Article(id=1217789896496959721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406117, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723651200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-15, revisedDate=1744300800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273336767, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273336767, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273336767, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273336767, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9118, endPage=9129, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789896979304722, articleId=1217789896496959721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Excavation Deformation Characteristics and Construction Method Optimisation of Super-large Section Soft Rock Tunnel, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The super-large cross-section tunnel is prone to large deformation when passing through soft rock stratum. The reasonable selection of excavation method is of great significance for construction safety. In order to explore the applicability of the double-side nine-step excavation method to the construction of super-large cross-section tunnels, based on a 500 m2 super-large cross-section soft rock tunnel under construction in Chongqing, the mechanical properties of sandy mudstone were revealed by laboratory experiments. The deformation characteristics of surface and super-large cross-section tunnel structures were compared and analyzed by numerical simulation and field monitoring. The excavation sequence, temporary support measures and excavation step length were optimized. The results show that the stress-strain curves of sandy mudstone samples under different confining pressures and different unloading rates are similar, and the triaxial compressive strength and deformation characteristics of rock samples change significantly. With the excavation of the core rock mass of the upper step, the displacement of the super-large section tunnel is abruptly changed. When the temporary support measures are removed, the deformation of the super-large section tunnel is further aggravated. Different excavation steps cause successive disturbance of surrounding rock, resulting in different unloading rates of surrounding rock and affecting the deformation of surface and tunnel structure. The temporary transverse bracing effectively limits the convergence of the arch waist, and the convergence of the arch waist is reduced by about 10.0 mm under all the layout conditions. In addition, the shorter the length of the excavation step, the smaller the deformation of the surface and the super large section tunnel.

, correspAuthors=Pei-ke WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun CHENG, Qiang XU, Hai CHEN, Xin-rong LIU, Pei-ke WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217789903170098097, articleId=1217789896496959721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=超大断面软岩隧道开挖变形特征及工法优化, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

超大断面隧道穿越软岩地层时易产生较大变形,开挖方法的合理选择对于施工安全具有重要的意义。为探究双侧壁九步开挖法对超大断面隧道施工的适用性,依托重庆市500 m2超大断面软岩隧道在建工程,通过开展室内试验揭示砂质泥岩的力学特性,采用数值模拟与现场监测相结合的方法对比分析了地表与超大断面隧道结构的变形特征,并对开挖步序、临时支护措施、开挖台阶长度进行了工法优化分析。结果表明: 不同围压、不同卸荷速率下砂质泥岩岩样应力应变曲线相似,岩样三轴抗压强度及变形特征均发生显著变化。随着上台阶核心岩体的开挖,超大断面隧道洞周位移发生突变,当临时支护措施拆除后,进一步加剧了超大断面隧道变形量。不同开挖步序造成围岩先后扰动,致使围岩卸荷速率不同,影响地表与隧道结构的变形。临时横撑有效限制了拱腰收敛,其全部布设工况减小拱腰收敛量约10.0 mm。此外,开挖台阶长度越短,地表及超大断面隧道变形越小。

, correspAuthors=王培可, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王培可(1991—),男,汉族,河南平顶山人,工程师。研究方向:隧道施工。E-mail:
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程坤(1982—),男,汉族,四川渠县人,高级工程师。研究方向:隧道施工。E-mail:

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articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Stress-strain curve and failure mode of sandy mudstone, figureFileSmall=i9G+3dHomQiE9c1/qHsBfw==, figureFileBig=bBmIyb6hFMxjjlYMVNTKDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860118927033218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图4, caption=砂质泥岩应力应变曲线及破坏形态, figureFileSmall=i9G+3dHomQiE9c1/qHsBfw==, figureFileBig=bBmIyb6hFMxjjlYMVNTKDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860119094805385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Triaxial unloading stress-strain curves of sandy mudstone under different confining pressures, figureFileSmall=7UtPBVpEoV+ZcU3CjJbvRw==, figureFileBig=/DbfskzB12a8tekA3UVhfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860120046912407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, 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figureFileSmall=Aw+c/D1B9iXNV+e5n6Zlrg==, figureFileBig=nAFjlsGq4zfmNA1lBkmJRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860120793498558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图7, caption=三维数值模拟模型图, figureFileSmall=Aw+c/D1B9iXNV+e5n6Zlrg==, figureFileBig=nAFjlsGq4zfmNA1lBkmJRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860120969659339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Numerical simulation monitoring point layout diagram, figureFileSmall=Pj7OK/guU//fVSrUo1vZEw==, figureFileBig=6VniG/lS1GgcfNUFnEIHJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860121166791638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图8, caption=数值模拟监测点布设图, figureFileSmall=Pj7OK/guU//fVSrUo1vZEw==, figureFileBig=6VniG/lS1GgcfNUFnEIHJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860121284232161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Numerical simulation and field monitoring of the surface subsidence comparison curve, figureFileSmall=oYHiCSI5s0+MP1L8qonqgA==, figureFileBig=e58Aa1dePRKT66yuYSZt4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860121426838508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图9, caption=数值模拟与现场监测地表沉降对比曲线, figureFileSmall=oYHiCSI5s0+MP1L8qonqgA==, figureFileBig=e58Aa1dePRKT66yuYSZt4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860121594610681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Settlement change curve of surface monitoring points