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In order to study the influence of floating offshore wind power suction anchor size on the horizontal bearing capacity, based on the ABAQUS finite element software, a three-dimensional finite element model of suction anchor foundation was established by using elastic-plastic constitutive model. The results show that the increase of diameter and height can improve the horizontal bearing capacity of suction anchor, and the increase of height is more obvious. With the change of diameter and height, the position of the mooring point also needs to be adjusted accordingly. When the ratio of suction anchor diameter to height D/H>1, the position of the mooring point needs to be increased correspondingly to make it move in translation. The change of diameter will affect the pressure change of the anchor wall, while the height has little effect on the pressure change of anchor wall. The research results are used in global first offshore floating wind power + aquaculture platform “Guoneng Gongxiang Hao” and can provide a reference for relevant project design.

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为了研究漂浮式海上风电吸力锚尺寸对于水平承载能力的影响,以ABAQUS有限元软件为平台,采用弹塑性本构模型建立吸力锚基础的三维有限元模型,开展吸力锚不同尺寸影响分析。结果表明: 直径和高度的增加均会提高吸力锚的水平承载能力,且高度的增加对水平承载能力的提升更为明显。随着直径和高度的改变,系缆点的位置也需要进行相应的调整,当吸力锚直径与高度之比D/H>1时,需要相应地提高系缆点的位置以使其发生平动位移。直径的改变会影响锚壁的压力变化,而高度几乎不会影响锚壁压力的变化。研究成果应用到全球首座漂浮式风渔融合平台“国能共享号”示范工程中并可为相关工程设计提供参考。

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周全智(1981—),男,汉族,河北泊头人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上风电结构设计分析。E-mail:

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周全智(1981—),男,汉族,河北泊头人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上风电结构设计分析。E-mail:

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周全智(1981—),男,汉族,河北泊头人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上风电结构设计分析。E-mail:

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country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 福建龙源海上风力发电有限公司, 莆田 351174)]), AuthorCompany(id=1217860117756826147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217860117765214756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, companyId=1217860117756826147, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217860117769409061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, companyId=1217860117756826147, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 天津大学建筑工程学院, 天津 300350)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217860122978734991, 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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, language=CN, label=图2, caption=“国能共享号”吸力锚安装施工, figureFileSmall=ODfMcHXfXShDgCsPWN01qQ==, figureFileBig=3O9hdwRMukFemLxKZqzF6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123456885685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of finite element numerical simulation model of suction anchor-soil with D=8 m, H=12 m, figureFileSmall=SnkpBd59bdwSC2V8/ZSbiA==, figureFileBig=p6u45l/imbXCoKckTErhcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123586909120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, language=CN, label=图3, caption=D=8 m, H=12 m的吸力锚-土体有限元数值模拟计算模型示意图

D为吸力锚直径(diameter);H为吸力锚高度(height)

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同高度下的锚体水平位移的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=Tf7CovKjInXglHGp4OM+RQ==, figureFileBig=mMbwYc1rdU5C2gQwNvY3+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860129790283916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Soil physical mechanics parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体 有效重度/
(kg·m-3)
弹性模量/
MPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
黏聚力/
Pa
砂土 10.0 20 30 2 500
), ArticleFig(id=1217860129928695959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土体物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体 有效重度/
(kg·m-3)
弹性模量/
MPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
黏聚力/
Pa
砂土 10.0 20 30 2 500
), ArticleFig(id=1217860130130022562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Suction anchor material and mechanics parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 材质 弹性模量/MPa 泊松比 密度/(kN·m-3)
吸力锚 DH36 2.1×106 0.3 7 850
), ArticleFig(id=1217860130243268779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

吸力锚材质及力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 材质 弹性模量/MPa 泊松比 密度/(kN·m-3)
吸力锚 DH36 2.1×106 0.3 7 850
), ArticleFig(id=1217860130356514989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Combination of suction anchor working conditions with different diameters

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编号 高度/m 直径/m
A1 12 4
A2 12 6
A3 12 8
A4 12 10
A5 12 12
), ArticleFig(id=1217860130436206773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789892386542525, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同直径的吸力锚工况组合

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编号 高度/m 直径/m
A1 12 4
A2 12 6
A3 12 8
A4 12 10
A5 12 12
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Combination of suction anchor working conditions at different heights

