Article(id=1217789893028271063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407283, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727539200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-29, revisedDate=1744646400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273335939, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273335939, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273335939, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273335939, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8761, endPage=8772, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789893569336318, articleId=1217789893028271063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Review of Robot Localization and Navigation Research Based on BIM, columnId=1156262731956212064, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional robot localization and navigation methods in complex building environments are characterized by low accuracy, heavy reliance on sensors, and an inability to effectively address dynamic obstacles, making it challenging to achieve satisfactory results in practical applications. To address these issues, building information modeling (BIM) technology was introduced. BIM, with its geometric and semantic information, was utilized to assist robot localization and navigation in complex environments. More accurate environmental perception and optimal path planning were provided to robots, reducing the risk of collisions with environmental components and improving the accuracy and efficiency of task execution. The current status of BIM technology in robot localization, mapping, and path planning was compared, the advantages and challenges of its application in architectural environments were analyzed, and future prospects for its application in intelligent buildings and robotic intelligence were explored.

, correspAuthors=Si-tong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-hui WANG, Si-tong CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217789894554996838, articleId=1217789893028271063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于BIM的机器人定位导航研究综述, columnId=1156262732098818403, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统的机器人定位导航方法在复杂建筑环境中存在精度不高、依赖传感器严重、无法有效处理动态障碍物等问题,导致其在实际应用中难以达到预期效果。为解决这些问题,引入了建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)技术,借助BIM的几何和语义信息支持,在复杂环境中辅助机器人定位导航,为机器人提供更精确的环境感知和最优路径规划,减少与环境构件的碰撞风险,并提升任务执行的精准度和效率。比较论述了BIM技术在机器人定位、建图、路径规划等方面的应用现状,分析了其在建筑环境中的应用优势和挑战,并展望了未来在智能建筑和机器人智能化领域的应用前景。

, correspAuthors=陈思彤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈思彤(2001—),女,汉族,四川乐山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人控制技术。E-mail:
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王晓辉(1982—),女,汉族,山东海阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机器人控制技术。E-mail:

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王晓辉(1982—),女,汉族,山东海阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机器人控制技术。E-mail:

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基于BIM的机器人定位导航研究综述
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王晓辉 , 陈思彤 *
科学技术与工程 | 综述·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(21): 8761-8772
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(21): 8761-8772
基于BIM的机器人定位导航研究综述
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王晓辉 , 陈思彤*
作者信息
  • 北京建筑大学智能科学与技术学院, 北京 100044
  • 王晓辉(1982—),女,汉族,山东海阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机器人控制技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈思彤(2001—),女,汉族,四川乐山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人控制技术。E-mail:
Review of Robot Localization and Navigation Research Based on BIM
Xiao-hui WANG , Si-tong CHEN*
Affiliations
  • School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407283
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传统的机器人定位导航方法在复杂建筑环境中存在精度不高、依赖传感器严重、无法有效处理动态障碍物等问题,导致其在实际应用中难以达到预期效果。为解决这些问题,引入了建筑信息模型(building information modeling,BIM)技术,借助BIM的几何和语义信息支持,在复杂环境中辅助机器人定位导航,为机器人提供更精确的环境感知和最优路径规划,减少与环境构件的碰撞风险,并提升任务执行的精准度和效率。比较论述了BIM技术在机器人定位、建图、路径规划等方面的应用现状,分析了其在建筑环境中的应用优势和挑战,并展望了未来在智能建筑和机器人智能化领域的应用前景。

机器人  /  自主定位导航  /  建筑信息模型(BIM)  /  地图构建  /  路径规划

Traditional robot localization and navigation methods in complex building environments are characterized by low accuracy, heavy reliance on sensors, and an inability to effectively address dynamic obstacles, making it challenging to achieve satisfactory results in practical applications. To address these issues, building information modeling (BIM) technology was introduced. BIM, with its geometric and semantic information, was utilized to assist robot localization and navigation in complex environments. More accurate environmental perception and optimal path planning were provided to robots, reducing the risk of collisions with environmental components and improving the accuracy and efficiency of task execution. The current status of BIM technology in robot localization, mapping, and path planning was compared, the advantages and challenges of its application in architectural environments were analyzed, and future prospects for its application in intelligent buildings and robotic intelligence were explored.