with different excavation steps, figureFileSmall=pGFdEF5bfh/CIvh5gOgi2A==, figureFileBig=ShFBqbs22V+uHykeu0tYbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860121728827395, 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articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Horizontal displacement curve of hance with different excavation steps, figureFileSmall=hlaSnrnr6zU3Rltqs1/yLg==, figureFileBig=1SJWjlgIs32zEaBXIFLLJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122215366695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同开挖步数拱腰水平位移变化曲线, figureFileSmall=hlaSnrnr6zU3Rltqs1/yLg==, figureFileBig=1SJWjlgIs32zEaBXIFLLJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122307641392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Schematic diagram of different excavation steps, figureFileSmall=oo5GS1kmaPZsrj+M24oCtw==, figureFileBig=Q6KtjoF1ecNseAwKA5RzNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122555105346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同开挖步序示意图, figureFileSmall=oo5GS1kmaPZsrj+M24oCtw==, figureFileBig=Q6KtjoF1ecNseAwKA5RzNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122693517386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Settlement curves of each monitoring point on the surface of different excavation steps, figureFileSmall=VBfQfrkU9cPXXVObh1jIpA==, figureFileBig=kLrPGQfD7f/ATrjRldiJcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122810957906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同开挖步序地表各监测点沉降曲线, figureFileSmall=VBfQfrkU9cPXXVObh1jIpA==, figureFileBig=kLrPGQfD7f/ATrjRldiJcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122949369944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Vertical displacement curve of the vault in different excavation steps, figureFileSmall=ayWPXq+d3uwXlPbPUxUACw==, figureFileBig=htLVI7uk8nBOOrGBls+5Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123096170601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同开挖步序拱顶竖向位移变化曲线, figureFileSmall=ayWPXq+d3uwXlPbPUxUACw==, figureFileBig=htLVI7uk8nBOOrGBls+5Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123209416818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Vertical displacement curve of the arch bottom in different excavation steps, figureFileSmall=40aMkqmMctIi3aS7v4TYCQ==, figureFileBig=ouOcbIYX+8EFySZ5DbRg9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123419132027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同开挖步序拱底竖向位移变化曲线, figureFileSmall=40aMkqmMctIi3aS7v4TYCQ==, figureFileBig=ouOcbIYX+8EFySZ5DbRg9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123578515593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Schematic layout of different temporary measures, figureFileSmall=SfPwVKmiDVsQ8+u/Qy3WtA==, figureFileBig=uaJIaoiHIgzgLgQV68Q+Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123683373200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同临时措施布置示意图, figureFileSmall=SfPwVKmiDVsQ8+u/Qy3WtA==, figureFileBig=uaJIaoiHIgzgLgQV68Q+Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123758870682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Settlement change curve of surface monitoring points under different excavation temporary support measures, figureFileSmall=92EQ8pBX/VGpya9G6qeAaw==, figureFileBig=WfiyDF0cv3WlffhTHbXUlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123851145378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图18, caption=不同开挖临时支护措施地表监测点沉降变化曲线, figureFileSmall=92EQ8pBX/VGpya9G6qeAaw==, figureFileBig=WfiyDF0cv3WlffhTHbXUlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123964391592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Different excavation temporary support measures arch, waist, horizontal clearance, convergence curve, figureFileSmall=4/qdi5Ke0+LVtpU7iujXmQ==, figureFileBig=ywfmAf8JholTz8GSQcSy4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860125331734704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图19, caption=不同开挖临时支护措施拱腰水平净空收敛变化曲线, figureFileSmall=4/qdi5Ke0+LVtpU7iujXmQ==, figureFileBig=ywfmAf8JholTz8GSQcSy4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860125461758135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=The schematic diagram of the tunnel excavation step length, figureFileSmall=p1f0fGUf8L2kce+v0YdX+g==, figureFileBig=hIQpiN/SxL+4hNYRFI4gTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860125583392959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图20, caption=隧道开挖台阶长度示意图, figureFileSmall=p1f0fGUf8L2kce+v0YdX+g==, figureFileBig=hIQpiN/SxL+4hNYRFI4gTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860125742776517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=The settlement curve of each monitoring point on the surface of different excavation step lengths, figureFileSmall=l6jtjT6wDI5SR68YaH0HRw==, figureFileBig=JypI9EQTqZoYGecQisAzFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860125889577169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图21, caption=不同开挖台阶长度地表各监测点沉降变化曲线, figureFileSmall=l6jtjT6wDI5SR68YaH0HRw==, figureFileBig=JypI9EQTqZoYGecQisAzFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860126044766427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=Vertical displacement curve of a vault with different excavation step lengths, figureFileSmall=FEsTKrIvlupBNcevnwjPiw==, figureFileBig=xwEjwQ7koysjPhPTgNeEJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860126216732902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图22, caption=不同开挖台阶长度拱顶竖向位移变化曲线, figureFileSmall=FEsTKrIvlupBNcevnwjPiw==, figureFileBig=xwEjwQ7koysjPhPTgNeEJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860126325784815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Fig.23, caption=Vertical displacement curve of arch bottom with different excavation step lengths, figureFileSmall=+00Ug9xqN7BTjLizKBuIbQ==, figureFileBig=JS4RkxWQi0eFHY3CLw334A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860126485168372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=图23, caption=不同开挖台阶长度拱底竖向位移变化曲线, figureFileSmall=+00Ug9xqN7BTjLizKBuIbQ==, figureFileBig=JS4RkxWQi0eFHY3CLw334A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860126577443067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of the stratum and tunnel initial support