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编号 高度/m 直径/m
B1 8 8
B2 10 8
B3 12 8
B4 14 8
B5 16 8
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不同高度的吸力锚工况组合

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编号 高度/m 直径/m
B1 8 8
B2 10 8
B3 12 8
B4 14 8
B5 16 8
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漂浮式风机吸力锚尺寸对水平承载特性的影响
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周全智 1 , 范晓旭 2 , 黄琳 3 , 李红有 1 , 张浦阳 4 , 刘伟 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(21): 8905-8913
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(21): 8905-8913
漂浮式风机吸力锚尺寸对水平承载特性的影响
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周全智1 , 范晓旭2, 黄琳3, 李红有1, 张浦阳4, 刘伟1
作者信息
  • 1 龙源(北京)新能源工程设计研究院有限公司, 北京 100034
  • 2 龙源电力集团股份有限公司, 北京 100034
  • 3 福建龙源海上风力发电有限公司, 莆田 351174
  • 4 天津大学建筑工程学院, 天津 300350
  • 周全智(1981—),男,汉族,河北泊头人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:海上风电结构设计分析。E-mail:

Influence of Floating Offshore Wind Power Suction Anchor Size on Horizontal Bearing Characteristics
Quan-zhi ZHOU1 , Xiao-xu FAN2, Lin HUANG3, Hong-you LI1, Pu-yang ZHANG4, Wei LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Longyuan (Beijing) New Energy Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100034, China
  • 2 China Longyuan Power Group Corporation Limited, Beijing 100034, China
  • 3 Fujian Longyuan Offshore Wind Power Corporation Limited, Putian 351174, China
  • 4 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406658
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为了研究漂浮式海上风电吸力锚尺寸对于水平承载能力的影响,以ABAQUS有限元软件为平台,采用弹塑性本构模型建立吸力锚基础的三维有限元模型,开展吸力锚不同尺寸影响分析。结果表明: 直径和高度的增加均会提高吸力锚的水平承载能力,且高度的增加对水平承载能力的提升更为明显。随着直径和高度的改变,系缆点的位置也需要进行相应的调整,当吸力锚直径与高度之比D/H>1时,需要相应地提高系缆点的位置以使其发生平动位移。直径的改变会影响锚壁的压力变化,而高度几乎不会影响锚壁压力的变化。研究成果应用到全球首座漂浮式风渔融合平台“国能共享号”示范工程中并可为相关工程设计提供参考。

海上风电  /  漂浮式平台  /  吸力锚  /  水平承载力

In order to study the influence of floating offshore wind power suction anchor size on the horizontal bearing capacity, based on the ABAQUS finite element software, a three-dimensional finite element model of suction anchor foundation was established by using elastic-plastic constitutive model. The results show that the increase of diameter and height can improve the horizontal bearing capacity of suction anchor, and the increase of height is more obvious. With the change of diameter and height, the position of the mooring point also needs to be adjusted accordingly. When the ratio of suction anchor diameter to height D/H>1, the position of the mooring point needs to be increased correspondingly to make it move in translation. The change of diameter will affect the pressure change of the anchor wall, while the height has little effect on the pressure change of anchor wall. The research results are used in global first offshore floating wind power + aquaculture platform “Guoneng Gongxiang Hao” and can provide a reference for relevant project design.