robot  /  autonomous localization and navigation  /  building information modeling (BIM)  /  mapping  /  path planning
王晓辉, 陈思彤. 基于BIM的机器人定位导航研究综述. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8761 -8772 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407283
Xiao-hui WANG, Si-tong CHEN. Review of Robot Localization and Navigation Research Based on BIM[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8761 -8772 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407283
随着工业化进程的推进和信息时代的到来,各类机器人问世,不仅彻底改变了人类的生产方式,也解放了大量的人力劳动。而且,智能机器人的发展呈快速增长的趋势,其在智能制造、智能交通系统、物联网、医疗健康和智能服务等领域扮演着越来越重要的角色[1]
机器人的定位导航能力是部署机器人的关键因素之一[2],它们为机器人在复杂的建筑环境中高效精准地工作提供了基础。定位技术利用传感器获取机器人的相对位置坐标,为导航提供已知位置,用于目标路径规划[3]。导航技术基于机器人在环境中的位置规划移动路径,并避开障碍物,实现安全的自主导航和任务执行,使得机器人活跃在运输、清洁、迎宾等各类生产生活场景之中[4]。这两项技术相辅相成,确保机器人能够准确高效地完成任务。
建筑室内环境的复杂多变对移动机器人的技术性能提出了更高的要求。同时定位与地图构建(simultaneous localization and map building,SLAM)[5]技术是当前机器人常用的定位建图方法,其发展为以激光雷达为主的激光SLAM及以相机为主的视觉SLAM技术。激光SLAM主要应用于室内,其构建的地图精度高、累积误差小、能直接用于定位导航,但是激光SLAM构建的地图缺乏语义信息,会限制机器人对环境的深入理解,可能无法识别和分类环境中的物体和场景,导致对环境结构和布局的认知不完整,使得机器人定位和路径规划出现偏差。视觉SLAM的应用场景要丰富很多,在室内外环境下均能开展工作,但是对光的依赖程度高,在暗处或者一些无纹理区域是无法工作的。因环境纹理、光照条件等因素造成的距离近、误差大等问题仍然存在,使其定位导航的精度较低。
随着建筑信息模型(building information modeling, BIM)技术的快速发展,BIM能够全面描述建筑物内构件的几何形状、材料属性和位置信息[6],并提供精准的建筑语义数据,不受光线和环境条件的影响,成为建筑领域标准化的数字模型。这些丰富的信息特征能够为机器人施工提供有力支撑,使其在室内环境中能够有效规划最优的全局路径,并通过深入理解建筑内部结构,避免与建筑物构件发生碰撞,从而确保安全到达指定位置。BIM的几何和语义信息还能帮助机器人更好地理解其工作环境,提高定位和导航的精度与效率。此外,BIM模型的广泛应用使机器人能够在建筑物生命周期的各个阶段高效地执行任务,从而提升整体施工和维护的智能化水平。
为了深入分析基于BIM进行机器人定位导航的相关技术和方法,以解决当前在建筑领域中存在的定位导航难题。现首先探讨机器人定位导航的重要性和应用领域,进而分析传统自主定位导航方法存在的问题,比较不同定位导航技术的优缺点,为机器人的定位导航提供更准确、可靠的解决方案。其次,重点研究基于BIM建筑信息模型的技术在机器人定位导航中的应用,结合BIM信息的路径规划算法为机器人提供全局最优的工作路径,使其能够安全、高效地完成任务。最后,探讨BIM在机器人定位、建图、路径规划方面应用的优势和挑战,并对其未来发展进行展望。
机器人的自主定位导航要解决3个核心问题:①在哪里?②往哪里去?③如何去?[7]这其中所涉及的关键技术包括自主定位、地图构建以及运动控制与路径规划。
机器人自主定位导航首先要解决“在哪里?”的问题。机器人的定位方法在总体上可以分为相对和绝对两种定位方法。
相对定位方法主要是通过从邻近时刻传感器所接收到的信息来估计机器人的位姿变化轨迹。如惯性导航技术[8]就是一种常用的对机器人的位姿进行推测的导航技术。由于机器人传感器的误差会随着时间推移而发生累积效应,需要不断地进行位姿修正,无法单独长时间使用,因此它更多的时候被用作辅助导航系统。
绝对定位方法主要是在已知的场景地图模型基础上,通过对传感器所接收到的信息进行分析计算,获得机器人在全局地图中所处的绝对位置坐标。如激光雷达导航[9]通过360°的旋转激光雷达,对周围空间进行扫描,生成地图,然后通过激光雷达扫描后得到的地图去进行定位导航;视觉导航技术[10]通过摄像头收集环境图像信息,然后根据这些信息计算更新当前机器人的位姿信息。由于该技术对光照条件比较敏感,光线强度和光照方向的变化都可能对图像质量和特征提取产生影响,导致定位不准确或失败。
地图构建是机器人自主定位导航必需的元素,它可以指导机器人解决“往哪里去?”的问题。通过地图的参考,可以了解到机器人当前位置以及之后要去的位置。
目前用于机器人导航地图主要有栅格地图[11]和点云地图[12]。激光雷达虽然能够构建高精度的室内栅格地图,但其缺乏语义信息,使得机器人难以识别环境中物体的属性和功能,从而无法对场景进行更深入的理解,这限制了机器人在复杂环境下进行准确决策和任务执行的能力。此外,激光雷达在构图时高度依赖惯性测量单元(inertial measurement unit, IMU)、里程计等辅助传感器,若缺乏这些传感器支持,地图容易出现重叠或无法实现回环检测的问题。这种情况下,定位误差会逐步累积,进而影响路径规划的准确性和效率,增加系统的复杂性和成本。点云地图一般用于三维地图的构建,然而视觉SLAM在采集点云信息时,容易受环境影响,同时视觉SLAM回环检测方法主要依赖于机器人的姿态估计,当需要准确的回环检测时,这种方法的可靠性较低。因此,栅格地图适合室内环境中高精度、结构化的导航任务,而点云地图则更适用于需要三维重建的复杂环境中,但仍需结合其他传感器与算法来提高整体导航效果。