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
名称
弹性模
量/GPa
重度/
(kN·m-3)
泊松比 黏聚力/
kPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
填土 0.02 19.5 0.30 5 25
砂岩 4.20 24.8 0.17 1 500 36
砂质
泥岩
1.02 25.5 0.22 380 32
喷射
混凝土
0.028 24.0 0.28
锚杆 206.00 78.5 0.23
钢拱架 210.00 78.5 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1217860126724243715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地层与隧道初支力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
名称
弹性模
量/GPa
重度/
(kN·m-3)
泊松比 黏聚力/
kPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
填土 0.02 19.5 0.30 5 25
砂岩 4.20 24.8 0.17 1 500 36
砂质
泥岩
1.02 25.5 0.22 380 32
喷射
混凝土
0.028 24.0 0.28
锚杆 206.00 78.5 0.23
钢拱架 210.00 78.5 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1217860126858461450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The change in surface subsidence value in different excavation steps

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开挖步序工况 地表沉降值/mm
土体开挖完成 临时措施拆除
开挖步序1 -22.30 -28.50
开挖步序2 -21.58 -27.16
开挖步序3 -21.18 -26.50
开挖步序4 -21.00 -25.36
), ArticleFig(id=1217860127038816531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同开挖步序地表沉降值变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开挖步序工况 地表沉降值/mm
土体开挖完成 临时措施拆除
开挖步序1 -22.30 -28.50
开挖步序2 -21.58 -27.16
开挖步序3 -21.18 -26.50
开挖步序4 -21.00 -25.36
), ArticleFig(id=1217860127177228572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The surface settlement value of different excavation temporary supports

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临时横撑工况 地表沉降值/mm
土体开挖完成 临时措施拆除
临时横撑1 -20.60 -25.30
临时横撑2 -22.00 -26.30
临时横撑3 -20.00 -24.20
), ArticleFig(id=1217860127340806436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同开挖临时横撑地表沉降值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临时横撑工况 地表沉降值/mm
土体开挖完成 临时措施拆除
临时横撑1 -20.60 -25.30
临时横撑2 -22.00 -26.30
临时横撑3 -20.00 -24.20
), ArticleFig(id=1217860127454052650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The change in surface subsidence value with different step lengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台阶长度/m 地表沉降值/mm
土体开挖完成 临时措施拆除
5 -20.60 -25.30
10 -21.56 -26.90
15 -22.90 -28.00
20 -24.00 -29.00
), ArticleFig(id=1217860127563104560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789896496959721, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同台阶长度地表沉降值变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台阶长度/m 地表沉降值/mm
土体开挖完成 临时措施拆除
5 -20.60 -25.30
10 -21.56 -26.90
15 -22.90 -28.00
20 -24.00 -29.00
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超大断面软岩隧道开挖变形特征及工法优化
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程坤 1 , 徐强 2 , 陈海 2 , 刘新荣 2 , 王培可 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(21): 9118-9129
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(21): 9118-9129
超大断面软岩隧道开挖变形特征及工法优化
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程坤1 , 徐强2, 陈海2, 刘新荣2, 王培可1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国水利水电第七工程局有限公司, 成都 611730
  • 2 重庆大学土木工程学院, 重庆 400045
  • 程坤(1982—),男,汉族,四川渠县人,高级工程师。研究方向:隧道施工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王培可(1991—),男,汉族,河南平顶山人,工程师。研究方向:隧道施工。E-mail:
Excavation Deformation Characteristics and Construction Method Optimisation of Super-large Section Soft Rock Tunnel
Kun CHENG1 , Qiang XU2, Hai CHEN2, Xin-rong LIU2, Pei-ke WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 China Water Resources and Hydropower Seventh Engineering Bureau Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611730, China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406117
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超大断面隧道穿越软岩地层时易产生较大变形,开挖方法的合理选择对于施工安全具有重要的意义。为探究双侧壁九步开挖法对超大断面隧道施工的适用性,依托重庆市500 m2超大断面软岩隧道在建工程,通过开展室内试验揭示砂质泥岩的力学特性,采用数值模拟与现场监测相结合的方法对比分析了地表与超大断面隧道结构的变形特征,并对开挖步序、临时支护措施、开挖台阶长度进行了工法优化分析。结果表明: 不同围压、不同卸荷速率下砂质泥岩岩样应力应变曲线相似,岩样三轴抗压强度及变形特征均发生显著变化。随着上台阶核心岩体的开挖,超大断面隧道洞周位移发生突变,当临时支护措施拆除后,进一步加剧了超大断面隧道变形量。不同开挖步序造成围岩先后扰动,致使围岩卸荷速率不同,影响地表与隧道结构的变形。临时横撑有效限制了拱腰收敛,其全部布设工况减小拱腰收敛量约10.0 mm。此外,开挖台阶长度越短,地表及超大断面隧道变形越小。

隧道  /  软岩  /  超大断面  /  试验  /  变形  /  工法优化

The super-large cross-section tunnel is prone to large deformation when passing through soft rock stratum. The reasonable selection of excavation method is of great significance for construction safety. In order to explore the applicability of the double-side nine-step excavation method to the construction of super-large cross-section tunnels, based on a 500 m2 super-large cross-section soft rock tunnel under construction in Chongqing, the mechanical properties of sandy mudstone were revealed by laboratory experiments. The deformation characteristics of surface and super-large cross-section tunnel structures were compared and analyzed by numerical simulation and field monitoring. The excavation sequence, temporary support measures and excavation step length were optimized. The results show that the stress-strain curves of sandy mudstone samples under different confining pressures and different unloading rates are similar, and the triaxial compressive strength and deformation characteristics of rock samples change significantly. With the excavation of the core rock mass of the upper step, the displacement of the super-large section tunnel is abruptly changed. When the temporary support measures are removed, the deformation of the super-large section tunnel is further aggravated. Different excavation steps cause successive disturbance of surrounding rock, resulting in different unloading rates of surrounding rock and affecting the deformation of surface and tunnel structure. The temporary transverse bracing effectively limits the convergence of the arch waist, and the convergence of the arch waist is reduced by about 10.0 mm under all the layout conditions. In addition, the shorter the length of the excavation step, the smaller the deformation of the surface and the super large section tunnel.