offshore wind power  /  floating platform  /  suction anchor foundation  /  horizontal bearing capacity
周全智, 范晓旭, 黄琳, 李红有, 张浦阳, 刘伟. 漂浮式风机吸力锚尺寸对水平承载特性的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8905 -8913 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406658
Quan-zhi ZHOU, Xiao-xu FAN, Lin HUANG, Hong-you LI, Pu-yang ZHANG, Wei LIU. Influence of Floating Offshore Wind Power Suction Anchor Size on Horizontal Bearing Characteristics[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8905 -8913 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406658
风能是一种循环可利用的能源,并且海上的风速比陆地上的大且稳定,减少了土地资源的利用,因此探讨海上风机的发展变化是现在研究的重点。吸力锚基础作为一种海上风电的系泊锚固基础,在深海漂浮式风电领域得到了广泛的应用。全球首座漂浮式风电与渔业养殖融合半潜平台“国能共享号”位于南日岛以东7 km海域,地处台湾海峡西岸中北部,风电场水深35 m,由漂浮式风机和养殖网箱组成,包括漂浮式平台、风力发电机、养殖系统和系泊锚固系统等,漂浮式平台为三立柱半潜式结构,形状为等边三角形,每个立柱配备三套系泊及锚固系统,总计采用9个吸力锚进行系泊锚链的海床锚固。
锚固基础的设计和计算方法直接影响设计效率和工程经济性,目前已有学者针对锚固基础的设计方法进行研究,康思伟等[1]针对拖曳锚的设计过程,通过采用经验图表法、理论计算方法以及有限元方法对黏土场地拖曳锚的贯入深度以及承载力进行了计算。与其他海上基础形式相比,吸力锚可以易地复用,施工就位准确,降低了与其他平台或其他作业活动发生干扰冲突的可能性,对不同的土质也具有广泛的适用性。因此,许多学者对其进行了研究,王胤等[2]基于计算流体动力学与离散单元法理论(computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method,CFD-DEM)流固耦合方法对吸力锚在砂土中的吸力贯入过程进行数值模拟分析。并且通过与室内物理模型试验、沉贯阻力理论解析计算结果进行对比分析,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。数值模拟发现砂层呈现出中间向上凸起的弧状分布,说明贯入产生挤土效应,其造成的土体位移和膨胀也是土塞产生的原因。最终,通过对比计算结果,得到了锚内土体渗透系数随沉贯的变化规律。李家康[3]选用高岭土作为离心模型试验材料,通过多种室内试验研究了高岭土与海洋软黏土的基本物理力学特性及set-up效应。同时,采用离心模型试验对吸力锚基础在不同锚体个数、不同土体强度、不同荷载作用角度下的抗拔承载力进行了研究,并推导了抗拔承载力的公式,为吸力锚基础的设计提供了理论依据。马鹏程等[4]以成层土中吸力锚为研究对象,采用有限元数值模拟软件ABAQUS为计算工具,探究了不同土层高度和组合荷载条件下吸力锚承载力与最优加载点变化规律,给出了竖直-水平(V-H)组合加载模式下的破坏包络线。研究结果表明,随着上覆土层厚度的增加,吸力锚在V-H组合加载模式下的极限承载力逐渐减小并趋于稳定,最优加载点的位置先下降再上升,最后保持不变。张浦阳等[5]采用先进的仿真开发工具MultiGen Creator,并结合VC环境对Vega与MFC相结合的具体技术进行了研究和实践。研究结果表明,该技术实现了图形仿真与施工力学参数的有机结合,成功完成了吸力锚平台施工的视景仿真,并在此基础上实现了简单的沉放控制,进一步提高吸力锚平台施工的效率和质量。丁红岩等[6-8]通过在室内粉质黏土土槽中进行吸力锚土塞形成试验,给出了部分试验结果。通过模拟海上吸力锚沉放过程,研究土塞形成和发展的规律及模型沉放过程中压力差、沉放速度等因素对土塞形成产生的影响。庞雅博[9]采用ABAQUS有限元软件对两种砂土和黏土地基中系泊点位置不同的吸力锚基础模型进行数值计算,分析了系泊点位置对基础静力承载特性的影响。研究结果可以为吸力锚的设计和施工提供重要参考。
