出等待点具体位置,结合航班运行之间的特征,分不同情形说明优化运行方式。
情形1 考虑安全间隔要求,建立明确情景意识,U型机坪区内最多只允许两个离场航空器同时运行。如图4所示,相同时段有航空器的推出请求,若两个推出航空器所用机位属于不同区,则前行航空器推出到共用等待点b后报告(如图4中航空器A),即可允许后行离场航空器推出至共用等待点b(如图4中航空器B)。时段内其他有推出或进场需求的航空器在机位内等待或U型机坪区外指定位置等待,对于同区内的其他离场航空器需要等待本区的共用推出等待点被释放后允许推出(被释放的含义为Ⅰ区推出的航空器到达Ⅱ区的共用等待点,则一组等待点被释放,Ⅱ区推出的航空器滑出U型机坪区,则Ⅱ区等待点被释放)。
情形2 进场航空器到达U型机坪区外指定位置,U型机坪区内有航空器正在推出。为了避免有航空器在本区等待点位置等待或滑出的过程中,有航空器进入本区所属停机位发生不符合安全间距的情况,如图5(a)图5(b)中A、B航空器所示,规定同区内最多允许一架航空器运行,且两条滑行通道不允许同时存在运动的航空器。以下给出不同情况具体的运行方式。
(1)当进场航空器A计划使用停机位属于Ⅱ区,且此时段Ⅱ区内有离场航空器B,则进场航空器A等待Ⅱ区离场航空器B推出至U型机坪区外指定位置后,即可允许进场航空器A进场,如图6(a)所示。
(2)当进场航空器A计划使用停机位属于Ⅱ区,且此时段Ⅰ区内有离场航空器B,则进场航空器A等待Ⅰ区离场航空器B推出至区内共用等待点,即可允许进场航空器A进场,如图6(b)所示。
(3)当进场航空器A计划使用的停机位属于Ⅱ区,且此时段Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区同时有航空器B和C离场,则进场航空器A等待Ⅰ区离场航空器B到达U型机坪区外指定点后允许进场,如图6(c)所示。
(4)当进场航空器A计划使用停机位属于Ⅰ区,且此时段Ⅱ区有航空器B推出,则进场航空器等待Ⅱ区离场航空器推出至区内共用等待点后允许进场航空器A进场,如图6(d)所示。
(5)当进场航空器A计划使用停机位属于Ⅰ区,且此时段Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区同时有航空器B和C离场,则进场航空器A等待Ⅰ区等待点被释放后(即航空器C到达Ⅱ区共用等待点)允许进场航空器A进场,如图6(e)所示。
情形3 离场航空器到达离场时刻,此时段有航空器正在进场,此时均等待进场航空器入位后允许推出。
情形4 进场航空器到达U型机坪区外指定位置,此时段内U型机坪区有航空器正在进场。
(1)当进场航空器A计划使用机位属于Ⅱ区,且此时段内有进场航空器B进入Ⅰ区,则进场航空器等待Ⅰ区进场航空器进入Ⅰ区边界后允许进场,如图7(a)所示。
(2)当进场航空器A计划使用机位属于Ⅱ区,且此时段内有航空器B进入Ⅱ区,则进场航空器在进入Ⅱ区航空器进入机位后允许进场,如图7(b)所示。
(3)当进场航空器A计划使用机位属于Ⅰ区,且此时段内有航空器进入Ⅱ区或Ⅰ区、或同时进入Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的航空器B和C,则后行进场航空器等待所有前行航空器入位后允许进场,如图7(c)所示。
正确选择U型机坪区运行效率评价指标,有利于客观评价优化运行程序的科学性与有效性。
优化运行程序的设计宗旨是在保证安全的情况下提升U型机坪区域的运行效率。
平均运行时间是衡量机场运行效率的关键指标之一,它反映了航空器在机场地面移动的平均时间,这个指标可以反映机场地面运行的流畅程度[23]。所以,对平均运行时间求和,选择航班在U型机坪区内的总运行时间作为第1评价指标,以此总体反映优化运行程对U型区内运行流畅程度的改变,同时也反映了优化运行程序对运行效率的提升。
在航空器运行过程中,若发现有冲突趋势,一般会采取等待的方式规避冲突。在航空器运行过程中,出现等待的次数反映了发生冲突的潜在可能性大小,这反映了运行程序在安全方面的表现。出现等待次数越多,说明运行程序发生冲突的潜在可能越大。因此,选取等待率(即一定时段内航班出现等待的次数与时段内总航班数量的比值)作为第2评价指标。
在等待发生时,航空器等待时间反映了运行程序对潜在冲突的解脱能力。因此,选取总等待时间作为第3评价指标。
U型机坪内总运行时间指标定义为:对于进场航班,运行时间计算方式是到达U型机坪区外指定点的时刻与完全进入所用机位时刻之差;对于离场航班,运行时间的计算方式是滑行至U型机坪区外指定点的时刻与预计撤轮档时刻之差。总运行时间是进场航班与离场航班运行时间之和。