路径规划的研究是为了解决机器人定位导航面对的三大问题中的“如何去?”的问题,即根据地图信息和传感器信息为机器人规划一条安全、可靠的移动路径,可将其分为全局路径规划及局部路径规划。
全局路径规划属于静态规划,应用于机器人运行环境中已经对障碍信息完全掌握的情况下,全局路径规划常用的方法主要有Dijkstra算法[13]和A*算法[14]。Dijkstra算法需要一次性地计算所有节点之间的最短路径信息,对于地图较大或分辨率较高的场景会需要更多的计算资源。A*算法是将贪婪算法与Dijkstra算法进行结合。由于A*算法通常在静态环境下进行路径规划,对于动态环境的实时适应性有限。如果环境变化频繁,A*算法可能需要重新规划路径,导致效率下降。
局部路径规划属于动态规划,需由传感器实时采集当前环境信息,确定局部障碍物的分布位置,从而可以规划出当前节点到某一子节点的最优路径。局部路径规划常用的方法主要有人工势场法[15]和动态窗口法[16]。人工势场法中的参数需要手动调整,以便在不同场景下获得良好的路径规划结果,增加了算法的复杂性和使用的难度。动态窗口法在复杂环境中的性能较差,当存在大量障碍物、狭窄通道或复杂地形时,窗口的搜索和评估过程可能变得困难,导致路径规划的效果不佳。
现有技术中,相对定位和绝对定位方法各有优劣,栅格地图和点云地图分别在二维和三维环境中提供不同级别的环境感知能力,而全局和局部路径规划算法则分别适用于静态和动态环境中的导航需求。
尽管现有的自主定位导航技术在定位、地图构建和路径规划方面取得了显著进展,但在面对复杂和动态环境时,仍存在诸多挑战,尤其是在定位精度、环境变化导致的地图更新以及路径规划的有效性等方面。BIM技术提供了一种创新的解决方案,通过详细的三维环境数据和动态更新的信息,使机器人在复杂施工环境中的定位和导航更加精确和高效。将BIM与自主导航技术相结合,不仅可以应对这些技术在精度、实时性和计算负荷方面的挑战,还能够显著提升机器人在复杂环境中的操作能力和智能化水平,从而实现更高效的导航和定位。
BIM是一项通过三维建模整合建筑信息的技术,覆盖了整个建筑生命周期。它不仅包括建筑物的三维形状,还涉及材料、性能、成本、重量、位置和施工进度等数据[17]。通过这种数字化手段,BIM能显著提高建筑项目的效率,降低风险,并优化建设和运营管理。BIM还支持协同工作,并基于开放的数据标准工业基础类(industry foundation class,IFC)[18],实现不同系统间的数据交换[19]
IFC是建筑行业中广泛应用的开放式标准数据格式,用于在建筑信息建模过程中描述建筑和构造的信息。IFC标准的主要目的是促进建筑行业中不同软件之间的信息交流与集成,从而实现建筑设计、施工和运营全过程的数字化管理。通过IFC文件,可以准确地定义建筑物的结构、组成和属性,实现建筑信息的准确表达和交流。
IFC标准作为BIM领域内广泛使用的模型数据交换标准,其对建筑构件的几何信息、语义信息、及属性信息进行了详细的描述[20]。IFC对于整体的工程信息描述主要包括了四大层面,如图1所示,从上到下依次为领域层、共享层、核心层、资源层。其中每个层面里又包含了若干个模块,将相应的工程信息集中到同一个模型中进行表述。
BIM在建筑行业内的广泛应用,不仅推动了建筑设计和施工的数字化转型,也为机器人技术,特别是其高效准确的自主定位导航提供了可能性。
在大型建筑项目中,不同专业之间的协调至关重要。BIM通过将各专业的数据整合到一个统一的平台中,提供了强大的协调能力。同样,机器人在执行任务时,需要与周围环境进行交互,利用传感器收集环境信息。这个过程与机器人对环境数据的感知和收集具有高度的相似性。
BIM技术能够将传统的二维线条式构件和设计方案转换为直观的三维立体模型。在获取环境数据后,机器人必须对这些信息进行复杂的分析与处理,包括计算其在环境中的精确位置,并建立环境的地图模型,以期为后续导航和任务执行做好准备。三维可视化模型提供了精确的环境数据,使机器人能够更好地理解和感知其操作空间。
BIM不仅能够创建精确的建筑模型,还可以模拟各种场景。在整个建筑项目生命周期中,BIM通过集成几何、物理和规则信息,提供持续的优化支持,帮助各方在设计、施工和运营的各个环节进行优化。在完成环境数据分析和模型构建后,机器人可以基于BIM数据进行路径规划,从当前位置移动到目标位置。通过在虚拟环境中进行导航和任务执行的预演,BIM的数据应用与优化能够帮助机器人优化其行为策略,从而减少其在现实世界中的风险。
机器人在复杂环境下的感知能力和决策能力存在限制,例如在处理语义信息和优化路径规划时可能依赖于传感器的准确性和人工标定的支持。相比之下,BIM作为建筑信息模型,通过存储和管理丰富的建筑数据,为机器人提供了详尽的环境信息和实时数据支持。这种数据包括建筑结构、设备布局、空间约束等,可以显著提升机器人在复杂场景下的感知能力和决策精度。由于国家对新建建筑项目使用BIM的法规要求,BIM已经成为新建建筑的标准。这使得BIM已经在实践中得到广泛应用,并成为机器人定位和导航重要的先天基础。机器人可以通过访问BIM模型来快速准确地理解建筑环境,从而更有效地规划路径、避开障碍物和执行任务。特别是在室内路径规划方面,BIM已经积累了丰富的解决方案和经验。BIM模型不仅包含建筑的几何和结构信息,还能够模拟和优化室内空间的使用情况,为机器人提供高效的路径规划和任务执行方案。这些技术和工具的结合,为机器人在复杂建筑环境中的定位、导航和执行任务提供了新的可能性和改进空间。
BIM在机器人定位导航的实现过程中,如图2所示,首先通过获取建筑的点云数据,包括BIM平台提供的和机器人激光雷达扫描得到的数据。接着,利用点云数据配准技术,确保机器人能准确定位并实施回环检测以提升定位精度。基于配准后的数据建立环境地图,包括建筑物的几何结构和可能的语义信息,如房间标识和障碍物位置。最后,机器人利用这些地图进行路径规划,并实时根据环境变化进行避障和路径调整,从而实现安全高效的导航和操作。BIM在机器人建模、路径规划、室内导航以及应急响应中都发挥了重要作用。