基础的尺寸对于承载能力有较大的影响,孔德森等[10]针对复合单桩基础的水平承载性能,开展了数值计算分析,结果表明,相同受荷工况下,复合桩基础由于摩擦轮的存在,桩身泥面处位移和桩身弯矩均大幅减小,水平承载力明显优于单桩。郭健等[11]针对海上风机变径单桩基础的水平承载特性开展了数值计算分析,分析其相对于通长单桩基础的承载性能优势,并针对变径段尺寸进行了参数分析。乐丛欢等[12]通过物理模型试验,建立一系列不同筒裙高度和筒间距的基础模型,研究了筒裙高度和筒间距对基础抗扭承载特性的影响。结果表明:随着筒裙高度的增加,四筒导管架基础达到抗扭承载力时筒壁深度方向的被动土压力明显增大。张伟等[13]采用理想弹塑性本构模型建立了吸力桩基础三维有限元模型,研究了不排水饱和软黏土中吸力桩基础在水平荷载作用下承载特性,分析了加载点位置和裙结构尺寸对吸力桩承载性能的影响。结果表明:裙结构的设置能明显增强吸力桩水平承载性能;加载点位置对吸力桩转动中心位置产生较大影响。赵学亮等[14]通过一系列小比尺模型试验对吸力式三筒基础水平荷载作用下的承载特性进行了研究,分析了长径比、荷载作用方向和筒间距对吸力式三筒基础承载力影响,结果表明:不同工况条件下得到的吸力式三筒基础荷载-位移曲线特性有所不同。相同筒重、不同筒间距下,增大筒的长径比有利于提高水平承载力,但在基础失稳前,沉箱基础模型水平位移随长径比的增加而增大。刘红军等[15]预先通过室内小尺度模型确定了伞式吸力锚基础(umbrella suction anchor foundation,USAF)水平承载的位移控制标准,继而对软黏土中不同加载高度下USAF承载规律及地基土变形特性进行有限元分析,并对波浪循环荷载作用下的海床土应力折减效应进行了阐述。结果表明:随水平荷载加载高度升高,USAF的转动中心上移,海床土的应力扩散深度加深。
现以实际工程为背景,通过有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立数值模型,对不同直径和不同高度尺寸下的漂浮式风机吸力锚结构承载性能进行研究,从而为实际工程提供一定的参考建议。
全球首座漂浮式风渔融合平台“国能共享号”如图1所示,“国能共享号”吸力锚安装施工图如图2所示。
通过建立吸力锚-砂土的有限元模型,分析了不同高度和直径的变化对于吸力锚水平承载能力的影响,为“国能共享号”及后续相关工程设计提供参考。
为了探究吸力锚的尺寸对周围土体承载能力的影响,建立了吸力锚-土体的有限元模型,包括吸力锚锚体、内土以及外土3个部分,土体采用福建标准砂,具体土体参数如表1所示。吸力锚采用标准钢结构,具体参数如表2所示。
采用线弹性本构关系模拟分析,选用Mohr-Coulomb理想弹塑性本构模型,对锚体单元和土体单元均采用三维8节点缩减积分(C3D8R)实体单元进行有限元计算分析,对锚体外表面、内表面与周围土体的接触均采用面对面的摩擦接触,桩土的接触摩擦因数的值取0.35。荷载加载点在距离锚体底端1/4处,施加荷载的大小为100 000 kN,方向为水平方向。选择合理的边界范围,模型周边土层按直径50 m圆柱体设置,土层高度为50 m。周边土体采用径向位移约束,土体底部固定,建好后的吸力锚和土体的有限元模型如图3所示,边界条件和土体约束如图4所示。
为了探究不同吸力锚尺寸参数对其承载能力的影响,分别改变锚体的直径和高度来进行对比,设计分析工况如表3表4所示。
以吸力锚水平极限承载力为分析的重点,选取Mohr-Coulomb本构模型。Mohr-Coulomb 模型屈服面函数为
F=Rmc-ptanφ-c=0
式(1)中:φ(θ,fα)为材料在子午面上的摩擦角,θ为温度,fα(α=1,2,…)为待定变量,表示材料黏聚力c按等向硬化(或软化)方式的变化过程;p为等效压应力。
εpl为等效塑性应变,其应变率可定义为塑性功的表达式为
$c \bar{\varepsilon}^{\mathrm{pl}}=\sigma: \varepsilon^{\mathrm{pl}}$
Rmc(Θ,φ)为Mohr-Coulomb 偏应力系数,控制了屈服面在π平面的形状,定义为
$\begin{aligned} R_{\mathrm{mc}}(\Theta, \varphi)= & \frac{1}{\sqrt{3} \cos \varphi} \sin \left(\theta+\frac{\pi}{3}\right)+ \\ & \frac{1}{3} \cos \left(\theta+\frac{\pi}{3}\right) \tan \varphi \end{aligned}$
式(3)中:φ为Mohr-Coulomb 屈服面在p-Rmc-q平面上的斜角,一般指材料的内摩擦角,p为等效压应力,q为Mises 等效应力;Θ为广义剪应力方位角。