tunnel  /  soft rock  /  super large cross section  /  experiment  /  deformation  /  optimization of construction method
程坤, 徐强, 陈海, 刘新荣, 王培可. 超大断面软岩隧道开挖变形特征及工法优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9118 -9129 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406117
Kun CHENG, Qiang XU, Hai CHEN, Xin-rong LIU, Pei-ke WANG. Excavation Deformation Characteristics and Construction Method Optimisation of Super-large Section Soft Rock Tunnel[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9118 -9129 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406117
随着城镇化进程的持续推进,以地铁为主的轨道交通成为城市规划的重要组成部分,超大断面地铁隧道数量日益增加,其相比小断面隧道施工风险更高、要求更严、影响更大[1]。超大断面隧道在穿越软岩地层中时,其开挖受多方面因素影响,结构应力变形特征复杂,现场施工难度大。
软岩由于其强度低、易变形等特点,在隧道开挖过程中易发生较大变形,影响施工安全。超大断面隧道穿越软岩地层时,且软岩为砂质泥岩时,其力学特性给围岩稳定性带来更大的挑战,直接影响隧道的开挖和支护方式。因此,通过开展软岩力学特性室内试验,探究软岩受荷与卸荷状态下位移变化规律,为超大断面隧道开挖和支护提供数据支撑。关于软岩力学特性研究,一些学者采用单轴压缩试验[2-3]、三轴压缩试验[4-5]、膨胀性试验[6-7]等方式揭示了砂质泥岩类软岩在不同受力环境中的应力应变关系,得出了基本力学特征。砂质泥岩在温度作用[8-9]、爆破扰动[10-11]、沉积年代[12]等外界因素影响下基本力学参数的变化规律具有明显差异性,峰值强度、残余强度与外界因素存在联系,岩样剪切破坏模式随着影响因素的改变而改变。
软岩的力学特性对超大断面隧道开挖安全具有显著的影响,应根据软岩的力学特性,选择合适的开挖方法。目前,相关学者围绕超大断面隧道开挖方法展开了深入的研究,包括理论分析[13-14]、数值模拟[15-16]、试验研究[17-19]等方法,取得了显著的成果。超大断面隧道开挖涉及围岩与结构相互耦合作用问题,邹翀等[20]研究了不同开挖步序下地表沉降、围岩变形和支护结构受力特征,并通过隧道现场监测数据对比验证。朱卫东[21]利用Abaqus有限元软件对王岗山隧道进行了施工过程模拟,得到控制超大断面隧道变形的最优进尺及初期临时支护形式。孙明彪[22]依托于秀宁隧道,采用三台阶七步开挖法对超大断面进行了数值模拟分析,验证了三台阶七步开挖法能有效控制围岩变形的结论。黄迪辉等[23]提出了双侧壁导坑开挖结合微台阶的方法,并针对该开挖方法对初支沉降、掌子面安全稳定展开了深入的研究。申灵君[24]以湘桂铁路扩改工程大坪隧道为工程背景,讨论了隧道交叉中隔墙法(cross diaphragm,CRD)和三台阶七步法的施工工序、工艺流程,并进行了比选和评价。周申等[25]结合数学统计方法分析了超大断面隧道围岩与支护结构之间的相互作用影响。
综上所述,软岩力学特性受荷载作用方式影响,在超大断面隧道开挖过程中洞周位移有显著差异,对开挖方法提出了更高要求。超大断面隧道开挖方法日趋丰富,但未有针对500 m2级别超大断面隧道开挖方法研究,且此类隧道岩体开挖量大,施工难度大,变形难以控制。鉴于此,现依托重庆市超大断面软岩隧道在建工程,通过开展室内试验揭示砂质泥岩力学特性,探究双侧壁九步开挖方法在软岩地层中的适用性,采用FLAC3D数值模拟与现场监测相结合的方法探究超大断面软岩隧道开挖变形特征,并进行工法优化分析,为类似工程提供借鉴和参考。
重庆江北区一个500 m2超大断面软岩隧道全长232 m,埋深为30.44 m,断面净空为26.82 m×22.23 m,采用机械开挖方式,围岩为砂质泥岩。拟建隧道线路穿行于主城区,沿线构筑物密集,隧道上方地表分布有大型商场、城市道路、高层居民住宅,作用荷载参考文献[26]中均布荷载等效计算为居民住宅荷载为380 kPa、道路荷载为20 kPa、商场荷载为220 kPa,超大断面隧道位置示意图如图1所示。