在建筑机器人建模领域,如何有效整合和协调不同任务信息始终是一道难以逾越的关卡,而BIM技术凭借其精确的建筑任务模型为机器人提供了强有力的支持,显著提升了施工路径规划和操作序列的效率。基于这一优势,通过图像建模技术构建精确的建筑任务模型,帮助机器人理解建筑环境并有效规划施工路径,从而优化施工流程。实验表明,该方法在机器人执行建筑任务时展现了良好的可行性和有效性[22]。同时,自动化安全规则检查算法的开发利用了BIM的空间信息特点,能够检测建筑模型中的潜在安全隐患,并提出相应的预防措施。将该算法应用于建筑模型和施工进度表后,可以在设计和施工规划阶段自动识别并纠正安全问题,从而提升安全管理的自动化水平。此外,BIM技术中包含的精确空间信息有助于机器人在复杂环境中进行定位和导航,显著提升了定位精度和导航效率[23]。在BIM与其他技术的结合方面,BIM与游戏技术的结合被用于开发名为BIM-Game的原型系统,通过实现实时交互式建筑可视化,为机器人室内导航和地图构建提供了新的思路[24]。最后,通过从BIM中提取拓扑边界生成导航模型,并结合语义信息进一步优化现有算法,有效确保了室内地图匹配的精确性,并提升了该算法在实际应用中的适用性[25]
在建筑、工程与施工领域,传统的乘员寻路模拟多采用直接路由算法,通过假设全局导航环境知识来计算两点间的最短路径。然而,这种方法忽略了感知与认知在复杂建筑环境中寻路过程中的关键作用,容易导致错误预测,进而限制了建筑设计优化寻路性能的能力。为解决这一问题,提出了一种基于BIM的认知占用建模新范式,通过结合基于视觉的认知代理和BIM提供的语义丰富导航空间,模拟更贴近人类行为的寻路过程。实验结果表明,该方法显著提升了建筑性能模拟的准确性,为BIM在复杂环境下的应用探索了新的方向[26]
尽管BIM被广泛认为能够带来显著的商业价值,但传统的评估方法常常无法全面捕捉其多层次、多维度的真正价值,这导致企业在实施BIM时面临困难,并限制了BIM的广泛应用。为了解决这一问题,提出了一个集成的量化模型,旨在识别和量化影响BIM投资回报率的关键因素,特别是无形回报对BIM实施率的潜在影响。这一模型的提出不仅填补了BIM投资回报率领域的研究空白,还通过澳大利亚中小型企业的问卷调查,验证了无形回报在BIM实施中的重要性[27]
随着生成式人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)技术的快速发展,特别是在ChatGPT和Veras等工具的应用下,其在建筑设计领域的应用前景逐渐显现。针对传统设计过程中的效率和创新性不足问题,提出了一种结合生成式AI与BIM技术的全新架构设计框架。该框架通过集成生成式AI工具和BIM参数化建模技术,为建筑师提供了一种更直观和高效的设计方法,使得设计师能够在更短的时间内完成更多创意设计,优化设计表达。并为未来建筑设计的自动化与智能化提供了理论支持[28]
随着隔震技术在建筑领域的广泛应用及信息化水平的提升,对隔震层BIM建模的需求日益增加。然而,针对隔震支座的BIM建模方法的研究仍然相对较少,这限制了其在实际工程中的应用和推广。因此,提出了一种基于隔震支座力学特性和应用需求的BIM快速建模模块架构,针对不同类型的隔震支座(如橡胶隔震支座、滑移摩擦隔震支座等)进行了系统化的建模方法设计。通过基于Revit和Visual Studio平台的开发,实现了隔震支座模型的快速构建,特别是连接节点参数化建模与支座布置的批量操作功能,极大提升了建模效率。实验验证表明,使用该模块能够将隔震层BIM建模的步骤从7个大幅减少至2个,同时操作过程对隔震支座构造细节的认知要求大幅降低,提高了用户的操作便捷性和模型准确性。该研究聚焦于隔震支座BIM模型的高效建模方法与应用模块的开发,填补了这一领域的研究空白,具有重要的学术和应用价值[29]
在利用BIM进行机器人建模时,如何从复杂的IFC模型中提取准确的室内空间信息,是一场探索未知领域的冒险,关键在于能否为机器人室内导航提供可靠的支持。BIM凭借其丰富的几何和语义信息,能够有效解决建筑模型中的几何与拓扑描述错误,提升模型的准确性与可靠性。针对这一问题,已有研究通过识别建筑结构组件的几何信息来自动生成室内空间布局,并采用组合地图数据结构和拓扑操作,以确保生成的几何和拓扑实体的有效性,同时自动生成IfcSpace对象,修正了模型中的几何和拓扑错误[30]。此外,IFC模型中的建筑布局信息被进一步转化为支持室内导航的几何拓扑网络,结合BIM的语义信息,有效实现了机器人在复杂环境中的高精度定位与导航[31]。在提升室内空间连通性推导的精度方面,相关研究通过直线介质轴变换算法从IFC模型中提取准确的空间连通性与位置信息,显著增强了机器人的定位与导航精度[32]。与此同时,组合地图数据结构的应用能够从IFC模型中成功提取自由空间,同时保留拓扑语义信息,为机器人提供了更加丰富的几何与语义信息,进一步提升了其室内导航表现[33]
在传统的路径规划系统中,物理引擎的室内无人地面车辆(unmanned ground vehicles,UGV)的全局路径规划(global path planning,GPP)面临许多挑战,如资源互操作性差、路径规划效率低以及碰撞避免困难等。为了克服这些问题,提出了一种将UGV配置集成到BIM系统中的全新方法,通过定制的IFC结构将UGV作为GPP系统的知识库,从而增强了BIM的应用价值,同时也为室内路径规划提供了新的技术框架[34]
传统的手动建模方法由于火车站多组件路基(multi-component subgrade in a railway station,MCSRS)的特定功能和数据标准的缺乏,效率低下,无法满足行业的高效需求。尽管IFC已广泛应用于建筑行业的组件描述,但现有IFC版本无法有效处理MCSRS的复杂几何结构。因此,提出了将IFC扩展以描述MCSRS几何信息和层次结构的创新方法,并基于此开发了一种自动化工作流程,能够将原始设计数据转换为符合IFC标准的3D BIM模型。通过真实案例的验证,研究表明,基于IFC扩展的自动化建模流程显著提高了建模效率,并具有良好的跨平台应用潜力[35]