U型机坪区的等待率指标定义为:当航空器到达进入U型机坪区时刻或撤轮档时刻时,因前行航空器对U型机坪区内的空间资源占用,导致目前航空器不能按照计划时间运行,或在运行过程中产生等待,则将这种情况定义为等待发生。等待率则是时段内等待发生的次数与时段内航班总数量的比值。
U型机坪内的总等待时间指标定义为:航空器为了规避潜在的冲突,做出等待动作产生等待时间,航班计划中所有出现等待情况的航空器等待时长之和。
总运行时间指标表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} T_{\mathrm{A}}=\sum_{n_{d}=1}^{N_{1}}\left(f_{d}^{t_{5}}-f_{d}^{t_{1}}\right)+\sum_{n_{a}=1}^{N_{2}}\left(f_{a}^{t_{4}}-f_{a}^{t_{3}}\right) \\ f_{d}, f_{a} \in f, N_{1}+N_{2}=N \end{array}\right.$
式(6)中:TA为总运行时间;N1为离场航班数量;N2为进场航班数量;f d t 5为离场航班计划中航班d滑出U型机坪区的实际时刻;f d t 1为航班计划中离场航班d的预计撤轮档时刻;f a t 4为航班计划中进场航班a到达机位的实际时刻;f a t 3为航班计划中航班a到达U型机坪区外指定位置的计划时刻;nd为航班计划中离场航班的序列号;na为航班计划中进场航班的序列号。
对于指定U型机坪区,引入等待变量CiCk
$C^{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{l} 1, w_{f_{i}}>0, i \in f \\ 0, w_{f_{i}}=0, i \in f \end{array}\right.$
$C^{k}=\left\{\begin{array}{l} 1, T_{w_{k}}>0, k \in f \\ 0, T_{w_{k}}=0, k \in f \end{array}\right.$
式中:f为航班计划序列;fi为航班计划序列中的i航班; w f i为航班计划f中,航班i的等待时间; T w k为航班k在推出等待点等待b等待点被释放的时间。
等待率指标表示为
$C_{f}=\frac{\sum_{f=1}^{N}\left(C^{k}+C^{i}\right)}{N}$
式(9)中:Cf为等待率;N为航班计划f中包含的航班数量;ik,即如果同时产生两个等待时间,则记为一次等待。
总等待时间指标表示为
$J_{f}=\sum_{f=1}^{N}\left(w_{f_{i}} C^{i}+C^{k} T_{w_{k}}\right)$
式(10)中:Jf为总等待时间。
参数f d t 5的计算方式为
$f_{d}^{t_{5}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} f_{d}^{t_{1}}+w_{f_{d}}+\frac{L^{d}}{v_{1}}+T_{w}+T_{w d}+\frac{S_{1}+S_{2}}{v_{2}}, & d \in f_{\mathrm{I}} \\ f_{d}^{t_{1}}+w_{f_{d}}+\frac{L_{1}^{d}}{v_{1}}+T_{w}+\frac{S_{2}}{v_{2}}, & d \in f_{\mathrm{II}} \end{array}\right.$
式(11)中:f为Ⅰ区航班集合;f为Ⅱ区航班集合;f d t 2为区内离场航班d的实际推出时间;Ld为离场航班到本区共用等待点的推出距离;S1为两等待点间的距离;S2为Ⅱ区共用等待点到U型机坪区指定位置的距离;Tw为航班推出至等待点后等待滑行指令的时间;v1为牵引车顶推和牵引速度;v2为航空器前滑速度。
参数f a t 4的计算方式为
$f_{a}^{t_{4}}=f_{a}^{t_{3}}+w_{f_{a}}+\frac{L_{2}^{a}}{v_{2}}$
式(12)中: L 2 a为进场航班进入所用机位的滑行距离。
航班计划中航班i的实际推出时间或实际进场时间为
$f_{i}^{t_{2}}=f_{i}^{t_{1}}+w_{f_{i}}, i \in f$
当前Ⅰ区离场航班到达离场时刻或者进场航班到达U型机坪区外指定点计划使用机位在Ⅰ区时,Ⅰ区有航班正在离场,则当前航班应等待本组共用等待点被释放后允许运行,当前航班的等待时间为