隧道开挖方法综合考虑软岩地层性质、隧道尺寸、施工影响等因素,结合台阶法与双侧壁导坑法,设双侧壁九步开挖法施工,开挖步序如图2所示,①~⑨为不同的开挖步序,分别间隔5 m纵向长度开挖①~⑥岩体,期间施作对应的初支、临时横撑和临时侧壁。将中间核心岩体分为⑦~⑨共3个部分,待⑥岩体开挖完成,按照台阶法上下间隔5 m开挖,无临时横撑。当掌子面岩体开挖完成后拆除临时横撑和临时侧壁。
为探究超大断面隧道开挖过程中软岩稳定性变化规律,同时也为数值模拟提供参数支撑,依托于实际隧道工程,现场由掌子面取样制备砂质泥岩岩样,开展相关室内试验,岩样制备过程如图3所示。
将软岩砂质泥岩加工成直径为50 mm、高度为100 mm的标准圆柱体,利用ROCK 600-50 HT PLUS多功能岩石三轴测试系统进行试验。试验系统具有多种加载方式,采用6 MPa/min加载速度方式,将岩样装入试验平台施加轴向荷载直至岩样发生破坏,并全程记录试验过程中轴向压力、轴向变形、径向变形随时间变化曲线,得到砂质泥岩应力应变曲线与破坏形态如图4所示。
图4可得,砂质泥岩岩样在相同轴向荷载作用下,轴向应变大于径向应变。单轴压缩应力应变曲线可划分为4个阶段。第Ⅰ阶段为初始压密阶段,砂质泥岩内部孔隙和裂隙被压密,变形模量逐渐增大。第Ⅱ阶段为线性变形阶段,砂质泥岩内部微裂隙稳定发展,在轴向荷载作用下发生弹性变形。第Ⅲ阶段为非线性变形阶段,岩样由线弹性转为非弹性变形,内部微裂隙不稳定发展,轴向应力峰值为24.27 MPa,对应轴向应变为1.28%,径向应变为0.45%。第Ⅳ阶段为破坏阶段,当轴向荷载超过岩样承载力极限时,应力应变曲线呈现急剧下降,岩样发生破坏,最终保持在稳定区间,原因在于岩样承载能力并未完全消失,存在残余强度,其约占岩样峰值强度的50%。
砂质泥岩岩样单轴压缩破坏方式为单斜面剪切破坏,通过图4应力应变曲线可计算得出砂质泥岩的弹性模量为1.02 GPa,泊松比为0.22,单轴抗压强度为24.27 MPa,可判断出砂质泥岩具备软岩特征。
围岩一般处于三向应力状态,隧道开挖时围岩处于一个方向卸荷状态,相比于三轴加载试验,采用卸荷试验研究更贴近于实际围岩受力状态,且不同的开挖方式使得岩体的卸荷应力路径不同。此外,隧道开挖台阶长度不同、开挖顺序不同,岩体卸荷速率差异明显。为测定砂质泥岩三向受力状态下强度特征,分别开展不同围压、不同卸荷速率下的三轴卸荷试验。
岩样三轴卸荷试验模拟超大断面隧道开挖围岩径向应力减小、切向应力增大的过程,因此选用同时加轴压与卸围压试验方案。首先按照静水压力条件以0.1MPa/s的加载速率同时施加轴压和围压,使得σ1=σ3,并加载至预定值。其次保持围压不变,继续施加轴压至抗压强度的70%,再以0.5 MPa/min的速率卸围压,同时以6 MPa/min的速率继续施加轴压,直至砂质泥岩岩样破坏。研究区域隧道最大埋深为30.44 m,砂质泥岩平均密度为2.46 g/cm3,对应最大自重应力约为1 MPa。取4个岩样,分别对应围压为1、3、5、10 MPa的三轴卸荷试验,围压卸荷速率均为0.5 MPa/min,直至岩样破坏,记录全过程轴向压力、轴向变形、径向变形情况,绘制砂质泥岩不同围压三轴卸荷应力应变曲线如图5所示。
图5可知,砂质泥岩三轴卸荷应力应变曲线与单轴压缩应力应变曲线相似,也呈现出4个阶段。随着围压的增加,岩样峰值应力从28.33 MPa增加至35.28 MPa,轴向应变和径向应变也逐渐增加,应力峰值对应的轴向应变从1.39%增加为1.71%,应力峰值对应的径向应变从0.66%增大为0.91%。可见围压越大,砂质泥岩岩样抗压强度越大,对应的应变和弹性模量均增大,原因在于围压使得岩样处于三向受力状态,限制了岩样的径向变形,从而破坏所需的轴向压力更大。此外,围压能够影响岩样的残余强度,随着围压的增加,岩样破坏后残余强度越大。
图5也可得,不同围压下岩样破坏形态均呈现单斜面剪切破坏,随着围压的增加,破坏裂缝由平面逐渐变为曲面,在一定程度上改变了岩样的剪切破坏过程。在超大断面隧道开挖过程中,不同位置围岩压力不相等,洞周位移差异明显,对隧道支护结构影响不同,因此,在隧道开挖过程中,确定较为合理的支护形式尤为重要。
超大断面隧道开挖过程中,不同的卸荷速率会影响隧道的开挖效果,较快的卸荷速率使开挖面更加不稳定,增加开挖难度和成本,而较慢的卸荷速率有助于保持开挖面的稳定,提高开挖效率和质量。