传统的受损钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)结构评估方法通常依赖经验,且耗时较长,无法高效地满足现代工程需求。为了解决这一问题,开发了基于切片的变形梁自动建模方法和基于颜色的裂纹检测技术,用于生成BIM和有限元(finite element,FE)模型。这些创新方法不仅提高了受损RC梁评估的准确性,还加快了建模过程[36]
BIM与地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)数据源往往来自不同的背景,采用各异的数据格式、质量标准和精度水平,因此,这种差异常常导致数据一致性和完整性的问题。BIM的一个关键优势在于其丰富的几何和语义信息,这为解决建筑整合过程中复杂数据处理的问题提供了有力支持。然而,由于建筑元素命名方式、属性信息和空间关系的差异,数据的一致性和完整性仍然面临挑战。为应对这一问题,已有研究将BIM与GIS相结合,并通过统计分析、机器学习和信息融合算法处理多源数据,以支持智能多栋建筑物的应急管理、疏散路径规划及建筑机器人施工等复杂场景的需求[37]。此类方法能够充分利用BIM丰富的几何和语义资源,整合并分析不同类型和格式的数据,从而帮助用户在复杂环境中做出更明智的决策。此外,BIM与GIS的整合在应急响应场景中的应用也取得了重要进展[38]。通过将BIM的详细三维几何模型与GIS的空间分析工具相结合,可以为机器人定位导航提供更加精准的支持。这种整合通过数据转换和映射实现了BIM与GIS信息的无缝连接,确保了应急响应过程中信息的实时性与一致性,从而帮助机器人在紧急情况下快速、准确地做出反应,并为未来的智能建筑应急响应提供了新的发展方向。
由于BIM和GIS在数据语义表达和交换方面存在显著的挑战,尤其是在如何高效共享和集成数据上,基于图的技术,如资源描述框架(resource description framework,RDF)和标记属性图(labelled property graph,LPG),被认为具有解决这一问题的潜力。通过系统研究RDF和LPG两种图形技术,提出了基于LPG的图形数据库用于BIM/GIS数据集成的方案。为BIM与GIS的深度集成提供了一种全新的技术框架,并推动了图形技术在这一领域的应用,从而为解决当前BIM/GIS集成中的语义信息交换问题提供了切实可行的技术路径[39]
尽管BIM和GIS可以在应用程序级别和数据级别进行集成,但在数据级集成中仍存在许多挑战,尤其是在数据转换、语义映射和模型的兼容性方面。研究表明,为确保信息流畅,BIM模型需要更可靠,转换路径应更健壮高效,而GIS端则需要更加灵活的数据模型。这些发现为未来BIM和GIS的深度集成提供了理论依据,并为实现高效、无缝的数据流动和应用整合提供了新的研究方向[40]
在21世纪,灾害对全球城市造成了严重的负面影响,尤其是人员伤亡和财产损失,迫切要求灾害管理组织和公众加强城市灾害管理。虽然BIM与GIS集成被认为是一种能够显著提升城市灾害管理的有效方法,但在实际应用中,BIM-GIS集成的使用仍然十分有限,这在一定程度上制约了城市灾害管理质量和效率的提升。通过回顾和分析BIM-GIS集成在灾害管理各个阶段的应用能力,为公众和城市灾害管理者提供了BIM-GIS集成的有效利用方法,并为BIM和GIS软件开发者提供了有价值的参考,帮助其优化软件开发以更好地支持城市灾害管理[41]
随着新型城市化建设和管理的不断推进,BIM与GIS的数据集成成为实现建筑物精细化表达以及室内外一体化空间分析的关键技术。然而,由于BIM与GIS在数据格式上的差异,直接的数据互通尚难以实现,限制了其在实际应用中的潜力。因此,针对BIM与GIS集成中的数据转换问题,提出了一种创新的解决方案,首先研究分析了IFC和CityGML在文档形式及数据结构上的差异,并成功实现了多个简单建筑物IFC模型到CityGML3.0 LOD2(Level of Detail 2)和LOD3(Level of Detail 3)的转换。其次,为了解决语义丢失的问题,研究提出了CityGML B-Con扩展模型,并基于此模型完善了IFC到CityGML3.0的一对一映射关系,使得BIM模型中的细节可以更好地传递到GIS环境中。最后,通过一系列实验,验证了该扩展模型能够有效实现不同复杂度建筑物的IFC模型到CityGML B-Con扩展模型的转换。这一创新方案为BIM与GIS的数据集成提供了重要的理论依据和技术支持,推动了建筑领域在空间信息管理、城市规划及智能建筑等方面的应用,具有广泛的现实意义和应用价值[42]
在当前建筑工程和城市规划领域,BIM与GIS技术的融合具有重要的实际应用价值,但由于两者在数据来源、信息表达以及建模技术上的显著差异,如何有效地将这些不同类型的信息整合,并生成可计算的模型,仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题。在这一背景下,提出了一种创新的解决方案,通过物质点模型作为集成媒介,成功地将BIM的参数化建模技术与GIS的地层建模技术相结合,构建了反映原始地形、地质结构及构筑物信息的三维物质点模型,并对高填方边坡的失稳过程进行了模拟与分析。该方法为BIM与GIS在复杂地质与人工构筑物建模中的数据融合提供了新的思路,推动了建筑和工程领域数字化、智能化发展的进程,具有重要的学术价值和实际应用意义[43]