对比不同直径下吸力锚的水平位移-荷载曲线,如图5所示,可以看出,随着吸力锚直径的增加,其周围土体的极限承载力也随之增加,相同荷载下直径越大的吸力锚限制发生的水平位移越小。直径为4、6、8、10和12 m的吸力锚对应的极限荷载值分别为22 356、30 523、38 120、45 596及54 021 kN,变化曲线如图6所示。
对比分析不同直径下土体在达到极限水平荷载值后的位移云图如7所示,可以看出,在加载侧对侧发生了较大的位移,随着直径的增大,周围受扰动的土体的范围也逐渐增大,因此,直径尺寸的改变对周围土体的影响效果较为显著。
施加水平力的过程中,吸力锚会随着荷载的方向发生转动,为了尽量控制吸力锚发生平动的位移,需要依据发生转动的角度来相应调整系缆点的位置,因此研究了不同直径下吸力锚的位移矢量图,如图8所示。可以看出,当系缆点在距离锚底1/4筒高处时,直径越小,锚体发生转动的角度越大,当直径为12 m时,吸力锚几乎发生平动位移,因此,当直径较小时,考虑相应提高系缆点的位置以达到发生平动位移的目的。
观察水平荷载在25 000 kN条件下,不同直径的锚体锚壁压力的变化如图9所示,可以看出直径越大,锚体的锚壁压力也越大,且在加载点附近锚壁的压力会急剧增加。不同直径的锚体水平位移变化曲线如图10所示,可以看出,大直径的锚体的水平位移相较于小直径锚体要小得多,因此增大直径可以有效限制锚体位移。
对比不同高度下吸力锚的水平位移-荷载曲线,如图11所示,可以看出,随着吸力锚高度的增加,其周围土体的极限承载力也随之增加,相同荷载下高度越大的吸力锚限制发生的水平位移越小。高度为8、10、12、14和16 m的吸力锚对应的极限荷载值分别为19 200、29 513、38 120、55 423及74 845 kN,变化曲线如图12所示。
同样对比分析不同高度下土体在达到极限水平荷载值后的位移云图如图13所示,可以看出,在加载侧对侧发生了较大的位移,相较于直径的改变,高度的改变对周围土体的影响范围并不明显。
同样在施加水平力的过程中,吸力锚会随着荷载的方向发生转动,为了尽量控制吸力锚发生平动的位移,需要依据发生转动的角度来相应调整系缆点的位置,因此研究了不同高度下吸力锚的位移矢量图,如图14所示。可以看出,当系缆点在距离锚底1/4处时,高度越高,锚体发生转动的角度越大,当高度和直径均为8 m时,吸力锚几乎发生平动位移,因此,当高度较高时,考虑相应提高系缆点的位置以达到发生平动位移的目的。
观察水平荷载在20 000 kN条件下,不同高度的锚体锚壁压力的变化如图15所示,可以看出,在相同高度下,锚壁的压力差距不大,随着锚的高度的增加,相应的锚壁的压力也逐渐增加。不同高度的锚体水平位移变化曲线如图16所示,可以看出,高度的增加反而使得锚体在同一高度下的水平位移增大,因此在高度增加后需要调整系缆点的位置,以达到更好地限制位移的作用。
通过建立吸力锚与砂土的有限元模型,分析了吸力锚的尺寸对其水平承载能力的影响,得出以下结论。
(1)直径和高度的增加均会显著提高吸力锚的水平承载能力,且高度的增加对吸力锚的水平承载力的提升效果较直径更为明显。
(2)当吸力锚的直径和高度发生变化时,需要相应的改变系缆点的位置来使得吸力锚尽量发生平动位移,当D/H>1时,考虑系缆点的位置在锚身侧壁偏下的位置,当D/H<1时,可以相应的提高系缆点的位置。
(3)直径的改变对锚壁压力的变化有较大的影响,而高度的改变几乎不影响同高度下的锚壁压力,直径的增加可以限制锚的水平位移,而高度的增加会使得锚的水平位移增大。
  • 国家能源集团科研项目(GJNY-20-17)
  • 福建省科技重大专项计划(2022HZ028001)
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2025年第25卷第21期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406658
  • 接收时间:2024-09-04
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-04
  • 修回日期:2025-04-15
基金
国家能源集团科研项目(GJNY-20-17)
福建省科技重大专项计划(2022HZ028001)
作者信息
    1 龙源(北京)新能源工程设计研究院有限公司, 北京 100034
    2 龙源电力集团股份有限公司, 北京 100034
    3 福建龙源海上风力发电有限公司, 莆田 351174
    4 天津大学建筑工程学院, 天津 300350
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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