通过开展不同卸荷速率下的砂质泥岩三轴试验,卸荷方案仍为同时加轴压与卸围压试验。取5个岩样,分别对应0.05、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7 MPa/min的围压卸荷速率进行试验,限于篇幅原因,其余步骤与不同围压三轴卸荷试验步骤相同。记录全过程轴向变形、径向变形、轴向压力变化情况,绘制砂质泥岩不同卸荷速率三轴卸荷应力应变曲线如图6所示。
图6可知,砂质泥岩不同卸荷速率应力应变曲线变化规律与不同围压应力应变曲线相似,随着卸荷速率的增加,岩样峰值应力从39.99 MPa减小至20.30 MPa,轴向应变和径向应变也逐渐减小,应力峰值对应的轴向应变从1.83%减小为1.23%,应力峰值对应的径向应变从1.05%降为0.57%。围压卸荷速率越快,岩样径向受到的约束丧失越快,而三向受力下持续状态越短,造成岩样三轴压缩强度越小,对应的应变和弹性模量均减小。同时,围压卸荷速率的增加,岩样残余强逐渐变小。与不同围压下岩样破坏形态类似,不同卸荷速率工况岩样均呈现单斜面剪切破坏,随着卸荷速率的增加,破坏裂缝由曲面逐渐变为平面,改变了岩样内部裂隙扩展路径,可见不同围压卸荷速率对岩样压缩强度、变形均产生了显著影响。
为研究超大断面软岩隧道开挖变形特征,利用FLAC3D数值软件建立三维模型如图7所示,模型为消除边界效应影响,尺寸取为150 m×60 m×100 m,边界条件定为底部设置固定约束,四周设置为水平约束,顶部设置为自由边界。
围岩采用Mohr-Coulomb本构模型,锚杆直径为0.025 m,纵向间距0.5 m,除拱脚锚杆长度为5 m外,其余锚杆长度均为6 m。临时横撑和临时侧壁钢拱架按照文献[27]采用等效弹性模量法计算,计算公式为
$E=E_{0}+\frac{s_{\mathrm{g}} E_{\mathrm{g}}}{s_{\mathrm{c}}}$
式(1)中:E为等效弹性模量;E0为混凝土弹性模量;sg为钢拱架截面积;Eg为钢拱架弹性模量;sc为混凝土截面积。
为减小误差,超大断面隧道喷射混凝土和临时侧壁均采用实体单元模拟,临时横撑采用Shell结构单元模拟,锚杆采用Cable结构单元模拟。计算模型材料参数如表1所示。
参考文献[28]对隧道洞内以及地表监测点的布设研究,超大断面隧道总长60 m,数值模拟选取30 m处横断面作为监测断面,数值模拟监测点布设如图8所示,布设6个围岩变形监测点和6个地表沉降监测点。为真实模拟实际开挖,在数值模拟过程中,每一开挖步代表各掌子面同时开挖5 m,直到所有掌子面开挖完成,共计20开挖步。考虑到围岩应力释放,每一开挖步计算收敛后再进行相应的支护措施。
图9为数值模拟与现场监测地表沉降对比曲线,由于监测位置有限,只对比了部分结果,可以看出,两者结果相近,最大差值为6.5 mm,验证了数值模拟方案的正确性。由图9可知,地表沉降量与建筑荷载相联系,建筑荷载越大,地表沉降量就越大。地表无荷载作用时,沉降量约为13 mm,路面荷载引起的地表沉降约为25 mm,商场建筑荷载引起的地表沉降约为35 mm,居民住宅建筑引起的地表沉降约为63 mm。建筑荷载越大,地表填土孔隙被压缩,孔隙率降低,从而产生更大的沉降。
为分析每一开挖步下的地表及洞周变形特征,建立不同开挖步数地表沉降变化曲线,如图10所示。可以看出,地表各布设点开挖沉降变化趋势相似,均先出现线性增长变化,随着上台阶核心岩体的开挖,地表沉降剧烈增加,直到临时支护措施的拆除,沉降变化趋势才稳定。上台阶核心岩体开挖后,围岩应力释放增大,产生较大变形。从监测断面上台阶核心岩体开挖到临时支护措施的拆除,各监测点从左往右分别增加了57、37、17、25、30、10 mm。
图11为不同开挖步数下拱顶和仰拱竖向位移变化图,可知,拱顶和拱底竖向位移变化趋势不同。拱顶呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,监测断面开挖后至临时支护措施拆除前的位移增量为9 mm,而拱底则呈现出“增加➝减小➝增加”的起伏变化,监测断面开挖后至临时支护措施拆除之前的位移增量为5 mm。随着上台阶核心岩体的开挖,拱顶应力释放产生更大变形,拱底出现了竖向位移减小的变化趋势,其原因在于临时侧壁轴力增大,自身变形的同时,将一部分力传至拱底,进一步限制了拱底的隆起。当临时支护措施拆除后,拱顶和拱底少了临时侧壁的限制,从而产生更大变形。
图12为超大断面拱腰水平位移随开挖步数的变化曲线,可以看出,拱腰水平位移与拱腰收敛均逐渐增大,原因在于临时横撑刚度较小,不能完全限制拱腰变形,当上台阶核心土开挖后,拱顶承担了一部分变形,拱腰净空收敛变化速率增加,拆除临时支护后,拱顶发生更大的变形,拱腰没有受到临时横撑的支撑作用,净空收敛产生突变。
通过以上分析,开挖步数能显著影响超大断面的变形,上台阶核心土的开挖,围岩应力释放增加,使得拱顶、拱底、拱腰的位移发生急剧变化。随着临时支护措施的拆除,围岩减少了变形约束,进一步增加了变形量。