BIM的一个显著特点是提供详细的建筑构件几何和语义信息,这在路径规划中的环境建模和障碍物避让方面具有重要作用。然而,处理这些信息通常需要高效的计算资源和算法优化,尤其是在资源受限的机器人系统中,这一挑战更加突出。已有研究通过基于BIM文件的三维室内空间路径规划方法,从BIM模型中提取建筑构件的几何和语义信息,为机器人的路径规划提供精确的环境模型[44]。例如,在复杂的室内环境中,机器人可以利用BIM模型中的细节信息(如楼梯、门窗等)来规划最佳路径,并实现障碍物的精准避让,提升路径规划的效率和安全性。针对室内外环境的无缝连接,另一项研究利用BIM生成室内网络模型,为机器人提供更加精确的环境模型,并进一步探讨了室内外网络的连接策略[45]。这一方法通过构建联合导向的室内外网络模型,确保机器人能够在室内外过渡区域顺利导航,并实现最佳路径规划。研究表明,基于BIM的环境模型能够为机器人提供更完善的路径规划方案,不仅提升了室内外环境建模的精确度,还增强了机器人在复杂环境中的适应性和导航性能。
然而,在实际应用中,BIM数据的实时性对于路径规划的准确性至关重要,特别是在处理动态环境和执行实时路径规划时,这一挑战尤为显著。为了解决这一问题,有研究通过基于BIM的室内路径规划方法构建了考虑障碍物的室内导航网络[46]。该方法利用BIM模型中提取的几何和语义信息,构建出能够动态更新的室内导航网络,从而实现路径规划时的障碍物避让与调整。通过该模型,机器人能够实时感知环境变化,并在路径规划中避开可能出现的障碍物,确保在复杂环境中的安全性和高效性。这种路径规划方法不仅显著提升了机器人在动态环境中的导航性能,还有效降低了发生碰撞和路径阻塞的风险,为机器人在实时路径规划中的应用提供了更高的安全保障和适应性。
值得注意的是,如果BIM数据更新不及时,可能会导致机器人在导航时产生误差。特别是在应对动态环境和临时障碍物时,系统需要具备更强的动态路径调整能力。为解决BIM数据准确性和实时性不足的问题,已有研究提出了一种名为BIMov的方法[47]。该方法依托准确的BIM模型作为数据源,在路径规划过程中通过算法遍历所有室内导航网络中的关键节点,从而为机器人提供最优的路径规划方案,有效提升了定位与导航的精度。
在处理大规模BIM模型或复杂环境时,计算效率和动态性是主要挑战之一。为此,另一项研究结合建筑元素信息开发了自动化路径规划方法[48]。该方法通过确定最佳的扫描位置和路线,并模拟蚁群在寻找食物时的行为来寻找最优路径。具体而言,算法在每个扫描位置评估其可见性和数据完整性,并以此作为路径规划的停止准则,从而利用概率性蚁群优化算法在合理时间内计算出一个次优路径,以遍历所有扫描位置。该方法不仅能够有效避开障碍物,还显著提高了机器人在复杂环境中的路径规划效率,为大规模室内导航应用提供了更加完善的解决方案。
随着城市基础设施的完善和高层建筑的增多,建筑物内部的位置信息服务需求日益增加,尤其是室内路径规划作为建筑物内位置引导的基础,已成为研究热点。然而,现有方法主要依赖于建筑物的二维平面图,并使用传统的路径搜索算法,忽视了建筑物几何信息和空间拓扑的综合利用,难以满足室内多层连续空间路径规划的需求。因此,提出将地理空间Z排序球面八叉树(geospatial Z-ordering spherical octree grid,GeoSOT)网格与BIM模型和真实地理信息结合,创新性地设计了精确的室内路径规划方法,解决了现有方法在准确性和交互性方面的不足。通过在白银市观澜商业街进行实验验证,展示了该方法在建筑物位置信息服务及室内外一体化导航平台构建中的潜在应用价值,为相关领域提供了全新的思路和解决方案[49]
在BIM的支持下,结合光探测与测距(light detection and ranging,LiDAR)扫描仪的无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)为建筑相关场景提供了高效且多功能的移动激光扫描平台。尽管目前已有针对无人机点对点导航的研究,但对建筑工地扫描覆盖规划和节能轨迹的动态运动规划的深入研究仍较为匮乏。因此,提出了一个创新框架,结合BIM的几何与语义信息,构建了概率3D体素地图,用于支持自主无人机的扫描与运动规划,从而确保了轨迹的平滑性和能源效率[50]
随着无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)技术在桥梁检查中的广泛应用,传统的通过摄影测量从UAV图像重建的桥梁模型常常存在高噪声、分辨率不足和精度损失等质量问题,这限制了其在实际检查中的应用效果。针对这一问题,提出了一种创新的基于BIM的三维路径规划方法,旨在优化无人机的飞行计划,从而提升桥梁模型的质量。该方法进一步通过调整占用空间和视点访问限制,生成可行的飞行轨迹。这一研究不仅为桥梁检查中的摄影测量质量提供了解决方案,也为基于BIM的无人机路径规划应用提供了新的视角[51]
在实际应用中,BIM模型的质量和实时性往往受到限制,尤其是在动态环境中,系统对环境变化的适应性仍需进一步提升。为了解决这一问题,已有研究充分利用BIM模型中详细的语义信息,嵌入导航数据,帮助机器人实现更为精确的室内导航[52]。实验表明,将导航信息直接集成到BIM模型中,不仅能够显著提升机器人的定位和导航精度,还能借助建筑元素的材料和尺寸等信息,为智能导航决策提供更加丰富的数据支持。这一做法通过创建精确的环境模型,为机器人在复杂室内环境中提供了坚实的数据基础,从而增强了其在动态环境中的适应性。此外,针对单层空间的室内导航,另一项研究开发了基于组合映射形式的模型来计算室内空间导航图[53]。该方法通过输入建筑平面图及内部空间和门户功能等数据,几乎能够全自动生成包含详细导航信息的地图。这种方法显著提升了几何和语义信息的表达能力,并确保机器人在室内复杂环境中能够精准定位和导航。利用BIM提供的几何和语义信息,不仅提高了路径规划的效率,还有效提升了系统对环境变化的响应速度,为室内导航的自动化发展提供了新的技术方向。
在复杂环境中应用机器人导航时,技术整合和数据的实时性始终是难以突破的挑战,尤其在这一领域中,实际效果的验证和优化仍需进一步探索。针对这些问题,有研究将BIM与增强现实技术相结合,构建了一种集导航与维修辅助功能于一体的系统,以提升机器人在复杂环境中的定位和导航能力[54]。通过将BIM模型中的几何和语义信息融入增强现实环境中,机器人能够更直观地获取导航指引和维修指导,从而在室内环境中实现更高精度的路径规划和操作。该系统不仅能够帮助机器人找到最佳的室内路径,还能提供实时的数字化导航和维修指导,使其能够更高效地应对复杂环境中的定位和维修任务。实验结果表明,多种技术的整合大幅提升了机器人在动态环境中的适应性,显著改善了其定位精度与导航稳定性,为复杂室内环境下的自动化导航与维修应用提供了有力支持。