$w_{f_{i}}=f_{d_{1}}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L^{d_{1}}}{v_{1}}+T_{w}+\frac{S_{1}}{v_{2}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}, d_{1} \in f_{\mathrm{I}}, i \in f_{\mathrm{I}}$
式(14)中:f i t 1为当前航班的计划推出时间;f d 1 t 2为前行离场航班的实际推出时间。
当前Ⅰ区离场航班到达离场时刻或者进场航班到达U型机坪区外指定点且计划使用机位在Ⅰ区时,Ⅱ区有航班正在离场,则当前航班应等待前行离场航班到达共用等待点后允许运行,当前航班的等待时间为
$w_{f_{i}}=f_{d_{1}}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L^{d_{1}}}{v_{1}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}, d_{1} \in f_{\mathrm{II}}, i \in f_{\mathrm{I}}$
当前Ⅰ区离场航班到达离场时刻或者进场航班到达U型机坪区外指定点且计划使用机位在Ⅰ区时,Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区均有航班正在离场,则当前航班应当等待Ⅰ区等待点被释放后允许运行,当前航班的等待时间为
$w_{f_{i}}=f_{d_{1}}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L^{d_{1}}}{v_{1}}+T_{w}+T_{w i}+\frac{S_{1}}{v_{2}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}, d_{1} \in f_{\mathrm{I}}$
$\begin{aligned} T_{w i}= & \left(f_{d_{2}}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L^{d_{2}}}{v_{1}}+T_{w}\right)-\left(f_{d_{1}}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L^{d_{1}}}{v_{1}}+T_{w}\right), \\ & d_{1} \in f_{\mathrm{I}}, d_{2} \in f_{\mathrm{II}} \end{aligned}$
式中:若Twi=0,表示Ⅰ区离场航班到达前滑时刻正常前滑,未被Ⅱ区离场航班影响。
当前Ⅱ区离场航班到达离场时刻或者进场航班到达U型机坪区外指定点且计划使用机位在Ⅱ区时,Ⅰ区有航班正在离场,则当前航班应该等待Ⅰ区离场航班到达共用等待点允许运行,当前航班的等待时间为
$w_{f_{i}}=f_{d_{1}}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L^{d_{1}}}{v_{1}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}, d_{1} \in f_{\mathrm{I}}$
当前Ⅱ区离场航班到达离场时刻或者进场航班到达U型机坪区外指定点且计划使用机位在Ⅱ区时,Ⅱ区有航班正在离场,则当前航班应等待Ⅱ区航班被释放后允许运行,当前航班的等待时间为
$w_{f_{i}}=f_{d_{1}}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L^{d_{1}}}{v_{1}}+T_{w}+\frac{S_{2}}{v_{2}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}, d_{1} \in f_{\mathrm{II}}$
当前Ⅱ区离场航班到达离场时刻或者进场航班到达U型机坪区外指定点时候且计划使用机位在Ⅱ区时,Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区均有航班正在离场,则当前航班应等待Ⅰ区离场航班离场后允许运行,当前航班的等待时间为
$w_{f_{i}}=f_{d_{1}}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L^{d_{1}}}{v_{1}}+T_{w}+T_{w i}+\frac{S_{1}+S_{2}}{v_{2}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}, d_{1} \in f_{\mathrm{I}}$