超大断面软岩隧道的开挖引起地表以及自身结构变形较大,易出现安全隐患,双侧壁九步开挖法受开挖步序、临时支护措施、开挖台阶长度等因素影响,选择合理的工法有助于施工安全控制。为便于分析地表与隧道的变形规律,选取地表布设点P3、拱顶布设点P7、拱腰布设点P8和P9、拱底关键布设点P11进行分析。
不同的开挖步序对围岩造成先后扰动,围岩卸荷速率不同,其变形程度也不同。超大断面隧道左右导坑被中间核心岩体分割成小净距隧道,最小净距为7.01 m,其开挖步序相互影响。开挖步序1(图2所示)为实际现场施工步序,图13为3种不同开挖步序示意图。
图14为不同步序地表各点沉降曲线,可知,不同开挖步序对地表沉降影响较小,各布设点变化趋势相似。开挖步序1相比于其他步序工况地表沉降更大,开挖步序4工况地表沉降最小,两者地表沉降最大差值为2.35 mm,出现在居民住宅荷载作用处。地表荷载越大,不同开挖步序地表沉降差值越大,原因在于地表建筑荷载越大,其影响的岩土体深度就越深,造成了岩土体的内部孔隙压缩,围岩在不同开挖步序工况下发生不同的变形。开挖步序4由于在开挖过程中形成上下两台阶,将超大断面划分为4个小断面开挖,每个小断面面积相比于其他开挖步序形成的小断面面积更小,更加稳定,且小断面及时支护,对地表影响更小。
不同开挖步序地表沉降值变化如表2所示,岩土体开挖完成,地表已完成大部分沉降,此时临时横撑及临时侧壁还在限制地表沉降,而当临时措施拆除后,地表沉降进一步增大,各开挖步序沉降量分别增加了6.20、5.58、5.32、4.36 mm,可见临时措施能够限制一部分地表沉降。开挖步序4相比于其他步序,在临时措施拆除后,能有效限制地表沉降。
图15为不同开挖步序拱顶竖向位移变化曲线,在开挖完前三步岩土体时,不同开挖步序拱顶竖向位移差异较小,开挖步序1与开挖步序2在第12步上台阶核心土开挖时拱顶竖向变形发生突变,开挖步序3与开挖步序4在第10步开挖时拱顶竖向位移发生突变。临时措施拆除后,拱顶竖向位移急剧增加,且位移变化量相比于地表沉降量变化更大。
拱底发生了隆起现象,且隆起变形量与拱顶变形量相近,图16为不同开挖步序拱底竖向位移变化曲线,可知,不同开挖步序对拱底竖向位移影响变化趋势相似,开挖步序1工况拱底开挖完成竖向位移最大,而当临时支护措施拆除后,围岩应力重分布,拱底受到下部岩土体推力作用,进一步使得拱底隆起变大。
通过以上分析,不同开挖步序地表、拱顶、拱底的变形结果总体变化趋势相似,开挖步序4因其将超大断面隧道划分为4个更小断面隧道开挖,上下断面封闭成环时间更短,对围岩扰动较小,在一定程度上能够限制围岩的变形。
超大断面隧道在开挖过程中存在左右小导洞隧道,其高跨比大,在侧向围岩压力的作用下,围岩处于持续变形状态,而临时侧壁和临时横撑将左右小截面隧道划分为更小截面隧道,优化了支护结构受力形式。临时侧壁作为受力支撑,必须及时施作,为探究临时横撑的水平支撑作用效果,模拟图17所示3种临时横撑布置方案,其中临时横撑1为实际现场所采用方案。
不同临时横撑布置方案对地表沉降的变化影响曲线如图18所示,没有布置临时横撑工况地表沉降更大,与布置部分横撑工况相比最大沉降差异值约为2 mm。横撑全部布设时,临时侧壁超静定次数增多,进一步限制了围岩变形,地表沉降减小,与部分横撑相比减小的地表最大沉降值约为2.5 mm。
表3为不同临时横撑地表沉降值,岩体开挖完成,地表沉降较大,全部横撑设置工况效果更优,而当临时措施拆除后,地表沉降进一步增大,各临时横撑方案沉降量分别增加了4.70、4.30、4.20 mm,临时支护措施延缓了地表沉降,起到了一定的控制变形作用。
图19为临时横撑对拱腰净空收敛的影响,可以看出,临时横撑能有效限制拱腰的净空收敛,临时横撑全部布设工况相比于无横撑作用工况,拱腰净空收敛能够减小约10.0 mm。临时横撑将超大断面划分为更小的断面,降低了断面高度,围岩受力形式更加均匀。临时横撑作为一种辅助措施,在开挖过程中起到临时支护的作用,横撑布设的越多,围岩变形更小,但开挖成本相对也更高,不利于施工机械作业。
通过以上分析,临时横撑在限制隧道拱腰变形方面发挥着较大的作用,在开挖过程中对围岩扰动程度小,使得每个开挖面及时封闭成环,形成环向受力,围岩受力变形更加均匀,开挖断面更小,增强了初支结构的稳定性。
当超大断面隧道开挖时,开挖面围岩相互影响,导致地表沉降和隧道洞周位移增大。因此,在不同的开挖面之间必须保持一个合理的开挖台阶长度,使得对彼此的影响最小。参考文献[29],采用超短台阶长度开挖可以减小地表及隧道变形程度,为探究不同超短台阶长度对隧道的变形特征影响,本研究设计了开挖台阶长度分别为5、10、15、20 m共4种工况,开挖台阶长度示意图如图20所示。