传统的基于BIM的室内三维地图模型主要用于地面移动设备和行人的室内寻路,但由于缺乏垂直维度的空间描述,难以满足无人机在复杂室内环境中的导航需求。针对这一问题,提出了一种创新的基于BIM语义模型的室内无人机寻路方法,旨在提升室内无人机的导航能力。这一研究不仅填补了现有室内导航系统在垂直维度描述上的空白,也为未来无人机在复杂室内环境中的应用提供了理论支持和实践指导[55]
随着机器人技术在建筑领域的应用不断深入,路径规划(coverage path planning,CPP)作为机器人高效执行任务的关键,特别在地板清洁、环境监测等应用中显得尤为重要。然而,目前大多数路径规划系统仍无法有效处理复杂的室内环境以及多样化的机器人特性,需要一种更为综合和高效的解决方案。因此,提出了一种创新的改进覆盖路径规划(improved coverage path planning,ICCP)系统,结合了BIM与室内机器人配置,填补了现有系统的空白,并提供了一种优化室内路径规划的新思路[56]
随着工业革命的推进,各行各业都取得了显著进步,但建筑业的施工方式在近百年来未发生明显变化,依然面临智能化程度低、劳动依赖性强等问题。因此,建筑机器人技术的研究和发展,作为提升建筑业效率和智能化水平的重要途径,已成为建筑行业未来发展的关键方向。针对建筑机器人自主导航的需求,提出了一种基于A*算法和时间弹性带(timed elastic band,TEB)算法的自主导航避障系统。通过虚实耦合的方式,利用BIM模型中的实体位置信息,构建了机器人行走导航地图。能够有效提升建筑机器人在施工过程中的自主性和智能化水平[57]
传统的定位算法在面对复杂建筑结构和动态环境变化时可能表现不稳定,可以采用以BIM为中心的室内定位算法,利用BIM的几何信息计算空间划分质量,以提高机器人的室内定位准确性和部署效率。该算法还考虑了节点受损情况下的鲁棒性,以增强系统在紧急情况下的稳定性[58]。同时也可以采用BIM与GIS整合的方法,将BIM的3D几何模型与GIS的空间分析工具相结合,以提供更精确的机器人定位支持。通过数据转换和映射来解决BIM和GIS之间在格式、标准和结构上的差异,并重点关注数据的实时性和一致性,确保机器人在应急情况下能够迅速做出准确响应。
建筑环境在应急情况下的快速变化对基于BIM模型的导航和决策提出了实时数据整合的挑战。为提高机器人在应急响应中的决策准确性和效率,可以利用BIM模型中的几何信息开展机器人网络分析和路径规划。通过结合可见性图(visibility graph, VG)和中轴变换(medial axis transform,MAT)的混合方法,能够进一步增强机器人应急决策的精度和效率[59]。针对路径规划精度和效率的问题,可以采用一种自动构建可变密度可导航网络的方法,通过3D BIM模型进行紧急情况下的路径规划,提供精确的逃生路径和快速的定位导航。将三维BIM模型在Revit中创建,并导出到以gbXML格式存储的表面表示,然后利用Dijkstra算法在室内网络中寻找最短路径[60]。在当前的建筑设计实践中,尤其是火灾探测器的布置过程中,建筑设计单位普遍依赖AutoCAD等绘图软件进行手动操作。然而,传统绘图软件存在可视化程度低、设备种类繁多、布置数量庞大等问题,导致绘图错误频发且效率较低,严重影响了火灾探测器的布置精度和工程进度。针对这一挑战,提出了一种创新的基于BIM模型的火灾探测器自动布置方法,以提升设计效率和准确性[61]
在紧急情况下,环境条件往往会迅速变化,例如火灾的蔓延或建筑结构的损坏。面对这种剧烈的动态变化,机器人需要实时更新路径规划,以确保应急响应的准确性和效率。通过整合BIM建模提供的3D室内建筑和语义信息,室内应急空间模型(indoor emergency spatial model,IESM)为机器人的应急导航构建了一个精确的环境模型[62]。利用IESM模型,机器人在紧急情况下的导航效率和准确性显著提高。例如,在火灾发生时,机器人可以通过BIM模型提前规划最佳逃生路径,辅助人员进行快速安全疏散,有效应对突发事件。此外,基于BIM的室内紧急导航系统通过整合无线局域网(wireless local area network,WLAN)、超宽带(ultra-wideband,UWB)和射频识别(radio frequency identification,RFID)等定位和导航技术,解决了救援人员在复杂建筑物中定位困难和路径规划效率低的问题[63]。该系统能够帮助救援人员快速找到最短路径,并提供关键的救援环境信息,显著提高救援的准确性和安全性,从而改善灾难应对的准备和执行效率。
BIM作为全面的建筑信息提供者,结合虚拟现实技术和GIS数据,为应急疏散路径规划提供了关键支持。通过虚拟现实技术,构建了一个适应性强的沉浸式虚拟环境,为机器人提供实时火灾疏散指导[64]。这种环境能够实时生成火灾疏散指引,帮助机器人快速响应紧急情况。此外,BIM与GIS的信息融合进一步优化了应急疏散路径规划。利用统计分析、机器学习和信息算法,对数据进行挖掘与分析,能够更有效地识别最佳疏散路线,提高应急响应的效率和准确性[65]
随着致命火灾、地震和恐怖袭击等灾害事件的增加,提高公共和人口密集建筑物的防灾能力已成为当务之急。BIM作为一种数据丰富的模型,提供了在灾害发生时进行仿真和应急响应管理的巨大潜力。因此,全面评估了BIM在灾害发生的不同阶段中的应用,包括灾前预防、灾中应急疏散、灾后恢复等多个方面,同时重点介绍了BIM的四大核心应用:通过促进预测性维护进行故障预防、规划疏散路线和指导人员安全撤离、利用实时双向信息更新提升救援队的决策效率以及通过BIM帮助找出故障的根本原因。为应急响应管理领域提供新的技术视角,并进一步推动BIM技术在灾害防治和应急管理中的应用[66]