当前航班i到达离场时间或到达U型机坪区外指定点位且计划使用机位在Ⅰ区时,有一架航班正在进场,则当前航班应等进场航班入位后允许运行,当前航班的等待时间为
$w_{f_{i}}=f_{a}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L_{2}^{a}}{v_{2}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}, a \in f$
式(21)中:f a t 2为进场航班a的实际进场时间。
当前航班i到达离场时间或到达U型机坪区外指定点位且计划使用机位在Ⅰ区时,同时有航班进入Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区时,则当前航班应当等两架航班均入位后允许运行,当前航班的等待时间为
$\begin{aligned} w_{f_{i}}= & \max \left[\left(f_{a}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L_{2}^{a}}{v_{2}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}\right),\left(f_{a}^{t_{2} \prime}+\frac{L_{2}^{a \prime}}{v_{2}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}\right)\right], \\ & a, a^{\prime} \in f \end{aligned}$
式(22)中:f a t 2'为另一进场航班的实际进场时间;La'2另一进场航班进入计划使用机位的滑行距离。
当前航班i到达U型机坪区外一点且目标区在Ⅱ区时,有航班正在进入Ⅰ区机位,则等待正在进场航班进入Ⅰ组内时允许运行,当前航班的等待时间为
$w_{f_{i}}=f_{a}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L_{2}^{a^{m}}}{v_{2}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}, a \in f_{\mathrm{I}}$
式(23)中: L 2 a m为U型机坪区外指定位置到Ⅰ区边界的滑行距离。
当前航班i到达U型机坪区外一点且目标区在Ⅱ区时,同时有航班正在进入Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区时,则等待时间应该取入位Ⅱ区航班的时刻和进入Ⅰ区航班时刻的较大值,当前航班的等待时间为
$\begin{aligned} w_{f_{i}}= & \max \left[\left(f_{a}^{t_{2}}+\frac{L_{2}^{a^{m}}}{v_{2}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}\right),\left(f_{a}^{t_{2} \prime}+\frac{L_{2}^{a \prime}}{v_{2}}-f_{i}^{t_{1}}\right)\right], \\ & a, a^{\prime} \in f \end{aligned}$
以华中地区武汉天河机场为验证背景,该机场是华中地区的重要航空枢纽,2023年旅客吞吐量突破了2 500万人次,展现了其在国内航空网络中的重要地位,且该机场U型机坪区的数量占比较高且构型较为典型,因此以该机场为算例背景,验证优化运行程序的优化效果有一定现实意义。其U型机坪区现行的运行方式为“类单通道”的运行方式,虽然是双通道U型机坪区的结构,但是考虑航班的保障需求与指挥难度之间的平衡,仍然采用类似于单通道U型机坪区的运行方式。即U型机坪区内最多只允许一架航空器运行,其他进场航空器需要在U型机坪区外等待,离场航空器需要在机位内等待。
使用MATLAB语言搭建仿真环境。选取华中地区武汉天河机场使用频率较高的345~354号机位所在U型机坪区进行仿真验证。该区属于滑行通道间距略大于本区运行航空器最大翼展情况(即所定义的标距双通道U型机坪区)。以左侧滑行通道与机坪外滑行通道为原点,以垂直于滑行通道的滑行道为X轴,以左侧滑行通道为Y轴,建立平面直角坐标系;将347~352号机分为Ⅰ区,345、346、353、354共4个机位划分为Ⅱ区。该区构型细节图,分区方式以及建系方式如图8所示。设靠近354号机位的滑行通道作为离场滑行通道,靠近345号机位的滑行通道作为进场滑行通道。设置运行参数,航班在等待点等待开车的时间为TW=2 min;后推速度为v1=70 m/min;前滑速度为v2=120 m/min[24]。运用3个评价指标,将单向循环运行程序与华中某机场现行的运行程序比较。