图21为不同开挖台阶长度对地表沉降量的影响,观察可得,开挖台阶越短,地表沉降越小,原因在于短台阶开挖施工时,及时支护并施作临时措施,封闭成环时间较短,对围岩扰动相对较小,因此围岩变形小,地表沉降较小。同理,不同开挖台阶长度工况地表沉降差异值也与地表建筑荷载大小有关,地表建筑荷载越大,地表沉降差异值就越大。
表4为不同开挖台阶长度的地表沉降值,土体开挖完成,地表沉降量较大,当临时措施拆除后,地表沉降进一步增大,各开挖台阶长度方案沉降量分别增加了4.70、5.34、5.10、5.00 mm,开挖台阶长度5 m工况起到了控制变形作用。开挖台阶长度越短,现场施工周期越长,应根据现场实际情况综合考虑最合理的开挖台阶长度方案。
开挖步数取决于开挖台阶长度,开挖台阶长度为5 m,开挖步数总共为22步;开挖台阶长度为10 m,开挖步数总共为16步;开挖台阶长度为15 m,开挖步数总共为14步;开挖台阶长度为20 m,开挖步数总共为13步。图22为不同开挖台阶长度拱顶竖向位移变化曲线,可以看出,开挖台阶长度越长,隧道施工步数越少,施工周期更短,但拱顶竖向位移量增大,相比于开挖台阶长度5 m,开挖台阶长度20 m方案最终位移增加了5.4 mm。
超大断面隧道开挖时,若开挖台阶长度太长,围岩应力重分布,开挖岩体量相比于短台阶开挖工况在同一时间内更多,围岩扰动区域更大,围岩卸荷速率更快,变形更大,开挖台阶长度太小,虽然能控制一部分围岩变形,但施工周期更长。
图23为不同开挖台阶长度对拱底竖向位移沉降的影响,台阶长度越小,拱底变形速率就更快,总体呈现出拱底竖向位移随着开挖增加,出现隆起现象,当上台阶核心岩体开挖后,竖向位移量在临时侧壁的作用下减小,临时支护措施拆除后,拱底受到下部岩体推力作用,进一步使得拱底隆起变大,最终趋于稳定。
综上所述,不同开挖台阶长度能够影响地表沉降量、拱顶竖向位移量、拱底隆起变形量,开挖台阶长度决定了各开挖面相互影响程度大小,在设计开挖台阶长度时应使作业掌子面影响最小。较大的开挖台阶长度引起的围岩变形更大,施工风险更高,较小的开挖台阶长度施工周期较长,施工经济性较差。
以超大断面软岩隧道为研究对象,通过室内试验探究了软岩力学特性,并采用数值模拟与现场监测相结合的方法探究了双侧壁九步开挖方法下地表与隧道的变形特征,得出以下结论。
(1)砂质泥岩在单轴压缩试验、三轴卸荷试验中应力应变曲线相似,可分为4个阶段,破坏形态均为单斜面剪切破坏。不同围压、不同卸荷速率加载显著影响岩样的强度参数和破坏过程。
(2)双侧壁九步开挖法适用于超大断面软岩隧道施工工程,地表及超大断面隧道变形量与地表建筑荷载相关,建筑荷载越大,地表及隧道变形量就越大。上台阶核心岩体的开挖,使得拱顶、拱底、拱腰的位移发生突变,临时支护措施拆除后,进一步加剧了变形量。
(3)不同开挖步序对地表、拱顶、拱底的变形结果影响变化趋势相似,开挖步序4将超大断面隧道划分为四个小断面隧道开挖,对比开挖步序1,地表沉降最大差异值为2.35 mm,开挖步序4能控制隧道变形。
(4)临时横撑能限制隧道拱腰变形,全部布设工况相比于无横撑工况,拱腰净空收敛减小约10.0 mm,围岩受力变形更加均匀,开挖面更加稳定。
(5)开挖台阶长度决定了各开挖面相互影响程度大小,开挖台阶长度越短,隧道变形越小,开挖台阶长度5 m工况拱顶竖向位移相比开挖台阶长度20 m工况减小了5.4 mm。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41972266)
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2025年第25卷第21期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406117
  • 接收时间:2024-08-15
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-15
  • 修回日期:2025-04-11
基金
国家自然科学基金(41972266)
作者信息
    1 中国水利水电第七工程局有限公司, 成都 611730
    2 重庆大学土木工程学院, 重庆 400045

通讯作者:

* 王培可(1991—),男,汉族,河南平顶山人,工程师。研究方向:隧道施工。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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