在室内火灾等紧急情况下,协作与信息共享对于参与者的有效响应至关重要,尤其是在火灾和资源信息的及时传递以及逃生路线的精确规划方面。现有应急响应系统往往缺乏高效的信息整合和实时反馈机制,这使得救援过程面临许多挑战。因此,开发了一个系统框架,结合BIM技术,具备多个关键模块:首先,使用BIM几何形状的寻路模块提供精准的逃生路线指导;其次,利用粒子过滤器和惯性传感器数据与无线信号融合的定位模块,确保实时跟踪受害者位置;再次,信息交换模块支持紧急资源与信息的共享;最后,通过多用户环境的信息共享模块加强协作。该研究为协作应急响应中的数字孪生技术发展提供了重要的理论支持与实践方向,同时对提升火灾等紧急情况下的应急响应能力具有深远的影响[67]
随着火灾应急响应需求的增加,现有的消防决策系统仍面临信息不全面和难以有效呈现的挑战,尤其在火灾紧急情况下,决策者对实时态势感知的需求非常迫切。然而,现有的系统在信息呈现和数据集成方面存在显著的不足,这限制了其在实际救援过程中的有效性。因此,基于BIM和物联网(internet of things,IoT)技术的消防应急响应系统(fire emergency response system,FERS)的研究具有重要的现实意义和创新价值。通过综合BIM和IoT技术,为消防应急响应系统开发了一个高效的图形用户界面(graphical user interface,GUI),以确保消防人员能够快速、准确地获取所需的关键信息,提升决策效率。该系统针对态势感知所需的各类信息进行了有效整合,并通过专家评审和可用性指标进行验证,确保其满足用户需求并优化用户体验。此研究为消防应急响应系统的智能化和信息化提供了新的解决方案,并在提升实际操作效率、增强决策支持等方面展现了极大的潜力。通过集成先进的BIM和IoT技术,研究成果推动了应急响应系统的技术革新,对未来的城市火灾应急响应具有重要的应用价值[68]
综合以上分析,BIM提供详细的几何和语义信息,能够帮助机器人进行精确的定位和导航。通过BIM模型,机器人可以优化路径规划,提高作业效率和质量。利用BIM技术,可以开发自动化安全规则检查算法,检测建筑模型中的安全隐患并提供预防措施,从而显著提高施工过程中的安全性。将BIM与游戏技术结合,能够实现实时交互式建筑可视化,为机器人室内导航和地图构建提供新的途径。基于BIM的数据,机器人可以进行更精准的室内路径规划,考虑障碍物和动态环境,从而实现安全高效的导航。但是,在复杂场景下,BIM应用面临一些挑战。首先,BIM模型通常是静态的,缺乏实时更新的能力,这在动态变化的环境中可能影响机器人的导航精度。其次,处理BIM模型中的大量几何和语义信息需要高效的计算资源和优化算法,对于资源受限的机器人系统来说,这是一大挑战。此外,将BIM与其他数据源(如GIS)有效整合也存在困难,尤其是在数据格式、质量和精度不一致的情况下。为应对这些问题,需要进一步优化算法,提升系统的适应性和计算效率,以更好地满足复杂环境中的实际应用需求。
综合论述了机器人定位导航技术的现状和问题,并探讨了基于BIM技术辅助机器人定位导航方法的可行性。这一新方法有望解决传统方法存在的精度不高、数据计算量大、依赖于传感器精度等问题,为机器人在建筑环境中实现精确定位和导航提供了新的途径。
随着BIM技术的快速推进,为机器人室内导航提供了丰富的语义信息和精确的空间表示,可以提高导航的准确性和效率,结合BIM信息,可以为机器人提供建筑物内部工作的最优全局路径规划,确保机器人能够安全到达工作地点并避免与构件碰撞。
BIM提供了丰富的建筑信息和数据支持,使机器人定位导航系统能够更准确地理解建筑环境,并实现精确的定位和导航。此外,BIM的空间关系描述能够准确描绘建筑组件及其关系,为机器人路径规划和障碍物避让提供重要依据。BIM还促进了协作和信息共享,提高了建筑施工过程的效率和质量。
目前,将BIM应用于机器人操作仍面临挑战,包括如何将BIM中的数据有效转化为机器人可理解的格式,以及如何处理动态变化的环境信息等。虽然BIM模型包含了丰富的静态信息,但在实际环境中,机器人还需要处理动态障碍物和实时变化的情境。此外,现有的路径规划算法可能需要针对特定的应用场景进行调整或优化,以适应由BIM提供的详细建筑信息所带来的新需求。
随着计算机视觉、机器学习和传感器等技术的不断发展与完善,机器人的发展能够通过更加智能的方式实现建筑工业化,并进一步提高建筑行业的施工安全。在机器人的自主定位与导航方面,预期将开发出新的策略和工具,使机器人能够更好地利用BIM中的丰富数据进行自主操作。这可能包括创建通用的机器人描述格式,让机器人直接查询和利用BIM中的信息,以及开发新的算法来处理动态环境和实时传感器数据。深度学习等先进技术的应用也可能帮助改善传统模型在复杂环境下的准确性和可靠性。
  • 教育部产学合作协同育人项目(202101032001)
  • 安徽建筑大学智能建筑与建筑节能安徽省重点实验室开放课题(IBES2020KF06)
  • 北京建筑大学研究生教育教学质量提升项目(J2023017)
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2025年第25卷第21期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407283
  • 接收时间:2024-09-29
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-29
  • 修回日期:2025-04-15
基金
教育部产学合作协同育人项目(202101032001)
安徽建筑大学智能建筑与建筑节能安徽省重点实验室开放课题(IBES2020KF06)
北京建筑大学研究生教育教学质量提升项目(J2023017)
作者信息
    北京建筑大学智能科学与技术学院, 北京 100044

通讯作者:

* 陈思彤(2001—),女,汉族,四川乐山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人控制技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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