获取该区各机位的坐标位置,并统计每个机位离场航班的使用频次,如表1所示。输入该U型机坪区某日航班计划,该航班计划共包含97个航班。其中,进场航班48架次;离场航班49架次。该日该U型机坪区内服务的航班量为48架次。
根据机位使用频次,使用共用推出等待点设计方案,计算得到共用推出等待点a的纵坐标为242,共用推出等待点b的纵坐标为112。
在该U型机坪区保障48架次航班量的情况下(共包含97个航班),对于总等待时间指标和总运行时间指标,单向循环运行程序的计算结果为48.4 min和378.9 min;现行运行程序的计算结果为70.6 min和436.9 min。
相较于现行运行程序,优化运行程序的总运行时间减少了58 min;总等待时间减少了22.2 min。优化运行程序总运行时间减少了13.3%;总等待时间减少31.4%,如图9所示。
在该U型机坪区服务48架次航空器的情况下(共包含97个航班),单向循环运行程序的等待率为21.8%,现行运行程序的等待率为28.1%。相较于现行运行程序,优化运行程序等待率减少了22.4%,如图10所示。
为了分析单向循环运行程序在将来航班量增加情况下的有效性。根据该U型机坪区该日实际航班数据特征,逐步增加该U型机坪区该日航班服务架次。分别计算各个不同航班量的平均运行时间(总运行时间与航班数量的比值)、等待率、平均等待时间(总等待时间与航班数量的比值)。
对于平均运行时间指标,计算结果显示,单向循环运行程序的平均运行时间在不同航班量情况下均小于现行运行程序。在U型区内运行的航班量超过250架次时,平均运行时间成倍增加,如图11所示。
对于等待率指标,计算结果显示,单向循环运行程序的平均运行时间在不同航班量情况下均小于现行运行程序。在U型区内运行的航班量为150架次时,相较于现行运行程序,优化效率最高,达到22.6%,如图12所示。
对于平均等待时间指标,计算结果显示,单向循环运行程序的平均运行时间在不同航班量情况下均小于现行运行程序。平均等待时间在不同航班量下的增加趋势与平均运行时间增加趋势相似,这与平均运行时间的定义有关,如图13所示。
提出了双通道U型机坪区滑行通道的使用方法与分区方法,设计了共用推出等待点位的优化确定方法。在此基础上分不同情形设计优化运行程序——单向循环运行程序,可以提高双通道U型机坪区域的运行效率与运行安全性。
将航空器的滑行速度与在推出等待点等待的时间设置为了定值,进一步细化设计滑行过程,设置等待时间为随机值会更加契合一线的运行;未考虑地面保障资源对航空器运行带来的限制。下一步工作可以考虑将停机位分配与运行程序进行联合优化,有望进一步提高双通道U型机坪区域的运行程序与运行安全性。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(24CAFUC04031)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB2602004)
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2025年第25卷第21期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404702
  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24
  • 修回日期:2025-04-08
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(24CAFUC04031)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFB2602004)
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    中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307

通讯作者:

* 朱新平(1983—),男,汉族,湖南常德人,博士,教授。研究方向:新一代空中交通管理,民航应急管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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